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Institute
- Physik (3401) (remove)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Ionisation von Stickstoff- und Sauerstoff-Molekülen in starken, nicht-resonanten Laserlicht-Pulsen untersucht. Die dreidimensionalen Impulsvektoren der freigesetzten Elektronen und Ionen wurden mittels eines sogenannten COLTRIMS Spektrometers vermessen. Das Hauptaugenmerk galt dem Kanal der Einfachionisation, der ein stabiles Molekülion ($N_2^+$ / $O_2^+$) erzeugt. Da in diesem Fall keine Dissoziation des Ions stattfindet, kann nicht aus der Flugrichtung ionischer Fragmente auf die Ausrichtung der Molekülachse geschlossen werden. Die Abhängigkeit des Prozesses vom Winkel zwischen der Molekülachse und der Polarisationsrichtung des ionisierenden Lichtes ist nur dann zugänglich, wenn die Ausrichtung der Molekülachsen vordem Zeitpunkt der Ionisation aktiv kontrolliert werden kann. Hierzu wurde die Technik der nichtadiabatischen Molekülausrichtung'' (non-adiabatic molecular alignment'') [1] angewandt. Ein erster, mäßig intensiver Lichtpuls bewirkte die Ausrichtung der Molekülachsen im Laborsystem. Sodann wurden die ausgerichteten Moleküle von einem zweiten, hochintensiven Puls ionisiert. In einem ersten Experiment wurden Elektronen-Impulsverteilungen für zwei verschiedene Molekülausrichtungen bestimmt. Ein Vergleich der Verteilungen brachte zwei wichtige Ergebnisse: 1) Im Bereich niedriger Elektronen-Impulse senkrecht zur Polarisationsrichtung des ionisierenden Lichtpulses wird der Fingerabdruck'' des ionisierten Molekülorbitals sichtbar. 2) Bei höheren Impulsen zeigten sich Strukturen, die als Doppelspalt-Interferenz interpretiert werden können. Ein ionisiertes Elektron propagiert im oszillierenden elektrischen Feld des Laser-Pulses. Von diesem kann es auf das Ion hin zurück beschleunigt werden und dort streuen [2]. Wir betrachten den Fall elastischer Rückstreuung''. In erster Näherung wirken die Bestandteile des diatomaren Molekülions wie ein Doppelspalt, an dem die streuende Elektronen-Welle gebeugt wird. In einem zweiten, dem ersten sehr ähnlichen Experiment wurde die Molekülausrichtungs-Richtung in kleinen Schritten variiert. Sowohl der Effekt der Elektronenbeugung am Ion, als auch - mit Einschränkungen - die Abbildung des ionisierten Orbitals wurde erneut beobachtet. Letztere ist durch eine Projektion des Orbitals in den Impulsraum senkrecht zur Laser-Polarisationsrichtung bestimmt [3,4]. Die Messung der Strukturen unter verschiedenen Molekül-Ausrichtungen im zweiten Experiment entspricht daher der Aufnahme verschiedener Projektionen des Orbitals. Der so gewonnene Datensatz sollte prinzipiell eine Rekonstruktion der dreidimensionalen Elektronen-Dichteverteilung des ionisierten Molekülorbitals mittels eines Tomographie-Algorithmus ermöglichen. Entsprechende Entwicklungen sind bei Kooperationspartnern im Gange. Die beobachtete Beugung des rückgestreuten Elektrons ermöglicht den Rückschluss auf die Positionen der Kerne im Molekülion. Es besteht die Hoffnung, dass sich in Zukunft detailliertere Informationen über das streuende Potential jenseits des einfachen Doppelspalt-Modells gewinnen lassen. Rückstreuung höherenergetischer Elektronen sollte hingegen eine verbesserte Ortsauflösung ermöglichen. Beide Informationen - Ionisiertes Orbital und Beugungsbild des Ions - werden simultan in ein- und derselben Messung gewonnen. Die zeitliche Auflösung wird durch rein optische Parameter (Licht-Wellenlänge, Pulslänge) determiniert. Sie kann mittels ultrakurzer, phasenstabiler Laserlicht-Pulse in den Bereich einer Femtosekunde oder darunter verbessert werden. [1] Stapelfeldt et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 543-557 (2003). doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.543 [2] Corkum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1994-1997 (1993). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.1994 [3] Spanner et al., J. Phys. B 37, L243-L250 (2004). doi:10.1088/0953-4075/37/12/L02 [4] Ivanov et al., J. Mod. Opt. 52, 165 (2005). doi:10.1080/0950034042000275360
Welche Art Strahlung geht vom Handy und von Relaisstationen aus? Wie kann sie auf den Menschen wirken, welche Wirkmechanismen werden ausgelöst? Welche Vorschriften und Grenzwerte gibt es? Wohl kaum ein Thema wurde in den vergangenen Jahren in Medien und in Öffentlichkeit so heiß und kontrovers diskutiert wie das "Strahlenrisiko" durch Mobilfunkanlagen, Mobiltelefone und schnurlose Telefone. Insbesondere, wenn Relaisstationen für mobile Kommunikationseinrichtungen in Verbindung mit dem neuen UMTS-Netz eingerichtet werden, beobachtet man oft erbitterte Konfrontationen zwischen Betreibern und Gegnern, die manchmal zu merkwürdigen Entwicklungen führen; so wurde beispielsweise die Antenne auf einem Kirchendach als Kreuz getarnt. Oft nutzen auch erklärte Gegner von Relaisanlagen am Wohnort beruflich oder privat ihr Handy.
