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»Denken braucht Zeit«
(2021)
Denis Thouard, Inhaber der Alfred Grosser-Gastprofessur im Wintersemester 2021/22, spricht im Interview über die heutige Rolle der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften, über seine Beschäftigung mit Kant und Schleiermacher und über die Aktualität von Georg Simmel.
Zurück zur Präsenz
(2021)
Prof. Christiane Thompson, Vizepräsidentin für Studium, Lehre und wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung an der Goethe-Universität, über einen sehr besonderen Semesterstart. 75 bis 85 Prozent der Lehrveranstaltungen werden wieder in Präsenz angeboten. Thompson bittet um Geduld und gegenseitige Rücksichtnahme.
Vor rund 60 Jahren ist das Buch Mensch und Raum von Otto Friedrich Bollnow erstmals erschienen. Der folgende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, inwieweit die Überlegungen des Philosophen (unter bestimmten Aspekten) noch heute aktuell sind. Bollnows Raum-Verständnis weicht in seiner phänomenologischen Orientierung geradezu grundlegend vom heute vorherrschenden sozialwissenschaftlichen Raumdenken ab. Umso mehr regt Bollnow dazu an, die Lehren des wissenschaftlichen Mainstream kritisch gegen den Strich zu lesen. Ins Zentrum der Suche nach heute möglicherweise bedeutsamen Themen und Methoden des Denkens rückt das Wohnen. Wie denkt Bollnow das Wohnen, und was sagt uns dies in einer Zeit, in der die Menschen ganz anders wohnen als in den 1950er Jahren? Brücken zu methodologisch benachbarten Theorien und Philosophen werden ebenso geschlagen (z. B. Heidegger, Dürckheim, Müller-Freienfels) wie zu anderen thematisch relevanten Arbeiten von Bollnow.
This research project investigated how motor activity, such as cycling, influences the acquisition of foreign language vocabulary under two distinct conditions of auditory-motor-synchronisation. In a mixed subject design, 48 participants had to learn 40 Polish-German vocabulary pairs by auditory presentation over headphones in two different conditions, in which they performed motor activity cycling on a bicycle ergometer: in experiment 1, vocabulary was presented in a fixed rhythm while in experiment 2, participants self-initiated the presentation of vocabulary through pedalling. After having listened to the word pairs, they had to perform online vocabulary tests, one directly after the learning session and a second one 24 hours later from home. Additionally, the individual pitch perception preference (i.e. fundamental vs. spectral pitch perception) of the participants was determined.
The results showed that fundamental listeners forgot significantly more vocabulary than spectral listeners during the fixed than during the self-initiated condition. There was no difference within the groups for the self-initiated condition. The analysis of the motor data revealed a significantly more accurate synchronisation for fundamental listeners during the fixed condition. Therefore, this study provides first evidence for the benefit of self-initiated auditory-motor synchronisation in the process of learning a foreign language in adults. It also reveals that pitch preference has an effect on auditory-motor synchronisation.
Einleitung: Das Arbeiten in einer Notfallsituation ist stark von einer strukturierten Herangehensweise im Patientenmanagement abhängig. Junge Assistenzärzte sind in ihrem Alltag häufig die ersten vor Ort und sollten daher bereits mit Abschluss des Studiums in der Lage sein, häufige Notfallsituationen zu meistern. In den letzten Jahren hat sich die Simulation als hauptsächlich genutzte Methode für die Ausbildung im Fach Notfallmedizin herauskristallisiert, sodass immer mehr Universitäten realitätsnahe Szenarien für die Ausbildung nutzen. Jedoch ist unklar welches Ausmaß an Realitätsnähe in Hinblick auf Kosten/Aufwand-Nutzen-Bilanz sinnvoll ist. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, den Effekt von zwei unterschiedlich realitätsnahen Lernumgebungen (Seminarraum vs. realistische Simulationsumgebung) auf die erlernten notfallmedizinischen Kompetenzen zu analysieren. Dazu wurden Krankheitsbilder gewählt, die jedem Arzt in Präklinik, auf Station und im ambulanten Bereich begegnen können und die zügig erkannt und behandelt werden müssen: Asthma, Sepsis und Apoplex.
