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The ALICE Collaboration has made the first measurement at the LHC of J/ψ photoproduction in ultra-peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV. The J/ψ is identified via its dimuon decay in the forward rapidity region with the muon spectrometer for events where the hadronic activity is required to be minimal. The analysis is based on an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 55 μb−1. The cross section for coherent J/ψ production in the rapidity interval −3.6<y<−2.6 is measured to be dσJ/ψcoh/dy=1.00±0.18(stat)−0.26+0.24(syst) mb. The result is compared to theoretical models for coherent J/ψ production and found to be in good agreement with those models which include nuclear gluon shadowing.
First results on the longitudinal asymmetry and its effect on the pseudorapidity distributions in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider are obtained with the ALICE detector. The longitudinal asymmetry arises because of an unequal number of participating nucleons from the two colliding nuclei, and is estimated for each event by measuring the energy in the forward neutron-ZeroDegree-Calorimeters (ZNs). The effect of the longitudinal asymmetry is measured on the pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles in the regions |η| < 0.9, 2.8 < η < 5.1 and −3.7 < η < −1.7 by taking the ratio of the pseudorapidity distributions from events corresponding to different regions of asymmetry. The coefficients of a polynomial fit to the ratio characterise the effect of the asymmetry. A Monte Carlo simulation using a Glauber model for the colliding nuclei is tuned to reproduce the spectrum in the ZNs and provides a relation between the measurable longitudinal asymmetry and the shift in the rapidity (y0) of the participant zone formed by the unequal number of participating nucleons. The dependence of the coefficient of the linear term in the polynomial expansion, c1, on the mean value of y0 is investigated.
The production of the charm-strange baryon Ξc0 is measured for the first time at the LHC via its semileptonic decay into eΞ−+νe in pp collisions at s=7 TeV with the ALICE detector. The transverse momentum (pT) differential cross section multiplied by the branching ratio is presented in the interval 1<pT<8 GeV/c at mid-rapidity, |y|<0.5. The transverse momentum dependence of the Ξc0 baryon production relative to the D0 meson production is compared to predictions of event generators with various tunes of the hadronisation mechanism, which are found to underestimate the measured cross-section ratio.
We present a measurement of azimuthal correlations between inclusive J/ψ and charged hadrons in p–Pb collisions recorded with the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC. The J/ψ are reconstructed at forward (p-going, 2.03<y<3.53) and backward (Pb-going, −4.46<y<−2.96) rapidity via their μ+μ− decay channel, while the charged hadrons are reconstructed at mid-rapidity (|η|<1.8). The correlations are expressed in terms of associated charged-hadron yields per J/ψ trigger. A rapidity gap of at least 1.5 units is required between the trigger J/ψ and the associated charged hadrons. Possible correlations due to collective effects are assessed by subtracting the associated per-trigger yields in the low-multiplicity collisions from those in the high-multiplicity collisions. After the subtraction, we observe a strong indication of remaining symmetric structures at Δφ≈0 and Δφ≈π, similar to those previously found in two-particle correlations at middle and forward rapidity. The corresponding second-order Fourier coefficient (v2) in the transverse momentum interval between 3 and 6 GeV/c is found to be positive with a significance of about 5σ. The obtained results are similar to the J/ψ v2 coefficients measured in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV, suggesting a common mechanism at the origin of the J/ψ v2.
Results on the production of 4He and Image 1 nuclei in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76TeV in the rapidity range |y|<1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0–10% central events are found to be dN/dyHe4=(0.8±0.4(stat)±0.3(syst))×10−6 and Image 2, respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (Tchem=156MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of Image 3 is 1.4±0.8(stat)±0.5(syst).
In ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, the event-by-event variation of the elliptic flow v2 reflects fluctuations in the shape of the initial state of the system. This allows to select events with the same centrality but different initial geometry. This selection technique, Event Shape Engineering, has been used in the analysis of charge-dependent two- and three-particle correlations in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV. The two-particle correlator 〈cos(φα−φβ)〉, calculated for different combinations of charges α and β, is almost independent of v2 (for a given centrality), while the three-particle correlator 〈cos(φα+φβ−2Ψ2)〉 scales almost linearly both with the event v2 and charged-particle pseudorapidity density. The charge dependence of the three-particle correlator is often interpreted as evidence for the Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME), a parity violating effect of the strong interaction. However, its measured dependence on v2 points to a large non-CME contribution to the correlator. Comparing the results with Monte Carlo calculations including a magnetic field due to the spectators, the upper limit of the CME signal contribution to the three-particle correlator in the 10–50% centrality interval is found to be 26–33% at 95% confidence level.
