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Methodik
(2002)
Die vegetationskundliche und strukturelle Zuordnung der Lebensraumtypen erfolgt nach der vorrangig von Braun-Blanquet entwickelten Vegetationsklassifizierung, einer hierarchischen Gliederung der Vegetationstypen (Syntaxonomie), die die Ebenen der Assoziation, des Verbandes, der Ordnung und der Klasse umfasst. Hierbei ist die Assoziation die grundlegende Einheit, in der die Pflanzengesellschaften zusammengefasst werden, die sich durch gleiche charakteristische Arten(gruppen)kombinationen auszeichnen. Der Verband vereinigt ähnliche Assoziationen. Das sind bereits umfassendere, jedoch standörtlich noch recht einheitliche Vegetationseinheiten. In Ordnungen werden ähnliche Verbände zusammengefasst. Die Klasse vereinigt ähnliche Ordnungen.
The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) was designed and built to enhance the capabilities of the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While aimed at providing electron identification and triggering, the TRD also contributes significantly to the track reconstruction and calibration in the central barrel of ALICE. In this paper the design, construction, operation, and performance of this detector are discussed. A pion rejection factor of up to 410 is achieved at a momentum of 1 GeV/c in p-Pb collisions and the resolution at high transverse momentum improves by about 40% when including the TRD information in track reconstruction. The triggering capability is demonstrated both for jet, light nuclei, and electron selection.
The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) was designed and built to enhance the capabilities of the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While aimed at providing electron identification and triggering, the TRD also contributes significantly to the track reconstruction and calibration in the central barrel of ALICE. In this paper the design, construction, operation, and performance of this detector are discussed. A pion rejection factor of up to 410 is achieved at a momentum of 1 GeV/c in p-Pb collisions and the resolution at high transverse momentum improves by about 40% when including the TRD information in track reconstruction. The triggering capability is demonstrated both for jet, light nuclei, and electron selection.
The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) was designed and built to enhance the capabilities of the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While aimed at providing electron identification and triggering, the TRD also contributes significantly to the track reconstruction and calibration in the central barrel of ALICE. In this paper the design, construction, operation, and performance of this detector are discussed. A pion rejection factor of up to 410 is achieved at a momentum of 1 GeV/c in p–Pb collisions and the resolution at high transverse momentum improves by about 40% when including the TRD information in track reconstruction. The triggering capability is demonstrated both for jet, light nuclei, and electron selection.
Suchen Sie auch den Schlüssel zum besseren Verständnis von Mythologie, Kunst und Literatur? Dann sollten Sie das Weltbild des Impurismus studieren. Es wird Ihnen die Augen öffnen für bislang hermetische Zusammenhänge, und Sie werden erkennen, was der Chorus mysticus (Faust II Ende) meint, wenn er sagt: "Alles Vergängliche Ist nur ein Gleichnis." Erde und Himmel, alles Materielle und alle Geistgebilde, der Kosmos und alle Lebewesen --- ein Gleichnis wofür? Wenn Sie die Antwort finden, werden Sie verstehen, warum die Wissenden unsere Kulturszene dominieren. Sie brauchen keine Forschungsnische zu suchen, wenn Sie das weite Feld des Impurismus mit Literatur- und Sprachwissenschaft beackern; denn "Poesie ist die Muttersprache des menschlichen Geschlechts" (Hamann: Aestetica in nuce).
Impurismus ist eine uralte Weltanschauung und eine alte Poetik. Beides habe ich in meinem Buch von 2007 Illustrierte Poetik des Impurismus ausführlich dargestellt. Da ich mich nicht wiederholen will, kann ich die umfangreichen Funde zum Thema hier nicht erneut vortragen. Andererseits soll der Leser dieser Fortsetzung nicht ganz unvorbereitet in die Materie einsteigen. Deshalb will ich einige nackte Fakten als Erinnerung hier zusammenstellen, muß aber doch dringend auf die anschaulichen Grundlagen in dem genannten Buch verweisen, sonst verschreckt die in aller Kürze vorgetragene Ungeheuerlichkeit der ganzen Entdeckung manchen willigen Leser. ...
