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Rezension zu Geoffrey Galt Harpham: Language Alone. The Critical Fetish of Modernity, New York, London (Routledge) 2002. 261 Seiten.
Der amerikanische Literaturwissenschaftler Geoffiey Galt Harpham, Präsident und Direktor des National Humanities Center in North Carolina, Gastprofessor für Anglistik an verschiedenen amerikanischen Universitäten sowie Gutachter des Wissenschaftskollegs zu Berlin, der bereits zahlreiche Beiträge zum Thema Sprache und Ethik veröffentlicht hat, legt mit diesem Buch eine in vier Kapitel untergliederte, herausfordernde Studie vor, die vor dem Hintergrund einer erkenntnistheoretischen und humanwissenschaftlichen Argumentation eine grundlegende Kritik am 'linguistic turn' des transdisziplinären wissenschaftstheoretischen Diskurses im 20. Jahrhundert unternimmt.
Introduction: DACCORD is an observational, non-interventional study being conducted in German primary and secondary care centres. The study aims to describe the impact of disease (including exacerbations) and treatments over 2 years on ‘real-life’ patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Materials and methods: Patients had a clinical and spirometry diagnosis of COPD, were aged ≥40 years and, on recruitment, were initiating or changing COPD maintenance medication. The only exclusion criteria were asthma and randomised clinical trial participation. Exacerbations data were collected every 3 months. COPD medication, COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were recorded at baseline and after 1 and 2 years.
Results: A total of 6122 patients were recruited, 3137 (51.2%) of whom completed the 2-year visit. The mean age of these patients was 65.6 years, 59% were male, 69% had mild or moderate airflow limitation, and their mean COPD Assessment Test (CAT) total score was 20.3. Overall, there was a trend towards decreasing COPD exacerbation rates over the 2-year follow-up period, with rates of 0.390 during Year 1 and 0.347 during Year 2. Rates were lower in patients with no exacerbation during the 6 months prior to entry (0.263 and 0.251 during Years 1 and 2, respectively), with 51.6% of patients having no exacerbation during the 6 months prior to entry and over the 2-year follow-up. Approximately 50% of the overall population experienced a clinically relevant improvement from baseline in CAT total score at Year 1 and 2. When assessed by treatment class (or classes), persistence to medication was high (77.8% in Year 1 and 71.4% in Year 2).
Conclusions: Overall, the 2-year follow-up data from DACCORD suggest that for most patients with COPD exacerbations are a rare event. For the majority of patients, the focus should be on managing symptoms, and the impact that these symptoms have on their daily lives. Even for those patients who do exacerbate, although prevention of exacerbations is an important factor, management of symptoms should be a key consideration. DACCORD also suggests that COPD disease progression is not inevitable – providing patients are receiving pharmacological treatment.
Science Slam zum Thema Nachhaltigkeit +++ Institutsbericht 2017 erschienen +++ Zukunftsstadt: ISOE bei BMBF-Vernetzungskonferenz in Frankfurt am Main +++ Mobiles Baden-Württemberg: Szenarien für eine nachhaltige Mobilität +++ Sustainability Special Issue zur Sozialen Ökologie als Buch erschienen +++ Lebensmittelverpackungen: Alternativen zu Plastik, Alu & Co. +++ Auswirkungen von Mikroplastik auf Umwelt und Gesellschaft +++ UN-Klimagipfel in Bonn: Genderperspektive für eine gerechte Klimaschutzpolitik +++ Ideenwettbewerb Der Blaue Engel: Auszeichnung für Kampagnenkonzepte +++ Aus dem ISOE: Forschungspreis Transformative Wissenschaft für Laura Woltersdorf +++ Termine +++ Publikationen
Verkehrswende braucht neue Mobilitätskultur +++ Urban Farming: Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung von Städten? +++ Grundwasser als Quelle der Welternährung in Gefahr +++ Einfamilienhaus: Forschungsergebnisse zur Zukunft eines Wohnideals +++ Wasserbedarf prognostizieren: Planungssicherheit für Wasserversorger +++ Neue Plattform für transdisziplinäre Forschung +++ Ökosystem Savanne bewahren +++ Medikamentenrückstände in der Umwelt: Was Ärzte tun können +++ Energiewende, private Haushalte und nachhaltiger Konsum +++ Umweltgerechtigkeit bei Umwelt- und Naturschutz +++ Aus dem ISOE: Dr. Laura Woltersdorf erhält Forschungspreis "Transformative Wissenschaft" +++ ISOE-Lehrveranstaltungen im Wintersemester +++ Termine +++ Publikationen
Aktuelle Einblicke in die Soziale Ökologie: Special Issue der Zeitschrift Sustainability erschienen +++ Innovative Wohnformen für eine nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung +++ Transportmittel im Trend: Fahrradverkehr in der Zukunftsstadt +++ ISOE Policy Brief zur Biodiversitätsforschung erschienen +++ Zukunftsfähige Wasserinfrastrukturen: Empfehlungen zur Transformation +++ Nachhaltig leben mit Kunststoff? Das Frankfurter Nachhaltigkeitslabor für Schulen geht in die nächste Runde +++ Das ISOE auf der "MS Wissenschaft" +++ Mit dem Rad entlang der Nidda – Exkursion im Forschungsprojekt NiddaMan +++ Termine +++ Publikationen
