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Katamnese und Lebenszufriedenheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Geschlechtsidentitätsstörungen
(2014)
Die Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Geschlechtsidentitätsstörungen (GIS) wird seit dem Beginn der pubertätshemmenden Hormontherapie in den neunziger Jahren international kontrovers diskutiert. Diese Störung scheint bei Kindern durch psychotherapeutische Intervention besser behandelbar als bei Jugendlichen. Erwartet wurden weniger psychopathologische Auffälligkeiten und eine höhere Lebenszufriedenheit bei umfassender psychotherapeutischer Begleitung. Des Weiteren wurden die Hypothesen geprüft, dass sich ein Geschlechtswechsel ebenfalls positiv auf Lebenszufriedenheit und Psychopathologie auswirkt.
Es nahmen insgesamt 37 Kinder, Jugendliche und Erwachsene an der schriftlichen Nachuntersuchung teil, die mindestens drei Jahre vor Studienbeginn aufgrund der Diagnose GIS des Kindes- und Jugendalters in der KJP Frankfurt vorgestellt wurden. Erfasst wurden Daten zur Geschlechtsidentität, zum Behandlungsverlauf und zur sexuellen Orientierung, zur Ausprägung der Psychopathologie laut altersangemessenem Screening-Inventar (CBCL, YSR, YASR) und zur Lebenszufriedenheit mithilfe des Inventars zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (ILK). Außerdem wurden die Ausprägung der Psychopathologie (erfasst mit dem CBCL und oder YSR) bei der Erstvorstellung in der Klinik mit der jetzigen Einschätzung verglichen.
Die erhobenen Daten geben keinen Hinweis darauf, dass umfangreiche Psychotherapie oder ein Geschlechtswechsel zu einer höheren Lebenszufriedenheit und einer Verbesserung der Psychopathologie führen. Im Laufe der Zeit kam es zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Werte der Syndromskalen soziale Probleme und aggressives Verhalten bei allen Studienteilnehmern. Allerdings wurde ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen der Lebenszufriedenheit im Bereich seelische Gesundheit und der Zufriedenheit mit ihrer Psychotherapie gefunden. Die Drop-out-Analyse zeigte, dass Betroffene mit einer unbewältigten Problematik im Zusammenhang mit ihrer GIS eher nicht bereit waren, an dieser Studie teilzunehmen. Des Weiteren ergab sich, dass sich in der Gruppe der Studienteilnehmer signifikant mehr Personen für einen Geschlechtswechsel entschieden haben als in der Gruppe der Studienabbrecher.
Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich ableiten, dass alle Teilnehmer der Nachuntersuchung mit ihrem Lebensweg gleichsam zufrieden sind, unabhängig vom Ausmaß der Psychotherapie und der Entscheidung für einen Geschlechtswechsel. Außerdem haben alle Personen der Stichprobe heute weniger Probleme mit aggressivem Verhalten und weniger soziale Probleme.
Da von einer Verzerrung der Stichprobe durch einen systematischen Ausfall von Teilnehmern auszugehen ist, sind weitere Nachuntersuchungen nötig, um die Hypothesen dieser Arbeit weiter zu überprüften. Darüber hinaus gilt es zu klären, ob bestimmte Psychotherapieformen bei einigen Patienten effektiver als andere sind.
BACKGROUND: Transient episodes of ischemia in a remote organ or tissue (remote ischemic preconditioning, RIPC) can attenuate myocardial injury. Myocardial damage is associated with tissue remodeling and the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2/9) are crucially involved in these events. Here we investigated the effects of RIPC on the activities of heart tissue MMP-2/9 and their correlation with serum concentrations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a marker for myocardial damage.
METHODS: In cardiosurgical patients with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) RIPC was induced by four 5 minute cycles of upper limb ischemia/reperfusion. Cardiac tissue was obtained before as well as after CPB and serum cTnT concentrations were measured. Tissue derived from control patients (N = 17) with high cTnT concentrations (≥0.32 ng/ml) and RIPC patients (N = 18) with low cTnT (≤0.32 ng/ml) was subjected to gelatin zymography to quantify MMP-2/9 activities.