Das Spiel ist aus
(2007)
Dieser bekannte Titel (ein Drama von Sartre / ein Gedicht von Bachmann) soll hier mit neuem Inhalt gefüllt werden, zunächst mit "Impurismus" als einer spielerischen Verschlüsselung von Literatur, dann mit Hinweisen auf das planmäßige Verdummungsspiel, das die Eingeweihten mit ihren an Kunst interessierten Mitbürgern treiben.
Der Impurismus ist eine literarische Strömung, die durch Jahrtausende geht, ein geistreiches, planvolles Spiel zur Produktion von hermetischer Literatur über ein tabuisiertes Thema (Sex). Zu dieser "littérature impure" gehört ein Geheimnis aus dem Urwissen der ältesten Kulturen, aus einer Zeit, in der Philosophie, Theologie und Kosmologie noch eins waren. Das alte Wissen wurde in den Bereichen konserviert, die bis heute von der konventionellen Wissenschaft als "esoterisch" ausgegrenzt werden (Astrologie, Kabbala, Tarot). Viele Autoren aber verschlüsseln ihre Texte mit der alten Lehre und verstecken sie hinter einer religiösen, spielerisch-humoristischen oder sozialkritisch engagierten Maske. Deshalb bleiben viele Texte trotz Interpretation hermetisch, besonders solche in der "Weltsprache der modernen Poesie" (Enzensberger). Eine neue Methode der literarischen Analyse (mit 57 Varianten der planvollen Verfremdung von Wörtern) kann die impuristische Literatur dekodieren. Dazu gehört als Raumordnung das alte "Weltbild der Windmühle". Dieses Literaturspiel wird als sublime Kulturtätigkeit aufgedeckt. Die Einzelseiten dieser Homepage können nur einige Einblicke in schwierige Zusammenhänge geben, die im langsamen Vortrag des Buches leichter zu verstehen sind. Auf beiden Wegen muß man sich Zeit nehmen und am besten einen philosophischen Wissenshunger mitbringen.
Objective. A study supported by the EULAR and the ACR being conducted to establish classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) will include ultrasound examination of the shoulders and hips. Ultrasound (US) depicts glenohumeral joint effusion, biceps tenosynovitis, subdeltoid bursitis, hip joint synovitis, and trochanteric bursitis in PMR. These findings may aid in distinguishing PMR from other diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess standards and US interreader agreement of participants in the PMR classification criteria study. Methods. Sixteen physicians in four groups examined shoulders and hips of 4 patients and 4 healthy adults with ultrasound. Overall agreement and interobserver agreement were calculated. Results. The overall agreement (OA) between groups was 87%. The OA for healthy shoulders was 88.8%, for healthy hips 100%, for shoulders with pathology 85.2%, and 74.3% for hips with pathology, respectively. Conclusion. There was a high degree of agreement found for the examination of healthy shoulders and pathologic hips. Agreement was moderate for pathologic shoulders and perfect for healthy hips. US of shoulder and hips performed by different examiners is a reliable and feasible tool for assessment of PMR related disease pathology and can be incorporated into a classification criteria study.