Nachhaltige Mobilität für alle +++ Welche Rolle spielen die Jüngeren für die Mobilität der Zukunft? +++ Wissenschaftler empfehlen Neuausrichtung der Biodiversitätsforschung +++ A Plastic Ocean – Filmabend und Diskussion mit der Forschungsgruppe PlastX +++ Internationale Konferenz für Meereskunde und Binnengewässer: ISOE-Wissenschaftlerin stellt PlastX vor +++ Wasserressourcen und Klimawandel – Neue Modellierungsmethoden eröffnen Anpassungsstrategien +++ Abwasser als Ressource +++ Wohnraum clever nutzen: Projekt "LebensRäume" gestartet +++ ISOE unterstützt "March for Science" +++ ISOE-Lehrveranstaltungen im Sommersemester +++ Termine +++ Publikationen
Warum in der Schweiz mehr Fairtrade-Produkte als in Deutschland gekauft werden – eine aktuelle Studie gibt Antworten +++ Antibiotika in der Landwirtschaft – Zielkonflikte zwischen Gesundheits- und Umweltschutz +++ Energiearmut in Deutschland: Wie sozialverträglich ist die Energiewende? +++ netWORKS 4 – Was können städtische Versorgungssysteme zur klimagerechten Stadtentwicklung beitragen? +++ Beitrag zu den Sustainable Development Goals – Wasserwiederverwendung in Namibia +++ Energiewende: Wie die Bürgerbeteiligung beim Bau von Windkraft- oder Biogasanlagen verbessert werden kann +++ Wasserressourcen schonen: Aufbereitung von Abwasser für Industrie und Landwirtschaft +++ Aus dem ISOE +++ Termine +++ Publikationen
Institutsbericht 2016 erschienen +++ Neue Mobilitätsangebote: Handlungsempfehlungen für die Region FrankfurtRheinMain +++ Neue Geschäftsmodelle in der Wohnungswirtschaft +++ Klimaschutz im Alltag: Ergebnisbroschüre zu Stromeffizienzklassen für Haushalte online +++ Der Wert der Natur – Vortragsreihe zur gesellschaftlichen Bewertung von Ökosystemen +++ "Keine Gesellschaft ohne Natur" – Egon Becker zum 80. Geburtstag +++ Science Slam "Wissenschaftsgeschichten im Anthropozän" +++ Website PlastX online +++ Aus dem ISOE +++ Termine +++ Publikationen
Das Scheitern der traditionellen, disziplinär verengten Umweltforschung bei der Lösung sehr komplexer Umweltprobleme förderte die Herausbildung eines neuen Forschungstyps: der Nachhaltigkeitsforschung, einer inter- oder transdisziplinären Wissenschaft, die im Spannungsfeld von Gesellschaft(-swissenschaften)und Natur(-wissenschaften) agiert. Bei ihrer Entstehung spielten in Deutschland kleine, gemeinnützige Forschungsinstitute eine zentrale Rolle.
Strategien für eine nachhaltige Energiewende +++ Neuer Ansatz für Wasserwiederverwendung in der Landwirtschaft +++ Wie sieht ein sensibler Umgang mit Wasser aus? Dialogveranstaltungen in Hamburg und Frankfurt +++ Bürger beobachten die Nidda: Auftakt für interaktive Landkarte und App +++ Kinder und Jugendliche für nachhaltigen Konsum begeistern +++ Kommunen und der demografische Wandel: Strategien für lebenswerte Kleinstädte +++ Aus dem ISOE: Bewertung durch den Wissenschaftsrat +++ Termine +++ Publikationen
Neues Forschungsprojekt "PlastX": Wie ist ein nachhaltiger Umgang mit Plastik möglich? +++ Stromberatung für den Mainstream: Einsparpotenziale auch bei Vielverbrauchern nutzen +++ Zukunftsmarkt Wasser – Chancen für die deutsche Wasserwirtschaft +++ Transdisziplinäre Nachhaltigkeitsforschung: Vorlesung von Thomas Jahn in der GRADE Sustain-Reihe der Goethe- Universität +++ Erfolgreicher Klimaschutz jenseits politischer Diplomatie +++ Leseempfehlung: Wirkungsvolle transdisziplinäre Forschung +++ Aus dem ISOE +++ Termine +++ Publikationen
Ligand stimulation of CD95 induces activation of Plk3 followed by phosphorylation of caspase-8
(2016)
Upon interaction of the CD95 receptor with its ligand, sequential association of the adaptor molecule FADD (MORT1), pro-forms of caspases-8/10, and the caspase-8/10 regulator c-FLIP leads to the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex. Here, we identify polo-like kinase (Plk) 3 as a new interaction partner of the death receptor CD95. The enzymatic activity of Plk3 increases following interaction of the CD95 receptor with its ligand. Knockout (KO) or knockdown of caspase-8, CD95 or FADD prevents activation of Plk3 upon CD95 stimulation, suggesting a requirement of a functional DISC for Plk3 activation. Furthermore, we identify caspase-8 as a new substrate for Plk3. Phosphorylation occurs on T273 and results in stimulation of caspase-8 proapoptotic function. Stimulation of CD95 in cells expressing a non-phosphorylatable caspase-8-T273A mutant in a rescue experiment or in Plk3-KO cells generated by CRISPR/Cas9 reduces the processing of caspase-8 prominently. Low T273 phosphorylation correlates significantly with low Plk3 expression in a cohort of 95 anal tumor patients. Our data suggest a novel mechanism of kinase activation within the Plk family and propose a new model for the stimulation of the extrinsic death pathway in tumors with high Plk3 expression.
Rezension zu Gerald Gillespie: Proust, Mann, Joyce in the Modernist Context, Washington/D.C. (The Catholic University of America Press) 2003. 235 Seiten.