RESULTS: In cardiac biopsies obtained before CPB, activities of MMP-2/9 were attenuated in the RIPC group (MMP-2: Control, 1.13 ± 0.13 a.u.; RIPC, 0.71 ± 0.12 a.u.; P < 0.05. MMP-9: Control, 1.50 ± 0.16 a.u.; RIPC, 0.87 ± 0.14 a.u.; P < 0.01), while activities of the pro-MMPs were not altered (P > 0.05). In cardiac biopsies taken after CPB activities of pro- and active MMP-2/9 were not different between the groups (P > 0.05). Spearman's rank tests showed that MMP-2/9 activities in cardiac tissue obtained before CPB were positively correlated with postoperative cTnT serum levels (MMP-2, P = 0.016; MMP-9, P = 0.015).
CONCLUSIONS: Activities of MMP-2/9 in cardiac tissue obtained before CPB are attenuated by RIPC and are positively correlated with serum concentrations of cTnT. MMPs may represent potential targets for RIPC mediated cardioprotection.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00877305.
The question of whether most gliomas are infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been under dispute for more than 10 years. We recently reported our failure to detect HCMV in gliomas in Neuro-Oncology.1 Our article was accompanied by 2 related editorials,2,3 one of which boldly criticized our approach.3 Instead of fighting a petty, ivory tower dispute, we would like to lobby for a serious collaborative approach to providing conclusive evidence on the presence of HCMV in glioma (and other cancers). Since we developed the concept of oncomodulation (ie, that HCMV …
Background & Aims: Simeprevir is an oral, once-daily inhibitor of hepatitis c virus (HCV) protease NS3/4A. We investigated the safety and efficacy of simeprevir with peg-interferon α-2a and ribavirin (PR) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial of patients with HCV genotype 1 infection who relapsed after previous interferon-based therapy.
Methods: Patients were assigned randomly (2:1) to groups given simeprevir (150 mg, once daily) and PR (n = 260) or placebo and PR (n = 133) for 12 weeks. Patients then were given PR alone for 12 or 36 weeks (simeprevir group, based on response-guided therapy criteria) or 36 weeks (placebo group).
Results: Simeprevir and PR was significantly superior to placebo and PR; rates of sustained virologic response 12 weeks after planned end of treatment (SVR12) were 79.2% vs 36.1%, respectively (43.8% difference; 95% confidence interval, 34.6–53.0; P < .001). Among patients given simeprevir, 92.7% met the response-guided therapy criteria and were eligible to complete PR at week 24; of these, 83.0% achieved SVR12. HCV RNA was undetectable at week 4 in 77.2% of patients given simeprevir and 3.1% given placebo. On-treatment failure and relapse rates were lower among patients given simeprevir and PR than those given placebo and PR (3.1% vs 27.1%, and 18.5% vs 48.4%, respectively). Patients given simeprevir did not have adverse events beyond those that occurred in patients given PR alone. Most adverse events were grades 1/2; the prevalence of anemia and rash was similar in both groups. Patients in both groups reported similar severity of fatigue and functional impairments during the study, but duration was reduced among patients given simeprevir.
Conclusions: In a phase 3 trial of patients who had relapsed after interferon-based therapy, the addition of simeprevir to PR was generally well tolerated, with an SVR12 rate of 79.2%. Most patients (92.7%) receiving simeprevir were able to shorten therapy to 24 weeks. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01281839.
Aus Wissen wird Gesundheit : das Magazin des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt. Ausgabe 01/2014
(2014)
Aus Wissen wird Gesundheit : das Magazin des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt. Ausgabe 03/2014
(2014)
Aus Wissen wird Gesundheit : das Magazin des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt. Ausgabe 02/2014
(2014)
Aus Wissen wird Gesundheit : das Magazin des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt. Ausgabe 04/2014
(2014)
OBJECTIVES: Outcome of aortic valve replacement may be influenced by the choice of bioprosthesis. Pericardial heart valves are described to have a favourable haemodynamic profile compared with porcine valves, although the clinical notability of this finding is still controversially debated. Herein, we compared the long-term results of two commonly implanted bioprosthesis at a single centre.