Der Große Höckerflohkrebs Dikerogammarus villosus und die Körbchenmuschel Corbicula fluminea zeigen in den Bundeswasserstraßen Rhein, Main, Donau, Neckar und Mosel seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre invasorische Ausbreitungstendenzen. Beide Arten wurden nun auch im Bodensee nachgewiesen. Zwischen Juni und November 2004 wurde ihre Ausbreitung im Rahmen des vorliegenden Untersuchungsprogramms dokumentiert. Mit Hilfe eines dichten Probestellennetzes konnten die aktuellen Verbreitungsgrenzen der beiden Arten unterschiedlich genau abgegrenzt werden. Durch flächenbezogene Proben und Proben aus verschiedenen Wassertiefen wurden Informationen über ihre relative Besiedlungsdichte und Biomasse gewonnen. Die Proben von Uferabschnitten außerhalb der aktuellen Verbreitung der beiden Arten lieferten Referenzdaten zur Zusammensetzung der bisherigen Benthosbiozönose. Die Überprüfung (Screening) bisher noch nicht bearbeiteter Proben von Dauerbeobachtungsstellen des Limnologischen Instituts der Universität Konstanz erbrachte, dass Dikerogammarus villosus bereits im Oktober 2002 bei Immenstaad am nördlichen Bodenseeufer mit wenigen Exemplaren vorkam. Auf der Westseite des Überlingersees (Wallhausen) wurde Dikerogammarus in Uferproben seit August 2003 nachgewiesen; hier wurde er jedoch bereits seit Februar 2003 lokal beobachtet. Dikerogammarus breitete sich seither über den gesamten nordwestlichen Teil des Bodensees aus. Seine westliche Ausbreitungsgrenze lag im November 2004 im Konstanzer Trichter oberhalb des Seerheins. Seit Februar 2004 zeigte diese Krebspopulation eine Arealvergrösserung von rund 4 km Uferlänge. Seine nordöstliche Verbreitungsgrenze liegt bei Langenargen, möglicherweise handelt es sich hier um eine zweite Inizialpopulation. Dikerogammarus zeigte innerhalb seiner Verbreitungsgrenzen eine auffällige Habitatkonkurrenz gegenüber anderen Benthosorganismen, vor allem gegenüber der bisher im See dominierenden Flohkrebsart Gammarus roeseli. Die durchschnittlichen Besiedlungsdichten von Dikerogammarus liegen zwar bisher unter denen der zuvor an gleicher Stelle siedelnden G. roeseli; auf geeignetem Substrat zeigte jedoch auch Dikerogammarus Massenvorkommen mit über 2000 Individuen/m2. Corbicula fluminea besiedelte im September 2004 am vorarlbergischen Rohrspitz einen Flachwasserbereich von rund 5 km Länge. Die Art kommt im ganzen Bodensee bisher nur in diesem Bereich vor und zeigt dort ohne ihre mindestens ebenso häufigen Individuen 2mm zu berücksichtigen, maximale Besiedlungsdichten von rund 600 Individuen/m2. Eine im Rahmen des vorliegenden Programms konzipierte Datenbankstruktur dient künftig dazu, recherchierte, aktuelle und gesammelte Informationen zur Neozoenausbreitung - auch über regionale Grenzen hinweg - zentral zusammenzustellen und mit Hilfe eines geografischen Informationssystems darzustellen. Mit dem Untersuchungsprogramm sollte die Grundlage für Langzeitbeobachtungen invasorischer Neozoen im Bodensee und seinem Einzugsgebiet bereitstellt werden. Neben den Benthosuntersuchungen am Bodenseeufer wurde auch begonnen, weitere Informationen über Bodensee-Neozoen zusammen zu stellen. Ein Informationsaustausch erfolgt seither mit allen namhaften Forschungsinstitutionen und Gewässerschutzfachstellen am Bodensee und in seinem Einzugsgebiet.
Das Samolo-Cyperetum fusci : eine neue Eu-Nanocyperion flavescentis-Gesellschaft aus Mitteleuropa
(1985)
Eine neue Pflanzengesellschaft, Samolo-Cyperetum fusci, wird beschrieben. Sie gehört zum Eu-Nanocyperion flavescentis (W. Koch 1926 s.str.) Rivas Goday 1961. Der Boden ist salzhaltig und reich an (meist) Karbonat und Nitrat. Die Gesellschaft steht in enger Beziehung zum Centaurio-Saginetum moniliformis Diem., Siss. et Westh. 1940 und zum Erythraeo (Centaurio-)-Blackstonietum Oberd. 1957, 1977.