Material und Methoden: Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine vergleichende Effektivitätsanalyse im crossover-Design. Teilnehmende waren Studierende des 4. Studienjahres der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, die den 3-TagesNotfallmedizinkurs im Rahmen ihrer curricularen Ausbildung im Querschnittsbereich Notfallmedizin absolvierten. Am ersten Tag durchliefen alle Studierenden ein standardisiertes Skillstraining notfallmedizinischer Basiskompetenzen. An den Folgetagen wurden verschiedene leitsymptombasierte Module vermittelt, die neben der interaktiven Erarbeitung der theoretischen Lerninhalte eine direkte Anwendung in themenspezifischen Szenarien fokussierten. Für die vorliegende Studie wurden die Teilnehmenden in vier Gruppen randomisiert, wobei Gruppen eins und zwei das Training in der Seminarraumumgebung durchliefen, während drei und vier die Szenarien in der realitätsnahen Simulationsumgebung absolvierten. Am dritten Tag fand eine formative Überprüfung der erlernten Fähigkeiten in Form eines OSCEs statt. Bei dieser Überprüfung absolvierten die Gruppen eins und drei in der Seminarraumumgebung und Gruppen zwei und vier im realitätsnahen Umfeld der Simulation das Assessment. Die Datenauswertung erfolgte mit MS Excel und bias.
Ergebnisse und Fazit: Die vorliegende Studie fand zwischen Juli und Oktober 2018 an der Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main statt. 134 Teilnehmer absolvierten die Studie vollständig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutliche Unterschiede in der Performance der vier Gruppen, sowohl insgesamt als auch nach Geschlechtern und mit dem van-Elteren-Test. Prozentual betrachtet zeigten die Teilnehmenden der Gruppe 4 (Training und Prüfung im realitätsnahen Umfeld) die höchsten Ergebnisse. Die Realitätsnähe hat einen positiven Einfluss auf die Performance der Studierenden.
Iron deficiency (ID) is a common manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), arising primarily due to chronic inflammation and/or blood loss. There is no gold standard for ID diagnosis, which is often complicated by concomitant inflammation. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) correlates with parameters of iron homeostasis and has been identified as a promising marker for ID, irrespective of inflammation. We investigated the diagnostic performance of ZnPP in ID, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease and mixed anemia in a cross-sectional study in 130 patients with IBD. Different parameters were compared by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis as detectors of iron-restricted erythropoiesis (IRE). IRE was detected in 91 patients (70.0%); fifty-nine (64.8%) had absolute ID and 23 (25.4%) functional ID. When inflammation was present, ZnPP was a more reliable sole biomarker of IRE than MCV, transferrin saturation (TSAT) or ferritin (AUC; 0.855 vs. 0.763, 0.834% and 0.772, respectively). The specificity of TSAT was significantly lower than ZnPP when inflammation was present (38% vs. 71%, respectively). We conclude that ZnPP is a reliable biomarker of functional ID in patients with IBD and more dependable than ferritin or TSAT, which are influenced by chronic inflammation. We propose that ZnPP may also have utility in patients with other chronic diseases.
Zellen außer Balance : neue Therapieansätze für komplexe Krankheiten – das Clusterprojekt ENABLE
(2021)
Marmor, Stein, Eisen, Müll, Haare, Staub… es gibt kaum ein Material, das Peter Buggenhout in seinen hybriden Arbeiten nicht verarbeitet. Das Kunstmuseum Reutlingen / konkret gibt in seiner umfassenden Überblicksausstellung „Peter Buggenhout: nicht geheuer“ einen Einblick in bisherige Arbeiten des belgischen Bildhauers.
Z-boson production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 8.16 TeV and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2021)
Measurement of Z-boson production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=8.16 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV is reported. It is performed in the dimuon decay channel, through the detection of muons with pseudorapidity −4<ημ<−2.5 and transverse momentum pμT>20 GeV/c in the laboratory frame. The invariant yield and nuclear modification factor are measured for opposite-sign dimuons with invariant mass 60<mμμ<120 GeVc2 and rapidity 2.5<yμμcms<4. They are presented as a function of rapidity and, for the Pb-Pb collisions, of centrality as well. The results are compared with theoretical calculations, both with and without nuclear modifications to the Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs). In p-Pb collisions the center-of-mass frame is boosted with respect to the laboratory frame, and the measurements cover the backward (−4.46<yμμcms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<yμμcms<3.53) rapidity regions. For the p-Pb collisions, the results are consistent within experimental and theoretical uncertainties with calculations that include both free-nucleon and nuclear-modified PDFs. For the Pb-Pb collisions, a 3.4σ deviation is seen in the integrated yield between the data and calculations based on the free-nucleon PDFs, while good agreement is found once nuclear modifications are considered.
