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Die folgenden Überlegungen verstehen sich als ein Versuch, Baltasar Graciáns von 1651 bis 1658 in drei Teilen veröffentlichten allegorischen Roman "Criticón" mittels eines close reading seiner ersten Kapitel auf die aktuelle Kulturtechnikforschung zu beziehen. Interessant könnte eine solche Lektüre im Hinblick auf das Thema "Graciáns Künste" vor allem deswegen sein, weil es mit ihr möglich wird, die Vielschichtigkeit dieser Künste als menschliche "artificios" zwischen "ars" und "techne" zu denken. Die Kulturtechnikforschung findet in Graciáns Texten nicht nur ein literarisches Erprobungsfeld für ihre theoretischen Ansatzpunkte, sondern sie erhält möglicherweise auch Einblick in einen Moment ihrer eigenen Genealogie, der wichtige ihrer Einsichten bereits vorwegnimmt, dabei aber auch auf ein zentrales Problem des Verhältnisses von Literatur und Kulturtechniken verweist, nämlich das Verhältnis zwischen Operationalität und Rhetorizität.
La primera parte del "Guzmán de Alfarache" nace justo cuando muere el siglo XVI, en 1599. En realidad, estaba terminada al cabo del año 1597, aunque no será hasta el último de la centuria cuando se ponga a la venta. Como dice uno de los editores modernos, José María Micó, tardó más en imprimirse que en hacerse famosa, porque bien pronto se multiplican las ediciones legales e ilegales del texto. En 1600, Alemán prepara una versión corregida de esa primera parte, cuando las aventuras del Pícaro, como se le llamará por antonomasia, podían leerse ya en Media Europa y en el Nuevo Mundo, según puso de manifiesto Maxime Chevalier, siguiendo la estela de los libros del Conquistador: un tal Juan de Ugarte, que llega en una nave española a Vera Cruz, es registrado por los comisarios de la Inquisición, y reconoce que llevó durante el viaje, "para divertirse", la "Arcadia" de Lope de Vega y el "Guzmán de Alfarache".
This note offers reflections on qualified market access (QMA) - the practice of linking trade agreements to values such as human rights, labour standards, or environmental protection. This idea has been suggested by political theorists as a way of fulfilling our duties to the global poor and of making the global economic system more just, and it has influenced a number of concrete policies, such as European Union (EU) trade policies. Yet, in order to assess its merits tout court, different perspectives and disciplines need to be brought together, such as international law, economics, political science, and philosophy. It is also worth reflecting on existing practices, such as those of the EU. This note summarises some insights about QMA by drawing such research together and considers the areas in which further research is needed, whilst reflecting also on the merits of interdisciplinary exchanges on such topics.
Gestern war in der Sendung kulturzeit auf 3sat ein interessanter Bericht zu sehen über einen Dokumentarfilm: Forbidden Voices. Dieser Film der Regiseurin Barbara Miller porträtiert drei Frauen, die in Blogs gegen die Unmenschlichkeit und Ungerechtigleit ihrer politischen Herrscher anschreiben. Mehr Informationen gibts hier.
Soil water potential is crucial to plant transpiration and thus to carbon cycling and biosphere–atmosphere interactions, yet it is difficult to measure in the field. Volumetric and gravimetric water contents are easy and cheap to measure in the field, but can be a poor proxy of plant-available water. Soil water content can be transformed to water potential using soil moisture retention curves. We provide empirically derived soil moisture retention curves for seven soil types in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Site-specific curves produced excellent estimates of soil water potential from soil water content values. Curves from soils derived from the same geological substrate were similar, potentially allowing for the use of one curve for basalt soils and another for granite soils. It is anticipated that this dataset will help hydrologists and ecophysiologists understand water dynamics, carbon cycling and biosphere–atmosphere interactions under current and changing climatic conditions in the region.
Buff, red, grey – these are common descriptions of pottery in archaeology. Colour is usually part of the recording of ceramic data, but these data are rarely used for more than the most general characterisation of pottery. Despite hesitations concerning the subjective nature of these observations and other factors involved in colour notation, is has been shown that the data can lead the way to broader interpretations, and careful recording with a standardised system such as the Munsell colour charts may reduce the effects of personal perception. A sample of colour notations of pottery from Tell Mozan, Syria, is presented here as an example of the possibilities; it is hoped that this study will provide comparative data for other sites in the region.
In den römischen Grabinschriften CIL XIII 8390 und 8849 aus Köln/CCAA muss ein Buchstabenornament als O(pto) s(it) t(ibi) t(erra) l(evis) gelesen werden, nicht als O(ssa) h(ic) s(ita) oder ähnlich. In Form eines medaillonartigen Monogramms kommt die Buchstabengruppe OSTTL vor allem in Pannonien vor.
The neuroanatomical connectivity of cortical circuits is believed to follow certain rules, the exact origins of which are still poorly understood. In particular, numerous nonrandom features, such as common neighbor clustering, overrepresentation of reciprocal connectivity, and overrepresentation of certain triadic graph motifs have been experimentally observed in cortical slice data. Some of these data, particularly regarding bidirectional connectivity are seemingly contradictory, and the reasons for this are unclear. Here we present a simple static geometric network model with distance-dependent connectivity on a realistic scale that naturally gives rise to certain elements of these observed behaviors, and may provide plausible explanations for some of the conflicting findings. Specifically, investigation of the model shows that experimentally measured nonrandom effects, especially bidirectional connectivity, may depend sensitively on experimental parameters such as slice thickness and sampling area, suggesting potential explanations for the seemingly conflicting experimental results.
Background: High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous stem-cell rescue (ASCR) is a treatment option for pediatric patients with relapsed nephroblastoma. We present long term results of 9 patients treated between 1993 and 2013 at our center.