Zwei neu entdeckte Vorkommen von Dryopteris x deweveri (Jansen) Jansen et Wächter, der Hybride zwischen D. carthusiana und D. dilatata, in Nordrhein-Westfalen werden beschrieben, bei denen es sich offensichtlich um Erstnachweise für dieses Bundesland handelt. Hybridenbildung ist dort begünstigt, wo individuenreiche Populationen beider Elternarten zusammen vorkommen. Durch kriechende und sich verzweigende Rhizome ist D. x deweveri in der Lage, sich vegetativ zu vermehren und größere Bestände zu bilden. Beide Vorkommen liegen in potentiellen Wuchsgebieten artenarmer Eichen-Birkenwälder, die in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß durch Nutzung als Kiefernforsten verändert wurden. Cytologische Untersuchungen der Chromosomen in der Meiose ergaben n = ca. 41 + 82 und bestätigen damit die vermutete Abstammung der Hybriden.
Der Erstnachweis des Jura-Streifenfarns (Asplenium fontanum [L.] Bernh.) für Nordrhein-Westfalen
(1984)
Ein Neufund von Asplenium fontanum (Aspleniaceae, Pteridophyta) an einer Kalksteinmauer bei Wuppertal wird beschrieben und im Zusammenhang mit Verbreitung und Ökologie dieser Art in Mitteleuropa diskutiert. Es handelt sich um den Erstnachweis für Nordrhein-Westfalen und den nördlichsten bisher bekannt gewordenen Fundort von Asplenium fontanum in Europa.
Both, gas and particle scavenging contribute to the transport of organic compounds by ice crystals in the troposphere. To simulate these processes an experimental setup was developed to form airborne ice crystals under atmospheric conditions. Experiments were performed in a wall independent reactor (WIR) installed in a walk-in cold chamber maintained constantly at -20°C. Aerosol particles were added to the carrier gas of ambient air by an aerosol generator to allow heterogeneous ice formation. Temperature variations and hydrodynamic conditions of the WIR were investigated to determine the conditions for ice crystal formation and crystal growth by vapour deposition. In detail, the dependence of temperature variations from flow rate and temperature of the physical wall as well as temperature variations with an increasing reactor depth were studied. The conditions to provide a stable aerosol concentration in the carrier gas flow were also studied. The temperature distribution inside the reactor was strongly dependent on flow rate and physical wall temperature. At an inlet temperature of -20°C, a flow rate of 30 L•min exp -1 and a physical wall temperature of +5°C turned out to provide ideal conditions for ice formation. At these conditions a sharp and stable laminar down draft "jet stream" of cold air in the centre of the reactor was produced. Temperatures measured at the chamber outlet were kept well below the freezing point in the whole reactor depth of 1.0 m. Thus, melting did not affect ice formation and crystal growth. The maximum residence time for airborne ice crystals was calculated to at 40 s. Ice crystal growth rates increased also with increasing reactor depth. The maximum ice crystal growth rate was calculated at 2.82 mg• exp -1. Further, the removal efficiency of the cleaning device for aerosol particles was 99.8% after 10 min. A reliable particle supply was attained after a preliminary lead time of 15 min. Thus, the minimum lead time was determined at 25 min. Several test runs revealed that the WIR is suitable to perform experiments with airborne ice crystals.
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) in children and adolescents : a consensus on therapeutic strategies
(2012)
Hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor (C1 esterase inhibitor) deficiency (types I and II HAE-C1-INH) is a rare disease that usually presents during childhood or adolescence with intermittent episodes of potentially life-threatening angioedema. Diagnosis as early as possible is important to avoid ineffective therapies and to properly treat swelling attacks. At a consensus meeting in June 2011, pediatricians and dermatologists from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland reviewed the currently available literature, including published international consensus recommendations for HAE therapy across all age groups. Published recommendations cannot be unconditionally adopted for pediatric patients in German-speaking countries given the current approval status of HAE drugs. This article provides an overview and discusses drugs available for HAE therapy, their approval status, and study results obtained in adult and pediatric patients. Recommendations for developing appropriate treatment strategies in the management of HAE in pediatric patients in German-speaking countries are provided.Conclusion Currently, plasma-derived C1 inhibitor concentrate is considered the best available option for the treatment of acute HAE-C1-INH attacks in pediatric patients in German-speaking countries, as well as for short-term and long-term prophylaxis.