Gillespies Studien zur literarischen Moderne greifen teilweise auf frühere und an anderen Stellen publizierte Forschungsergebnisse und Thesen zurück. Sie gliedern sich in zwei Teile: Die Kapitel des ersten Teils erörtern schwerpunktmäßig modernespezifische Formen der Welterfahrung und -darstellung sowie zentrale Themen und charakteristische Strukturen moderner Literatur. Teil II ist vor allem den Oeuvres von Proust, Mann und Joyce gewidmet. Durch eine Fülle von Querbezügen zwischen den im einzelnen verfolgten Fragestellungen ergibt sich ein dichtes Gewebe von präzisen Beobachtungen, Beschreibungen, Argumenten und Thesen zur literarischen Moderne.
N-Allyltetramethylpiperidine is readily isomerized to the corresponding enamine by treatment with catalytic amounts of B(C6F5)3. It adds HB(C6F5)2 at the nucleophilic enamine carbon atom to form a C/B Lewis adduct. This reacts with two molar equivalents of carbon monoxide by selective head to tail coupling to give a five-membered C2O2B heterocycle. In contrast the enamine/HB(C6F5)2 Lewis pair reacts with two molar equiv. of nitric oxide by head to head coupling. This reaction probably proceeds via equilibrium with the corresponding vicinal N/B Lewis pair. Most products were characterized by X-ray diffraction.
With its broad spectrum of cults and coexisting religions Graeco-Roman antiquity seems, at first glance, to be the embodiment of religious freedom. Yet, a closer analysis shows that a concept of tolerance or the idea of religious freedom did not exist. Political institutions could easily suppress religious practices that were regarded as offensive. Fighting against the oppression of Christians appears to have increased under the influence of oecumenical paganism during the reign of the Severans. In this time, the Christian thinkerTertullian discovered and articulated the concept of religious freedom. However, he did not do so emphatically and the concept was not very successful in antiquity. With the Christianization of the Roman Empire it disappeared soon, although its rediscovery in later epochs contributed heavily to the formation of the European norm of religious freedom.
Rezension zu Dietrich von Engelhardt u. Hans Wißkirchen (Hg.): "Der Zauberberg" - die Welt der Wissenschaften in Thomas Manns Roman. Mit einer Bibliographie der Forschungsliteratur, Stuttgart, New York (Schattauer) 2003. 217 Seiten.
Noch niemals ist der Zauberberg interdisziplinär mit solcher Verve und in solcher Breite in die Zange genommen worden wie in dem vorliegenden Sammelband.
We demonstrate high-density labelling of cellular DNA and RNA using click chemistry and perform confocal and super-resolution microscopy. We visualize the crescent and ring-like structure of densely packed RNA in nucleoli. We further demonstrate click chemistry with unnatural amino acids for super-resolution imaging of outer-membrane proteins of E. coli.
Impact of human mesenchymal stromal cells on antifungal host response against Aspergillus fumigatus
(2017)
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly given as immunotherapy to hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with refractory graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Whereas the immunosuppressive properties of MSCs seem to be beneficial in GvHD, there is, at the same time, major concern that MSCs increase the risk for infection. We therefore investigated the interplay of human MSCs with Aspergillus fumigatus and the impact of MSCs on different arms of the anti-Aspergillus host response in vitro. Although A. fumigatus hyphae increase mRNA levels of IL6 in MSCs, the extracellular availability of IL-6 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines remains unaffected. Human MSCs are able to phagocyte Aspergillus conidia, but phagocytosis of conidia is not associated with an alteration of the cytokine production by MSCs. In addition, human MSCs do not affect activation and function of A. fumigatus specific CD4+ T cells, and MSCs do not negatively impact the oxidative burst activity of phagocytes. Our in vitro data indicate that administration of human MSCs is not associated with a negative impact on the host response against A. fumigatus and that the fungus does not stimulate MSCs to increase the release of those cytokines which play a central role in the pathophysiology of GvHD.
Rezension zu Centre culturel international Cerisy-la-Salle/Manche: H. P. Lovecraft. Fantastique, mythe et modernité. Actes du Colloque "Lovecraft et ses contemporains" (3.-10.8.1995), Paris (Editions Dervy) 2002. 464 Seiten.
Jüngstes Ergebnis der regen französischen Lovecraft-Forschung ist ein in doppeltem Sinne gewichtiger Sammelband: Hervorgegangen aus einem internationalen, von Jean Marigny und Gilles Menegaldo im August 1995 in Cerisy La Salle veranstalteten Kolloquium, versammelt der Band 21 Beiträge, die sich dem Phänomen Lovecraft von den unterschiedlichsten Seiten nähern.
Rezension zu Peter Brandes: Goethes "Faust". Poetik der Gabe und Selbstreflexion der Dichtung, München (Wilhelm Fink) 2003. 298 Seiten.
Wenn eine Dissertation über Goethes Faust als Untersuchung der Selbstreflexion der Dichtung angelegt ist, drängt sich die Versuchung auf, die Selbstreflexivität noch weiterzuführen und die auf Goethes "Geben und Nehmen" berechneten Ausführungen in der Einleitung auf die vorgelegte Arbeit selbst zu beziehen, denn auch die Begabung des Faust-Dissertanten zeigt sich nicht zuletzt in der Fähigkeit, sich andere Texte "einzuverleiben und für sich fruchtbar zu machen" (9 f.).