Procedure: Reinduction therapy was carried out according to GPOH and SIOP recommendations. The conditioning regimen consisted of carboplatin (1 200 mg/m²), etoposide (800 mg/m² or 40 mg/kg) and melphalan (180 mg/m²). Purging of the grafts with immunomagnetic CD34 positive selection was performed in 5 patients.
Results: 8 of 9 Patients (90%) are alive without evidence of disease after a median follow-up of 8.5 years. Leukocyte engraftment occurred after a median of 10 days (range 8-12). Median numbers of 667/µl CD3+, 329/µl CD4+, 369/µl CD8+T cells and 949/µl B cells were reached after 180 days. No negative impact of CD34 selection was observed. No transplantation-related death occurred. Acute toxicity comprised mucositis III°-IV° in all and veno-occlusive disease in one patient. Long term effects probably related to treatment occurred in 3/7 evaluable patients and comprised hearing impairment, reduced renal phosphate reabsorption, mild creatinine elevation and hypothyroidism (n=1, each).
Conclusion: Thus, in our experience HDC with ASCR is an effective treatment of recurrent or refractory nephroblastoma with acceptable side effects. However, a randomized trial proving its efficiency with a high level of evidence is needed.
Dekorierte Straußenei-Behältnisse konnten bislang in zahlreichen Regionen des Mittelmeerraums nachgewiesen werden. Die Bearbeitung und Dekoration erfolgte meist individuell, sodass die Eier aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach eine Einbettung in den jeweiligen regionalen Kontext erfuhren und dort spezifische Funktionen innehatten. Da der Strauß jedoch nur in wenigen Regionen des Mittelmeerraums heimisch war, kann ein überregionaler Handel mit den Eiern angenommen werden.
In den römischen Grabinschriften CIL XIII 8356 und 8267b aus Köln muss entgegen der gängigen Meinung der Forschung der Buchstabe Q jeweils als q(uondam) gelesen werden, nicht als Q(uinti filia), <o(bitus)> oder <Θ>. Die Wendung wurde oftmals mit einem Q wiedergegeben und manchmal zwischen dem Gentiliz und dem Cognomen platziert. Nördlich der Alpen findet sich quondam vor allem in Pannonien.
Neste artigo pretendemos apresentar Sigmund Freud e Vilém Flusser não somente como dois intelectuais que dividem certas peculiaridades biográficas, mas como dois importantes pensadores de proposições convergentes. Ambos analisaram criticamente o mal-estar humano face às diferenças individuais e culturais mediadas pelo simbólico e ambos, cada qual ao seu modo, procuraram apresentar maneiras de lidar com tal questão enfatizando as capacidades criativas da linguagem e da tradução em ultrapassar os limites das diferenças, da intolerância e do mal-entendido. Pretendemos, portanto, discutir aqui as contribuições para o entendimento de cada um destes escritores a partir de uma leitura cruzada de suas obras.
Este artigo pretende analisar a diversidade do ódio na peça "Masaniello" de Christian Weise. Com seu projeto de teatro pedagógico, o autor deseja preparar seus estudantes para as futuras atividades políticas. Isso inclui o desenvolvimento da habilidade de imaginar outros horizontes argumentativos para antecipar possíveis reações. Este artigo se concentra na configuração estética do ódio e suas implicações para o discurso político, considerando o ódio experimentado pelo clero, pela nobreza e pelo povo.
El artículo examina un conjunto de obras de Siegfried Kracauer y Walter Benjamin con el propósito de reconstruir los aportes de ambos autores a una teoría crítica de los intelectuales. Situados entre los frentes, los dos ensayistas intentaron conjugar el compromiso social y político y la búsqueda de una politización de los intelectuales con la renuencia a aceptar y reproducir los dictados de una organización partidaria dogmática. Como término de comparación para el contexto de producción de ambos autores se considera el París de la Restauración, en el que un grupo de pensadores y escritores alemanes exiliados se constituyeron como los primeros intelectuales modernos, identificados con la figura de la conciencia desgarrada (zerrissenes Bewusstsein), tal como fue formulada por Hegel.
La influencia de Marcel Proust en el pensamiento de Benjamin fue tal que llevó al filósofo berlinés a plantearse el peligro de una pérdida de la independencia intelectual de su propio pensamiento. Benjamin no solamente tradujo parte de "À la recherche du temps perdu", sino que recuperó imágenes y conceptos del novelista que incorporó a su pensamiento filosófico. Es de una importancia destacada el rol de ciertos conceptos proustianos en "Das Passagen-Werk" en donde Benjamin recupera su noción de despertar en términos políticos. Este trabajo se propone mostrar entonces las continuidades y rupturas de la lectura benjaminiana del novelista francés, poniendo especial interés en su significación política.
O artigo apresenta o crítico literário Marcel Reich-Ranicki e também procura explicar o fenômeno de seu sucesso na Alemanha. Aprofunda algumas particularidades de sua crítica, sua relação com a mídia de massas e o entretenimento. Finalmente investiga o percurso incomum de sua vida como crítico judeu das literaturas de língua alemã nascido na Polônia e sua relação com a cultura alemã.
Autobiographie, Autofiktion, Metafiktion und Literatur : der Fall "Stadt der Engel" von Christa Wolf
(2014)
Hauptthema des "Buches Stadt der Engel" von Christa Wolf (1929-2011) ist die problematische Feststellung der Realität in unseren heutigen Tagen. Dieses Buch, ein Erzählrahmen funktioniert, der alle Diskurse im Text stützt: den romanhaften, den historischen, den autobiographischen. Sogar die surrealistische Figur eines Schutzengels wird dem Leser geboten, eine Figur, die der Protagonistin als Ausländerin in einem fremden Land hilft, Schicksalsschläge wie die "Entdeckung" der eigenen Vergangenheit als IM Margarete der Stasi zu überwinden. Absicht dieses Essays ist es zu zeigen, wie alle diese Diskurse im Text zu einem literarischen Gewebe artikuliert werden.