The ALICE Collaboration reports the measurement of semi-inclusive distributions of charged-particle jets recoiling from a high-transverse momentum trigger hadron in p–Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV. Jets are reconstructed from charged-particle tracks using the anti-kT algorithm with resolution parameter R=0.2 and 0.4. A data-driven statistical approach is used to correct the uncorrelated background jet yield. Recoil jet distributions are reported for jet transverse momentum 15<pT,jetch<50GeV/c and are compared in various intervals of p–Pb event activity, based on charged-particle multiplicity and zero-degree neutral energy in the forward (Pb-going) direction. The semi-inclusive observable is self-normalized and such comparisons do not require the interpretation of p–Pb event activity in terms of collision geometry, in contrast to inclusive jet observables. These measurements provide new constraints on the magnitude of jet quenching in small systems at the LHC. In p–Pb collisions with high event activity, the average medium-induced out-of-cone energy transport for jets with R=0.4 and 15<pT,jetch<50GeV/c is measured to be less than 0.4 GeV/c at 90% confidence, which is over an order of magnitude smaller than a similar measurement for central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76TeV. Comparison is made to theoretical calculations of jet quenching in small systems, and to inclusive jet measurements in p–Pb collisions selected by event activity at the LHC and in d–Au collisions at RHIC.
The radiative electron capture (REC) into the K shell of bare Xe ions colliding with a hydrogen gas target has been investigated. In this study, the degree of linear polarization of the K-REC radiation was measured and compared with rigorous relativistic calculations as well as with the previous results recorded for U92+. Owing to the improved detector technology, a significant gain in precision of the present polarization measurement is achieved compared to the previously published results. The obtained data confirms that for medium-Z ions such as Xe, the REC process is a source of highly polarized x rays which can easily be tuned with respect to the degree of linear polarization and the photon energy. We argue, in particular, that for relatively low energies the photons emitted under large angles are almost fully linear polarized.
The pT-differential inclusive production cross section of the prompt charm-strange meson Ds+ in the rapidity range |y|<0.5 was measured in proton–proton collisions at s=7 TeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The analysis was performed on a data sample of 2.98×108 events collected with a minimum-bias trigger. The corresponding integrated luminosity is Lint=4.8 nb−1. Reconstructing the decay Ds+→ϕπ+, with ϕ→K−K+, and its charge conjugate, about 480 Ds± mesons were counted, after selection cuts, in the transverse momentum range 2<pT<12 GeV/c. The results are compared with predictions from models based on perturbative QCD. The ratios of the cross sections of four D meson species (namely D0, D+, D⁎+ and Ds+) were determined both as a function of pT and integrated over pT after extrapolating to full pT range, together with the strangeness suppression factor in charm fragmentation. The obtained values are found to be compatible within uncertainties with those measured by other experiments in e+e−, ep and pp interactions at various centre-of-mass energies.
Identical neutral kaon pair correlations are measured in √s=7 TeV pp collisions in the ALICE experiment. One-dimensional Ks0Ks0 correlation functions in terms of the invariant momentum difference of kaon pairs are formed in two multiplicity and two transverse momentum ranges. The femtoscopic parameters for the radius and correlation strength of the kaon source are extracted. The fit includes quantum statistics and final-state interactions of the a0/f0 resonance. Ks0Ks0 correlations show an increase in radius for increasing multiplicity and a slight decrease in radius for increasing transverse mass, mT, as seen in ππ correlations in pp collisions and in heavy-ion collisions. Transverse mass scaling is observed between the Ks0Ks0 and ππ radii. Also, the first observation is made of the decay of the f2′(1525) meson into the Ks0Ks0 channel in pp collisions.