Rezension zu Kurt Bayertz, Margit. Frölich u. Kurt W. Schmidt (Hg.): I'm the Law. Recht, Ethik und Ästhetik im Western, Frankfurt/Main (Haag + Herchen Verlag) 2004 (= Arnoldshainer Texte; Bd. 124). 170 Seiten.
Hervorgegangen aus einer Tagung im Jahre 2002, versammelt der Band insgesamt acht methodisch recht unterschiedliche Beiträge, die sich aus interdisziplinärer Perspektive mit dem Phänomen des Westerns auseinandersetzen.
New provisioning rules introduced by IFRS 9 are expected to reduce the procyclicality of provisioning. Heterogeneity among banks in the procyclicality of provisioning may not only reflect the formal accounting rules, but also variation in discretionary provisioning policies. This paper presents empirical evidence on the heterogeneity of provisioning procyclicality among significant banks that are directly supervised by the ECB. In particular, this paper finds that provisioning is relatively procyclical at banks that have i) high loans-to-assets ratios, ii) high shares of non-interest income in total operating income, iii) low capitalization rates, and iv) low total assets. Supervisory guidance provided to banks on how to implement IFRS 9 has mostly been of a qualitative nature, and may prove inadequate to prevent an undesirably wide future variation in provisioning among EU banks.
This paper was provided at the request of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs of the European Parliament and commissioned and drafted under the responsibility of the Economic Governance Support Unit (EGOV) of the European Parliament. It was originally published on the European Parliament’s webpage.
Rezension zu Peter-Andre Alt: Der Tod der Königin. Frauenopfer und politische Souveränität im Trauerspiel des 17. Jahrhunderts, Berlin, New York (de Gruyter) 2004. 261 Seiten.
Der Würzburger Germanist Peter-Andre Alt hat mit 'Der Tod der Königin' eine Studie zur Literatur der Frühen Neuzeit vorgelegt, die weit mehr enthält und verhandelt, als es Titel und Untertitel anzudeuten vermögen. Es geht nicht allein um die theatralische Darstellung weiblicher Herrschaft in deutschen und englischen Trauerspielen des 17. Jahrhunderts, wobei auch Seitenblicke auf die französische Klassik geworfen werden, sondern um einen generellen Problemaufriss der politischen, sozialen und geschlechtsspezifischen Rollenzuweisungen im Rahmen präabsolutistischer Machtkonzepte sowie deren theologische und rechtliche Legitimationsmuster.
Sammelrezension zu Allgemeine Literaturwissenschaft - Wuppertaler Schriften, Berlin (Erich Schmidt) 1999 ff.
Band 1: Rüdiger Zymner (Hg.), Allgemeine Literaturwissenschaft. Grundfragen einer besonderen Disziplin, 2001
Band 2: Frank Zipfel, Fiktion, Fiktivität, Fiktionalität. Analysen zur Fiktion in der Literatur und zum Fiktionsbegriff in der Literaturwissenschaft, 2001
Band 3: Bernhard F. Scholz, Emblem und Emblempoetik. Historische und systematische Studien, 2002
Band 4: Intermedialität im europäischen Kulturzusammenhang. Beiträge zur Theorie und Geschichte der visuellen Lyrik, 2002
Band 5: Dieter Lamping (Hg.), Identität und Gedächtnis in der jüdischen Literatur nach 1945, 2003
Band 6: Holger Korthals, Zwischen Drama und Erzählung. Ein Beitrag zur Theorie geschehensdarstellender Literatur, 2003
Band 7: Kodierte Gefühle. Zu einer Poetik der Emotionen in lyrischen und poetologischen Texten um 1900, 2003
Band 8: Peter Blume, Fiktion und Weltwissen. Der Bezug nichtfiktionaler Konzepte zur Sinnkonstitution fiktionaler Erzählliteratur, 2004
Trotz des Untertitels beschränkt sich die offene Reihe keinesfalls auf Produkte der Bergischen Universität; wohl aber verfolgt sie explizit das ontologische, am Grundsätzlichen Orientierte der Wuppertaler Allgemeinen Literaturwissenschaft: So sind keine historischen, epochenvergleichenden oder rezeptionsbezogenen Studien zu erwarten, sondern solche, die sich anhand von Exempla um die Aufhellung von Gesetzmäßigkeiten, Formprinzipien, Strukturen oder auch um medien- oder sozialwissenschaftliche Kontexte bemühen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die diversen Varianten der Literaturwissenschaft: als Theorie, ob es nun um Genres, um Intermedialität oder Übersetzung geht.
Seit 2006 haben die Bundesländer das Recht, den Steuersatz der Grunderwerbsteuer selbst zu bestimmen. Von diesem Recht wurde in den meisten Bundesländern – mit Ausnahme von Bayern und Sachsen – ausgiebig Gebrauch gemacht. Mit dieser Entwicklung sind verschiedene negative Begleiterscheinungen der Steuer weiter in den Vordergrund gerückt. Ausweichreaktionen und Preiseffekte auf dem Immobilienmarkt führten dazu, dass aus jedem Prozent, um das der Steuersatz erhöht wurde, schätzungsweise nur rund 0,6 Prozent zusätzliche Steuereinahmen resultierten, während ohne Ausweichreaktionen und Preiseffekte eine Einnahmenerhöhung um ein Prozent zu erwarten gewesen wäre. Hinter diesem unterproportionalen Aufkommenseffekt sind verschiedene Mechanismen zu vermuten, wie etwa die Umgehung durch den Kauf des Grundvermögens als Teil einer Kapitalgesellschaft.