METHODS: All consecutive patients undergoing isolated aortic valve replacement with either a Carpentier-Edwards Magna pericardial prosthesis or a Medtronic Mosaic porcine prosthesis between 2002 and 2008 were analysed regarding preoperative characteristics, short- and long-term survival, valve-related complications and echocardiographic findings.
RESULTS: The Medtronic Mosaic was implanted in 163 patients and the Carpentier-Edwards Magna in 295 patients. The sizes of implanted valves were 22.4 ± 1.5 mm for the Mosaic and 21.8 ± 1.8 mm for the Magna (P = 0.001). The long-term survival rate was 76 and 56% after 5 and 10 years for the Medtronic Mosaic, which was comparable with the Carpentier-Edwards Magna (77 and 57%; P = 0.92). Overall long-term survival was comparable with an age- and sex-matched Austrian general population for both groups. Valve-related adverse events were similar between groups. The postoperative mean transvalvular gradient was significantly increased in the Mosaic group (24 ± 9 mmHg vs 17 ± 7 mmHg; P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Both types of aortic bioprostheses offer excellent results after isolated aortic valve replacement. Despite relevant differences in gradients, long-term survival was comparable with the expected normal survival for both bioprostheses. Patients with a porcine heart valve had a higher postoperative transvalvular gradient.
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a specialized subpopulation of T cells, which are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. The immunomodulatory effects of Tregs depend on their activation status. Here we show that, in contrast to conventional anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the humanized CD4-specific monoclonal antibody tregalizumab (BT-061) is able to selectively activate the suppressive properties of Tregs in vitro. BT-061 activates Tregs by binding to CD4 and activation of signaling downstream pathways. The specific functionality of BT-061 may be explained by the recognition of a unique, conformational epitope on domain 2 of the CD4 molecule that is not recognized by other anti-CD4 mAbs. We found that, due to this special epitope binding, BT-061 induces a unique phosphorylation of T-cell receptor complex-associated signaling molecules. This is sufficient to activate the function of Tregs without activating effector T cells. Furthermore, BT-061 does not induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results demonstrate that BT-061 stimulation via the CD4 receptor is able to induce T-cell receptor-independent activation of Tregs. Selective activation of Tregs via CD4 is a promising approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases where insufficient Treg activity has been described. Clinical investigation of this new approach is currently ongoing.
Polo-like kinase 1 regulates the stability of the mitotic centromere-associated kinesin in mitosis
(2014)
Proper bi-orientation of chromosomes is critical for the accurate segregation of chromosomes in mitosis. A key regulator of this process is MCAK, the mitotic centromere-associated kinesin. During mitosis the activity and localization of MCAK are regulated by mitotic key kinases including Plk1 and Aurora B. We show here that S621 in the MCAK’s C-terminal domain is the major phosphorylation site for Plk1. This phosphorylation regulates MCAK’s stability and facilitates its recognition by the ubiquitin/proteasome dependent APC/CCdc20 pathway leading to its D-box dependent degradation in mitosis. While phosphorylation of S621 does not directly affect its microtubule depolymerising activity, loss of Plk1 phosphorylation on S621 indirectly enhances its depolymerization activity in vivo by stabilizing MCAK, leading to an increased level of protein. Interfering with phosphorylation at S621 causes spindle formation defects and chromosome misalignments. Therefore, this study suggests a new mechanism by which Plk1 regulates MCAK: by regulating its degradation and hence controlling its turnover in mitosis.
Objective: To investigate the impact of HPV status in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), who received surgery and cisplatin-based postoperative radiochemotherapy.
Materials and methods: For 221 patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx, oropharynx or oral cavity treated at the 8 partner sites of the German Cancer Consortium, the impact of HPV DNA, p16 overexpression and p53 expression on outcome were retrospectively analysed. The primary endpoint was loco-regional tumour control; secondary endpoints were distant metastases and overall survival.