We compare multiplicities as well as rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of protons, pions and kaons calculated within presently available transport approaches for heavy ion collisions around 1 AGeV. For this purpose, three reactions have been selected: Au+Au at 1 and 1.48 AGeV and Ni+Ni at 1.93 AGeV.
Supersurface electron scattering, i.e., electron energy losses and associated deflections in vacuum above the surface of a medium, is shown to contribute significantly to electron spectra. We have obtained experimental verification (in absolute units) of theoretical predictions that the angular distribution of the supersurface backscattering probability exhibits strong oscillations which are anticorrelated with the generalized Ramsauer-Townsend minima in the backscattering probability. We have investigated 500-eV electron backscattering from an Au surface for an incidence angle of 70° and scattering angles between 37° and 165°. After removing the contribution of supersurface scattering from the experimental data, the resulting angular and energy distribution agrees with the Landau-Goudsmit-Saunderson (LGS) theory, which was proposed about 60 years ago, while the raw data are anticorrelated with LGS theory. This result implies that supersurface scattering is an essential phenomenon for quantitative understanding of electron spectra.
Hematotoxicity is one of the major side effects of chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to examine the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and hematotoxicity in breast cancer patients in a subset of patients of the SUCCESS prospective phase III chemotherapy study. All patients (n = 1678) received three cycles of 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC) followed by three cycles of docetaxel or docetaxel/gemcitabine, depending on randomization. Germline DNA was genotyped for 246 SNPs selected from a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a panel of lymphoblastoid cell lines, with gemcitabine toxicity as the phenotype. All SNPs were tested for their value in predicting grade 3 or 4 neutropenic or leukopenic events (NLEs). Their prognostic value in relation to overall survival and disease-free survival was also tested.
None of the SNPs was found to be predictive for NLEs during treatment with docetaxel/gemcitabine. Two SNPs in and close to the PIGB gene significantly improved the prediction of NLEs after FEC, in addition to the factors of age and body surface area. The top SNP (rs12050587) had an odds ratio of 1.38 per minor allele (95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 1.62). No associations were identified for predicting disease-free or overall survival.
Genetic variance in the PIGB gene may play a role in determining interindividual differences in relation to hematotoxicity after FEC chemotherapy.
Namibia is known to be the most arid country south of the Sahara. Average annual rainfall is not only relatively low in most parts of the country, it is also highly variable. Only 8 per cent of the country receives enough rain during a normal rainy season to practice rainfed cultivation. At the same time between 60 per cent and 70 per cent of the population depend on subsistence agro-pastoralism in non-freehold or communal areas. Against the background of rising unemployment, the livelihoods of the majority of these people are likely to depend on natural resources in the foreseeable future.
Natural resources generally are under considerable strain. As the rural population increases, so is the demand for natural resources, land and water specifically. Dependency on subsistence farming which is the result of large scale rural poverty exacerbates the problem. Large parts of the country are stocked injudiciously, resulting in overgrazing and water is frequently overabstracted, leading to declining water tables (MET 2005: 2).
Unequal access to both land and water has prompted government to introduce reforms in these sectors. These reforms were guided by the desire to manage resources more sustainably while providing more equal access to them. In terms of NDP 2, sustainability means to use natural resources in such a way so as not to ‘compromise the ability of future generations to make use of these resources’ (NDP 2: 595).
Immediately after Independence government started reform processes in the land and water sectors. However, these reforms have happened at different paces and largely independent of each other. Increasingly policy makers and development practitioners realised that land and water management needed to be integrated, as decisions about land management and land use options had a direct impact on water resources. Conversely the availability of water sets the parameters for what is possible in terms of agricultural production and other land uses. The north-central regions face a particular challenge in this regard as the region carries more livestock than it can sustain in the long run. At the same time, close to half the households do not own any livestock. Access to livestock by these households would improve their abilities to cultivate their land more efficiently in order to feed themselves and thus reduce poverty levels.