The elliptic, v2, triangular, v3, and quadrangular, v4, azimuthal anisotropic flow coefficients are measured for unidentified charged particles, pions, and (anti-)protons in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Results obtained with the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods are reported for the pseudo-rapidity range |η|<0.8 at different collision centralities and as a function of transverse momentum, pT, out to pT=20 GeV/c. The observed non-zero elliptic and triangular flow depends only weakly on transverse momentum for pT>8 GeV/c. The small pT dependence of the difference between elliptic flow results obtained from the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods suggests a common origin of flow fluctuations up to pT=8 GeV/c. The magnitude of the (anti-)proton elliptic and triangular flow is larger than that of pions out to at least pT=8 GeV/c indicating that the particle type dependence persists out to high pT.
The production cross section of electrons from semileptonic decays of beauty hadrons was measured at mid-rapidity (|y|<0.8) in the transverse momentum range 1<pT<8 GeV/c with the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC in pp collisions at a center of mass energy √s=7 TeV using an integrated luminosity of 2.2 nb−1. Electrons from beauty hadron decays were selected based on the displacement of the decay vertex from the collision vertex. A perturbative QCD calculation agrees with the measurement within uncertainties. The data were extrapolated to the full phase space to determine the total cross section for the production of beauty quark–antiquark pairs.
The inclusive transverse momentum (pT) distributions of primary charged particles are measured in the pseudo-rapidity range |η|<0.8 as a function of event centrality in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The data are presented in the pT range 0.15<pT<50 GeV/c for nine centrality intervals from 70–80% to 0–5%. The results in Pb–Pb are presented in terms of the nuclear modification factor RAA using a pp reference spectrum measured at the same collision energy. We observe that the suppression of high-pT particles strongly depends on event centrality. The yield is most suppressed in central collisions (0–5%) with RAA≈0.13 at pT=6–7 GeV/c. Above pT=7 GeV/c, there is a significant rise in the nuclear modification factor, which reaches RAA≈0.4 for pT>30 GeV/c. In peripheral collisions (70–80%), only moderate suppression (RAA=0.6–0.7) and a weak pT dependence is observed. The measured nuclear modification factors are compared to other measurements and model calculations.
Background: Cichlid fishes show considerable diversity in swim bladder morphology. In members of the subfamily Etroplinae, the connection between anterior swim bladder extensions and the inner ears enhances sound transmission and translates into an improved hearing ability. We tested the hypothesis that those swim bladder modifications coincide with differences in inner ear morphology and thus compared Steatocranus tinanti (vestigial swim bladder), Hemichromis guttatus (large swim bladder without extensions), and Etroplus maculatus (intimate connection between swim bladder and inner ears).
Methodology and results: We applied immunostaining together with confocal imaging and scanning electron microscopy for the investigation of sensory epithelia, and high-resolution, contrast-enhanced microCT imaging for characterizing inner ears in 3D, and evaluated otolith dimensions. Compared to S. tinanti and H. guttatus, inner ears of E. maculatus showed an enlargement of all three maculae, and a particularly large lacinia of the macula utriculi. While our analysis of orientation patterns of ciliary bundles on the three macula types using artificially flattened maculae uncovered rather similar orientation patterns of ciliary bundles, interspecific differences became apparent when illustrating the orientation patterns on the 3D models of the maculae: differences in the shape and curvature of the lacinia of the macula utriculi, and the anterior arm of the macula lagenae resulted in an altered arrangement of ciliary bundles.
Conclusions: Our results imply that improved audition in E. maculatus is associated not only with swim bladder modifications but also with altered inner ear morphology. However, not all modifications in E. maculatus could be connected to enhanced auditory abilities, and so a potential improvement of the vestibular sense, among others, also needs to be considered. Our study highlights the value of analyzing orientation patterns of ciliary bundles in their intact 3D context in studies of inner ear morphology and physiology.