Results: In the total patient population, univariate analyses revealed a significant impact of HPV16 DNA positivity, p16 overexpression, p53 positivity and tumour site on loco-regional tumour control. Multivariate analysis stratified for tumour site showed that positive HPV 16 DNA status correlated with loco-regional tumour control in patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma (p = 0.02) but not in the oral cavity carcinoma group. Multivariate evaluation of the secondary endpoints in the total population revealed a significant association of HPV16 DNA positivity with overall survival (p < 0.01) but not with distant metastases.
Conclusions: HPV16 DNA status appears to be a strong prognosticator of loco-regional tumour control after postoperative cisplatin-based radiochemotherapy of locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma and is now being explored in a prospective validation trial.
Late stage cancer is often associated with reduced immune recognition and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and specific gene-signatures prior to treatment are linked to good prognosis, while the opposite is true for extensive immunosuppression. The use of adenoviruses as cancer vaccines is a form of active immunotherapy to initialise a tumor-specific immune response that targets the patient’s unique tumor antigen repertoire. We report a case of a 68-year-old male with asbestos-related malignant pleural mesothelioma who was treated in a Phase I study with a granulocyte-macrophage colony‑stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing oncolytic adenovirus, Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF (ONCOS-102). The treatment resulted in prominent infiltration of CD8C lymphocytes to tumor, marked induction of systemic antitumor CD8C T-cells and induction of Th1- type polarization in the tumor. These results indicate that ONCOS-102 treatment sensitizes tumors to other immunotherapies by inducing a T-cell positive phenotype to an initially T-cell negative tumor.
Plus Puls : 2014, 3
(2014)
Plus Puls : 2014, 2
(2014)
Hintergrund: Das Monitoring von unfraktioniertem Heparin (UFH) bei extrakorporaler Zirkulation (EKZ) erfolgt standardmäßig mit Phospholipid-abhängigen Gerinnungstests wie „Activated Clotting Time“ [ACT, (sec)] bzw. „aktivierte partielle Prothrombinzeit“ [aPTT, (sec)]. Durch die im Rahmen von Autoimmunerkrankungen wie dem Antiphospholipid-Syndrom (APLS) auftretenden Antiphospholipid-Antikörper (aPL) ist die Aussagekraft dieser Tests bei solchen Patienten durch eine Verlängerung der Gerinnungszeit deutlich eingeschränkt. Die Wirkung von UFH kann auch mit der photometrischen Messung der aXa-Aktivität bestimmt werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es zu erfassen, ob die aXa-Aktivitiät mit der ACT korreliert und ob es Cut-off-Werte gibt, die bei der Steuerung der Antikoagulation von kardiochirurgischen Patienten z.B. mit Antiphospholipid-Antikörpern während EKZ hilfreich sein können.
Methodik: Nach einem positiven Ethikvotum wurden in diese prospektive Studie Patienten eingeschlossen, die sich einem erstmaligen elektiv geplanten kardiochirurgischen Eingriff unterzogen. Ausschlusskriterien waren Alter < 18 Jahren, bekanntes Antiphospholipidsyndrom, bekannte Heparin-induzierte Thrombozytopenie und Schwangerschaft. Die ACT-gesteuerte Antikoagulation mit UFH (ACT > 400 sec während EKZ) und dessen Reversierung mit Protamin (ACT ≤ 100 sec) wurden auf der Grundlage klinikinterner Standards durchgeführt. Für jeden perioperativ analysierten ACT-Wert (prä-, intra- und postoperativ) wurde die korrespondierende aXa-Aktivität erfasst. Abhängig von EKZ-Dauer ergaben sich bis zu 14 Messzeitpunkte mit insgesamt 144 Messungen. Die statistische Auswertung umfasste u.a. Spearman Rangkorrelation und die Receiver Operative Characteristic (ROC)-Kurve.