In nature, society and technology many disordered systems exist, that show emergent behaviour, where the interactions of numerous microscopic agents result in macroscopic, systemic properties, that may not be present on the microscopic scale. Examples include phase transitions in magnetism and percolation, for example in porous unordered media, biological, and social systems. Also technological systems that are explicitly designed to function without central control instances, like their prime example the Internet, or virtual networks, like the World Wide Web, which is defined by the hyperlinks from one web page to another, exhibit emergent properties. The study of the common network characteristics found in previously seemingly unrelated fields of science and the urge to explain their emergence, form a scientific field in its own right, the science of complex networks. In this field, methodologies from physics, leading to simplification and generalization by abstraction, help to shift the focus from the implementation's details on the microscopic level to the macroscopic, coarse grained system level. By describing the macroscopic properties that emerge from microscopic interactions, statistical physics, in particular stochastic and computational methods, has proven to be a valuable tool in the investigation of such systems. The mathematical framework for the description of networks is graph theory, in hindsight founded by Euler in 1736 and an active area of research since then. In recent years, applied graph theory flourished through the advent of large scale data sets, made accessible by the use of computers. A paradigm for microscopic interactions among entities that locally optimize their behaviour to increase their own benefit is game theory, the mathematical framework of decision finding. With first applications in economics e.g. Neumann (1944), game theory is an approved field of mathematics. However, game theoretic behaviour is also found in natural systems, e.g. populations of the bacterium Escherichia coli, as described by Kerr (2002). In the present work, a combination of graph theory and game theory is used to model the interactions of selfish agents that form networks. Following brief introductions to graph theory and game theory, the present work approaches the interplay of local self-organizing rules with network properties and topology from three perspectives. To investigate the dynamics of topology reshaping, coupling of the so called iterated prisoners' dilemma (IPD) to the network structure is proposed and studied in Chapter 4. In dependence of a free parameter in the payoff matrix, the reorganization dynamics result in various emergent network structures. The resulting topologies exhibit an increase in performance, measured by a variance of closeness, of a factor 1.2 to 1.9, depending in the chosen free parameter. Presented in Chapter 5, the second approach puts the focus on a static network structure and studies the cooperativity of the system, measured by the fixation probability. Heterogeneous strategies to distribute incentives for cooperation among the players are proposed. These strategies allow to enhance the cooperative behaviour, while requiring fewer total investments. Putting the emphasis on communication networks in Chapters 6 and 7, the third approach investigates the use of routing metrics to increase the performance of data packet transport networks. Algorithms for the iterative determination of such metrics are demonstrated and investigated. The most successful of these algorithms, the hybrid metric, is able to increase the throughput capacity of a network by a factor of 7. During the investigation of the iterative weight assignments a simple, static weight assignment, the so called logKiKj metric, is found. In contrast to the algorithmic metrics, it results in vanishing computational costs, yet it is able to increase the performance by a factor of 5.