In Anbetracht der gestiegenen Steuersätze wurde im letzten Bundestagswahlkampf aus CDU sowie FDP der Ruf laut nach einem Freibetrag für Immobilienkäufer, die erworbenes Wohneigentum selbst nutzen möchten. Die Kinderzahl soll den Freibetrag je nach Vorschlag erhöhen.
Der Beitrag diskutiert kritisch die Forderung nach einer Familienkomponente der Grunderwerbssteuer und zeigt darüber hinaus mögliche Alternativen zur Einschränkung der Steuergestaltungen durch Share Deals auf.
Coming (great) events cast their (long) shadow before. As the financial crisis gave birth to the creation of the European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS), the imminent Brexit now serves as an impulse to rather extensively reorganize it. Pursuant to the preferences of the Commission—as revealed in its draft for a regulation amending the regulations founding the European Supervisory Authorities (ESA)—the supervision (and regulation) of the financial sectors should be further centralized and integrated and additional powers should be given to the ESAs. To a large degree these alterations are intended to adjust the competences of the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) to better meet its new objectives under the Capital Markets Union (“CMU”). In view that an equivalent to the CMU or the Banking Union—in the sense of a European Insurance Union—is not yet on the horizon for the insurance sector (or the occupational pensions sector), one could prima vista take the view that insurance supervision and regulation is once again taken captive by the necessity of regulatory reforms stemming from other financial sectors. However, even if that is partially the case, the outcome of the intended reforms might still be advantageous for the insurance sector and an important step in the right direction. Therefore, it needs to be intensively discussed.
At this stage, some of the most prominent envisioned changes to the structure, tasks and powers of the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) and their necessity, usefulness or counter-productivity still have to be examined.
During the last IAIS Global Seminar in June 2017, IAIS disclosed the agenda for a gradual shift in the systemic risk assessment methodology from the current Entity Based Approach (EBA) to a new Activity Based Approach(ABA). The EBA, which was developed in the aftermath of the 2008/2009 financial crisis, defines a list of Global Systemically Important Insurers (G-SIIs) based on a pre-defined set of criteria related to the size of the institution. These G-SIIs are subject to additional regulatory requirements since their distress or disorderly failure would potentially cause significant disruption to the global financial system and economic activity. Even if size is still a needed element of a systemic risk assessment, the strong emphasis put on the too-big-to-fail approach in insurance, i.e. EBA, might be partially missing the underlying nature of systemic risk in insurance. Not only certain activities, including insurance activities such as life or non-life lines of business, but also common exposures or certain managerial practices such as leverage or funding structures, tend to contribute to systemic risk of insurers but are not covered by the current EBA (Berdin and Sottocornola, 2015). Therefore, we very much welcome the general development of the systemic risk assessment methodology, even if several important questions still need to be answered.
This paper considers the trend towards megaregionalism (TTIP, TPP) that became prominent in the trade domain in the last years of the Obama administration. While megaregionalism has fallen by the wayside since Trump’s inauguration, the underlying rationale for such treaties will most likely reassert itself rather soon. So there are structural issues that need to be discussed from a standpoint of global justice. In all likelihood, megaregionalism is detrimental to global justice. TTIP in particular, or anything like it, might derail any possibility for a trade organization to aid the pursuit of justice at the global level, and any possibility that trade will be used to that end. From the standpoint of global justice one must hope that megaregionalism does not replace WTO multilateralism. The global-justice framework used here is the grounds-of-justice approach offered in the author’s 2012 On Global Justice.
Megaregional trade negotiations have become the subject of heated debate, above all in the context of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). In this article, I argue that the justice of the global order suffers from its institutional fragmentation into regime complexes. From a republican perspective, which aspires to non-domination as a guiding principles and idea of global justice, regime complexes raise specific and important challenges in that they open the door to specific forms of domination. I thereby challenge a more optimistic outlook in regime complexes, which paints a positive normative picture of regime complexes, arguing that they enable the enhancement of democracy beyond the state and, consequently, have the potential to reduce the democratic deficit in global governance. By drawing attention to how regime complexes reinforce domination-related injustice, this article contributes an original perspective on megaregionals and to exploring the implications of global justice as non-domination.
Recent trade negotiations such as TTIP include investor protection clauses. Against the background of an analysis of the case for trade, the paper asks whether such clauses can be justified from a normative perspective. More specifically, what is the impact of investor protection on the domestic distribution of the gains from trade between labour and capital, and how should we assess this impact from the perspective of justice? In order to answer this question, the paper develops a series of ideal-type scenarios that reflect the consequences of investor protection on employment on the one hand, and on the distributive conflict between labour and capital on the other. While no claim is made which of these scenarios corresponds to TTIP or other trade agreements, they provide a useful normative framework to analyse such agreements.
nvestor-state-dispute-settlement (ISDS) is an arbitration mechanism to settle disputes between foreign investors and host-states. Seemingly a technical issue in private international law, ISDS procedures have recently become a matter of public concern and the target of political resistance, due to the power they grant to foreign investors in matters of public policies in the countries they invest in. This article examines the practice of ISDS through the lenses of liberal-statist theories of international justice, which value self-determination. It argues that the investor-state arbitration system illustrates how liberal-statist theories of international distributive justice ought to care about relative socioeconomic disadvantage, contra the sufficiency principle that they typically defend. The sufficiency principle draws on a questionable conception of the freedom that self-determination consists in.
