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The ALICE experiment has measured the inclusive J/psi production in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 2.76 TeV down to pt = 0 in the rapidity range 2.5 < y < 4. A suppression of the inclusive J/psi yield in Pb-Pb is observed with respect to the one measured in pp collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions. The nuclear modification factor, integrated over the 0%-80% most central collisions, is 0.545 +/- 0.032 (stat.) +/- 0.084 (syst.) and does not exhibit a significant dependence on the collision centrality. These features appear significantly different from lower energy measurements. Models including J/psi production from charm quarks in a deconfined partonic phase can describe our data.
The transverse momentum (pT) distribution of primary charged particles is measured in minimum bias (non-single-diffractive) p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The pT spectra measured near central rapidity in the range 0.5<pT<20 GeV/c exhibit a weak pseudorapidity dependence. The nuclear modification factor RpPb is consistent with unity for pT above 2 GeV/c. This measurement indicates that the strong suppression of hadron production at high pT observed in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC is not due to an initial-state effect. The measurement is compared to theoretical calculations.
Measurement of charm production at central rapidity in proton-proton collisions at √s = 2.76 TeV
(2012)
The pT-differential production cross sections of the prompt (B feed-down subtracted) charmed mesons D0, D+, and D∗+ in the rapidity range |y|<0.5, and for transverse momentum 1<pT<12 GeV/c, were measured in proton-proton collisions at s√=2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis exploited the hadronic decays D0→Kπ, D+→Kππ, D∗+→D0π, and their charge conjugates, and was performed on a Lint=1.1 nb−1 event sample collected in 2011 with a minimum-bias trigger. The total charm production cross section at s√=2.76 TeV and at 7 TeV was evaluated by extrapolating to the full phase space the pT-differential production cross sections at s√=2.76 TeV and our previous measurements at s√=7 TeV. The results were compared to existing measurements and to perturbative-QCD calculations. The fraction of cdbar D mesons produced in a vector state was also determined.
The first measurement of neutron emission in electromagnetic dissociation of 208Pb nuclei at the LHC is presented. The measurement is performed using the neutron Zero Degree Calorimeters of the ALICE experiment, which detect neutral particles close to beam rapidity. The measured cross sections of single and mutual electromagnetic dissociation of Pb nuclei at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV with neutron emission are σsingle EMD=187.4±0.2 (stat.) +13.2−11.2 (syst.) b and σmutual EMD=5.7±0.1 (stat.) ±0.4 (syst.) b, respectively. The experimental results are compared to the predictions from a relativistic electromagnetic dissociation model.
Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p–Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV
(2013)
Angular correlations between charged trigger and associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p–Pb collisions at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV for transverse momentum ranges within 0.5<pT,assoc<pT,trig<4 GeV/c. The correlations are measured over two units of pseudorapidity and full azimuthal angle in different intervals of event multiplicity, and expressed as associated yield per trigger particle. Two long-range ridge-like structures, one on the near side and one on the away side, are observed when the per-trigger yield obtained in low-multiplicity events is subtracted from the one in high-multiplicity events. The excess on the near-side is qualitatively similar to that recently reported by the CMS Collaboration, while the excess on the away-side is reported for the first time. The two-ridge structure projected onto azimuthal angle is quantified with the second and third Fourier coefficients as well as by near-side and away-side yields and widths. The yields on the near side and on the away side are equal within the uncertainties for all studied event multiplicity and pT bins, and the widths show no significant evolution with event multiplicity or pT. These findings suggest that the near-side ridge is accompanied by an essentially identical away-side ridge.
Suppression of high transverse momentum D mesons in central Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV
(2012)
The production of the prompt charm mesons D0, D+, D∗+, and their antiparticles, was measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC, at a centre-of-mass energy sNN−−−−√=2.76 TeV per nucleon--nucleon collision. The pT-differential production yields in the range 2<pT<16 GeV/c at central rapidity, |y|<0.5, were used to calculate the nuclear modification factor RAA with respect to a proton-proton reference obtained from the cross section measured at s√=7 TeV and scaled to s√=2.76 TeV. For the three meson species, RAA shows a suppression by a factor 3-4, for transverse momenta larger than 5 GeV/c in the 20% most central collisions. The suppression is reduced for peripheral collisions.