Walter Moers é um dos grandes autores da vertente fantástica dentro da literatura alemã atual. Desde a publicação de seu primeiro romance, em 1999, o escritor consagrou-se como autor de best-sellers. Nos seis romances publicados até a presente data tem-se um elemento comum, que serve de fio condutor às obras: o continente fictício de "Zamonien", um mundo maravilhoso criado por Moers. Esse mundo inventado é palco para inúmeras aventuras, lutas, jornadas, conquistas, mistérios, disputas, perigos, criaturas inusitadas e cenários desconhecidos. Se, por um lado, as obras fantásticas de Moers estão de acordo com as convenções do gênero da Fantasy; por outro, elas trazem consigo uma proposta literária inovadora, que rompe com algumas convenções desse gênero. É o caso da metaficcionalidade, presente de forma marcante em seus romances. Pretende-se nesse trabalho apresentar brevemente um romance de Walter Moers, 'Die Stadt der träumenden Bücher' (2004), discorrer sobre os elementos constitutivos que inserem a obra no gênero da Fantasy e, por fim, aprofundar-se nos aspectos da metaficcionalidade encontrados na obra em questão.
Introduction - Issue 7
(2014)
A recent trend in international development circles is "New Institutionalism". In a slogan, the idea is just that good institutions matter. The slogan itself is so innocuous as to be hardly worth comment. But the push to improve institutional quality has the potential to have a much less innocuous impact on aid efforts and other aspects of international development. This paper provides a critical introduction to some of the literature on institutional quality. It looks, in particular, at an argument for the conclusion that making aid conditional on good institutional quality will promote development by reducing poverty. This paper suggests that there is little theoretical or empirical evidence that this kind of conditionality is good for the poor.
Justice, not development : Sen and the hegemonic framework for ameliorating global inequality
(2014)
Starting from the merits of Sen's "Development as freedom", the article also explores its shortcomings. It argues that they are related to an uncritical adoption of the discourse of "development", which is the hegemonic framework for ameliorating global inequality today. This discourse implies certain limitations of thought and action, and the article points out three areas where urgent questions of global justice have been largely ignored by development theory and policy as a consequence. Struggles for justice on a global scale, this is the conclusion, should not take the detour of "development".
The debate about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are to replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) when they expire in 2015, is moving very quickly. Weighing in on this debate, we argue that if the SDGs are to be as effective as they can realistically be, concrete responsibilities must be assigned to specific competent actors, measurement methods involved in development targets must not be allowed to be changed midway, and the tracking of progress must be left to independent experts. New development goals should aim for inequality reduction, a more comprehensive view of poverty, and, most importantly, systemic reforms of global institutions. The world will not make decent progress against poverty until the most powerful agents accept real action commitments, not only in the marginal area of development assistance, but in all their policy and institutional design decisions, at both the domestic and especially the supranational level. We end with eight examples of institutional reform goals – ranging from deterring trade barriers to mitigating the effects of lost corporate tax revenues on poor populations – that should be included in the new list.
Rising powers are fundamentally shifting the relations of power in the global economic and political landscape. International political theory, however, has so far failed to evaluate this nascent multipolarity. This article fills this lacuna by synthesizing empirical and normative modes of inquiry. It examines the transformation of sovereignty exercised by emerging democracies and focuses especially on the case of Brazil. The paper shows that – in stark contrast to emerging democracies' foreign policy rhetoric – the "softening" of sovereignty, which means that emerging powers gain as well as lose certain aspects of sovereignty, has become the norm. The paper explores this softening of sovereignty from the perspective of global justice by assessing it on the basis of globalist, statist, and internationalist conceptions of global justice. We find that the emergent multipolarity contributes in various ways to the realization of the distinct socioeconomic and political criteria of these three conceptions of global justice. However, we also point out that the transformation of sovereignty generates particular problems for the realization of all three conceptions.
Objective: To examine risk of malignancy and death in patients with kidney transplant who receive the immunosuppressive drug sirolimus.
Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.
Data sources: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to March 2013.
Eligibility: Randomized controlled trials comparing immunosuppressive regimens with and without sirolimus in recipients of kidney or combined pancreatic and renal transplant for which the author was willing to provide individual patient level data. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full text reports of potentially eligible trials to identify studies for inclusion. All eligible trials reported data on malignancy or survival.
Results: The search yielded 2365 unique citations. Patient level data were available from 5876 patients from 21 randomized trials. Sirolimus was associated with a 40% reduction in the risk of malignancy (adjusted hazard ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 0.93) and a 56% reduction in the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (0.44, 0.30 to 0.63) compared with controls. The most pronounced effect was seen in patients who converted to sirolimus from an established immunosuppressive regimen, resulting in a reduction in risk of malignancy (0.34, 0.28 to 0.41), non-melanoma skin cancer (0.32, 0.24 to 0.42), and other cancers (0.52, 0.38 to 0.69). Sirolimus was associated with an increased risk of death (1.43, 1.21 to 1.71) compared with controls.
Conclusions: Sirolimus was associated with a reduction in the risk of malignancy and non-melanoma skin cancer in transplant recipients. The benefit was most pronounced in patients who converted from an established immunosuppressive regimen to sirolimus. Given the risk of mortality, however, the use of this drug does not seem warranted for most patients with kidney transplant. Further research is needed to determine if different populations, such as those at high risk of cancer, might benefit from sirolimus.