Ergebnisse: Es wurden die Daten von n = 15 Patienten in dieser Studie ausgewertet. Das Hauptergebnis zeigte eine hochsignifikante lineare Korrelation (r = 0.771, p < 0.0001) zwischen den Ergebnissen der ACT und der jeweils korrespondierenden aXa-Aktivität. Der optimale Cut-off-Wert der aXa-Aktivität zur Indikation einer ACT > 400 sec betrug 1.135 IU/ml (Fehlklassifikationsrate: 9.4%). Die Fläche unter der ROC betrug 0.899. Es wurde ein optimaler Cut-off-Wert von 0.55 IU/ml (Fehlerklassifikation: 13.3%, AUC: 0.867) analysiert, der eine ACT von ≤ 100 sec vor der Gabe von UFH und nach der Gabe von Protamin indiziert.
Zusammenfassung: Die aXa-Aktivität korreliert mit der ACT und kann für das Monitoring der Antikoagulation mit UFH während EKZ geeignet sein. Die im Rahmen dieser Studie ermittelten aXa-Cut-off-Werte können dazu beitragen, die Antikoagulation mittels UFH zu steuern, wenn die Messwerte von aPTT und ACT nicht aussagekräftig sind
Neben ihrer Rolle in der DNA Mismatch Reparatur wird eine Beteiligung von MMR Proteinen an der Apoptoseinduktion, der Antikörperbildung sowie an der Mitose und Meiose beschrieben. Untersuchungen zu Partnerproteinen des MMR Proteins MLH1 zeigten darüber hinaus eine Interaktion von MLH1 zu einigen Zytoskelett-assoziierten Proteinen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte der Zusammenhang von MLH1 und nicht-erythroidem Spectrin alpha II (SPTAN1) auf Proteinebene untersucht und eine mögliche Beteiligung von SPTAN1 am DNA Mismatch Reparaturprozess mittels eines in vitro MMR-Assays analysiert werden. Die vergleichenden in vitro Analysen der MLH1 und SPTAN1 Expression erfolgten in fünf verschiedenen MLH1-profizienten und zwei MLH1-defizienten Zelllinien. Zudem wurde in vivo die Expression von MLH1 und SPTAN1 exemplarisch am Beispiel eines sporadischen sowie eines MLH1-defizienten Kolonkarzinomgewebes und des jeweils zugehörigen Normalgewebes durchgeführt. Im MMR-Assay wurden Kernextrakte aus HEK293T Zellen eingesetzte, in denen MLH1 und PMS2 bzw. MLH1, PMS2 sowie SPTAN1 überexprimiert wurde oder solche in denen die SPTAN1 Menge durch siRNA Behandlung zuvor reduziert worden war. Während die Untersuchungen hinsichtlich einer Beteiligung von SPTAN1 an der DNA Mismatch Reparatur keine eindeutigen Ergebnisse erbrachten, zeigten die Analysen der Expression von MLH1 und SPTAN1 interessanterweise sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo, dass die Proteinkonzentration von SPTAN1 bei MLH1-Profizienz deutlich höher war, als bei MLH1-Defizienz. Da SPTAN1 ein überaus wichtiges, filamentöses Gerüstprotein darstellt, an der Aktin-Vernetzung und der Stabilisierung der Plasmamembran beteiligt und mitverantwortlich für Organisation der intrazellulären Organellen ist, könnten die Expressions-unterschiede in MLH1-defizienten und MLH1-profizienten Zellen für die Progression und das Metastasierungsverhalten entsprechender Kolontumore eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Weiterführende Untersuchungen, die im Anschluss an diese Arbeit hinsichtlich des Einflusses der SPTAN1 Menge auf das Migrationsverhalten entsprechender Zellen durchgeführt wurden, zeigen, dass MLH1-defiziente Zellen SPTAN1 abhängig weniger stark migrieren, als die MLH1-profizienten Vergleichszellen. Möglicherweise ist die MLH1 abhängige Expression von SPTAN1 Grund dafür, dass Kolontumoren mit MLH1-Defizienz signifikant weniger zur Metastasierung neigen, als sporadische Kolonkarzinome, die MLH1 exprimieren. Ob dies wirklich zutrifft muss allerdings durch weitere nachfolgende Experimente noch weiter untersucht werden.