But livestock are a major consumer of water. In 2000 livestock was consuming more water than the domestic sector. The figures were 77Mm3/a and 67Mm3/a respectively (Urban et al. 2003 Annex 7: 2). This situation has prompted a Project Progress Report on the Namibia Water Resources Management Review in 2003 to conclude that Given the extreme water scarcity in most parts of the country, land and water issues are closely linked. It therefore seems indispensable to mutually adjust land – and water sector reform processes (Ibid: 20).
This paper will briefly look at four institutions that are central to land and water management with a view to assess the extent to which they interact. These are Communal Land Boards, Water Point Committees, Traditional Authorities and Regional Councils. A discussion of relevant policy documents and legislative instruments will investigate whether the existing policy framework
provides for an integrated approach or not. Before doing this, it appears sensible to briefly situate these four institutions in the wider maze of institutions operating at regional and
sub-regional level. All these institutions – important as they are in the quest to improve participation at the regional and sub-regional level – are competing for time and input fros mallscale farmers.
Objectives: The aim of this multicenter retrospective study was to investigate safety and efficacy of direct acting antiviral (DAA) treatment in the rare subgroup of patients with HCV/HIV-coinfection and advanced liver cirrhosis on the liver transplant waiting list or after liver transplantation, respectively.
Methods: When contacting 54 German liver centers (including all 23 German liver transplant centers), 12 HCV/HIV-coinfected patients on antiretroviral combination therapy were reported having received additional DAA therapy while being on the waiting list for liver transplantation (patient characteristics: Child-Pugh A (n = 6), B (n = 5), C (n = 1); MELD range 7–21; HCC (n = 2); HCV genotype 1a (n = 8), 1b (n = 2), 4 (n = 2)). Furthermore, 2 HCV/HIV-coinfected patients were denoted having received DAA therapy after liver transplantation (characteristics: HCV genotype 1a (n = 1), 4 (n = 1)).
Results: Applied DAA regimens were SOF/DAC (n = 7), SOF/LDV/RBV (n = 3), SOF/RBV (n = 3), PTV/r/OBV/DSV (n = 1), or PTV/r/OBV/DSV/RBV (n = 1), respectively. All patients achieved SVR 12, in the end. In one patient, HCV relapse occurred after 24 weeks of SOF/DAC therapy; subsequent treatment with 12 weeks PTV/r/OBV/DSV achieved SVR 12. One patient underwent liver transplantation while on DAA treatment. Analysis of liver function revealed either stable parameters or even significant improvement during DAA therapy and in follow-up. MELD scores were found to improve in 9/13 therapies in patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation; in only 2 patients a moderate increase of MELD scores persisted at the end of follow-up.
Conclusion: DAA treatment was safe and highly effective in this nation-wide cohort of patients with HCV/HIV-coinfection awaiting liver transplantation or being transplanted.
(±)-Aeroplysinin-1, an optically active 1.2-dihydroarene-1.2-diol. was isolated from the marine sponges Verongia aerophoba (+-isomer) and lanthella ardis (--isomer). For the experiments presented we used the +-isomer from Verongia aerophoba. Here we describe the hitherto unknown biological and pharmacological property of this compound to display pronounced anticancer activity against L5178y mouse lymphoma cells (ED50: 0.5 μm). Friend erythroleukemia cells (ED50: 0.7μm) , human mamma carcinoma cells (ED50: 0.3μm) and human colon carcinoma cells (ED50: 3.0 μm) in vitro. Furthermore, aeroplysinin caused a preferential inhibition of [3H]thymidine (dThd) incorporation rates in L5178y mouse lymphoma cells if compared with murine spleen lymphocytes in vitro. At concentrations between 1.1 and 28.5 μm, the [3H]dThd incorporation rates in L5178y cells were suppressed to 28% -0% but only to 78% -18% in murine spleen lymphocytes. The same differential effect in vitro was found with the following epithelial cells: 14.70 μm of the compound were required to inhibit normal human fibroblasts to 50% , but only 2.9 μm in the assays with human malign keratinocytes or malignant melanoma cells to observe the same inhibitory effect. Moreover, aeroplysinin-1 displayed antileukemic activity in vivo using the L5178y cell/NMRI mouse system; administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg for five consecutive days, the T/C (% ) value was determined to be 338. Preliminary toxicology studies revealed an acute LD50 of 202 mg/kg and a subacute LD50 of 150 mg/kg. Aeroplysinin-1 is neither a direct mutagen nor a premutagen in the umu/Salmonella typhimurium test system.