Human GLUTs represent a family of specialized transporters that facilitate the diffusion of hexoses through membranes along a concentration gradient. The 14 isoforms share high sequence identity but differ in substrate specificity and affinity, and tissue distribution. According to their structure similarity, GLUTs are divided into three classes, with class 1 comprising the most intensively studied isoforms GLUTs1 4. An abnormal function of different GLUT members has been related to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Hence, GLUTs are the subject of intensive research, and efforts concentrate on identifying GLUT-selective ligands for putative medical purposes and their application in studies aiming to further unravel the metabolic roles of these transporters.
The hexose transporter deficient (hxt0) yeast strain EBY.VW4000 is devoid of all its endogenous hexose transporters and unable to grow on glucose or related hexoses. This strain has proven to be a valuable platform to investigate heterologous transporters due to its easy handling, increased robustness, and versatile applications. However, the functional expression of GLUTs in yeast requires certain modifications. Single point mutations of GLUT1 and GLUT5 led to their functional expression in EBY.VW4000, whereas the native GLUT1 was actively expressed in EBY.S7, a hxt0 strain carrying the fgy1 mutation that putatively reduces the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) content in the plasma membrane. GLUT4 was only actively expressed in the hxt0 strain SDY.022, which also contains the fgy1 mutation and in which ERG4 is additionally deleted. Erg4 is one of the late enzymes in the ergosterol pathway, and therefore SDY.022 probably has an altered sterol composition in its membrane.
The goal of this thesis was to actively express GLUT2 and GLUT3 in a hxt0 yeast strain, providing a convenient system for their ligand screening. A PCR-derived amino acid exchange in the sequence of GLUT3 enabled its functional expression in EBY.VW4000 and the unmodified GLUT3 protein was active in EBY.S7. Functional expression of GLUT2 was achieved by rational design. The extracellular loop between the transmembrane regions 1 and 2 is significantly larger in GLUT2 than in other class 1 GLUTs. By truncating this loop by 34 amino acids and exchanging an alanine for a serine, a GLUT3-like loop was implemented. The resulting construct GLUT2∆loopS was functional in EBY.S7. With an additional point mutation in the transmembrane region 11, GLUT2∆loopS_Q455R was also actively expressed in EBY.VW4000. Inhibition studies with the known GLUT inhibitors phloretin and quercetin showed a reduced transporter activity for GLUT2 and GLUT3 in uptake assays and growth tests when inhibitors were present, demonstrating that both systems are amenable for ligand screening experiments.
The newly established GLUT2 yeast system was then used to screen a library of compounds pre-selected by in silico screening. Thereby, eleven identified GLUT2 inhibitors exhibited strong potencies with IC50 values ranging from 0.61 to 19.3 µM. By employing the other yeast systems, these compounds were tested for their effects on GLUT1, and GLUTs3-5, revealing that nine of the identified ligands were GLUT2-selective. In contrast, one was a pan-class 1 inhibitor (inhibiting GLUTs1-4), and one affected GLUT2 and GLUT5, the two fructose transporting isoforms. These compounds will serve as useful tools for investigations on the role of GLUT2 in metabolic diseases and might even evolve into pharmaceutical agents targeting GLUT2-associated diseases.
Due to the beneficial effect of the putatively changed sterol composition in SDY.022 (by ERG4 deletion) on the functional expression of GLUT4, it was hypothesized that the presence of the human sterol cholesterol, or cholesterol-like sterols, might have a beneficial effect on GLUT expression, too. Thus, it was attempted to generate hxt0 strains that synthesize these sterols by genetic modifications targeting the ergosterol pathway. In the scope of these experiments, several strains with different sterol compositions were generated. Drop tests on glucose medium with the different strains expressing GLUT1 or GLUT4 revealed that the deletion of ERG6 is clearly advantageous for a functional expression of GLUT1 (but not GLUT4). This indicates that the methyl group at the ergosterol side chain (introduced by Erg6 and reduced by Erg4) negatively influences GLUT1 activity. However, this effect on GLUT1 activity was less pronounced than the putative altered PI4P content in EBY.S7.
Additionally, in this thesis, a new tool to measure glucose transport rates of transporters expressed in the hxt0 yeast system was developed to facilitate their kinetic characterization. For this, the pH-sensitive GFP variant pHluorin was employed as a biosensor for the cytosolic pH (pHcyt) by measuring the ratio (R390/470) of emission intensities at 512 nm from two different excitation wavelengths (390 and 470 nm). Sugar-starved cells exhibit a slightly acidic pHcyt because ATP production is depleted, reducing the activity of ATP-dependent proton pumps.