Readers of Hannah Arendt’s now classic formulation of the statelessness problem in her 1951 book The Origins of Totalitarianism abound at a moment when the number of stateless peoples worldwide continues to rise exponentially. Along with statelessness, few concepts in Arendt scholarship have spawned such a volume of literature, and perhaps none have provoked as much interest outside of the field of philosophy, as ‘the right to have rights.’ Interpreting this enigmatic term exposes the heart of our beliefs about the nature of the political and has important consequences for how we practice politics on a global scale because it implicitly takes plural human beings, and not the citizen, as its subjects. Arendt’s conceptualization of this problem remains unsurpassed in its diagnosis of the political situation of statelessness, as well as its intimate description of the human cost of what she refers to as ‘world loss,’ a phenomenon that the prevailing human rights and global justice discourse does not take into account. And yet, as an alternative framework for thinking about global politics, the right to have rights resists easy interpretation, let alone practical application.
This Chapter explores how an environment of persistent low returns influences saving, investing, and retirement behaviors, as compared to what in the past had been thought of as more “normal” financial conditions. Our calibrated lifecycle dynamic model with realistic tax, minimum distribution, and Social Security benefit rules produces results that agree with observed saving, work, and claiming age behavior of U.S. households. In particular, our model generates a large peak at the earliest claiming age at 62, as in the data. Also in line with the evidence, our baseline results show a smaller second peak at the (system-defined) Full Retirement Age of 66. In the context of a zero-return environment, we show that workers will optimally devote more of their savings to non-retirement accounts and less to 401(k) accounts, since the relative appeal of investing in taxable versus tax-qualified retirement accounts is lower in a low return setting. Finally, we show that people claim Social Security benefits later in a low interest rate environment.
This paper studies the long-run effects of credit market disruptions on real firm outcomes and how these effects depend on nominal wage rigidities at the firm level. I trace out the long-run investment and growth trajectories of firms which are more adversely affected by a transitory shock to aggregate credit supply. Affected firms exhibit a temporary investment gap for two years following the shock, resulting in a persistent accumulated growth gap. I show that affected firms with a higher degree of wage rigidity exhibit a steeper drop in investment and grow more slowly than affected firms with more flexible wages.
We shed new light on the macroeconomic effects of rising temperatures. In the data, a shock to global temperature dampens expenditures in research and development (R&D). We rationalize this empirical evidence within a stochastic endogenous growth model, featuring temperature risk and growth sustained through innovations. In line with the novel evidence in the data, temperature shocks undermine economic growth via a drop in R&D. Moreover, in our endogenous growth setting temperature risk generates non-negligible welfare costs (i.e., 11% of lifetime utility). An active government, which is committed to a zero fiscal deficit policy, can offset the welfare costs of global temperature risk by subsidizing the aggregate capital investment with one-fifth of total public spending.
After the Lehman-Brothers collapse, the stock index has exceeded its pre-Lehman-Brothers peak by 36% in real terms. Seemingly, markets have been demanding more stocks instead of bonds. Yet, instead of observing higher bond rates, paradoxically, bond rates have been persistently negative after the Lehman-Brothers collapse. To explain this paradox, we suggest that, in the post-Lehman-Brothers period, investors changed their perceptions on disasters, thinking that disasters occur once every 30 years on average, instead of disasters occurring once every 60 years. In our asset-pricing calibration exercise, this rise in perceived market fragility alone can explain the drop in both bond rates and price-dividend ratios observed after the Lehman-Brothers collapse, which indicates that markets mostly demanded bonds instead of stocks.
In the context of the upcoming Brexit, a relocation of the clearing of euro-OTC derivatives for EU-based firms is the subject of controversial discussion. The opponents of a relocation argue that a relocation would cause additional costs for market participants of up to USD 100 bn over a period of 5 years. This paper shows that this cost estimate is fairly unrealistic and that relocation costs would amount to approximately USD 0.6 bn p.a., which translates to cumulative costs of around USD 3.2 bn for a transition period of 5 years. In light of the strategic importance of systemically relevant CCPs for the financial stability of the eurozone, the potential relocation costs should not be a decision criterion.
Das Clearing von Euro-OTC-Derivaten post Brexit – eine Analyse der vorliegenden Kostenschätzungen
(2017)
Im Zusammenhang mit dem Brexit wird über die Kosten einer Relokation des Clearing des Euro-OTC-Derivate-Geschäftes auf ein EU-CCP diskutiert. Das vorliegende Papier zeigt, dass die bislang vorliegenden Kostenschätzungen, die von Kosten in Höhe von bis zu USD 100 Mrd. für einen Zeitraum von fünf Jahren ausgehen, viel zu hoch sind. Die erwarteten Kosten einer Relokation liegen vielmehr bei ca. USD 0,6 Mrd. p.a. bzw. ca. USD 3,2 Mrd. für eine Übergangsphase von fünf Jahren. Angesichts der hohen Bedeutung von systemrelevanten CCPs für die Stabilität der Eurozone sollten diese Kosten nicht entscheidungsrelevant für eine Relokation sein.
We establish a benchmark result for the relationship between the loanable funds and the money-creation approach to banking. In particular, we show that both processes yield the same allocations when there is no uncertainty and thus no bank default. In such cases, using the much simpler loanable funds approach as a shortcut does not imply any loss of generality.
The CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) experiment at CERN is studying the nucleation and growth of aerosol particles under atmospheric conditions, and their activation into cloud droplets. A key feature of the CLOUD experiment is precise control of the experimental parameters. Temperature uniformity and stability in the chamber are important since many of the processes under study are sensitive to temperature and also to contaminants that can be released from the stainless steel walls by upward temperature fluctuations. The air enclosed within the 3 m CLOUD chamber is equipped with several arrays (strings) of high precision, fast-response thermometers to measure its temperature. Here we present a study of the air temperature uniformity inside the CLOUD chamber under various experimental conditions. Measurements were performed under calibration conditions and run conditions, which are distinguished by the flow rate of fresh air and trace gases entering the chamber: 20 l/min and up to 210 l/min, respectively. During steady-state calibration runs between −70 °C and +20 °C, the air temperature uniformity is better than +/−0.06 °C in the radial direction and +/−0.1 °C in the vertical direction. Larger non-uniformities are present during experimental runs, depending on the temperature control of the make-up air and trace gases (since some trace gases require elevated temperatures until injection into the chamber). The temperature stability is a few times 0.01 °C over periods of several hours during either calibration or steady-state run conditions. During rapid adiabatic expansions to activate cloud droplets and ice particles, the chamber walls are up to 10 °C warmer than the enclosed air. This results in larger non-uniformities while the air returns to its equilibrium temperature with time constant of about 200 s.
Information theory provides a formal framework within which information processing and its disorders can be described. However, information theory has rarely been applied to modeling aspects of the cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia. The goal of this article is to highlight the benefits of an approach based on information theory, including its recent extensions, for understanding several disrupted neural goal functions as well as related cognitive and symptomatic phenomena in schizophrenia. We begin by demonstrating that foundational concepts from information theory—such as Shannon information, entropy, data compression, block coding, and strategies to increase the signal-to-noise ratio—can be used to provide novel understandings of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia and metrics to evaluate their integrity. We then describe more recent developments in information theory, including the concepts of infomax, coherent infomax, and coding with synergy, to demonstrate how these can be used to develop computational models of schizophrenia-related failures in the tuning of sensory neurons, gain control, perceptual organization, thought organization, selective attention, context processing, predictive coding, and cognitive control. Throughout, we demonstrate how disordered mechanisms may explain both perceptual/cognitive changes and symptom emergence in schizophrenia. Finally, we demonstrate that there is consistency between some information-theoretic concepts and recent discoveries in neurobiology, especially involving the existence of distinct sites for the accumulation of driving input and contextual information prior to their interaction. This convergence can be used to guide future theory, experiment, and treatment development.
Auf Grundlage einer interviewbasierten Studie zu heterosexuellen Paaren, in denen die Frau das Haupteinkommen verdient, beschäftigt sich der Beitrag mit milieuspezifischen Bewältigungsmustern prekärer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse. Vor dem Hintergrund der Erosion des Ernährermodells werden dabei Transformationen von Männlichkeit in den Blick genommen. Es wird die These entwickelt, dass sich mit dem Selbstverständnis als "Künstler" im hochqualifizierten individualisierten Milieu des urbanen Raums ein spezifisches Bewältigungsmuster von Prekarität herausgebildet hat.
The inner boundary and the cristae membrane are connected by pore-like structures termed crista junctions (CJs). The MICOS complex is required for CJ formation and enriched at CJs. Here, we address the roles of the MICOS subunits Mic27 and Mic10. We observe a positive genetic interaction between Mic27 and Mic60 and deletion of Mic27 results in impaired formation of CJs and altered cristae membrane curvature. Mic27 acts in an antagonistic manner to Mic60 as it promotes oligomerization of the F1FO-ATP synthase and partially restores CJ formation in cells lacking Mic60. Mic10 impairs oligomerization of the F1FO-ATP synthase similar to Mic60. Applying complexome profiling, we observed that deletion of Mic27 destabilizes the MICOS complex but does not impair formation of a high molecular weight Mic10 subcomplex. Moreover, this Mic10 subcomplex comigrates with the dimeric F1FO-ATP synthase in a Mic27-independent manner. Further, we observed a chemical crosslink of Mic10 to Mic27 and of Mic10 to the F1FO-ATP synthase subunit e. We corroborate the physical interaction of the MICOS complex and the F1FO-ATP synthase. We propose a model in which part of the F1FO-ATP synthase is linked to the MICOS complex via Mic10 and Mic27 and by that is regulating CJ formation.
The Hydrogen Dependent Carbon dioxide Reductase (HDCR) from Acetobacterium woodii presents a promising solution to the issue of H2 storage by reversibly coupling H2 oxidation to CO2 reduction. We here report on the electrocatalytic properties of the hydrogenase (Hase) module in the intact complex, including (an)aerobic oxidation, CO inhibition and the first systematic analysis of the catalytic bias (CB) of a Hase. CB depends on pH, regardless of the H2 concentration, despite a higher affinity for H2 than other FeFe-Hases. Remarkably, CO inhibition is fully reversible under all oxidation states of the active site, making HDCR the first "syngas-friendly" FeFe-Hase.
Background: Computed-tomography-guided interventions are attractive for tissue sampling of paediatric tumor lesions; however, it comes with exposure to ionizing radiation. The aim of this study was to analyse the radiation dose, accuracy and speed of CT-guided interventions in paediatric patient cohort.
Methods: We retrospectively reviewed CT-guided interventions over a 10 -year period in 65 children. The intervention site consisted of bones in 38, chest (lung) in 15 and abdomen (liver, lymph nodes) in 12 cases. Radiation dose and duration of the procedures were analysed. The statistical analysis was performed using dedicated statistical software (BiAS 8.3.6 software, Epsilon Verlag, North Hasted).