We present data on charged kaons (K±) and ϕ mesons in Au(1.23A GeV)+Au collisions. It is the first simultaneous measurement of K− and ϕ mesons in central heavy-ion collisions below a kinetic beam energy of 10A GeV. The ϕ/K− multiplicity ratio is found to be surprisingly high with a value of 0.52±0.16 and shows no dependence on the centrality of the collision. Consequently, the different slopes of the K+ and K− transverse-mass spectra can be explained solely by feed-down, which substantially softens the spectra of K− mesons. Hence, in contrast to the commonly adapted argumentation in literature, the different slopes do not necessarily imply diverging freeze-out temperatures of K+ and K− mesons caused by different couplings to baryons.
Partial wave analysis of the reaction p(3.5 GeV) + p → pK +Λ to search for the "ppK−" bound state
(2015)
Employing the Bonn–Gatchina partial wave analysis framework (PWA), we have analyzed HADES data of the reaction p(3.5 GeV) + p → pK +Λ. This reaction might contain information about the kaonic cluster “ppK −” (with quantum numbers J P = 0− and total isospin I = 1/2) via its decay into pΛ. Due to interference effects in our coherent description of the data, a hypothetical KNN (or, specifically “ppK −”) cluster signal need not necessarily show up as a pronounced feature (e.g. a peak) in an invariant mass spectrum like pΛ. Our PWA analysis includes a variety of resonant and non-resonant intermediate states and delivers a good description of our data (various angular distributions and two-hadron invariant mass spectra) without a contribution of a KNN cluster. At a confidence level of CLs = 95% such a cluster cannot contribute more than 2–12% to the total cross section with a pK +Λ final state, which translates into a production cross-section between 0.7 μb and 4.2 μb, respectively. The range of the upper limit depends on the assumed cluster mass, width and production process.
his contribution aims to give a basic overview of the latest results regarding the production of resonances in different collision systems. The results were extracted from experimental data collected with HADES that is a multipurpose detector located at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum, Darmstadt. The main points discussed here are: the properties of the strange resonances Λ(1405) and Σ(1385), the role of Δ’s as a source of pions in the final state, the production dynamics reflected in form of differential cross sections, and the role of the ϕ meson as a source for K− particles.
We present first data on sub-threshold production of Ks0 mesons and Λ hyperons in Au+Au collisions at sNN=2.4 GeV. We observe an universal 〈Apart〉 scaling of hadrons containing strangeness, independent of their corresponding production thresholds. Comparing the yields, their 〈Apart〉 scaling, and the shapes of the rapidity and the pt spectra to state-of-the-art transport model (UrQMD, HSD, IQMD) predictions, we find that none of them can simultaneously describe these observables with reasonable χ2 values.