...
Xenocoumacin (Xcn) 1 and 2 are the major antibiotics produced by the insect-pathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila. Although the antimicrobial activity of Xcns has been explored, research regarding their action on mammalian cells is lacking. We aimed to investigate the action of Xcns in the context of inflammation and angiogenesis. We found that Xcns do not impair the viability of primary endothelial cells (ECs). Particularly Xcn2, but not Xcn1, inhibited the pro-inflammatory activation of ECs: Xcn2 diminished the interaction between ECs and leukocytes by downregulating cell adhesion molecule expression and blocked critical steps of the NF-κB activation pathway including the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 as well as the activation of inhibitor of κBα (IκBα) and IκB kinase β (IKKβ). Furthermore, the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators and enzymes, nitric oxide (NO) production and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), was evaluated in leukocytes. The results showed that Xcns reduced viability, NO release, and iNOS expression in activated macrophages. Beyond these anti-inflammatory properties, Xcn2 effectively hindered pro-angiogenic processes in HUVECs, such as proliferation, undirected and chemotactic migration, sprouting, and network formation. Most importantly, we revealed that Xcn2 inhibits de novo protein synthesis in ECs. Consequently, protein levels of receptors that mediate the inflammatory and angiogenic signaling processes and that have a short half-live are reduced by Xcn2 treatment, thus explaining the observed pharmacological activities. Overall, our research highlights that Xcn2 exhibits significant pharmacological in vitro activity regarding inflammation and angiogenesis, which is worth to be further investigated preclinically.
Background: Depression and anxiety are the most prevalent mental health difficulties in the workplace, costing the global economy $1 trillion each year. Evidence indicates that symptoms may be reduced by interventions in the workplace. This paper is the first to systematically review psychosocial interventions for depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and behaviours in small-to medium-size enterprises (SMEs).
Methods: A systematic search following PRISMA guidelines, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020156275), was conducted for psychosocial interventions targeting depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation/behaviour in SMEs. The PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and two specific occupational health databases were searched, as well as four databases for grey literature, without time limit until 2nd December 2019.
Results: In total, 1283 records were identified, 70 were retained for full-text screening, and seven met the inclusion criteria: three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), three before and after designs and one non-randomised trial, comprising 5111 participants. Study quality was low to moderate according to the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Five studies showed a reduction in depression and anxiety symptoms using techniques based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), two reported no significant change.
Limitations: Low number and high heterogeneity of interventions and outcomes, high attrition and lack of rigorous RCTs.
Conclusions: Preliminary evidence indicates CBT-based interventions can be effective in targeting symptoms of depression and anxiety in SME employees. There may be unique challenges to implementing programmes in SMEs. Further research is needed in this important area.
WiWi news [1/2021]
(2021)
Background: Using data from the COHERE collaboration, we investigated whether primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) might be withheld in all patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with suppressed plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA (≤400 copies/mL), irrespective of CD4 count.
Methods: We implemented an established causal inference approach whereby observational data are used to emulate a randomized trial. Patients taking PcP prophylaxis were eligible for the emulated trial if their CD4 count was ≤200 cells/µL in line with existing recommendations. We compared the following 2 strategies for stopping prophylaxis: (1) when CD4 count was >200 cells/µL for >3 months or (2) when the patient was virologically suppressed (2 consecutive HIV RNA ≤400 copies/mL). Patients were artificially censored if they did not comply with these stopping rules. We estimated the risk of primary PcP in patients on ART, using the hazard ratio (HR) to compare the stopping strategies by fitting a pooled logistic model, including inverse probability weights to adjust for the selection bias introduced by the artificial censoring.
Results: A total of 4813 patients (10 324 person-years) complied with eligibility conditions for the emulated trial. With primary PcP diagnosis as an endpoint, the adjusted HR (aHR) indicated a slightly lower, but not statistically significant, different risk for the strategy based on viral suppression alone compared with the existing guidelines (aHR, .8; 95% confidence interval, .6–1.1; P = .2).
Conclusions: This study suggests that primary PcP prophylaxis might be safely withheld in confirmed virologically suppressed patients on ART, regardless of their CD4 count.