Christian Kracht é hoje, se não dos melhores, certamente dos mais comentados autores da ficção de língua alemã. Seu trajeto recua a 1995, ano da publicação de "Faserland", o primeiro romance, que aliás distinguiu as balizas daquela que, nessa década, se chamou "Popliteratur". Mas, seja a hora zero de uma obra composta de outros bons momentos, seja o ponteiro literário de uma geração, "Faserland" não é só exemplo pop, tem merecido constantes leituras, sempre novas tiragens, abordagens críticas e assim também a atenção da historiografia literária. No romance são narrados alguns poucos dias da vida narcotizada de um jovem endinheirado e meio sem rumo, do Norte ao Sul da Alemanha, até a Suíça. Nada extraordinário, nenhuma grande peripécia, nenhuma aventura, senão a impressão de um vazio todo presente e o fastio, força do aborrecimento. No texto, investigo que espécie de aborrecimento produz "Faserland".
O artigo objetiva abordar o romance "Imperium" de Christian Kracht (2012) dentro da longa tradição estética de autoencenações de escritores e artistas em geral. No caso de Kracht, isso é feito inicialmente a partir do próprio texto narrativo como encenação literária em todas as suas facetas e, em seguida, a partir de suas desconcertantes aparições mediáticas, em que seus escritos literários, já de per si dúbios, são rearranjados, questionados ou enriquecidos. Geram-se assim incertezas, ambiguidades e desfigurações que são a marca registrada de Kracht no universo literário atual.
Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Beziehung zwischen den Diskursen Literatur und Recht in der deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur. Ausgehend von der langen Tradition der sogenannten Dichterjuristen (Goethe, Kleist, Kafka) werden aktuelle Tendenzen dieser Beziehung in den Blick genommen. Nach theoretischen Überlegungen zum Teilaspekt law in literature (Recht in der Literatur) erfolgt die Bestimmung von spezifischen Themen, Genres und ästhetischen Besonderheiten der in Frage stehenden Texte. Als Textgrundlage dienen Romane von Juli Zeh und Ferdinand von Schirach. In dieser Analyse werden auch die Adaptionen für Kino und TV einbezogen (die Serie "Verbrechen" für den TV-Sender ZDF, die auf Ferdinand von Schirachs gleichnamiger Kurzgeschichtensammlung beruht, und die Miniserie "A Menina sem Qualidades", eine Adaption von Juli Zehs "Spieltrieb" für MTV Brasilien).
Utopia ou distopia? : A ansiedade e o vazio em "Schimmernder Dunst über CobyCounty" de Leif Randt
(2014)
Em "Schimmernder Dunst über CobyCounty" (2011), Leif Randt apresenta um condado que seria a mais perfeita representação de uma utopia consumista: localizado à beira-mar, CobyCounty é um lugar de festas abundantes, consumo e bem-estar. O livro, contudo, é narrado por um jovem atormentado pela possibilidade de uma catástrofe que se aproxima, desde que seu melhor amigo abandonou a cidade, ouvindo os conselhos da mãe que se afiliou a uma religião esotérica. Se a perfeição do funcionamento dessa sociedade se aproxima muito de uma utopia, o temor de uma catástrofe anunciada aproxima a obra de uma distopia. Deve-se notar, no entanto, que, ao contrário de utopias e distopias, a obra não apresenta uma força centralizadora de poder – mesmo que a menção ao consumismo e às propagandas seja frequente. Neste artigo, "Schimmernder Dunst über CobyCounty" será apresentado à luz dos estudos da utopia e distopia, enfatizando seus laços com o tempo atual, marcado pela dicotomia entre a sociedade de conforto produzida pelo alto desenvolvimento tecnológico e a necessidade de se evitar os excessos produzidos por essa mesma sociedade em nome de uma possível catástrofe ecológica, anunciada por cientistas e ativistas, mas da qual não se percebe o impacto diretamente.
Geschichtsdarstellung in der Gegenwartsliteratur : Florian Illies' Pop-Chronik der Welt von Gestern
(2014)
Florian Illies' book "1913. Der Sommer des Jahrhunderts" ("1913. The Year before the Storm") has been a major success with critics and readers. Based on documented facts, the author tells a kind of cultural history of the last year before the Great War, formed by independent episodes from the lives of innumerable persons, mainly artists, writers and other celebrities. Using his imagination and techniques of fictional writing the text shows remarkable proximity to fiction although it does not invent characters or events. The article compares the book to other recent literary representations of history and analyses its narrative structure. It will be shown that the author chose a casual ironical style and an intimate perspective on the protagonists in order to entertain the reader with elements still relevant in our contemporary popular culture. It seems to be intended that the reader develops a kind of counterfactual fantasy that links his present directly to the Golden Age of art, omitting the catastrophes of 20th century.
Der vorliegende Beitrag schildert die Herstellung und Anwendung digitaler Lernkartensets in einem Hochschulseminar für KunstpädagogInnen. Diese Sets werden mit Blick auf die Möglichkeiten und Erfordernisse mobilen Lernens reflektiert. Konkret handelt es sich um Zeichnungen aus der eigenen Kindheit, mit denen sich die SeminarteilnehmerInnen auseinandergesetzt haben. Das ermöglichte es ihnen, das Fachwissen über entwicklungsbedingte, verallgemeinerbare Merkmale zur Kinder- und Jugendzeichnung zu festigen und einen biografischen Zugang zu erproben. Das von den TeilnehmerInnen selbst erstellte Lernkartenset kann nach dem Kurs in Form mobilen Lernens individuell eingesetzt werden. Verwendet wird dabei ein dem "open access"- sowie dem Partizipationsgedanken verpflichtetes, flexibel einsetzbares Lern-Tool namens "Quizlet".
