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Background: Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent which has been shown to be effective in inducing and maintaining sleep in adults and is one of the most frequently prescribed hypnotics in the world. For drugs that are used to treat sleeping disorders, the time to reach the maximum concentration (Tmax) of the drug in plasma is important to achieving a fast onset of action and this must be maintained when switching from one product to another.
Objectives: The main objective of the present work was to create a PBPK/PD model for zolpidem and establish a clinically relevant “safe space” for dissolution of zolpidem from the commercial immediate release (IR) formulation. A second objective was to analyze literature pharmacokinetic data to verify the negative food effect ascribed to zolpidem and consider its ramifications in terms of the “safe space” for dissolution.
Methods: Using dissolution, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, an integrated PBPK/PD model for immediate release zolpidem tablets was constructed in Simcyp®. This model was used to identify the clinically relevant dissolution specifications necessary to ensure efficacy.
Results: According to the simulations, as long as 85% of the drug is released in 45 minutes or less, the impact on the PK and PD profiles of zolpidem would be minimal. According to the FDA, the drug has to dissolve from the test and reference products at a similar rate and to an extent of 85% in not more than 30 minutes to pass bioequivalence via the BCS-biowaiver test. Thus, the BCS-biowaiver specifications are somewhat more stringent than the “safe space” based on the PBPK/PD model. Published data from fasted and fed state pharmacokinetic studies suggest but do not prove a negative food effect of zolpidem.
Conclusions: A PBPK/PD model indicates that current BCS biowaiver criteria are more restrictive for immediate release zolpidem tablets than they need to be. In view of the close relationship between PK and PD, it remains advisable to avoid taking zolpidem tablets with or immediately after a meal, as indicated by the Stilnox® labeling.
Im hymnologischen Bereich sind die Entstehung und jahrhundertelange Tradierung deutscher evangelischer Kirchenlieder von großer Bedeutung. Sie übten in zahlreichen Ländern großen Einfluss aus. Im 19. Jahrhundert beispielsweise wurden sie in das Englische übersetzt und in Ländern dieses Sprachraums gesungen. Bei der Missionierung Koreas wurden westliche – darunter auch einige deutsche – Kirchenlieder eingeführt. Es fällt aber auf, dass im Übertragungsprozess inhaltliche und sprachliche Unterschiede zwischen deutschen und koreanischen Fassungungen auftreten konnten. Auf dieses Geschehen hat die Verfasserin der vorliegenden Studie bei ihrer Tätigkeit als Kirchenmusikerin in Deutschland das Augenmerk gerichtet und es zum Ausgangspunkt ihrer Dissertation gewählt.
Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde Korea von anderen Ländern gezwungen, sich zu öffnen. Daraufhin kamen viele Ausländer – unter ihnen auch christliche Missionare – ins Land, die je eine eigene Gesangbuchliteratur mitbrachten. Insbesondere die amerikanische Mission fasste Fuß. Das erste koreanische Gesangbuch Chanmiga wurde im Jahr 1892 veröffentlicht; ihm folgten weitere Ausgaben. In der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts waren amerikanische Missionare Mitherausgeber dieser Gesangbücher. Folgerichtig dominierte westliches Liedgut.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht jene deutschen Kirchenlieder, die vor 1945 in das Koreanische Gesangbuch aufgenommen wurden. Sie fragt danach, auf welche Weise sie übernommen wurden und sich Änderungen bei ihrer Übermittlung vollzogen haben. Methodisch werden Quellen miteinander verglichen, die zum Zeitpunkt der Aufnahme relevant waren. Dank der älteren deutschen, englischen und amerikanischen Gesangbücher, die online und in deutschen Bibliotheken (Online-Archive) freigeschaltet sowie im Gesangbucharchiv Mainz vorhanden sind, ist diese umfangreiche Forschung möglich geworden.
Die Bedeutung des Singens ist für die koreanische Christenheit während der Annexion durch Japan (1910-1945) groß gewesen. Sie sang als Unabhängigkeitsbewegung Kirchenlieder, unter denen besonders Martin Luthers Choral Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott unverzichtbar wurde. Aussagen zeitgenössischer Christen belegen seine damalige Beliebtheit. Ein Grund dafür liegt darin, dass in ihm zahlreiche Analogien zur Situation der unterdrückten Koreaner erkennbar waren. Das Lied vermittelte ihnen Trost, Mut und einen festen Gottesglauben. Seine besondere Bedeutung erkannte auch das japanische Regime und verbot es während der gesamten Besatzungszeit.