Background: School attendance during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is intensely debated. Modelling studies suggest that school closures contribute to community transmission reduction. However, data among school-attending students and staff are scarce. In November 2020, we examined SARS-CoV-2 infections and seroreactivity in 24 randomly selected school classes and connected households in Berlin, Germany.
Methods: Students and school staff were examined, oro-nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples collected, and SARS-CoV-2 infection and IgG antibodies detected by RT-PCR and ELISA. Household members performed self-swabs. Individual and institutional infection prevention and control measures were assessed. Classes with SARS-CoV-2 infection and connected household members were re-tested after one week.
Findings: 1119 participants were examined, including 177 primary and 175 secondary school students, 142 staff, and 625 household members. Participants reported mainly cold symptoms (19·4%). SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in eight of 24 classes affecting each 1-2 individuals. Infection prevalence was 2·7% (95%CI; 1·2-5·0%; 9/338), 1·4% (0·2-5·1%; 2/140), and 2·3% (1·3-3·8%; 14/611) among students, staff and household members, respectively, including quarantined persons. Six of nine infected students were asymptomatic. Prevalence increased with inconsistent facemask use in school, way to school on foot, and case-contacts outside school. IgG antibodies were detected in 2·0% (0·8-4·1%; 7/347), 1·4% (0·2-5·0%; 2/141) and 1·4% (0·6-2·7%; 8/576), respectively. For three of nine households with infection(s) detected at cross-sectional assessment, origin in school seemed possible. After one week, no school-related, secondary infections appeared in affected classes; the attack rate in connected households was 1·1%.
Interpretation: These data suggest that school attendance under preventive measures is feasible, provided their rigorous implementation. In balancing threats and benefits of open versus closed schools during the pandemic, parents and society need to consider possible spill-overs into their households. Deeper insight is needed into the infection risks due to being a schoolchild as compared to attending school.
Background: School attendance during the COVID-19 pandemic is intensely debated.
Aim: In November 2020, we assessed SARS-CoV-2 infections and seroreactivity in 24 randomly selected school classes and connected households in Berlin, Germany.
Methods: We collected oro-nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples, examining SARS-CoV-2 infection and IgG antibodies by RT-PCR and ELISA. Household members self-swabbed. We assessed individual and institutional prevention measures. Classes with SARS-CoV-2 infection and connected households were retested after 1 week.
Results: We examined 1,119 participants, including 177 primary and 175 secondary school students, 142 staff and 625 household members. SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in eight classes, affecting each 1–2 individuals. Infection prevalence was 2.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–5.0; 9/338), 1.4% (95% CI: 0.2–5.1; 2/140), and 2.3% (95% CI: 1.3–3.8; 14/611) among students, staff and household members. Six of nine infected students were asymptomatic at testing. We detected IgG antibodies in 2.0% (95%CI: 0.8–4.1; 7/347), 1.4% (95% CI: 0.2–5.0; 2/141) and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.6–2.7; 8/576). Prevalence increased with inconsistent facemask-use in school, walking to school, and case-contacts outside school. For three of nine households with infection(s), origin in school seemed possible. After 1 week, no school-related secondary infections appeared in affected classes; the attack rate in connected households was 1.1%.
Conclusion: School attendance under rigorously implemented preventive measures seems reasonable. Balancing risks and benefits of school closures need to consider possible spill-over infection into households. Deeper insight is required into the infection risks due to being a schoolchild vs attending school.
Das Schilddrüsenkarzinom (SK) ist die häufigste bösartige endokrine Tumorerkrankung. Während das nicht-metastasierte und nicht-mutierte papilläre Schilddrüsenkarzinom (PSK) und das follikuläre Schilddrüsenkarzinom (FSK) eine gute Heilungschance aufweisen, zeigen die mutierten und metastasierten Varianten des PSK und FSK sowie das anaplastische Schilddrüsenkarzinom (ASK) weiterhin eine schlechte Prognose. Die Entwicklung von Therapieresistenzen stellen hierbei ein Hauptproblem in der Behandlung des fortgeschrittenen Schilddrüsenkarzinoms dar.