The aim of this work is to develop an effective equation of state for QCD, having the correct asymptotic degrees of freedom, to be used as input for dynamical studies of heavy ion collisions. We present an approach for modeling an EoS that respects the symmetries underlying QCD, and includes the correct asymptotic degrees of freedom, i.e. quarks and gluons at high temperature and hadrons in the low-temperature limit. We achieve this by including quarks degrees of freedom and the thermal contribution of the Polyakov loop in a hadronic chiral sigma-omega model. The hadronic part of the model is a nonlinear realization of an sigma-omega model. As the fundamental symmetries of QCD should also be present in its hadronic states such an approach is widely used to describe hadron properties below and around Tc. The quarks are introduced as thermal quasi particles, coupling to the Polyakov loop, while the dynamics of the Polyakov loop are controlled by a potential term which is fitted to reproduce pure gauge lattice data. In this model the sigma field serves a the order parameter for chiral restoration and the Polyakov loop as order parameter for deconfinement. The hadrons are suppressed at high densities by excluded volume corrections. As a next step, we introduce our new HQ model equation of state in a microscopic+macroscopic hybrid approach to heavy ion collisions. This hybrid approach is based on the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) transport approach with an intermediate hydrodynamical evolution for the hot and dense stage of the collision. The present implementation allows to compare pure microscopic transport calculations with hydrodynamic calculations using exactly the same initial conditions and freeze-out procedure. The effects of the change in the underlying dynamics - ideal fluid dynamics vs. non-equilibrium transport theory - are explored. The final pion and proton multiplicities are lower in the hybrid model calculation due to the isentropic hydrodynamic expansion while the yields for strange particles are enhanced due to the local equilibrium in the hydrodynamic evolution. The elliptic and directed flow are shown to be not sensitive to changes in the EoS while the smaller mean free path in the hydrodynamic evolution reflects directly in higher flow results which are consistent with the experimental data. This finding indicates qualitatively that physical mechanisms like viscosity and other non equilibrium effects play an essentially more important role than the EoS when bulk observables like flow are investigated. In the last chapter, results for the thermal production of MEMOs in nucleus-nucleus collisions from a combined micro+macro approach are presented. Multiplicities, rapidity and transverse momentum spectra are predicted for Pb+Pb interaction at different beam energies. The presented excitation functions for various MEMO multiplicities show a clear maximum at the upper FAIR energy regime making this facility the ideal place to study the production of these exotic forms of multistrange objects.
In the work presented herein the microscopic transport model BAMPS (Boltzmann Approach to Multi-Parton Scatterings) is applied to simulate the time evolution of the hot partonic medium that is created in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and in Pb+Pb collisions at the recently started Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The study is especially focused on the investigation of the nuclear modification factor R_{AA}, that quantifies the suppression of particle yields at large transverse momentum with respect to a scaled proton+proton reference, and the simultaneous description of the collective properties of the medium in terms of the elliptic flow v_{2} within a common framework.
Organische Materialien haben bis zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts hinsichtlich ihrer elektronischen Eigenschaften keine besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen. Größeres Interesse an diesen Materialien entstand erst durch die Entdeckung einer ungewöhnlich hohen elektrischen Leitfähigkeit des organischen Perylen-Bromin Ladungstransfer-Komplexes durch Inokuchi et al. im Jahr 1954. Diese neue Klasse von Materialien besteht typischerweise aus Donor- und Akzeptor-Molekülen, die in einer bestimmten Stöchiometrie aneinander gebunden sind. Elektrische Ladung wird zwischen den Donor- und Akzeptor-Molekülen transferiert. Um diesen Prozess zu beschreiben, entwickelte Robert Mulliken in den 60er Jahren ein theoretisches Gerüst. Abhängig von der Anordnung der Moleküle und transferierten elektrischen Ladung kann der Ladungstransfer-Komplex (oder Salz) ein Isolator, ein Halbleiter, ein Metall oder sogar ein Supraleiter sein. Noch mehr Aufmerksamkeit erhielten Ladungstransfer-Materialien mit der Entdeckung des ersten quasi-eindimensionalen organischen Metalls TTF-TCNQ (tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane) im Jahr 1973. ...
This dissertation connects two independent fields of theoretical neuroscience: on the one hand, the self-organization of topographic connectivity patterns, and on the other hand, invariant object recognition, that is the recognition of objects independently of their various possible retinal representations (for example due to translations or scalings). The topographic representation is used in the presented approach, as a coordinate system, which then allows for the implementation of invariance transformations. Hence this study shows, that it is possible that the brain self-organizes before birth, so that it is able to invariantly recognize objects immediately after birth. Besides the core hypothesis that links prenatal work with object recognition, advancements in both fields themselves are also presented. In the beginning of the thesis, a novel analytically solvable probabilistic generative model for topographic maps is introduced. And at the end of the thesis, a model that integrates classical feature-based ideas with the normalization-based approach is presented. This bilinear model makes use of sparseness as well as slowness to implement "optimal" topographic representations. It is therefore a good candidate for hierarchical processing in the brain and for future research.