Auch nach 1945 wurden deutsche Kirchenlieder in koreanische Gesangbücher aufgenommen. Ihre Anzahl sank jedoch gegen Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts; das aktuelle Gesangbuch, 21st Century Hymnal, von 2006 enthält nur noch 21. Es ist schließlich festzuhalten, dass Ein feste Burg nicht nur im Gottesdienst, sondern auch im Theater zu hören ist – paradigmatisch in der Oper Son Yang Won, eine Komposition des Kirchenmusikers Chae Hoon Park (*1922) aus dem Jahr 2011. Die Oper trägt den Namen des Märtyrers Yang Won Son (1902-1950) und thematisiert geschichtliche Ereignisse von nationaler Bedeutung: die Problematik der Anarchie, beginnend mit der Landesteilung durch die Sowjetunion und USA in zwei Besatzungszonen 1945 sowie die Yeosu-Sucheon-Rebellion von 1948, organisiert von wenigen kommunistischen Soldaten gegen die südkoreanische Regierung. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, welche Bedeutung das Lied Ein feste Burg in der Oper einnimmt und wie Chae Hoon Park es bearbeitet hat.
Die Dissertation beschränkt ihre hymnologische Forschung nicht auf die Übernahme und Rezeption deutscher Kirchenlieder in Korea; sie blickt umgekehrt auch auf die Rezeption koreanischer Gesänge in Deutschland. Durch Begegnungen von deutschen mit koreanischen Christen entstanden bzw. entstehen neue Gesänge und Kompositionen und werden durch ökumenische Gottesdienste und Veranstaltungen verbreitet. Die ökumenische Bewegung bewirkte nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Änderungen im Liedrepertoire. Gesänge, nicht nur aus England, Europa und Nordamerika, sondern auch aus Afrika, Asien und Südamerika, wurden überall aufgenommen und gesungen. Die aktuellen deutschen und koreanischen Gesangbuchinhalte belegen dies.
Die Ausführungen der Studie halten fest, dass religiöse Bewegungen – Missions- und ökumenische Bewegung – bei der Übermittlung althergebrachter und der Entstehung neuer Lieder eine große Rolle spielten. Dies ist anhand der Entwicklung des Koreanischen Gesangbuchs erkennbar. Früher wurden westliche Kirchenlieder von amerikanischen Missionaren nach Korea transferiert; die einheimischen Christen vernachlässigten wiederum ihre eigene Kultur und Musik. Deshalb dominierte für geraume Zeit westlich geprägtes Liedgut. Die Koreanisierung der Kirchenlieder bzw. Gesangbücher wird nun seit einigen Jahrzehnten forciert. Die wachsende kirchenmusikalische Qualifikation koreanischer Musiker, das zunehmend selbstbewusst werdende einheimische Christentum und die ökumenische Öffnung der Kirchen leisten hier wertvolle Beiträge.
Background: The present study aimed to assess the three‐dimensional changes following soft tissue augmentation using free gingival grafts (FGG) at implant sites over a 3‐month follow‐up period.
Methods: This study included 12 patients exhibiting deficient keratinized tissue (KT) width (i.e., <2 mm) at the vestibular aspect of 19 implants who underwent soft tissue augmentation using FGG at second stage surgery following implant placement. Twelve implants were considered for the statistical analysis (n = 12). The region of interest (ROI) was intraorally scanned before surgery (S0), immediately post‐surgery (S1), 30 (S2) and 90 (S3) days after augmentation. Digital scanned files were used for quantification of FGG surface area (SA) and converted to standard tessellation language (STL) format for superimposition and evaluation of thickness changes between the corresponding time points. FGG shrinkage (%) in terms of SA and thickness was calculated between the assessed time points.