Ziel der Studie: Die akute alkoholinduzierte Fettleber stellt das erste Stadium alkoholischer Leberer-krankungen dar. Bereits eine akute Alkoholintoxikation führt zu einer signifikanten Ak-kumulation von Fett in den Hepatozyten. Trotz verbesserter serologischer und bildge-bender Diagnoseverfahren ist die Leberbiopsie nach wie vor der Goldstandard zur Di-agnose einer Fettleber. Mögliche Komplikationen als invasives Verfahren, Stichproben-fehler sowie eine geringe Sensitivität im Bereich geringgradiger Verfettung sind die größten Nachteile der Leberbiopsie. Ziel dieser Studie war es, mit Hilfe der 1H-Magnetresonzspektroskopie eine akute alkoholinduzierte Fettleber zu diagnostizieren und quantitativ zu beurteilen. Um die Korrelation zwischen spektroskopisch gemesse-nem Leberfettgehalt und histologischer, biochemischer sowie laborchemischer Analyse zu bestimmen, wurde eine alkoholinduzierte Fettleber im Tiermodell verwendet.
Methodik: In 20 Lewis-Ratten wurde eine alkoholische Fettleber mittels gastraler Ethanol-Applikation induziert; 10 Ratten dienten als Kontrolle. Der intrahepatische Fettgehalt wurde mittels 1H-MRS (3.0 T) als prozentuales Verhältnis zwischen Lipid- und Was-ser-Peak berechnet. Fettgehalt sowie Triglyceride wurden nach Entnahme der Leber histologisch und biochemisch (nach FOLCH) bestimmt. Um spezifische Leberenzyme zu untersuchen, wurde Blut aus dem orbitalen Venenplexus entnommen.
Ergebnisse: In allen 20 Tieren konnte nach Ethanolapplikation eine Leberverfettung mittels 1H-MRS nachgewiesen werden. Histologisch zeigten 16 Tiere eine Fettleber. Ebenso zeigte sich nach Ethanolgabe und folgender biochemischer Analyse im Durschnitt eine Erhö-hung des Triglyceridgehalts, welcher einer Leberverfettung entsprach. Es fanden sich statistisch signifikante Korrelationen zwischen der histologisch bestimmten intrahepati-schen Verfettung und dem spektroskopisch gemessenen Fettgehalt (Pearson-Korrelationskoeffizient r = 0.90, p < 0.01) sowie zwischen der biochemischen Analyse nach FOLCH und 1H-MRS (r = 0.97, p < 0.01). Ebenso zeigte sich eine positive signifi-kante Korrelation zwischen spektroskopisch gemessener Leberverfettung und den Le-berparametern AST (r = 0.91, p < 0.05) und ALT (r = 0.84, p < 0.05).
Schlussfolgerung: Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass bereits geringgradige intrahepatische Verfettungen prä-zise quantitativ mittels 3.0 T-Protonen-MR-Spektroskopie darstellbar sind. Somit kann die Methode – bei Beachtung geeigneter Grenzwerte histologischer Messungen – als verlässliche diagnostische Alternative in Betracht gezogen werden. Bereits 48 Stunden nach Alkoholintoxikation ist mittels 1H-MRS eine exakte Differenzierung gesunder und pathologischer Lebern möglich – entscheidend vor allem im Rahmen einer Prätrans-plantationsdiagnostik bei Verdacht auf eine akute Fettleber. Darüber hinaus ist die 1H-MRS anderen bildgebenden Verfahren wie Ultraschall, CT und MRT in der genauen Quantifizierung intrahepatischen Fettgehalts überlegen. Der Einsatz erscheint auch in der Diagnostik und Verlaufskontrolle alkoholischer Lebererkrankungen in Zukunft sinnvoll. Kommende Untersuchung sollten an einem größeren Probandenkollektiv durchgeführt werden, um den Stellewert der 1H-MRS zu unterstreichen.
