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Transverse momentum (pT) spectra of pions, kaons, and protons up to pT=20 GeV/c have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector for six different centrality classes covering 0-80%. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions that decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For pT>10 GeV/c, the nuclear modification factor is found to be the same for all three particle species in each centrality interval within systematic uncertainties of 10-20%. This suggests there is no direct interplay between the energy loss in the medium and the particle species composition in the hard core of the quenched jet. For pT<10 GeV/c, the data provide important constraints for models aimed at describing the transition from soft to hard physics.
We present the first wide-range measurement of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density distribution, for different centralities (the 0-5%, 5-10%, 10-20%, and 20-30% most central events) in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed using the full coverage of the ALICE detectors, −5.0<η<5.5, and employing a special analysis technique based on collisions arising from LHC "satellite" bunches. We present the pseudorapidity density as a function of the number of participating nucleons as well as an extrapolation to the total number of produced charged particles (Nch=17165±772 for the 0-5% most central collisions). From the measured dNch/dη distribution we derive the rapidity density distribution, dNch/dy, under simple assumptions. The rapidity density distribution is found to be significantly wider than the predictions of the Landau model. We assess the validity of longitudinal scaling by comparing to lower energy results from RHIC. Finally the mechanisms of the underlying particle production are discussed based on a comparison with various theoretical models.
Im Auftrag des Hessischen Landesamtes für Straßenbau wurde in der Autobahnmeisterei (AM) Darmstadt und in der Straßenmeisterei (SM) Pfungstadt in Südhessen die Straßenrandvegetation untersucht. Die AM Darmstadt besitzt mit den Autobahnen A5 und A67 zwei unterschiedlich alte Trassen, die im flachen Gelände der wärmebegünstigten Oberrheinischen Tiefebene verlaufen. Die SM Pfungstadt bietet ein standörtlich sehr vielfältiges Straßennetz, das vom Rhein bis in den Odenwald reicht.
Die verschiedenen naturräumlichen Gegebenheiten spiegeln sich am deutlichsten in der gehölzfreien Böschungsvegetation wider. Auf den Sandböden der Rheinebene herrschen Festuca rubra-Straßenböschungen in der Oenothera biennis-Variante vor, im Neckarried mit seinen frischen Lehmböden dagegen Urtica dioica-Arrhenatherum elatius-Straßenböschungen. Im Odenwald wird die Vegetation der überwiegend schmalen Straßen stärker durch die angrenzende Nutzung geprägt. Neben typischen Festuca rubra-Straßenböschungen fällt hier vor allem die Heracleum sphondylium-Variante der Urtica dioica-Arrhenatherum elatius-Straßenböschungen auf. Eine entsprechende naturräumliche Gliederung ergab sich auch bei den Banketten und den straßenbegleitenden Gehölzen.
Botanisch wertvolle Bereiche sind nur in den straßenfernen Anschlußstellen, in den Inseln der Autobahnkreuze und an den Oberböschungen tiefer Einschnitte zu finden. Besonders hervorzuheben sind die Sandtrockenrasen auf kalkreichen Böden mit zahlreichen gefährdeten Arten im Bereich des Darmstädter Kreuzes.
Im Bereich der AM Darmstadt (52 km) wurden 391 Gefäßpflanzenarten, im Bereich der SM Pfungstadt (250 km) 430 Arten gefunden. Wesentlicher Grund für diese auf den ersten Blick sehr artenreichen Straßennetze ist ihre naturräumliche Lage in einer vielfältigen Kulturlandschaft. Die nähere Analyse der Artenzahlen zeigt dabei, daß in der Straßenbegleitflora überwiegend weit verbreitete, kaum bedrohte Arten zu finden sind.
Abschließend werden Empfehlungen für eine standörtlich differenzierte Pflege der vorhandenen Straßenböschungen gegeben.
Novel therapies for lung cancer are being explored nowadays with local therapies being the tip of the arrow. Intratumoral chemotherapy administration and local microwave ablation have been investigated in several studies. It has been previously proposed that lipiodol has the ability to modify the microenvironment matrix. In our current study we investigated this theory in BALBC mice. In total 160 BALBC mice were divided in eight groups: a) control, b) cisplatin, c) microwave, d) microwave and lipiodol, e) cisplatin and lipiodol, f) microwave and cisplatin, g) lipiodol and h) lipiodol, cisplatin and microwave. Lewis lung carcinoma cell lines (106) were injected into the right back leg of each mouse. After the 8th day, when the tumor volume was about 100mm3 the therapy application was initiated, once per week for four weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed for each tumor when a mouse died or when sacrificed if they were still alive by the end of the experiment (8-Canal multifunctional spool; NORAS MRI products, Gmbh, Germany). Imaging and survival revealed efficient tumor apoptosis for the groups b,c,d,e and f. However; severe toxicity was observed in group h and no follow up was available for this group after the second week of therapy administration. Lipiodol in its current form does assist in a more efficient way the distribution of cisplatin, as the microwave apoptotic effect. Future modification of lipiodol might provide a more efficient method of therapy enhancement. Combination of drug and microwave ablation is possible and has an efficient apoptotic effect.
We report on results obtained with the Event Shape Engineering technique applied to Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV. By selecting events in the same centrality interval, but with very different average flow, different initial state conditions can be studied. We find the effect of the event-shape selection on the elliptic flow coefficient v2 to be almost independent of transverse momentum pT, as expected if this effect is due to fluctuations in the initial geometry of the system. Charged hadron, pion, kaon, and proton transverse momentum distributions are found to be harder in events with higher-than-average elliptic flow, indicating an interplay between radial and elliptic flow.
This paper reports on Monte Carlo simulation results for future measurements of the moduli of time-like proton electromagnetic form factors, |GE | and |GM|, using the ¯pp → μ+μ− reaction at PANDA (FAIR). The electromagnetic form factors are fundamental quantities parameterizing the electric and magnetic structure of hadrons. This work estimates the statistical and total accuracy with which the form factors can be measured at PANDA, using an analysis of simulated data within the PandaRoot software framework. The most crucial background channel is ¯pp → π+π−,due to the very similar behavior of muons and pions in the detector. The suppression factors are evaluated for this and all other relevant background channels at different values of antiproton beam momentum. The signal/background separation is based on a multivariate analysis, using the Boosted Decision Trees method. An expected background subtraction is included in this study, based on realistic angular distribuations of the background contribution. Systematic uncertainties are considered and the relative total uncertainties of the form factor measurements are presented.
A floristic description is presented of the study sites of the Research Training Group “The role of biodi-versity for biogeochemical cycles and biotic interactions in temperate deciduous forests”. To investi-gate different aspects of plant biodiversity in Hainich National Park (Thuringia), deciduous forest stands with low, medium and high canopy tree species diversity were compared. The results of species richness and forest communities show that the research sites are characterised by a typical central European forest flora. Greater vascular plant species richness occurs with higher diversity of tree species. Six of altogether twelve research sites are assigned to the beech forest alliance (Galioodorati-Fagion), the second half belongs to the oak-hornbeam forest alliance (Carpinionbetuli). Suballiances within the Galioodorati-Fagion in the study area include the Galio-Fagetum and the Hordelymo-Fagetum. All Carpinionbetuli relevées are assigned to the suballiance Stellario-Carpinetum.