Background: Fishes show an amazing diversity in hearing abilities, inner ear structures, and otolith morphology. Inner ear morphology, however, has not yet been investigated in detail in any member of the diverse order Cyprinodontiformes. We, therefore, studied the inner ear of the cyprinodontiform freshwater fish Poecilia mexicana by analyzing the position of otoliths in situ, investigating the 3D structure of sensory epithelia, and examining the orientation patterns of ciliary bundles of the sensory hair cells, while combining μ-CT analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and immunocytochemical methods. P. mexicana occurs in different ecotypes, enabling us to study the intra-specific variability (on a qualitative basis) of fish from regular surface streams, and the Cueva del Azufre, a sulfidic cave in southern Mexico.
Results: The inner ear of Poecilia mexicana displays a combination of several remarkable features. The utricle is connected rostrally instead of dorso-rostrally to the saccule, and the macula sacculi, therefore, is very close to the utricle. Moreover, the macula sacculi possesses dorsal and ventral bulges. The two studied ecotypes of P. mexicana showed variation mainly in the shape and curvature of the macula lagenae, in the curvature of the macula sacculi, and in the thickness of the otolithic membrane.
Conclusions: Our study for the first time provides detailed insights into the auditory periphery of a cyprinodontiform inner ear and thus serves a basis—especially with regard to the application of 3D techniques—for further research on structure-function relationships of inner ears within the species-rich order Cyprinodontiformes. We suggest that other poeciliid taxa, or even other non-poeciliid cyprinodontiforms, may display similar inner ear morphologies as described here.
Simple Summary: Renal insufficiency is frequently seen in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and can be due to the disease itself but also caused by medical interventions or infections. Patients with severe renal insufficiency are known to have an adverse prognosis, but recently, it was shown that even moderately impaired kidney function can have long-term sequelae. Achieving quick disease control by effective antimyeloma therapy can lead to the recovery of renal function. We investigated the kidney-specific variables in a large cohort of 770 myeloma patients receiving three different three-drug regimens for initial myeloma treatment to learn more about the differential effects on kidney function in an early disease phase. All regimens had a positive impact on kidney function without a difference in the proportion of patients who reached normal renal function after three cycles. Interestingly, patients who received bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone tended to have higher risk for a worse renal function following induction when compared to the initial values.
Abstract: Background: Preservation of kidney function in newly diagnosed (ND) multiple myeloma (MM) helps to prevent excess toxicity. Patients (pts) from two prospective trials were analyzed, provided postinduction (PInd) restaging was performed. Pts received three cycles with bortezomib (btz), cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (dex; VCD) or btz, lenalidomide (len), and dex (VRd) or len, adriamycin, and dex (RAD). The minimum required estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was >30 mL/min. We analyzed the percent change of the renal function using the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) criteria and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)-defined categories. Results: Seven hundred and seventy-two patients were eligible. Three hundred and fifty-six received VCD, 214 VRd, and 202 RAD. VCD patients had the best baseline eGFR. The proportion of pts with eGFR <45 mL/min decreased from 7.3% at baseline to 1.9% PInd (p < 0.0001). Thirty-seven point one percent of VCD versus 49% of VRd patients had a decrease of GFR (p = 0.0872). IMWG-defined “renal complete response (CRrenal)” was achieved in 17/25 (68%) pts after VCD, 12/19 (63%) after RAD, and 14/27 (52%) after VRd (p = 0.4747). Conclusions: Analyzing a large and representative newly diagnosed myeloma (NDMM) group, we found no difference in CRrenal that occurred independently from the myeloma response across the three regimens. A trend towards deterioration of the renal function with VRd versus VCD may be explained by a better pretreatment “renal fitness” in the latter group.