Statistical physics of power flows on networks with a high share of fluctuating renewable generation
(2010)
Renewable energy sources will play an important role in future generation of electrical energy. This is due to the fact that fossil fuel reserves are limited and because of the waste caused by conventional electricity generation. The most important sources of renewable energy, wind and solar irradiation, exhibit strong temporal fluctuations. This poses new problems for the security of supply. Further, the power flows become a stochastic character so that new methods are required to predict flows within an electrical grid. The main focus of this work is the description of power flows in a electrical transmission network with a high share of renewable generation of electrical energy. To define an appropriate model, it is important to understand the general set-up of a stable system with fluctuating generation. Therefore, generation time series of solar and wind power are compared to load time series for whole Europe and the required balancing or storage capacities analyzed. With these insights, a simple model is proposed to study the power flows. An approximation to the full power flow equations is used and evaluated with Monte-Carlo simulations. Further, approximations to the distributions of power flows along the links are analytically derived. Finally, the results are compared to the power flows calculated from the generation and load data.
Quasi-zweidimensionale organischen Ladungstransfersalze weisen gewisse Analogien zu den Hochtemperatur-Kupratsupraleitern (HTSL) auf. Zu nennen ist einerseits der ähnliche schichtartige Aufbau, wobei sich leitfähige und isolierende Ebenen abwechseln. Zum anderen liegt der antiferromagnetische Grundzustand in direkter Nachbarschaft zur Supraleitung und bei höheren Temperaturen wird ebenfalls die Entstehung einer Pseudo-Energielücke diskutiert. Im Gegensatz zu den HTSL können die elektronischen Eigenschaften der organischen Ladungstransfersalze jedoch leicht durch äußere Parameter wie hydrostatischen bzw. chemischen Druck - die Verwendung verschiedener Anionen X läßt sich in einem verallgemeinerten Phasendiagramm ebenfalls auf die Achse W/U abbilden, siehe Abschn. 4.2 - oder moderate Temperaturen beeinflußt werden. In den quasi-zweidimensionalen K-(BEDT-TTF)2X-Salzen ist bspw. ein moderater Druck p ~ 250 bar ausreichend, um das antiferromagnetisch-isolierende System (X=Cu[N(CN)2]Cl) auf die metallische Seite des Phasendiagramms zu verschieben, wobei dann im Grundzustand Supraleitung auftritt (Tc ~ 12,8 K). Eine Dotierung wie bei den HTSL und die damit einhergehende unerwünschte Unordnung ist nicht notwendig um einen Isolator-Metall-übergang zu induzieren. Demnach sind die experimentellen Anforderungen im Vergleich zu anderen stark korrelierten Elektronensystemen auf relativ einfache Weise zu realisieren. Auch das macht die organischen Ladungstransfersalze zu idealen Modellsystemen, um fundamentale Konzepte der theoretischen Festkörperphysik zu studieren, wovon einige bislang lediglich von akademischem Interesse waren. Erstmalig wird in dieser Arbeit die Fluktuationsspektroskopie als experimentelle Methode angewendet, um die Dynamik des TT-Elektronensystems in den quasi-zweidimensionalen organischen Ladungstransfersalzen K-(BEDT-TTF)2X bei niedrigen Frequenzen zu studieren. Ziel ist es, Informationen über die Temperatur-, Druck- und Magnetfeld-Abhängigkeit der spektralen Leistungsdichte des Widerstandsrauschens und damit über die Dynamik der Ladungsfluktuationen zu gewinnen. Insbesondere in der Nähe korrelationsgetriebener Ordnungsphänomene spielt die Dynamik der Ladungsträger eine entscheidende Rolle. Auch die Kopplung des elektronischen Systems an bestimmte strukturelle Anregungen hat Einfluß auf das Widerstandsrauschen. Zu Beginn wird eine kurze Einführung in die Signalanalyse gegeben und daran anschließend werden verschiedene Arten des Rauschens in Festkörpern dargestellt (Kap. 1). Einige der für diese Arbeit relevanten Ordnungsphänomene werden in Kap. 2 in knapper Form eingeführt, wobei auf die dynamischen Eigenschaften in der Nähe eines Glasübergangs etwas ausführlicher eingegangen wird. Nach der Vorstellung der eingesetzten Meßmethoden, des Versuchsaufbaus und der Probenkontaktierung (Kap. 3) werden die experimentellen Ergebnisse an den K-(BEDT-TTF)2X-Salzen in Kap. 4 ausführlich diskutiert.
In the next years the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research FAIR will be constructed at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany. This new accelerator complex will allow for unprecedented and pathbreaking research in hadronic, nuclear, and atomic physics as well as in applied sciences. This manuscript will discuss some of these research opportunities, with a focus on few-body physics.