The aim of this study is to present two older literary adaptations of the tragic life story of King Otakar (Ottokar) II – the "classic" play "König Ottokars Glück und Ende" by the Austrian dramatist Franz Grillparzer and the now forgotten drama "Král Přemysl Otakar Druhý" by the Czech author František Zavřel. The article focuses on the controversial depiction of the king and his Czech subjects, which led to a number of angry protests from Czech audiences. The study also explores the causes of the "anti-Czech sentiment" which is said to be found in these plays.
Editorial
(2014)
The article focuses on Jacob Grimm's linguistic scholarship, taking into account biographical details, Grimm's conception of law and freedom, and his morality. Examples consist of original citations from Grimm's works, primarily his "Deutsche Grammatik" and "Deutsches Wörterbuch".
The article focuses on linguistic means used by professionals when defining specific emotions in psychological texts. Based on a linguistic analysis of selected passages of text, the author describes the metaphorical concepts used in order to make it easier for recipients to understand phenomena whose perception is purely subjective. The role of metaphors in professional language is frequently neglected or underestimated.
The article focuses on the current state of research in simultaneous interpreting (SI), comparing cognitive pragmatic models with cognitive linguistic approaches. The author offers an objective list of the advantages and disadvantages of the cognitive linguistic approach and other models currently used in SI. The aim of the article is not to present a one-sidedly positive assessment of the cognitive linguistic approach, but instead to arrive at a balanced evaluation of the individual approaches and the possibilities offered by the models under investigation. The author also points out further approaches that could be characterized as covertly cognitive.
The paper deals with the theses of so-called Radical Argumentativism, an approach which has been shaped and repeatedly modified by the French linguists Jean-Claude Anscombre and Oswald Ducrot since the end of the 1970s. After a brief summary of the fundamental questions of this approach in the context of research of argumentation, the reception of Anscombre and Ducrot's work in the German research of argumentation is outlined. In the process, the focus of interest lies on Atayan Vahram's book "The Macrostructures of Argumentation in German, French and Italian", published in 2006. Vahram's theses directly rest upon the theoretical basis of Radical Argumentativism. With the help of a discussion of his analysis of the indicators of argumentative weakness and strength, the article presents the advantages and disadvantages of Anscombre and Ducrot's approach, which have previously been received only peripherally in the German context.
The article examines issues connected with the translation of certain specific concepts and aspects of reality in the Liturgy of St John Chrysostom, i.e. the liturgy of the Eastern Churches. The author focuses on modern Orthodox German translations of this liturgy in the context of issues related to the translation of selected specific concepts and aspects of reality from the Greek and Old Church Slavonic original texts into modern German. The article also examines the translation of theological terminology. The analysis applies the theory of text filters, which is currently a widely used approach in translation criticism.
Tumor cell plasticity is an event that has been observed in several malignancies. In fact, most of the solid tumors are characterized by cellular heterogeneity and undergo constant changes as the tumor develops. The increased plasticity displayed by these cells allows them to acquire additional properties, enabling epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, dedifferentiation and the acquisition of stem cell-like properties. Here we discuss the particular importance of an inflammatory microenvironment for the bidirectional control of cellular plasticity and the potential for therapeutic intervention.
Background: Oral anticoagulation (OAC) with coumarins and new anticoagulants are highly effective in preventing thromboembolic complications. However, some studies indicate that over- and under-treatment with anticoagulants are fairly common. The aim of this paper is to assess the appropriateness of treatment in patients with a long-term indication for OAC, and to describe the corresponding characteristics of such patients on the basis of screening results from the cluster randomized PICANT trial.
Methods: Randomly selected family practices in the federal state of Hesse, Germany, were visited by study team members. Eligible patients were screened using an anonymous patient list that was generated by the general practitioners? software according to predefined instructions. A documentation sheet was filled in for all screened patients. Eligible patients were classified into 3 categories (1: patients with a long-term indication for OAC and taking anticoagulants, 2: patients with a long-term indication for OAC but not taking anticoagulants, 3: patients without a long-term indication for OAC but taking an anticoagulant on a permanent basis). IBM SPSS Statistics 20 was used for descriptive statistical analysis.
Results: We screened 2,036 randomly selected, potentially eligible patients from 52 family practices. 275 patients could not be assigned to one of the 3 categories and were therefore not considered for analysis. The final study sample comprised 1,761 screened patients, 1,641 of whom belonged to category 1, 78 to category 2, and 42 to category 3. INR values were available for 1,504 patients of whom 1,013 presented INR values within their therapeutic ranges. The majority of screened patients had very good compliance, as assessed by the general practitioner. New antithrombotic drugs were prescribed in 6.1% of cases.
Conclusions: The screening results showed that a high proportion of patients were receiving appropriate anticoagulation therapy. The numbers of patients with a long-term indication for OAC therapy that were not receiving oral anticoagulants, and without a long-term indication that were receiving OAC, were considerably lower than expected. Most patients take coumarins, and the quality of OAC control is reasonably high.
We study the equilibrium properties of strongly-interacting infinite parton-hadron matter, characterized by the transport coefficients such as shear and bulk viscosity and electric conductivity, and the non-equilibrium dynamics of heavy-ion collisions within the Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics (PHSD) transport approach, which incorporates explicit partonic degrees of freedom in terms of strongly interacting quasiparticles (quarks and gluons) in line with an equation of state from lattice QCD as well as the dynamical hadronization and hadronic collision dynamics in the final reaction phase. We discuss in particular the possible origin for the strong elliptic flow v2 of direct photons observed at RHIC energies.
Reaction times to previously ignored information are often delayed, a phenomenon referred to as negative priming (NP). Rothermund et al. (2005) proposed that NP is caused by the retrieval of incidental stimulus-response associations when consecutive displays share visual features but require different responses. In two experiments we examined whether the features (color, shape) that reappear in consecutive displays, or their level of processing (early-perceptual, late-semantic) moderate the likelihood that stimulus-response associations are retrieved. Using a perceptual matching task (Experiment 1), NP occurred independently of whether responses were repeated or switched. Only when implementing a semantic-matching task (Experiment 2), negative priming was determined by response-repetition as predicted by response-retrieval theory. The results can be explained in terms of a task-dependent temporal discrimination process (Milliken et al., 1998): Response-relevant features are encoded more strongly and/or are more likely to be retrieved than irrelevant features.