Vorhofflimmern ist die am weitesten verbreitete Herzrhythmusstörung. Die bisherige antiarrhythmische Therapie ist durch erhebliche kardiale und extrakardiale Nebenwirkungen nur wenig zufriedenstellend. Die Erforschung neuer antiarrhythmischer Substanzen ist aufgrund begrenzt zur Verfügung stehenden menschlichen Probematerials erschwert. Vorhofgewebe wird z.B. bei Herzoperationen gewonnen und kann dann für Forschungszwecke eingesetzt werden. Die Herzzellen sind allerdings sehr empfindlich, weswegen sie meist bereits nach einigen Stunden nicht mehr für weitere Untersuchungen zu gebrauchen sind. Man ist daher auf das Tiermodell angewiesen. Da das Schweineherz dem des Menschen sehr ähnlich ist, stellt es hier ein ideales Testsystem für neue Antiarrhythmika dar. In neuesten Studien wurde in Schweineherzen der IK,PO als ein vielversprechenden Angriffspunkt vorhofselektiver Antiarrhythmika beschrieben. Die diesem Strom zugrundeliegenden Kanaleinheiten sind jedoch zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt nicht genau erforscht.
Ziel der Arbeit war, ein stabiles Modell der Zellkultur mit atrialen Kardiomyozyten zu etablieren. An den kultivierten Herzzellen sollten elektrophysiologische aber auch molekular- und proteinbiologische Methoden angewandt werden. Das Modell sollte mit Zellen aus Schweineherzen erprobt werden und dazu dienen Untersuchungen an Zellen aus einer Gewebepräparation über mehrere Tage durchzuführen. Darüber hinaus sollte die Zellkultur dazu dienen einen Gen-„Knockdown“ anwenden zu können. Der IK,PO und dem diesem Strom möglicherweise zugrundeliegenden Kanaluntereinheiten Kv1.5, Kv4.3, KChIP2 und TASK-1 sollten hierbei charakterisiert werden.
Atriumzellen aus Schweineherzen wurden isoliert und direkt nach Zellisolation sowie unter dem Einfluss der Zellkultur nach bis zu 48 Stunden untersucht. Es kamen die Patch-Clamp-Technik, Real-time-PCR- und Western-Blot-Analysen zum Einsatz. Die Wirkung verschiedener Substanzen auf den IK,PO wurde getestet. Das Kv1.5-Protein wurde dargestellt und mRNA-Analysen für Kv1.5, Kv4.3, KChIP2 und TASK-1 durchgeführt.
Ein Teil der Zellen wurde mit einer gegen Kv1.5 gerichteten siRNA behandelt und anschließend mRNA-Analysen durchgeführt sowie der IK,PO–Strom gemessen.
Die atrialen Kardiomyozyten des Schweines in Kultur zeigten bis zu 48 Stunden vitale Eigenschaften und zeigten sich für die Patch-Clamp-Technik, Real-time-PCR und Western-Blot-Analysen als geeignet. Im Vergleich zu den frisch präparierten Zellen war eine signifikante Zunahme der Stromdichte für den IK,PO zu messen. Die Kinetik des IK,PO-Stroms sowie das Verhalten gegenüber den Substanzen AV0118, Heteropodatoxin und PAP-1 blieben im Vergleich zu den frisch präparierten Zellen unverändert. In Western-Blot-Analysen war im Vergleich zu frisch isolierten Zellen eine Zunahme des Kv1.5-Proteins zu sehen. Die mRNA-Expression des Kv1.5 war dagegen auf ca. ein Sechstel verringert. Eine Abnahme der mRNA-Expression auf ein Zehntel konnte für die Kanaleinheit KChIP2 gesehen werden. Kv4.3 wurde hingegen bis fast auf ein Zweieinhalbfaches vermehrt exprimiert, während die RNA-Expression für TASK-1 konstant blieb. Ein „Knockdown“ des Kv1.5 mit siRNA zeigte eine weitere Reduktion der Kv1.5 mRNA ohne eine messbare zusätzliche Veränderung des IK,PO.
