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Nematophilic bacteria as a source of novel macrocyclised antimicrobial non-ribosomal peptides
(2020)
A solution to ineffective clinical antimicrobials is the discovery of new ones from under-explored sources such as macrocyclic non-ribosomal peptides (NRP) from nematophilic bacteria. In this dissertation an antimicrobial discovery process –from soil sample to inhibitory peptide– is demonstrated through investigations on six nematophilic bacteria: Xenorhabdus griffiniae XN45, X. griffiniae VH1, Xenorhabdus sp. nov. BG5, Xenorhabdus sp. nov. BMMCB, X. ishibashii and Photorhabdus temperata. To demonstrate the first step of bacterium isolation and species delineation, endosymbionts were isolated from Steinernema sp. strains BG5 and VH1 that were isolated directly from soil samples in Western Kenya. After genome sequencing and assembly of novel Xenorhabdus isolates VH1 and BG5, species delineation was done via three overall genome relatedness indices. VH1 was identified as X. griffiniae VH1, BG5 as Xenorhabdus sp. nov. BG5 and X. griffiniae BMMCB was emended to Xenorhabdus sp. nov. BMMCB. The nematode host of X. griffiniae XN45, Steinernema sp. scarpo was highlighted as a putative novel species. To demonstrate the second step of genome mining and macrocyclic non-ribosomal peptide structure elucidation, chemosynthesis and biosynthesis, the non-ribosomal peptide whose production is encoded by the ishA-B genes in X. ishibashii was investigated. Through a combination of refactoring the ishA-B operon by a promoter exchange mechanism, isotope labelling experiments, high resolution tandem mass spectrometry analysis, bioinformatic protein domain analysis and chemoinformatic comparisons of actual to hypothetical mass spectrometry spectra, the structures of Ishipeptides were elucidated and confirmed by chemical synthesis. Ishipeptide A was a branch cyclic depsidodecapeptide macrocyclised via an ester bond between serine and the terminal glutamate. It chemosynthesis route was via a late stage macrolactamation and linearised Ishipeptide B was synthesised via solid phase iterative synthesis. Ishipeptides were not N-terminally acylated despite being biosynthesised from the IshA protein that had a C-starter domain. It was highlighted that more than restoration of the histidine active site of this domain is required to restore N-terminal acylation activity.
To demonstrate the final step of determination of antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentrations of Ishipeptides and Photoditritide from Photorhabdus temperata against fungi and bacteria were determined. None were antifungal while only the macrocyclic compounds were inhibitory, with Ishipeptide A inhibitory to Gram-positive bacteria at 37 µM. The cationic Photoditritide, a cyclic hexapeptide macrocyclised via a lactam bond between homoarginine and tryptophan, was 12 times more inhibitory (3.0 µM), even more effective than a current clinical compound, Ampicillin (4.2 µM). For both, macrocyclisation was hypothesised to contribute to antimicrobial activity. Ultimately, this dissertation demonstrated not only nematophilic bacteria as a source of novel macrocyclic antimicrobial non-ribosomal peptides but also a process of antimicrobial discovery–from soil sample to inhibitory peptide– from these useful bacteria genera. This is significant for the fight against antimicrobial resistance.
This research investigated variation in the pronunciations of three RP vowels phonemes /e/, /ɜ:/ and /ə/, among Ewe speakers of English in Ghana. It focused on variation at both individual and societal levels, investigating how social relations within these structures influenced the use of the three vowels among the speakers. In this study, social structures were seen as a system where individual members depended on one another and were linked through multiple ties. The distribution of the vowels was in respect with the social variables: age, gender and education, including dialect and social network. The study used a corpus of word-list recorded in a face-to-face interview from 96 participants selected through stratification and networking across two dialect regions: Aŋlɔ and Eveme. Using both aural and acoustic analyses, coupled with ANOVA and t-test, the study has shown that the three RP vowels exist in Ghana Eve English as independent phonemes. Each of them however has allophonic variants; /e/ has variants [e̠], [ɪ] and [ɜ:]; /ɜ:/ has [eː] and [ɜ:], while /ə/ has [ə], [ɪ], [o] and [ʌ] as its variants. The choice of the variants of /ɜ:/ and /e/ have been found to depend on speaker age, gender, and social network. But the geographical location of the speaker will largely determine how these vowels are spoken. Phonological contexts as well as speaker idiosyncrasy are also likely to condition the choice of some of these variants, however, their effects seem less important as determinant of the differences observed than those of the social factors. It is evident that age, gender and class differentiations that have been widely reported cannot be universal, they can vary from one society to another. Also though social structures as well as social relations in a speech community can play significant roles in the individual’s linguistic repertoire, the attitude of the speaker and the phonological contexts of a segment can have a huge impact on the use of that variable.