Reintroductions of plant species are increasingly popular in conservation practice. Steppe grasslands contain many rare and endangered plant species that are potential objects for such reintroductions. Most reintroduction projects, however, can only target a restricted number of species, which raises the question of how species should be prioritised. Here, we present a method to select priority species for reintroduction based on species' characteristics that are widely used in conservation practice. We first determined the local species pool containing those vascular plant species that occurred both in our target region (Thuringia, Germany) and target habitat (steppe grasslands), yielding 369 species. With the help of an a priori filter that selected currently endangered species with limited distribution, 136 potential target species were determined. These potential target species had experienced stronger decline, had a narrower phytosociological amplitude and were more likely to be species of the Festuco-Brometea class and the Festucetalia valesiacae order than non-target species. Potential target species were then ranked by a points system based on ten conservation-relevant characteristics of the species from the categories "threat and protection status", "distribution and decline", and "habitat affiliation". In the ranking, six steppe grassland plant species (Astragalus exscapus, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Prunella laciniata, Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. nigricans, Scorzonera purpurea, and Seseli hippomarathrum) achieved the highest scores. An additional seven species not specifically characteristic for steppe grasslands also scored highly. A post hoc evaluation of these 13 highest scoring species based on additional conservation criteria left five species (Astragalus exscapus, Linum leonii, Orchis morio, Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. nigricans and Scorzonera purpurea) as species with highest priority for reintroductions and another five species as highly suitable for reintroductions. Associations between the ranking order and different ranking criteria revealed that a species’ threat and rarity in Thuringia and its protection status had the highest representation in the ranking, followed by threat in Germany, regional decline and habitat affiliation. In contrast, international threat and responsibility of Thuringia for its conservation had only low representation in the ranking, probably because these characteristics applied to only a few species. The ranking list gives a selection of species for reintroductions, which combined with additional information based on comprehensive local and floristic knowledge, allows the identification of the species with the highest priority. Our method can be transferred to other regions or habitat types.
Central European dry grasslands are remarkably diverse plant communities that occur at the western edge of the Eurasian forest-steppe zone and harbour many species of continental distribution. Although their plant community types have been described in detail, the diversity patterns and their environmental determinants are still poorly known for these grasslands. Here, we study environmental drivers of species composition and richness in dry grasslands of northern Bohemia (České středohoří Mts) and central Bohemia (Křivoklát region), both in the Czech Republic. In vegetation plots of 100 m2 we recorded all vascular plant species, measured soil chemistry variables, above-ground biomass production and nutrient concentrations in biomass. Species richness in these plots ranged from 13 to 55. The relationships between species composition and the environment were explored using detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis, while the relationships between species richness and the environment were assessed using univariate and multiple regression models. In both regions, species composition and richness strongly responded to the soil pH (ranging from 4.0 to 7.8), which was positively correlated with calcium and magnesium concentrations and negatively with annual precipitation. The response of species richness to soil pH was unimodal with a peak at pH of about 6.5 in the České středohoří Mts, and positive in the Křivoklát region. Plots on soils with a pH higher than 5 consistently contained more than 35 species. In the České středohoří Mts, species richness was positively related to the aboveground biomass production, whereas in the Křivoklát region, this relationship was only significant for graminoid species. In both areas, plots with soils deeper than 20 cm and with aboveground biomass dry weight above 200 g/m2 harboured more than 40 species per 100 m2. Moreover, in the České středohoří Mts, nitrogen concentrations in the biomass had considerable effects on both species composition and richness: species numbers were lower at sites with higher nitrogen concentration. This indicates a threat to diversity of these dry grasslands under currently high atmospheric nitrogen deposition coupled with the absence of management at most of the studied sites.
Cryophytic steppes in the Minusinskaya intermountain basin containing plant species that are predominantly distributed in the alpine zone such as Androsace dasyphylla, Dryas oxyodonta, Festuca sphagnicola, Kobresia myosuroides, K. filifolia, Minuartia verna, Oxytropis bracteata, Sagina saginoides, Papaver nudicaule, Patrinia sibirica, Pedicularis lasiostachys, Pulsatilla ambigua, Saussurea schanginiana, which are considered remnants of the Pleistocene vegetation. Based on 89 relevés, we classified cryophytic steppes using the Braun-Blanquet method within two phytosociological classes: Central Asian steppes of the Cleistogenetea squarrosae and West Palearctic steppes of the Festuco-Brometea. Three associations (Androsaco dasyphyllae-Caricetum pediformis, Pulsatillo patentis-Caricetum pediformis and Bupleuro multinervi-Helictotrichetum desertori) with three subassociations and three variants were described with respect to their phytosociological affinities and ecology. DCA ordination showed floristic differences between syntaxa, while correlations of DCA axes and floristic and environmental variables detected substrate type and temperature regime as presumably main drivers for vegetation differentiation. Another driver for vegetation differentiation seems to be continentality of the climate. Small scale distribution of cryophytic steppes were mapped using satellite images with resolution of 1.8 m. Cryophytic steppes always occupy only small areas in landscapes, on convex parts of undulated microrelief of mountain slopes and summits characterised by drought in summer and deep soil freezing in winter. These special micro-ecological conditions play an essential role for the existence of alpine flora in the Minusinskaya intermountain basin.