In den letzten Jahren wurden in Studien zunehmend Tumor-initiierende Zellen (TIZ) beschrieben, welche eine kleine Subpopulation von Zellen mit der Fähigkeit zur Selbsterneuerung, Tumorinitiierung und Entwicklung von Therapieresistenzen von Tumoren darstellen. Die Existenz von TIZ wurde auch im SK nachgewiesen. Ein entscheidender Faktor für die Persistenz von TIZ ist die Hypoxie, welche über eine Veränderung des Tumormikromilieus und des Zellmetabolismus zur Entstehung von Therapieresistenzen beiträgt. Ein durch Hypoxie hochreguliertes Enzym ist die Carboanhydrase IX (CAIX). CAIX wird hauptsächlich von Tumorzellen exprimiert und katalysiert die Reaktion von Kohlendioxid zu Bicarbonat und einem Proton und trägt damit zur Säurepufferung der Tumorzelle bei. CAIX stellt somit einen entscheidenden Faktor für das Überleben von Tumorzellen in einem hypoxischen Milieu dar. Des Weiteren ist eine erhöhte Expression von CAIX mit einem schlechten Patienten-Outcome assoziiert, wie z.B. im Brustkrebs. Diese Eigenschaften machen CAIX zu einem attraktiven Angriffspunkt einer zielgerichteten Tumortherapie. Die vorliegende Studie hat zum Ziel, die Expression von CAIX sowie dessen biologische Rolle im Schilddrüsenkarzinom näher zu untersuchen.
Hierzu wurden Proben von 114 SK-Patienten immunhistochemisch auf eine CAIX-Expression untersucht und mit tumorfreiem Schilddrüsengewebe verglichen. Hierbei waren unterschiedliche SK-Subtypen vertreten. Für eine weitere Validierung der Expressionsdaten erfolgte die Auswertung eines Datasets von „The Cancer Genome Atlas“ (TCGA) mithilfe von cBioportal. Da die Hypoxie ein wichtiger Faktor für die Persistenz von TIZ ist, wurde die CAIX-Expression in Tumorsphären, ein in vitro Nachweis von TIZ-Aktivität, mittels der Durchflusszytometrie bestimmt und mit der CAIX-Expression von Monolayern verglichen. Als SK-Zelllinien wurden BCPAP (PSK), FTC 133 (FSK) und 8505 C (ASK) verwendet. Anschließend wurde mithilfe der Polymerasekettenreaktion und Immunofluoreszenzfärbung untersucht, ob eine CAIX-Expression in den Tumorsphären mit der Expression von bereits bekannten Stammzellmarkern, u.a. NANOG, assoziiert ist. Die Unterschiede der CAIX-Expression, nach Inkubation der Monolayer jeweils in Normoxie und Hypoxie, wurden mittels Durchflusszytometrie bestimmt. Mithilfe eines genetischen CAIX-Knockdowns sowie einer pharmakologischen Inhibition mit dem CAIX-Inhibitor Methazolamid (MZM) wurde die Tumorzellproliferation und -Sphärenbildung unter Normoxie und Hypoxie bestimmt. Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluss von MZM auf die Apoptose und den Zellzyklus untersucht.
Immunhistochemische Färbungen der Gewebeproben von SK-Patienten zeigten, dass die CAIX-Expression sowohl im PSK und FSK als auch im ASK im Vergleich zum tumorfreien Schilddrüsengewebe erhöht war. Des Weiteren zeigte die klinisch-pathologische Datenanalyse, dass eine erhöhte CAIX-Expression mit dem Auftreten von Lymphknotenmetastasen im differenzierten SK assoziiert war. Auch die Analyse des TCGA-Datasets bestätigte, dass eine erhöhte Expression der CAIX-mRNA mit einem fortgeschrittenen Tumorstadium, Fernmetastasen und mit einem kürzeren Gesamt-Überleben von SK-Patienten korrelierte. Die weiteren funktionellen in vitro Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die CAIX-Expression in den Tumorsphären im Vergleich zu Monolayern erhöht und mit einer erhöhten Expression von Stammzellmarkern assoziiert war. Ein genetischer CAIX-Knockdown und eine CAIX-Inhibition mit MZM führten über eine Induktion der Apoptose und eines Zellzyklusarrests zu einer verminderten Tumorzellproliferation und Sphärenbildung.
Zusammenfassend deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass CAIX ein vielversprechendes Zielmolekül für eine gezielte Tumortherapie des fortgeschrittenen SK ist. Um diese Hypothese bestätigen zu können, sind jedoch weitere prospektive Analysen von Patientenproben sowie funktionelle in vivo Untersuchungen am SK nötig.
Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.