The marginalization of the hijra identity in postcolonial Pakistan perpetuates the inequalities that have dogged the transgender community since the colonial era. Although Pakistan has since ratified all concerned UN treaties aimed at protecting transgender people and preventing human rights violations against them, the country’s gender-variant population nevertheless remains vulnerable to these transgressions. As such, this study aims to explore the following inquiry: “What are the lifeways of the hijra community and how do hijra people face human rights violations in their daily life activities?”
The identity construction of the hijra is a complex process. Pakistan is a patriarchal society that determines gender based on biological sex. While a genitally ambiguous child is generally recognized as intersexed, the family usually obscures this circumstance or tries to enforce a predominantly male identity onto the child. To some degree, an intersexed child is allowed to perform feminine roles, particularly when compared to a biologically male individual who is inclined toward femininity. They may partake in “girls’ games” or in “women’s chores” like cooking; they may opt to don feminine clothing and jewelry or practice walking and talking “like a girl.” Many family members and relatives consider such actions a threat to family honor and/or an indication of weakness, which in turn renders the child vulnerable to sexual or physical assault. Abuse also causes some gender-variant children to drop out of school. As adults, many hijras do not see childhood sexual encounters as assault, particularly because they considered themselves to be feminine even from a young age. Nevertheless, experiences of isolation, abuse, and exclusion often compel a gender-variant child to seek company outside of his/her family of orientation.
Many transgender individuals see redemption in joining the hijra community: there, a new identity is defined and shaped. New members mirror themselves after more senior hijras. In the community, relationships are solidified through similar childhood experiences and interests as well as a shared freedom to express the outer reflection of an “inner feminine soul.” Here, they accept the childhood label affixed to them by heteronormative society: hijra. In fact, the identity now becomes the key to economic viability and socialization.
The predominant livelihood strategies within the hijra community are dancing and prostitution. New members must adhere to stringent norms and rules; they risk (sometimes severe) punishment if they do not. For example, a new hijra must adopt a very strict feminine appearance; if she does not appear feminine enough she may be socially isolated or physically punished. Similarly, a hijra is required to remain passive during sex. In fact, because hijras are stereotyped as passive and vulnerable, many clients physically exploit or even rape them. If she tries to resist, a hijra may face physical violence and, in extreme circumstances, death. Reporting abuse to law enforcement authorities often leads to further exploitation. As such, whether dancing or performing sexually, hijras are encouraged to do whatever is asked of them.
In the last decade, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has taken significant steps to ensure the rights of transgender people. The Court has similarly compelled local governments to amend existing legislation in order to protect the transgender community. Nevertheless, discrepancies exist in legislative and judicial interpretations of the transgender identity, which continues to impede the struggle for basic rights. Indeed, there is a long way to go in the effort to incorporate transgender people into the folds of mainstream Pakistani society.
Chronisch-entzündliche Dermatosen sind in Deutschland weit verbreitet und haben einen enormen Einfluss auf die Lebensqualität der Erkrankten. Das umfassende Verständnis der molekularen Prozesse und Signalwege bildet die Basis, um mögliche Beziehungen zwischen den Hauterkrankungen aufzudecken. Der Nachweis von Ähnlichkeit und Übereinstimmung in den Signalwegen bietet die Aussicht, dass etablierte Therapien auch bei anderen Erkrankungen helfen können.
Der Zweck dieser Arbeit ist der Nachweis der Expression von IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23 und TNF-α in drei chronisch-entzündlichen Dermatosen: Acne inversa (AI), Sinus pilondalis (SP) und Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens (PCAS). Bei allen untersuchten Diagnosen handelt es sich um potentiell verwandte Erkrankungen der Haarfollikel, die durch Verlegung der Ausführungsgänge zu ausgedehnten Entzündungsreaktionen mit Bildung von Knoten, Abszessen und Fisteln führen. Bereits nachgewiesen ist, dass IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23 und TNF-α eine wichtige Rolle in der Pathogenese von Acne inversa spielen und Antikörpertherapien an einigen dieser Zielproteine spezifisch angreifen, um den Verlauf der Erkrankung zu verbessern.