We present the data of the 2nd research expedition of the European Dry Grassland Group (EDGG), which was conducted in 2010 in Central Podolia, Ukraine. The aim was to collect plot data to compare Ukrainian dry grasslands with those of other parts of Europe in terms of syntaxonomy and biodiversity. We sampled 21 nested-plot series (0.0001–100 m2) and 184 normal plots (10 m2) covering the full variety of dry grassland types occurring in the study region. For all plots, we recorded species composi-tion of terrestrial vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens, while for the 226 10-m2 plots we estimated and measured percentage cover of all species, structural, topographic, soil and landuse parameters. The 10-m² plots were used for phytosociological classification based on iteratively refined TWINSPAN classification as well as for DCA ordination. Differences between the derived vegetation types with respect to environmental conditions and species richness were assessed with ANOVAs. We assigned our plots to nine association-level units but refrained from placing them into formal associations with two exceptions. In the study area, dry grasslands of the Festuco-Brometea were far more common than those of the Koelerio-Corynephoretea. Among the Festuco-Brometea, xeric Festucetalia valesiacae grasslands were more frequent and represented by the Festucion valesiacae (2 associations, including the Allio taurici-Dichanthietum ischaemi ass. nova) and the Stipion lessingianae (1) compared to the Brachypodietalia pinnati with the Agrostio vinealis-Avenulion schellianae (3). The Koelerio-Corynephoretea were represented by three associations, each from a different order and alliance: basiphilous outcrops (Alysso alyssoidis-Sedetalia: Alysso alyssoidis-Sedion?), acidophilous outcrops (Sedo-Scleranthetalia: Veronico dillenii-Sedion albi?) and mesoxeric sandy grasslands (Trifolio arvensis-Festucetalia ovinae: Agrostion vinealis). We discuss the issue of the mesoxeric order Galietalia veri placed within the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea by Ukrainian authors and conclude that the content of that order would probably be better placed in the mesoxeric orders of the Koelerio-Corynephoretea and Festuco-Brometea. Other syntaxonomic questions could not be solved with our geographically limited dataset and await a supraregional analysis, e.g. whether the Ukrainian outcrop communities should be assigned to the same alliances as known from Central Europe or rather represent new vicariant units. The analysis of the biodiversity patterns showed that at a grain size of 10 m2, Podolian Koelerio-Corynephoretea communities were overall richer than Festuco-Brometea communities (46.4 vs. 40.6 species). This difference was due to the Koelerio-Corynephoretea containing twice as many bryophytes and nine times more lichens, while vascular plant species richness did not differ significantly between classes. The orders within the classes showed no real differences in species richness. The richness patterns observed in Podolia were almost the opposite of those usually found in dry grasslands, where Brachypodietalia pinnati are richer than Festucetalia valesiacae, and these richer than stands of the Koelerio-Corynpehoretea – and we do not have a good explanation for these idiosyncrasies. In conclusion, Podolian dry grasslands behave quite unexpectedly regarding biodiversity, and their syntaxonomy is still poorly understood. These knowledge gaps can only be addressed with supranational analyses based on comprehensive datasets.
An extensive survey of the relevant literature of dry grassland communities described for the territory of Serbia allowed us to check the validity and legitimacy of the nomenclature of this vegetation. Nomenclature rules of the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature were strictly followed. The syntaxonomic affiliation of communities to higher syntaxa was assessed according to existing syntaxonomic schemes for Serbia and the position determined by the original source. Higher syntaxa followed the synsystem of the socalled “EuroVegChecklist”. We have highlighted problems and some disagreement with the existing classification of dry grassland communities in Europe. A total of 134 dry grassland communities have so far been registered for Serbia. This list of syntaxa may serve for further research of grassland vegetation and its appropriate positioning within a syntaxonomical scheme of Europe.
Der diesjährige 9. Trockenrasen-Sonderteil von Tuexenia beginnt mit einem Bericht über die aktuellen Aktivitäten der European Dry Grassland Group (EDGG). Zunächst geben wir einen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Mitgliederzahl. Dann berichten wir vom letzten European Dry Grassland Meeting in Zamość (Polen, 2013) und vom letzten European Dry Grassland Field Workshop in Chakassien (Russland, 2013) und informieren über künftige Veranstaltungen der EDGG. Anschließend erläutern wir die Publikationsaktivitäten der EDGG. Im zweiten Teil des Editorials geben wir eine Einführung zu den fünf Artikeln des diesjährigen Trockenrasen-Sonderteils: Zwei davon beschäftigen sich mit der Syntaxonomie von Trockenrasen in Osteuropa: Der eine Artikel präsentiert erstmalig eine nach internationalen Nomenklaturregeln gültige Liste der Trockenrasengesellschaften Serbiens während der andere die Ergebnisse des zweiten EDGG-Field Workshop 2010 nach Podolien (Ukraine) vorstellt. Im dritten Artikel werden kryophytische Steppen in Südsibirien (Russland) analysiert. Der vierte Artikel analysiert in Böhmen (Tschechien) die bestimmenden Kräfte für Artenreichtum und Artenzusammensetzung der Trockenrasen. Der fünfte Artikel befasst sich mit der Auswahl von Wiederansiedlungsarten am Beispiel der Steppenrasen in Thüringen (Deutschland).
Flächenbezogene Artenzahlen sind besonders im Kontext von Monitoringprojekten grundlegend für die Beurteilung von Veränderungen der Biodiversität. Diese Studie vergleicht die von neun Bearbeitern (5 Einzelbearbeiter, 2 Zweierteams) erfasste Zahl an Gefäßpflanzenarten bei Vegetationserhebungen auf markierten Flächen von 4, 100 und 400 m2 Größe in einem artenreichen Kalkbuchenwald im Göttinger Stadtwald. Dabei wurden Bearbeiter- und Zeiteffekte untersucht, sowie artspezifische Übersehensraten, Fehlbestimmungsraten und Ungenauigkeiten bei der Zuordnung von Pflanzenindividuen zur jeweiligen Aufnahmefläche (Fehlzuordnungsraten) abgeschätzt.