In Kindertageseinrichtungen und Schulen wird dem pädagogischen Personal in Bezug auf Sprachförderung ein hoher Qualifizierungsbedarf attestiert; zugleich gibt es wenig gesichertes empirisches Wissen über die Wirkungen entsprechender Fortbildungen. Das Fortbildungsangebot und die Teilnehmenden sind heterogen. Um die Heterogenität der Teilnehmenden zu entschlüsseln, wurden im BiSS-Evaluationsprojekt „SPRÜNGE“ (Sprachförderung im Übergang Kindergarten – Grundschule evaluieren) auf Grundlage einer Typenbildung von N = 27 Fach- und Lehrkräften Unterschiede in ihren Sprachförderkompetenzen und im Fortbildungsbesuch empirisch-quantitativ mittels des Online-Tests SprachKoPF überprüft und für zwei Sprachfördertypen ihre handlungsleitenden Orientierungen in Bezug auf die Wirkungen von Fortbildungen rekonstruiert. Bei diesen beiden, stark fortgebildeten Sprachfördertypen konnten differenzierbare Deutungen zu den Wirkungen von Fortbildungen herausgearbeitet werden, wobei einerseits eine stärkere Kita-Orientierung und andererseits eine stärkere Schulorientierung als (implizite) Referenz deutlich wird. Zudem ließen sich Gelingensbedingungen von Fortbildungen wie „Praxisrelevanz“, die als allgemeingültig angenommen werden, typenspezifisch ausdifferenzieren. Mit der multiperspektivischen Untersuchung der differentiellen Wirkungen von Fortbildungen leistet das Projekt einen explorativen Beitrag zu einer quantitativ und qualitativ ausgerichteten Wirkungsforschung am Übergang Kita-Grundschule.
The formation of amyloid-β oligomers plays a key role in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. We investigated the aggregation of amyloid-β oligomers by mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry, revealing those structural properties, which lead to the formation of mature fibrils. We can show that the arrangement of the first oligomers is crucial for the topology of the resulting species, leading to the formation of non-toxic aggregates or fibrils.
In this article, I question the use of the notion of ‘constituent power’ as a tool for the democratization of the European Union (EU). Rather than seeing the absence of a transnational constituent power as a cause of the EU’s ‘democratic deficit’, I identify it as an opportunity for unfettered democratic participation. Against the reification of power-in-action into a power-constituted-in-law, I argue that the democratization of the EU can only be achieved through the multiplication of ‘constituent moments’. I begin by deconstructing the normative justifications surrounding the concept of constituent power. Here I analyze the structural aporia of constituent power and question the autonomous and emancipatory dimension of this notion. I then test the theoretical hypothesis of this structural aporia of the popular constituent power by comparing it with the historical experiments of a European popular constituent power. Finally, based on these theoretical and empirical observations, I propose to replace the ambivalence of the concept of popular constituent power with a more cautious approach to the bottom-up democratization of European integration: that of a multiplication of transnational constituent moments.
It is increasingly recognized that neuroscience has not delivered the revolutionary clinical possibilities for psychiatry that had been promised. Explanations differ, however: some proponents emphasize the divide between biopsychosocial psychiatry and mechanistic neurology. Others rely on further basic experimental neuroscience as only the most elementary level of explanation will allow us to fully understand and treat mental disorders. From a clinical-neuropsychological perspective, I shall argue that both views are mistaken. Diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases demands a biopsychosocial perspective similar to psychiatry. Acknowledging this might help to bring both disciplines together and improve clinical outcome.
Species is the fundamental taxonomic unit in biology and its delimitation has implications for conservation. In giraffe (Giraffa spp.), multiple taxonomic classifications have been proposed since the early 1900s.1 However, one species with nine subspecies has been generally accepted,2 likely due to limited in-depth assessments, subspecies hybridizing in captivity,3,4 and anecdotal reports of hybrids in the wild.5 Giraffe taxonomy received new attention after population genetic studies using traditional genetic markers suggested at least four species.6,7 This view has been met with controversy,8 setting the stage for debate.9,10 Genomics is significantly enhancing our understanding of biodiversity and speciation relative to traditional genetic approaches and thus has important implications for species delineation and conservation.11 We present a high-quality de novo genome assembly of the critically endangered Kordofan giraffe (G. camelopardalis antiquorum)12 and a comprehensive whole-genome analysis of 50 giraffe representing all traditionally recognized subspecies. Population structure and phylogenomic analyses support four separately evolving giraffe lineages, which diverged 230–370 ka ago. These lineages underwent distinct demographic histories and show different levels of heterozygosity and inbreeding. Our results strengthen previous findings of limited gene flow and admixture among putative giraffe species6,7,9 and establish a genomic foundation for recognizing four species and seven subspecies, the latter of which should be considered as evolutionary significant units. Achieving a consensus over the number of species and subspecies in giraffe is essential for adequately assessing their threat level and will improve conservation efforts for these iconic taxa.