Results: Mean FGG SA amounted to 91 (95% CI: 63 to 119), 76.2 (95% CI: 45 to 106), and 61.3 (95% CI: 41 to 81) mm2 at S1, S2, and S3, respectively. Mean FGG SA shrinkage rate was 16.3% (95% CI: 3 to 29) from S1 to S2 and 33% (95% CI: 19 to 46) from S1 to S3. Mean thickness gain from baseline (S0) to S1, S2, and S3 was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.2 to 1.4), 0.82 (95% CI: 0.5 to 1.12), and 0.37 (0.21 to 0.5) mm, respectively. FGG thickness shrinkage was of 38% (95% CI: 17.6 to 58) from S1 to S2 and 71.8% (95% CI: 60 to 84) from S1 to S3. Dimensional changes from S1 to S3 were statistically significant, P <0.017. Soft tissue healing was uneventful in all patients.
Conclusions: The present three‐dimensional assessment suggests that FGG undergo significant dimensional changes in SA and thickness over a 3‐month healing period.
Objectives: To assess the short‐term clinical outcomes of lateral augmentation of deficient extraction sockets and two‐stage implant placement using autogenous tooth roots (TR).
Material and methods: A total of n = 13 patients (13 implants) were available for the analysis. At the time of tooth extraction, each subject had received lateral augmentation using the respective non‐retainable but non‐infected tooth root where the thickness of the buccal bone was <0.5 mm or where a buccal dehiscence‐type defect was present. Titanium implants were placed after a submerged healing period of 6 months and loaded after 20 ± 2 weeks (V8). Clinical parameters (e.g., bleeding on probing—BOP, probing pocket depth—PD, mucosal recession—MR, clinical attachment level—CAL) were recorded at V8 and after 26 ± 4 weeks (V9) of implant loading.
Results: At V9, all patients investigated revealed non‐significant changes in mean BOP (−19.23 ± 35.32%), PD (0.24 ± 0.49 mm), MR (0.0 ± 0.0 mm) and CAL (0.24 ± 0.49 mm) values, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the initial gain in ridge width and changes in BOP and PD values.
Conclusions: The surgical procedure was associated with stable peri‐implant tissues on the short‐term.
Background: To volumetrically assess the bone microstructure following vertical alveolar ridge augmentation using differently conditioned autogenous tooth roots (TR) and second‐stage implant placement.
Materials and methods: The upper premolars were bilaterally extracted in n = 4 beagle dogs and randomly assigned to either autoclavation (TR‐A) or no additional treatment (TR‐C). Subsequently, TR were used as block grafts for vertical alveolar ridge augmentation in both lower quadrants. At 12 weeks, titanium implants were inserted and left to heal 3 weeks. Microcomputed tomography was used to quantify bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp) at vestibular (v) and oral (o) aspects along the implant and in the augmented upper half of the implant, respectively.
Results: Median BV/TV [TR‐C: 51.33% (v) and 70.42% (o) vs TR‐A: 44.05% (v) and 64.46% (o)], Tb.th [TR‐C: 0.22 mm (v) and 0.27 mm (o) vs TR‐A: 0.23 mm (v) and 0.29 mm (o)] and Tb.Sp [TR‐C: 0.26 mm (v) and 0.13 mm (o) vs TR‐A: 0.29 μm (v) and 0.15 mm (o)] values were comparable in both groups.
Conclusion: Both TR‐C and TR‐A grafts were associated with a comparable bone microstructure within the grafted area.
Der Tumormarker Sialinsäure
(2020)
Die vorliegende Übersicht zum Tumormarker Sialinsäure wird im Rahmen der Serie „Tumormarker“ des Zentralblatts für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie publiziert, die sich mit dem immer häufigeren Gebrauch der Bestimmung von spezifischen Markern bei sog. Manager-Vorsorgen und Check-up-Untersuchungen beschäftigt. Sialinsäure eignet sich grundsätzlich nicht für solche Vorsorgen, sondern ist ein Marker zur Therapie‑, Verlaufs- und Rezidivkontrolle von Mundhöhlenkarzinomen. Hier zeigt dieser eine hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität, wobei der Marker aber auf keinen Fall als Screeningparameter zur Frühdiagnostik eingesetzt werden soll.