Protokollierte Fragen ließen keine systematischen Unterschiede bei der Vertrautheit der Bearbeiter mit der Vegetation vor Ort erkennen, so dass Ausbildung und Erfahrung für gefundene Unterschiede ausschlaggebend sein dürften. Bei den 4 m2 großen Erhebungseinheiten ergaben sich bei der Artenzahl relative Abweichungen der Bearbeiter vom Erwartungswert von 8 bis 26 % (1 bis 4 Arten absolut). Diese waren bei den 100 m2 großen Erhebungseinheiten mit 9 bis 27 % (2 bis 6 Arten absolut) höher. Mit zunehmender Flächengröße nahm der Flächenidentitätseffekt tendenziell ab und der Bearbeitereffekt signifikant zu. Bei den 100 m2 großen Flächen hatte eine längere Bearbeitungszeit einen positiven Effekt auf die Artenzahl.
Mit Hilfe artbezogener Auswertungen wurden Übersehens-, Fehlbestimmungs- und Fehlzuordnungsraten ermittelt. Nicht eine Art wurde von allen Bearbeitern auf allen Flächen gefunden, auf denen sie jeweils auftrat. Schwer differenzierbare Arten sowie Arten in ungünstigen Entwicklungsstadien wiesen höhere Übersehens-, aber auch höhere Fehlbestimmungsraten auf. Bei morphologisch gut charakterisierten Arten wurde bei Einzelfunden von einer Fehlzuordnung zur Erhebungseinheit ausgegangen.
Die erzielten Ergebnisse sind auch für andere Projekte zur Erfassung der Biodiversität relevant und Bemühungen zur Reduzierung entsprechender Bearbeitereffekte sollten unternommen werden. Eine organisatorische Einbindung entsprechender Bemühungen wird vorgeschlagen.
The Feldbach district is situated near the town of Feldbach in the southeastern province of Styria, Austria. Since 2007, a climate observation network of 151 climate stations within an area of approximately 20 x 15 km (grid cell 1.4 × 1.4 km) has provided a unique collection of spatial and temporal meteorological data. Examining short-lived ruderal and arable weed communities, we search for correlations and spatial patterns between the community composition and climate data. Do such plant communities respond to temperature differences within an agricultural landscape and on a regional scale? Data of 277 relevés from short-lived weed communities were collected across the investigated area during the summer of 2011. Relevés were assigned to the corresponding climate stations and classified. Average Ellenberg indicator values for temperature were calculated for each relevé and community cluster. Measured temperature data were assigned and correlated with community data by applying linear regression and redundancy analyses (RDA). The classification resulted in six associations; the two most frequently observed associations were divided into subtypes resulting in 13 vegetation clusters that could be analyzed further. A significant relationship could be found only between the clusters of arable weed communities and the average winter temperatures. Site variables explain twice as much variance as measured climate variables; this ratio changes to 50 : 50 when we analyzed only arable field community data. No clear spatial patterns concerning mean annual temperature were visible. However, the Setaria faberi subtype of the Echinochloo-Setarietum and the Sorghum halepense subtype of the Convolvulo-Agropyretum show a tendency toward a temperature-induced spatial pattern, such that both were sensitive to winter temperature. On a regional scale, the occurrence and composition of short-lived ruderal plant communities correlated weakly with climate variables. However, the studied arable weed communities showed a certain tendency to follow small-scale temperature differences, especially those of average winter temperature. We conclude that short-lived weed communities have the potential to be indicators for global warming, but the spatial temperature gradients are not clear enough in our approach to allow the production of better regression models and elucidation of distinct spatial patterns.
Background: IL28B gene polymorphism is the best baseline predictor of response to interferon alfa-based antiviral therapies in chronic hepatitis C. Recently, a new IFN-L4 polymorphism was identified as first potential functional variant for induction of IL28B expression. Individualization of interferon alfa-based therapies based on a combination of IL28B/IFN-L4 polymorphisms may help to optimize virologic outcome and economic resources.
Methods: Optimization of treatment outcome prediction was assessed by combination of different IL28B and IFN-L4 polymorphisms in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 (n = 385), 2/3 (n = 267), and 4 (n = 220) infection treated with pegylated interferon alfa (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin with (n = 79) or without telaprevir. Healthy people from Germany (n = 283) and Egypt (n = 96) served as controls.
Results: Frequencies of beneficial IL28B rs12979860 C/C genotypes were lower in HCV genotype 1/4 infected patients in comparison to controls (20–35% vs. 46–47%) this was also true for ss469415590 TT/TT (20–35% vs. 45–47%). Single interferon-lambda SNPs (rs12979860, rs8099917, ss469415590) correlated with sustained virologic response (SVR) in genotype 1, 3, and 4 infected patients while no association was observed for genotype 2. Interestingly, in genotype 3 infected patients, best SVR prediction was based on IFN-L4 genotype. Prediction of SVR with high accuracy (71–96%) was possible in genotype 1, 2, 3 and 4 infected patients who received PEG-IFN/ribavirin combination therapy by selection of beneficial IL28B rs12979860 C/C and/or ss469415590 TT/TT genotypes (p<0.001). For triple therapy with first generation protease inhibitors (PIs) (boceprevir, telaprevir) prediction of high SVR (90%) rates was based on the presence of at least one beneficial genotype of the 3 IFN-lambda SNPs.
Conclusion: IFN-L4 seems to be the best single predictor of SVR in genotype 3 infected patients. For optimized prediction of SVR by treatment with dual combination or first generation PI triple therapies, grouping of interferon-lambda haplotypes may be helpful with positive predictive values of 71–96%.