We consider an additively time-separable life-cycle model for the family of power period utility functions u such that u0(c) = c−θ for resistance to inter-temporal substitution of θ > 0. The utility maximization problem over life-time consumption is dynamically inconsistent for almost all specifications of effective discount factors. Pollak (1968) shows that the savings behavior of a sophisticated agent and her naive counterpart is always identical for a logarithmic utility function (i.e., for θ = 1). As an extension of Pollak’s result we show that the sophisticated agent saves a greater (smaller) fraction of her wealth in every period than her naive counterpart whenever θ > 1 (θ < 1) irrespective of the specification of discount factors. We further show that this finding extends to an environment with risky returns and dynamically inconsistent Epstein-Zin-Weil preferences.
This paper uses a novel account of non-ideal political action that can justify radical responses to severe climate injustice, including and especially deliberate attempts to engineer the climate system in order reflect sunlight into space and cooling the planet. In particular, it discusses the question of what those suffering from climate injustice may do in order to secure their fundamental rights and interests in the face of severe climate change impacts. Using the example of risky geoengineering strategies such as sulfate aerosol injections, I argue that peoples that are innocently subject to severely negative climate change impacts may have a special permission to engage in large-scale yet risky climate interventions to prevent them. Furthermore, this can be true even if those interventions wrongly harm innocent people.
The future of work has become a pressing matter of concern: Researchers, business consultancies, and industrial companies are intensively studying how new work models could be best implemented to increase workplace flexibility and creativity. In particular, the agile model has become one of the “must-have” elements for re-organizing work practices, especially for technology development work. However, the implementation of agile work often comes together with strong presumptions: it is regarded as an inevitable tool that can be universally integrated into different workplaces while having the same outcome of flexibility, transparency, and flattened hierarchies everywhere. This paper challenges such essentializing assumptions by turning agile work into a “matter of care.” We argue that care work occurs in contexts other than feminized reproductive work, namely, technology development. Drawing on concepts from feminist Science and Technology Studies and ethnographic research at agile technology development workplaces in Germany and Kenya, we examine what work it takes to actually keep up with the imperative of agile work. The analysis brings the often invisibilized care practices of human and nonhuman actors to the fore that are necessary to enact and stabilize the agile promises of flexibilization, co-working, and rapid prototyping. Revealing the caring sociotechnical relationships that are vital for working agile, we discuss the emergence of power asymmetries characterized by hierarchies of skills that are differently acknowledged in the daily work of technology development. The paper ends by speculating on the emancipatory potential of a care perspective, by which we seek to inspire careful Emancipatory Technology Studies.
Background: Peanuts are a member of the legume family (botanical family Leguminosae) and peanut allergies are the most common cause of food anaphylaxis in many countries. The prevalence of peanut allergy is increasing.
Methods: Experts from Germany and Austria performed a standardized literature search and published their consensus recommendations in a White Paper on Peanut Allergy, which this care pathway is based upon, thus, providing a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment algorithm.
Results: The most important diagnostic key elements include a detailed clinical medical history, evidence of peanut-specific sensitization by means of skin prick testing and/or in vitro determination of the peanut (extract)-specific IgE and/or the molecular component diagnostics (most important Ara h 2-specific IgE, sometimes also Ara h1-, 3-, 6-, 8- and 9-specific IgE) as well as the gold standard, the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. The diagnostic algorithms were created for the following constellations: Suspected primary peanut allergy with a clear history of systemic immediate-type reaction, suspected primary peanut allergy with questionable symptoms, suspected secondary (possibly pollen-associated) peanut allergy with a history of solely oropharyngeal symptoms and incidental finding of sensitization and no peanut ingestion so far.
Conclusions: After established diagnosis the standard of care is counseling to avoid peanut contact and prescription of emergency medications (oral antihistamines, oral steroids, inhaled β2-agonists, injectable intramuscular epinephrine) as needed. Instruction on the use of these emergency medications should be provided. A preparation for oral immunotherapy (OIT) for 4 to 17 years old peanut allergic children/ adolescents has been recently approved by the regulatory authorities. OIT for peanut allergy shows high efficacy and an acceptable safety profile, improves quality of life, and health economic aspects. Thus it offers a therapeutic option for peanut allergic children and adolescents.