Results: All interventions were performed successfully. Mean target access path to lesion within the patients was 6.0 cm (min 3.5 cm, max 11.2 cm). Time duration to complete intervention was 25:15 min (min 17:03 min, max 43:00 min). The dose-length product (DLP) of intervention scan was 29.5 mGy · cm (min 6 mGy · cm, max 85 mGy · cm) with the lowest dose for biopsies in the region of the chest (p = 0.04).
Conclusions: With justified indications, CT-guided paediatric interventions are safe, effective and can be performed both, with short intervention times and low radiation exposure.
Objectives: This study aimed to analyse and compare differences in occupational stress, depressive symptoms, work ability and working environment among residents working in various medical specialties.
Methods: 435 German hospital residents in medical training working in 6 different medical specialties participated in a cross-sectional survey study. Physicians were asked about their working conditions and aspects of mental health and work ability. The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire, the Work Ability Index, the ICD-10 Symptom Rating and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire were used to measure working conditions, mental health and work ability.
Results: Results show that up to 17% of the physicians reported high levels of occupational distress and 9% reported high levels of depressive symptoms. 11% of the hospital physicians scored low in work ability. Significant differences between medical specialties were demonstrated for occupational distress, depressive symptoms, work ability, job demands and job resources. Surgeons showed consistently the highest levels of perceived distress but also the highest levels of work ability and lowest scores for depression. Depressive symptoms were rated with the highest levels by anaesthesiologists. Significant associations between physicians’ working conditions, occupational distress and mental health-related aspects are illustrated.
Conclusions: Study results demonstrated significant differences in specific job stressors, demands and resources. Relevant relations between work factors and physicians' health and work ability are discussed. These findings should be reinvestigated in further studies, especially with a longitudinal study design. This work suggests that to ensure physicians' health, hospital management should plan and implement suitable mental health promotion strategies. In addition, operational efficiency through resource planning optimisation and work process improvements should be focused by hospital management.
Pirinixic acid derivatives, a new class of drug candidates for a range of diseases, interfere with targets including PPARα, PPARγ, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and microsomal prostaglandin and E2 synthase-1 (mPGES1). Since 5-LO, mPGES1, PPARα, and PPARγ represent potential anti-cancer drug targets, we here investigated the effects of 39 pirinixic acid derivatives on prostate cancer (PC-3) and neuroblastoma (UKF-NB-3) cell viability and, subsequently, the effects of selected compounds on drug-resistant neuroblastoma cells. Few compounds affected cancer cell viability in low micromolar concentrations but there was no correlation between the anti-cancer effects and the effects on 5-LO, mPGES1, PPARα, or PPARγ. Most strikingly, pirinixic acid derivatives interfered with drug transport by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB1 in a drug-specific fashion. LP117, the compound that exerted the strongest effect on ABCB1, interfered in the investigated concentrations of up to 2μM with the ABCB1-mediated transport of vincristine, vinorelbine, actinomycin D, paclitaxel, and calcein-AM but not of doxorubicin, rhodamine 123, or JC-1. In silico docking studies identified differences in the interaction profiles of the investigated ABCB1 substrates with the known ABCB1 binding sites that may explain the substrate-specific effects of LP117. Thus, pirinixic acid derivatives may offer potential as drug-specific modulators of ABCB1-mediated drug transport.
Zeitzeugen sind nicht immer gute Historiker, und Historiker geben nicht notwendig gute Zeitzeugen ab. Für den zweiten Sachverhalt war seit den 1990er Jahren unter anderem aufschlussreich, wie sehr es erst der Anstöße aus den Reihen einer Enkelgeneration deutscher Historiker bedurfte, bevor die Rolle ihrer akademischen "Großväter" im "Dritten Reich" kritisch und ohne jede Scheu vor persönlichen Bekanntschaften untersucht wurde. Gewiss muss man im Blick darauf sorgfältig zwischen Skandalisierung und wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis unterscheiden, aber dieses Problem kann hiernach ohnehin nicht weiter vertieft werden. Vielmehr richtet sich die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Frühgeschichte der Deutsch-Tschechoslowakischen Historikerkommission, der der deutsche Osteuropa-Historiker Detlef Brandes seit der Gründung im Jahr 1990 angehörte. ...
Purpose: The PELICAN trial evaluates for the first time efficacy and safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) versus capecitabine as first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC).
Methods: This randomized, phase III, open-label, multicenter trial enrolled first-line MBC patients who were ineligible for endocrine or trastuzumab therapy. Cumulative adjuvant anthracyclines of 360 mg/m2 doxorubicin or equivalent were allowed. Left ventricular ejection fraction of >50 % was required. Patients received PLD 50 mg/m2 every 28 days or capecitabine 1250 mg/m2 twice daily for 14 days every 21 days. The primary endpoint was time-to-disease progression (TTP).
Results: 210 patients were randomized (n = 105, PLD and n = 105, capecitabine). Adjuvant anthracyclines were given to 37 % (PLD) and 36 % (capecitabine) of patients. No significant difference was observed in TTP [HR = 1.21 (95 % confidence interval, 0.838–1.750)]. Median TTP was 6.0 months for both PLD and capecitabine. Comparing patients with or without prior anthracyclines, no significant difference in TTP was observed in the PLD arm (log-rank P = 0.64). For PLD versus capecitabine, respectively, overall survival (median, 23.3 months vs. 26.8 months) and time-to-treatment failure (median, 4.6 months vs. 3.7 months) were not statistically significantly different. Compared to PLD, patients on capecitabine experienced more serious adverse events (P = 0.015) and more cardiac events among patients who had prior anthracycline exposure (18 vs. 8 %; P = 0.31).
Conclusion: Both PLD and capecitabine are effective first-line agents for MBC.