We investigate identical pion HBT intensity interferometry in central Au+Au collisions at 1.23A GeV. High-statistics π−π− and π+π+ data are measured with HADES at SIS18/GSI. The radius parameters, derived from the correlation function depending on relative momenta in the longitudinally comoving system and parametrized as three-dimensional Gaussian distribution, are studied as function of transverse momentum. A substantial charge-sign difference of the source radii is found, particularly pronounced at low transverse momentum. The extracted source parameters agree well with a smooth extrapolation of the center-of-mass energy dependence established at higher energies, extending the corresponding excitation functions down towards a very low energy.
n this paper we report on the investigation of baryonic resonance production in proton-proton collisions at the kinetic energies of 1.25 GeV and 3.5 GeV, based on data measured with HADES. Exclusive channels npπ+ and ppπ0 as well as ppe+e− were studied simultaneously in the framework of a one-boson exchange model. The resonance cross sections were determined from the one-pion channels for Δ(1232) and N(1440) (1.25 GeV) as well as further Δ and N* resonances up to 2 GeV/c2 for the 3.5 GeV data. The data at 1.25 GeV energy were also analysed within the framework of the partial wave analysis together with the set of several other measurements at lower energies. The obtained solutions provided the evolution of resonance production with the beam energy, showing a sizeable non-resonant contribution but with still dominating contribution of Δ(1232)P33. In the case of 3.5 GeV data, the study of the ppe+e− channel gave the insight on the Dalitz decays of the baryon resonances and, in particular, on the electromagnetic transition form-factors in the time-like region. We show that the assumption of a constant electromagnetic transition form-factors leads to underestimation of the yield in the dielectron invariant mass spectrum below the vector mesons pole. On the other hand, a comparison with various transport models shows the important role of intermediate ρ production, though with a large model dependency. The exclusive channels analysis done by the HADES collaboration provides new stringent restrictions on the parameterizations used in the models.
The first measurement of ϕ-meson production in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV has been performed with the ALICE apparatus at the LHC. The ϕ-mesons have been identified in the dimuon decay channel in the transverse momentum (pT) range 1<pT<7 GeV/c, both in the p-going (2.03<y<3.53) and the Pb-going (−4.46<y<−2.96) directions, where y stands for the rapidity in the nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass. Differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity are presented. The forward-backward asymmetry for ϕ-meson production is measured for 2.96<|y|<3.53, resulting in a factor ∼0.5 with no significant pT dependence within the uncertainties. The pT dependence of the ϕ nuclear modification factor RpPb exhibits an enhancement up to a factor 1.6 at pT = 3-4 GeV/c in the Pb-going direction. The pT dependence of the ϕ-meson cross section in pp collisions at s√ = 2.76 TeV, which is used to determine a reference for the p-Pb results, is also presented here for 1<pT<5 GeV/c and 2.5<y<4.
We report on results obtained with the Event Shape Engineering technique applied to Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV. By selecting events in the same centrality interval, but with very different average flow, different initial state conditions can be studied. We find the effect of the event-shape selection on the elliptic flow coefficient v2 to be almost independent of transverse momentum pT, as expected if this effect is due to fluctuations in the initial geometry of the system. Charged hadron, pion, kaon, and proton transverse momentum distributions are found to be harder in events with higher-than-average elliptic flow, indicating an interplay between radial and elliptic flow.
Transverse momentum (pT) spectra of pions, kaons, and protons up to pT=20 GeV/c have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector for six different centrality classes covering 0-80%. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions that decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For pT>10 GeV/c, the nuclear modification factor is found to be the same for all three particle species in each centrality interval within systematic uncertainties of 10-20%. This suggests there is no direct interplay between the energy loss in the medium and the particle species composition in the hard core of the quenched jet. For pT<10 GeV/c, the data provide important constraints for models aimed at describing the transition from soft to hard physics.
The aim of the present overview article is to raise awareness of an essential aspect that is usually not accounted for in the modelling of electron transport for focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) of nanostructures: Surface excitations are on the one hand responsible for a sizeable fraction of the intensity in reflection-electron-energy-loss spectra for primary electron energies of up to a few kiloelectronvolts and, on the other hand, they play a key role in the emission of secondary electrons from solids, regardless of the primary energy. In this overview work we present a general perspective of recent works on the subject of surface excitations and on low-energy electron transport, highlighting the most relevant aspects for the modelling of electron transport in FEBID simulations.