Temperature elevations constitute a major threat to plant performance. In recent years, much was learned about the general molecular mode of heat stress reaction of plants. The current research focuses on the integration of the knowledge into more global networks, including the reactions of cellular compartments. For instance, chloroplast function is central for plant growth and survival, and the performance of chloroplasts is tightly linked to the general status of the cell and vice versa. We examined the changes in photosynthesis, chloroplast morphology and proteomic composition posed in Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts after a single or repetitive heat stress treatment over a period of two weeks. We observed that the acclimation is potent in the case of repetitive application of heat stress, while a single stress results in lasting alterations. Moreover, the physiological capacity and its adjustment are dependent on the efficiency of the protein translocation process as judged from the analysis of mutants of the two receptor units of the chloroplast translocon, TOC64, and TOC33. In response to repetitive heat stress, plants without TOC33 accumulate Hsp70 proteins and plants without TOC64 have a higher content of proteins involved in thylakoid structure determination when compared to wild-type plants.
The subfamily Bromelioideae is one of the most diverse groups among the neotropical Bromeliaceae. Previously, key innovations have been identified which account for the extraordinary radiation and species richness of this subfamily, especially in the so-called core Bromelioideae. However, in order to extend our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms, the genomic mechanisms (e.g. polyploidy, dysploidy) that potentially underlie this accelerated speciation also need to be tested. Here, using PI and DAPI staining and flow cytometry we estimated genome size and GC content of 231 plants covering 30 genera and 165 species and combined it with published data. The evolutionary and ecological significance of all three genomic characters was tested within a previously generated dated phylogenetic framework using ancestral state reconstructions, comparative phylogenetic methods, and multiple regressions with climatic variables. The absolute genome size (2C) of Bromelioideae varied between 0.59 and 4.11 pg, and the GC content ranged between 36.73 and 41.43%. The monoploid genome sizes (Cx) differed significantly between core and early diverging lineages. The occurrence of dysploidy and polyploidy was, with few exceptions, limited to the phylogenetically isolated early diverging tank-less lineages. For Cx and GC content Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models outperformed the Brownian motion models suggesting adaptive potential linked to the temperature conditions. 2C-values revealed different rates of evolution in core and early diverging lineages also related to climatic conditions. Our results suggest that polyploidy is not associated with higher net diversification and fast radiation in core bromelioids. On the other hand, although coupled with higher extinction rates, dysploidy, polyploidy, and resulting genomic reorganizations might have played a role in the survival of the early diverging bromelioids in hot and arid environments.
Reprogramming of tomato leaf metabolome by the activity of heat stress transcription factor HsfB1
(2020)
Plants respond to high temperatures with global changes of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs) are the core regulators of transcriptome responses as they control the reprogramming of expression of hundreds of genes. The thermotolerance-related function of Hsfs is mainly based on the regulation of many heat shock proteins (HSPs). Instead, the Hsf-dependent reprogramming of metabolic pathways and their contribution to thermotolerance are not well described. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), manipulation of HsfB1, either by suppression or overexpression (OE) leads to enhanced thermotolerance and coincides with distinct profile of metabolic routes based on a metabolome profiling of wild-type (WT) and HsfB1 transgenic plants. Leaves of HsfB1 knock-down plants show an accumulation of metabolites with a positive effect on thermotolerance such as the sugars sucrose and glucose and the polyamine putrescine. OE of HsfB1 leads to the accumulation of products of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, including several caffeoyl quinic acid isomers. The latter is due to the enhanced transcription of genes coding key enzymes in both pathways, in some cases in both non-stressed and stressed plants. Our results show that beyond the control of the expression of Hsfs and HSPs, HsfB1 has a wider activity range by regulating important metabolic pathways providing an important link between stress response and physiological tomato development.
A growing body of experimental syntactic research has revealed substantial variation in the magnitude of island effects, not only across languages but also across different grammatical constructions. Adopting a well-established experimental design, the present study examines island effects in Spanish using a speeded acceptability judgment task. To quantify variation across grammatical constructions, we tested extraction from four different types of structure (subjects, complex noun phrases, adjuncts and interrogative clauses). The results of Bayesian mixed effects modelling showed that the size of island effects varied between constructions, such that there was clear evidence of subject, adjunct and interrogative island effects, but not of complex noun phrase island effects. We also failed to find evidence that island effects were modulated by participants’ working memory capacity as measured by an operation span task. To account for our results, we suggest that variability in island effects across constructions may be due to the interaction of syntactic, semantic-pragmatic and processing factors, which may affect island types differentially due to their idiosyncratic properties.