Die Expression der Proteine wurde in Läsionen von Patienten mit den drei Indikationen immunhistochemisch an paraffiniertem Gewebe untersucht. Wie erwartet, zeigten sich in der überwiegenden Anzahl der Proben große entzündliche Infiltrate und hier wurde die Expression aller untersuchten Zytokine in unterschiedlicher Intensität nachgewiesen. Vielversprechend war insbesondere die Expression von IL-17A und IL-23 in SP und PCAS. Die Expression von IL-1β war insgesamt eher gering ausgeprägt; bei AI noch etwas höher als in SP und PCAS. Die Färbungen auf IL-22 zeigten sich kräftig in allen untersuchten Dermatosen. Allerdings gibt es bisher keine zugelassene Therapie zur Modulation dieses speziellen Zytokins. IL-22 scheint eine zentrale Rolle in
der Pathogenese der AI zu spielen. Mit TNF-α-Blockern wurden schon gute therapeutische Ergebnisse bei AI und PCAS erzielt. Deshalb ist der Nachweis von TNF-α in den entzündlichen Läsionen zu erwarten gewesen. Auch bei den SP-Proben fanden sich deutlich erhöhte Protein-Level, sodass auch hier eine gezielte Therapie von Vorteil sein könnte. Wegen des geringen Probenumfangs und der Methodik sind weitere gezielte Untersuchungen notwendig. Dennoch konnten viele Gemeinsamkeiten der Zytokinexpression ausgemacht werden, was vielversprechende Hinweise auf mögliche Behandlungsansätze bei AI, SP und PCAS zulässt. Diese Arbeit bietet einen ersten Blick auf den immunologischen Phänotyp der verwandten Dermatosen.
Locomotion, the way animals independently move through space by active muscle contractions, is one of the most apparent animal behaviors. However, in many situations it is more beneficial for animals to actively prevent locomotion, for instance to briefly stop before reorienting with the aim of avoiding predators, or to save energy and recuperate from stress during sleep. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying such locomotion inhibition still remain elusive. So, the aim of this study was to utilize the practical genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to efficiently tackle relevant questions on how animals are capable of suppressing locomotion.
Nerve cells, mostly called neurons, are known to control locomotion patterns by activating some and inhibiting other muscle groups in a spatiotemporal manner via local secretion of molecules known as neurotransmitters. This study particularly focuses on whether neuropeptides modulate such neurotransmission to prevent locomotion. Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that are secreted by specific neurons and that act in the brain by activating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed in other target neurons. They can act as hormones, neuromodulators or neurotransmitters. DNA sequences coding for neuropeptides and their cognate receptors are similar across diverse species and thus indicate evolutionary conservation of their molecular signaling pathways. This could potentially also imply that regulatory functions of specific neuropeptides are also similar across species and are thus meaningful to unravel more general mechanisms for instance underlying locomotion inhibition.
Specifically, we find that the modulatory interneuron RIS constitutes a dedicated stop neuron of which the activity is sufficient to initiate rapid locomotion arrest in C. elegans while maintaining its body posture. Similar to its known function in larval sleep, RIS requires RFamide neuropeptides encoded by the flp 11 gene for this activity, in addition to GABA. Furthermore, we find that spontaneous calcium activity transients in RIS are compartmentalized and correlated with locomotion stop. These findings illustrate that a single neuron can regulate both stopping and sleeping phenotypes.
Secondly, we show that C. elegans RPamide neuropeptides encoded by nlp-22 and nlp-2 regulate sleep and wakefulness, respectively. We unexpectedly find that these peptides activate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-like receptors dose dependently and we highlight their sequence resemblance to other bilaterian GnRH-like neuropeptides. In addition, we show that these receptors are expressed in distinct subsets of neurons that are associated with motor behavior. Finally, we show that nlp 22 encoded peptides signal through GNNR 6 receptors to regulate larval sleep and that nlp 2 encoded peptides require both GNRR 3 and GNRR 6 receptors to promote wakefulness.
In sum, we find that locomotion inhibition in C. elegans is regulated by multiple, but evolutionary conserved RFamide and GnRH-like RPamide neuropeptidergic signaling pathways.