Ziel der Arbeit war es, neue Techniken zur Erschließung und Selektion von Web- basierten Suchservern zu entwickeln und zu evaluieren, um hieraus eine integrierte Architektur für nicht-kooperative Suchserver im WWW abzuleiten. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, daß die im Sichtbaren Web vorhandene Informationsmenge dazu geeignet ist, um eine effektive Erschließung des Unsichtbaren Webs zu unterstützen. Existierende Strategien für verteiltes Information Retrieval setzen eine explizite Kooperation von Seiten der Suchserver voraus. Insbesondere Verfahren zur Selektion von Suchservern basieren auf der Auswertung von umfangreichen Termlisten bzw. Termhäufigkeiten, um eine Auswahl der potentiell relevantesten Suchserver zu einer gegebenen Suchanfrage vornehmen zu können (z. B. CORI [26] und GlOSS [54]). Allerdings werden derartige Informationen von realen Suchservern des WWW in der Regel nicht zu Verfügung gestellt. Die meisten Web-basierten Suchserver verhalten sich nicht kooperativ gegenüber hierauf aufsetzenden Metasuchsystemen, was die Übertragbarkeit der Selektionsverfahren auf das WWW erheblich erschwert. Außerdem erfolgt die Evaluierung der Selektionsstrategien in der Regel in Experimentumgebungen, die sich aus mehr oder weniger homogenen, künstlich partitionierten Dokumentkollektionen zusammensetzen und somit das Unsichtbare Web und dessen inhärente Heterogenität nur unzureichend simulieren. Dabei bleiben Daten unberücksichtigt, die sich aus der Einbettung von Suchservern in die Hyperlinkstruktur des WWW ergeben. So bietet z. B. die systematische Auswertung von Backlink-Seiten also jener Seiten die einen Hyperlink auf die Start- oder Suchseite eines Suchservers enthalten die Möglichkeit, die im WWW kollektiv geleistete Indexierungsarbeit zu nutzen, um die Erschließung von Suchservern effektiv zu unterstützen. Eine einheitliche Systematik zur Beschreibung von Suchservern Zunächst ist es notwendig alle Informationen, die über einen Suchserver erreichbar sind, in ein allgemeingültiges Beschreibungsmodell zu integrieren. Dies stellt eine Grundvorraussetzung dar, um die einheitliche Intepretierbarkeit der Daten zu gewährleisten, und somit die Vergleichbarkeit von heterogenen Suchservern und den Aufbau komplexer Metasuchsysteme zu erlauben. Ein solche Beschreibung soll auch qualitative Merkmale enthalten, aus denen sich Aussagen über die Reputation einer Ressource ableiten lassen. Existierende Beschreibungen von Suchservern bzw. Dokumentkollektionen wie STARTS-CS [53] oder RSLP-CD [93] realisieren wenn überhaupt nur Teilaspekte hiervon. Ein wichtiger Beitrag dieser Arbeit besteht somit in der Identifizierung und Klassifizierung von suchserverbeschreibenden Metadaten und hierauf aufbauend der Spezifikation eines als Frankfurt Core bezeichneten Metadatensatzes für web-basierte Suchserver, der die genannten Forderungen erfüllt. Der Frankfurt Core berücksichtigt Metadaten, deren Erzeugung eine explizite Kooperation von Seiten der Suchserver voraussetzt, als auch Metadaten, die sich automatisiert z. B. durch linkbasierte Analyseverfahren aus dem sichtbaren Teil des WWW generieren lassen. Integration von Wissensdarstellungen in Suchserver-Beschreibungen Ein wichtige Forderung an Suchserver-Beschreibungen besteht in der zusätzlichen Integration von wissens- bzw. ontologiebasierten Darstellungen. Anhand einer in Description Logic spezifizierten Taxonomie von Suchkonzepten wurde in der Arbeit exemplarisch eine Vorgehensweise aufgezeigt, wie die Integration von Wissensdarstellungen in eine Frankfurt Core Beschreibung praktisch umgesetzt werden kann. Dabei wurde eine Methode entwickelt, um unter Auswertung einer Suchkonzept-Taxonomie Anfragen an heterogene Suchschnittstellen verschiedener Suchserver zu generieren, ohne die Aussagekraft von kollektionsspezifischen Suchfeldern einzuschränken. Durch die Taxonomie wird die einheitliche Verwendung von syntaktisch und semantisch divergierenden Suchfeldern verschiedener Suchserver sowie deren einheitliche Verwendung auf der integrierten Suchschnittstelle eines Metasuchsystems sichergestellt. Damit kann diese Arbeit auch in Zusammenhang mit den Aktivitäten des Semantischen Webs betrachtet werden. Die Abstützung auf Description Logic zur Wissensrepräsentation sowie die Verwendung von RDF zur Spezifikation des Frankfurt Core verhält sich konform zu aktuellen Aktivitäten im Bereich Semantisches Web, wie beispielsweise der Ontology Inference Layer (OIL) [24]. Darüber hinaus konnte durch die Integration der Suchkonzept-Taxonomie in den Arbeitsablauf einer Metasuchmaschine, bereits eine konkrete Anwendung demonstriert werden. Entwicklung neuartiger Verfahren zur Erschließung von Suchservern Für einzelne Felder des Frankfurt Core wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Strategien entwickelt, die aufzeigen, wie sich durch die systematische Auswertung von Backlink- Seiten Suchserver-beschreibende Metadaten automatisiert generieren lassen. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, daß der Prozeß der automatisierten Erschließung von Suchservern durch die strukturelle und inhaltliche Analyse von Hyperlinks sinnvoll unterstützt werden kann. Zwar hat sich ein HITS-basiertes Clustering-Verfahren als wenig praktikabel erwiesen, um eine effiziente Erschließung von Suchservern zu unterstützen, dafür aber ein hyperlinkbasiertes Kategorisierungsverfahren. Das Verfahren erlaubt eine Zuordnung von Kategorien zu Suchservern und kommt ohne zusätzliche Volltextinformationen aus. Dabei wird das WWW als globale Wissenbasis verwendet: die Zuordnung von Kategorienbezeichnern zu Web-Ressourcen basiert ausschließlich auf der Auswertung von globalen Term- und Linkhäufigkeiten wie sie unter Verwendung einer generellen Suchmaschine ermittelt werden können. Der Grad der Ähnlichkeit zwischen einer Kategorie und einer Ressource wird durch die Häufigkeit bestimmt, mit der ein Kategoriebezeichner und ein Backlink auf die Ressource im WWW kozitiert werden. Durch eine Reihe von Experimenten konnte gezeigt werden, daß der Anteil korrekt kategorisierter Dokumente an Verfahren heranreicht, die auf Lerntechniken basieren. Das dargestellte Verfahren läßt sich leicht implementieren und ist nicht auf eine aufwendige Lernphase angewiesen, da die zu kategorisierenden Ressourcen nur durch ihren URL repräsentiert werden. Somit erscheint das Verfahren geeignet, um existierende Kategorisierungsverfahren für Web-Ressourcen zu ergänzen. Ein Verfahren zur Selektion von Suchservern Ein gewichtiges Problem, durch welches sich die Selektion von Suchservern im WWW erheblich erschwert, besteht in der Diskrepanz zwischen der freien Anfrageformulierung auf Benutzerseite und nur spärlich ausgezeichneten Suchserver-Beschreibungen auf Seiten des Metasuchsystems. Da auf der Basis der geringen Datenmenge eine Zuordnung der potentiell relevantesten Suchserver zu einer Suchanfrage kaum vorgenommen werden kann, wird oft auf zusätzliches Kontextwissen zurückgegriffen, um z. B. ein Anfragerweiterung durch verwandte Begriffe vornehmen zu können (siehe z. B. QPilot [110]). Eine solche Vorgehensweise erhöht allerdings nur die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Treffer von Anfragetermen in den Suchserver-Beschreibungen und liefert noch keine ausreichende Sicherheit. Deshalb wurde in der Arbeit ein Selektionsverfahren entwickelt, das sich auf die Auswertung von Ko-Zitierungs- und Dokumenthäufigkeiten von Termen in großen Dokumentsammlungen abstützt. Das Verfahren berechnet ein Gewicht zwischen einem Anfrageterm und einem Suchserver auf der Basis von einigen wenigen Deskriptortermen, wie sie z. B. aus der FC-Beschreibung eines Suchservers extrahiert werden können. Dies hat den Vorteil, daß die Suchbegriffe nicht explizit in den einzelnen Suchserver-Beschreibungen vorkommen müssen, um eine geeignete Selektion vornehmen zu können. Um die Anwendbarkeit des Verfahrens in einer realistischen Web-Umgebung zu demonstrieren, wurde eine geeignete Experimentumgebung von spezialisierten Suchservern aus dem WWW zusammengestellt. Durch anschließende Experimente konnte die Tauglichkeit des entwickelten Verfahrens aufgezeigt werden, indem es mit einem Verfahren verglichen wurde, das auf Probe-Anfragen basiert. Das heißt, daß eine erfolgreiche Selektion durchgeführt werden kann, ohne daß man explizit auf das Vorhandensein von lokalen Informationen angewiesen ist, die erst aufwendig durch das Versenden von Probe-Anfragen ¨uber die Web-Schnittstelle des Suchservers extrahiert werden müssten. Herleitung einer integrierten Architektur Um das Zusammenspiel der erarbeiteten Strategien und Techniken zur Erschließung, Beschreibung und Selektion in einer integrierten Architektur umzusetzen, wurde die Metasuchmaschine QUEST entwickelt und prototypisch implementiert. QUEST erweitert die Architektur einer traditionellen Metasuchmaschinenarchitektur, um Komponenten, die eine praktische Umsetzung der Konzepte und Techniken darstellen, die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelt wurden. QUEST bildet einen tragfähigen Ansatz zur Kombination von wissensbasierten Darstellungen auf der einen und eher heuristisch orientierten Methoden zur automatischen Metadatengenerierung auf der anderen Seite. Dabei stellt der Frankfurt Core das zentrale Bindeglied dar, um die einheitliche Behandlung der verfügbaren Daten zu gewährleisten.