The energy dependence of the local and violation in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions in a large energy range is estimated within a simple phenomenological model. It is expected that at LHC the chiral magnetic effect will be about 20 times weaker than at RHIC. At lower energy range, covered by the low-energy scan at RHIC and future NICA/FAIR facilities, the created magnetic field strength and energy density of deconfined matter are rather high providing necessary conditions for the chiral magnetic effect. However, the particular model for the chiral magnetic effect predicts that this effect should vanish sharply at energy somewhere above the top SPS one. To elucidate CME background effects the Hadron-String-Dynamics (HSD) transport model including electromagnetic fields is put forward. Importance of new planning experiments at LHC and for the low-energy RHIC scan program is emphasized.
Effects of nuclear orientation on fusion and fission in the reaction using 238U target nucleus
(2010)
Fission fragment mass distributions in the reaction of 30Si+238U were measured around the Coulomb barrier. At the above-barrier energies, the mass distribution showed a Gaussian shape. At the subbarrier energies, triple-humped distribution was observed, which consists of symmetric fission and asymmetric fission peaked at AL/AH ~ 90/178. The asymmetric fission should be attributed to quasifission from the results of the measured evaporation residue (ER) cross-sections for 30Si+238U. The cross-section for 263Sg at the abovebarrier energy agree with the statistical model calculation which assumes that the measured fission cross-section originates from fusion-fission, whereas the one for 264 Sg measured at the sub-barrier energy is smaller than the calculation, which suggests the presence of quasifission.
The mass-dependent structure of the composite nucleus is shown based on three-dimensional timedependent Hartree-Fock calculations with Skyrme interactions (SLy4d and SkM*). One remarkable result is that the isovector monopole excitation dominantly appears for collisions of heavy nuclei, and the isovector dipole excitation for those of light ones. Such a difference found in the dynamical structure of composite nucleus plays a role in the equilibration of charge.
We derive the equations of second order dissipative fluid dynamics from the relativistic Boltzmann equation following the method of W. Israel and J. M. Stewart [1]. We present a frame independent calculation of all first- and second-order terms and their coefficients using a linearised collision integral. Therefore, we restore all terms that were previously neglected in the original papers of W. Israel and J. M. Stewart.
We present results on Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) radii extracted from the Ultra-relativistic Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) approach to relativistic heavy ion collisions. The present investigation provides a comparison of results from pure hadronic transport calculations to a Boltzmann + Hydrodynamic hybrid approach with an intermediate hydrodynamic phase. For the hydrodynamic phase different Equations of State (EoS) have been employed, i.e. bag model, hadron resonance gas and a chiral EoS. The influence of various freeze-out scenarios has been investigated and shown to be negligible if hadronic rescatterings after the hydrodynamic evolution are included. Furthermore, first results of the source tilt from azimuthal sensitive HBT and the direct extraction from the transport model are presented and exhibit a very good agreement with E895 data at AGS.
A mechanism for locally density-dependent dynamic parton rearrangement and fusion has been implemented into the Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) approach. The same mechanism has been previously built in the Quark Gluon String Model (QGSM). This rearrangement and fusion approach based on parton coalescence ideas enables the description of multi-particle interactions, namely 3 -> 3 and 3 -> 2, between (pre)hadronic states in addition to standard binary interactions. The UrQMD model (v2.3) extended by these additional processes allows to investigate implications of multi-particle interactions on the reaction dynamics of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. The mechanism, its implementation and first results of this investigation are presented and discussed.
We present the current status of hybrid approaches to describe heavy ion collisions and their future challenges and perspectives. First we present a hybrid model combining a Boltzmann transport model of hadronic degrees of freedom in the initial and final state with an optional hydrodynamic evolution during the dense and hot phase. Second, we present a recent extension of the hydrodynamical model to include fluctuations near the phase transition by coupling a chiral field to the hydrodynamic evolution.
Fast thermalization and a strong build up of elliptic flow of QCD matter were investigated within the pQCD based 3+1 dimensional parton transport model BAMPS including bremsstrahlung 2 <-> 3 processes. Within the same framework quenching of gluonic jets in Au+Au collisions at RHIC can be understood. The development of conical structure by gluonic jets is investigated in a static box for the regimes of small and large dissipation. Furthermore we demonstrate two different approaches to extract the shear viscosity coefficient n from a microscopical picture.
We study the kinetic and chemical equilibration in 'infinite' parton-hadron matter within the Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics transport approach, which is based on a dynamical quasiparticle model for partons matched to reproduce lattice-QCD results – including the partonic equation of state – in thermodynamic equilibrium. The 'infinite' matter is simulated within a cubic box with periodic boundary conditions initialized at different baryon density (or chemical potential) and energy density. The transition from initially pure partonic matter to hadronic degrees of freedom (or vice versa) occurs dynamically by interactions. Different thermody-namical distributions of the strongly-interacting quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) are addressed and discussed.