Paläobotanische Untersuchungen an Euramerischen Kohlenbecken haben an der Westfal/Stefan-Grenze in früheren Arbeiten einen deutlichen, weitgehend klimatisch gesteuerten Florenwechsel erkennen lassen. Desweiteren wurden in Kohlen aus dem Saar/Nahe-Becken beginnend mit dem obersten Westfal D erstmals Diageneseprodukte von Isoarborinol bzw. Fernen/Fernenol nachgewiesen, für die Koniferen, Cordaiten oder Farnsamer als mögliche Bioproduzenten vorgeschlagen wurden. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten die Arboran-/Fernanderivate MAPH, MATH, DAPH 1 und DAPH 2 in den Gesamtextrakten von Kohlen und Sedimenten aus dem Stefan des Saar/Nahe-Beckens durchgängig identifiziert werden, während die Verbindungen im Westfal lediglich in Proben aus dem obersten Westfal D auftraten. Folglich sind die Arboran-/Fernanderivate tatsächlich in besonderem Maße dazu geeignet, den Florenwechsel an der Westfal/Stefan-Grenze auf molekularer Basis zu beschreiben. Um einzugrenzen, zu welcher Pflanzengruppe die Bioproduzenten der Ausgangsverbindungen der Arboran-/Fernanderivate gehören, wurden isolierte Makrofossilien verschiedener Pflanzengruppen aus verschiedenen Euramerischen Kohlenbecken organisch-geochemisch analysiert. Dabei konnten MATH, MAPH, DAPH 1 und DAPH 2 in nahezu allen Gesamtextrakten fossiler Cordaiten-Reste identifiziert werden. In den Extrakten von Sediment-Vergleichsproben, die in unmittelbarer Nähe der Cordaiten-Reste entnommen wurden, konnten die Verbindungen dagegen nicht bzw. nur in vergleichsweise geringen Konzentrationen identifiziert werden. Ebenso waren die Arboran-/Fernanderivate in den Gesamtextrakten fossiler Koniferen-Reste sowie in den Extrakten verschiedener Farnsamerarten (Alethopteris, Dicroidium, Lescuropteris, Macroneuropteris, Neuropteris) nicht enthalten. Lediglich in der extrahierbaren organischen Substanz einiger fossiler Odontopteris-Reste aus dem Blanzy-Montceau-Becken (Frankreich) konnten MAPH und MATH (sowie teilweise DAPH 1 und DAPH 2) identifiziert werden. Allerdings ist das Auftreten der Verbindungen in diesen Odontopteris-Extrakten wahrscheinlich auf eine Überprägung des Pflanzenmaterials durch das umgebende Sediment zurückzuführen, da die Verbindungen in den Sediment-Vergleichsproben in höheren bzw. ähnlichen Konzentrationen enthalten sind. Insgesamt sind daher in den oberkarbonischen Kohlenbecken die Cordaiten als einer, möglicherweise sogar als „die“ Bioproduzenten der Ausgangsverbindungen der Arboran-/Fernanderivate MATH, MAPH, DAPH 1 und DAPH 2 anzusehen. Die deutlich negativere Kohlenstoffisotopie (-31,68 ‰) einer Sedimentprobe aus der Bohrung Wemmetsweiler-Nord, die gleichzeitig die höchsten Arboran-/Fernanderivat-Konzentrationen enthält, weist auf eine verstärkte mikrobielle Überarbeitung des organischen Materials hin. Fluoreszenz- und Auflichtmikroskopie-Untersuchungen zeigen zudem einen erheblichen, ebenfalls auf bakterielle Aktivität hindeutenden Bituminitanteil, während Relikte von höheren Landpflanzen nur geringfügig vertreten sind. Dies legt den Schluß nahe, daß die Arboran-/Fernanderivate in dieser Probe nicht von Cordaiten, sondern alternativ von Bakterien (oder Algen) abstammen. In diesem Fall ist Isoarborinol als biologischer Vorläufer anzunehmen und es tritt eine deutliche Verschiebung der Kohlenstoffisotopie-Werte zu negativeren Werten auf. Bei den Cordaiten ist eine derartige Isotopenverschiebung dagegen nicht zu beobachten, so daß für MATH, MAPH, DAPH 1 und DAPH 2 Fernen bzw. Fernenol als biologische Vorläufer anzunehmen sind.