In this paper, we present an experimental and theoretical study of excitation processes for the heaviest stable helium-like ion, that is, He-like uranium occurring in relativistic collisions with hydrogen and argon targets. In particular, we concentrate on angular distributions of the characteristic Kα radiation following the K → L excitation of He-like uranium. We pay special attention to the magnetic sub-level population of the excited 1s2lj states, which is directly related to the angular distribution of the characteristic Kα radiation. We show that the experimental data can be well described by calculations taking into account the excitation by the target nucleus as well as by the target electrons. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time an important influence of the electron-impact excitation process on the angular distributions of the Kα radiation produced by excitation of He-like uranium in collisions with different targets.
Kidney injury is a common complication of severe disease. Here, we report that injuries of the zebrafish embryonal kidney are rapidly repaired by a migratory response in 2-, but not in 1-day-old embryos. Gene expression profiles between these two developmental stages identify cxcl12a and myca as candidates involved in the repair process. Zebrafish embryos with cxcl12a, cxcr4b, or myca deficiency display repair abnormalities, confirming their role in response to injury. In mice with a kidney-specific knockout, Cxcl12 and Myc gene deletions suppress mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis, and delay the recovery after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Probing these observations in zebrafish reveal that inhibition of glycolysis slows fast migrating cells and delays the repair after injury, but does not affect the slow cell movements during kidney development. Our findings demonstrate that Cxcl12 and Myc facilitate glycolysis to promote fast migratory responses during development and repair, and potentially also during tumor invasion and metastasis.
Different collective deformation coordinates for neutrons and protons are introduced to allow for both stretching and γ transitions consistent with experiments. The rotational actinide nuclei 234-238U and 232Th are successfully analyzed in this model. NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 232Th, 234-238U calculated B (E2) values, collective model.
Accurate spectroscopy of highly-charged high-Z ions in a storage ring is demonstrated to be feasible by the use of specially adapted crystal optics. The method has been applied for the measurement of the 1s Lamb shift in hydrogen-like gold (Au+78) in a storage ring through spectroscopy of the Lyman x-rays. This measurement represents the first result obtained for a high-Z element using high-resolution wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy in the hard x-ray regime, paving the way for sensitivity to higher- order QED effects.
The electron-capture process was studied for Xe54+ colliding with H2 molecules at the internal gas target of the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) at GSI, Darmstadt. Cross-section values for electron capture into excited projectile states were deduced from the observed emission cross section of Lyman radiation, being emitted by the hydrogenlike ions subsequent to the capture of a target electron. The ion beam energy range was varied between 5.5 and 30.9 MeV/u by applying the deceleration mode of the ESR. Thus, electron-capture data were recorded at the intermediate and, in particular, the low-collision-energy regime, well below the beam energy necessary to produce bare xenon ions. The obtained data are found to be in reasonable qualitative agreement with theoretical approaches, while a commonly applied empirical formula significantly overestimates the experimental findings.