Entmachtete Gegenstände? : Zur Kommerzialisierung sakraler Masken bei den Piaroa in Venezuela
(2004)
Mit dem murinen monoklonalen Antikörper MAb 425 ist prinzipiell die immunszintigraphische Lokalisationsdiagnostik und die Rezeptorbestimmung in vivo bei EGF-Rezeptor überexprimierenden gynäkolgischen Tumoren möglich. In der durchgeführten Studie in der 17 Patientinnen mit gynäkologischen Tumoren untersucht wurden, konnte in einigen Fällen der Primärtumor/ bzw. das Lokalrezidiv und auch Metastasen nachgewiesen werden. Bei 6 von 11 Patientinnen mit Primärtumor und/oder Lokalrezidiv konnte mit der EGF-Rezeptorszintigraphie der Tumor nachgewiesen werden, bei paraaortaler Lymphknotenmetastasierung waren es 5 von 8 Patientinnen. Insbesondere bei Patientinnen mit undifferenzierten, fortgeschrittenen Plattenepithel-Karzinomen, v. a. mit Zervix-Karzinom (und evtl. paraaortaler Lymphknotenmetastasierung) scheint eine Überexpression häufiger vorzukommen und damit die Möglichkeit gegeben den Tumor und/oder die Metastasen mit dieser Methode nachzuweisen. Auch in den Fällen, bei denen im Vorfeld die EGFR-Überexpression mittels immunhistologischer Verfahren nachgewiesen wurde, besteht mit der anti-EGF-Rezeptorszintigraphie ein sinnvoller Ansatz eine Lokalisationsdiagnostik vorzunehmen. Die Sensitivität dieser Methode ist aber zu gering, um sie als Staging-Verfahren bei diesen Tumoren zu verwenden. Bei den biokinetischen Messungen zeigte sich für den verwendeten Antikörper eine 3-Phasen Kinetik mit einer schnellen Elimination aus dem Blutpool (T ½ = 6,5 min.), einer Verteilung (T ½ = 53 min.) und einer weiteren Distribution und gleichzeitige Elimination (T ½ = 21,9 h). Diese Ergebnisse decken sich mit den Daten von anderen Arbeitsgruppen und können als Grundlage für dosimetrische Berechnungen für radioimmuntherapeutische Ansätze mit dem genannten Antikörper dienen. Hervorzuheben ist die Tatsache, dass mit der antiEGFRezeptorszintigraphie der EGF-Rezeptorstatus in vivo bestimmt werden kann. Dies könnte in Zukunft Implikationen haben für die Selektion von Patientinnen für bestimmte Therapieformen deren Zielstruktur der Rezeptor selbst (wie z.B. Cetuximab/Erbitux®) oder dessen Signaltransduktions-Kaskade (wie z. B. Gefitinib/Iressa® oder Erlotinib/Tarceva®) darstellt. Prinzipiell ist auch eine mögliche Änderung der Rezeptorexpression im Verlauf einer solchen Therapie nachweisbar, was Auswirkungen auf die Therapiestrategie haben könnte. Dies müsste in weiteren Studien näher untersucht werden.
A detailed understanding of how potassium channels function is crucial e. g. for the development of drugs, which could lead to novel therapeutic concepts for diseases ranging from diabetes to cardiac abnormalities. An improved understanding of channel structure may allow researchers to design medication that can restore proper function of these channels. This is particularly important for KCNQ channels, since four out of five family members are involved in human inherited disease. In addition to structure and function relationships the determinants which govern assembly of KCNQ subunits are decisive to understand the physiological role of the KCNQ channel family members. Many details of KCNQ channel assembly remain incompletely understood. Previous work has shown that the subunit-specific heteromerisation between KCNQ subunits is determined by a ~115 amino acid-long subunit interaction domain (si) within the C-terminus (Schwake et al., 2003). Recently, Jenke et al. (2003) proposed that the C-terminal domains in eag and erg K+ channels act as sites which drive tetramerization. From their ability to form coiled coils, these domains were referred to as tetramerizing coiled-coil (TCC) sequences. Jenke et al. also pointed out that KCNQ channels contain bipartite TCC motifs within their C-termini, exactly within the si domain, which is responsible for the subunit-specific interaction pattern. The first part of this thesis was dedicated to determine the individual role of these TCC domains on homomeric and heteromeric channel formation in order to further characterize the molecular determinants of KCNQ channel assembly. In the second part of this thesis cystein-scanning mutagenesis was employed, followed by thiol-specific modification using MTS reagents to screen more than 20 residues in the S3-S4 linker region and in the S4 transmembrane domain of the KCNQ1 channel to gain information about residue accessibility, the functional effects of thiol-modifying reagents (MTSES), and effects of crosslinking selected pairs of Cys residues by Cd+ ions, which could be used for testing model predictions based upon known Kv channel structures from the literature. According to homology modelling based on the Kv1.2 structure it was attempted to determine the proximity of individual residues from different transmembrane segments using the metal bridge approach (crosslinking by Cd+ ions). This led us to derive structural constraints for interactions between the S4 voltage sensor and adjacent transmembrane segments of KCNQ1. Similar studies have previously been performed on the Shaker K+ channel, which has served as a paradigm for structure-function research of voltage-gated K+ channels for a long time, but little is known for KCNQ channels concerning their similarity to published K+ channel structures.