Die Arbeit hat gezeigt, dass primäre Kulturen atrialer Kardiomyozyten des Schweines für elektrophysiologische sowie molekularbiologische Versuche geeignet sind. Der im Interesse stehende Strom IK,PO hat sich unter Kulturbedingungen zwar vergrößert, jedoch blieben Kinetik und vor allem die Eigenschaft auf verschiedene Substanzen zu reagieren unverändert. Es ist somit möglich neue Substanzen in der Entwicklung von Antiarrhythmika an kultivierten Herzzellen zu testen und somit die Anzahl der für die Experimente benötigten Tiere zu verringern. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass neben dem Kv1.5 die Kanaleinheiten der Kv4.3 und KChIP2 wesentlich zum IK,PO betragen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse deuten darauf, dass Kv1.5 den Grundstrom des IK,PO bildet und Kv4.3 vornehmlich den Spitzenstrom des IK,PO ausmacht. Kv1.5 wird dabei vermutlich wesentlich durch KChIP2 gehemmt. KChIP2 spielt eine nachweisliche Rolle in der Pathogenese von Herzrhythmusstörungen und zeigt im Vergleich zu Kv1.5 und Kv4.3 eine höhere Gewebespezifität. KChIP2-Blocker könnten in der Entwicklung vorhofselektiver Antiarrhythmika vielversprechende Ergebnisse liefern.
The deregulation of Polo-like kinase 1 is inversely linked to the prognosis of patients with diverse human tumors. Targeting Polo-like kinase 1 has been widely considered as one of the most promising strategies for molecular anticancer therapy. While the preclinical results are encouraging, the clinical outcomes are rather less inspiring by showing limited anticancer activity. It is thus of importance to identify molecules and mechanisms responsible for the sensitivity of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition. We have recently shown that p21Cip1/CDKN1A is involved in the regulation of mitosis and its loss prolongs the mitotic duration accompanied by defects in chromosome segregation and cytokinesis in various tumor cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that p21 affects the efficacy of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitors, especially Poloxin, a specific inhibitor of the unique Polo-box domain. Intriguingly, upon treatment with Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitors, p21 is increased in the cytoplasm, associated with anti-apoptosis, DNA repair and cell survival. By contrast, deficiency of p21 renders tumor cells more susceptible to Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition by showing a pronounced mitotic arrest, DNA damage and apoptosis. Furthermore, long-term treatment with Plk1 inhibitors induced fiercely the senescent state of tumor cells with functional p21. We suggest that the p21 status may be a useful biomarker for predicting the efficacy of Plk1 inhibition.
The transcription factor Tal1 is a critical activator or repressor of gene expression in hematopoiesis and leukaemia. The mechanism by which Tal1 differentially influences transcription of distinct genes is not fully understood. Here we show that Tal1 interacts with the peptidylarginine deiminase IV (PADI4). We demonstrate that PADI4 can act as an epigenetic coactivator through influencing H3R2me2a. At the Tal1/PADI4 target gene IL6ST the repressive H3R2me2a mark triggered by PRMT6 is counteracted by PADI4, which augments the active H3K4me3 mark and thus increases IL6ST expression. In contrast, at the CTCF promoter PADI4 acts as a repressor. We propose that the influence of PADI4 on IL6ST transcription plays a role in the control of IL6ST expression during lineage differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. These results open the possibility to pharmacologically influence Tal1 in leukaemia.
Predominant polarity in bipolar disorder and validation of the polarity index in a German sample
(2014)
Background: A large number of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) can be characterized by predominant polarity (PP), which has important implications for relapse prevention. Recently, Popovic et al. (EUR NEUROPSYCHOPHARM 22(5): 339¿346, 2012) proposed the Polarity Index (PI) as a helpful tool in the maintenance treatment of BD. As a numeric expression, it reflects the efficacy of drugs used in treatment of BD. In the present retrospective study, we aimed to validate this Index in a large and well characterized German bipolar sample.
Methods: We investigated 336 bipolar patients (BP) according to their PP and calculated the PI for each patient in order to prove if maintenance treatment differs according to their PP. Furthermore, we analysed whether PP is associated with demographic and clinical characteristics of BP.
Results: In our sample, 63.9% of patients fulfilled criteria of PP: 169 patients were classified as depressive predominant polarity (DPP), 46 patients as manic predominant polarity (MPP). The two groups differed significantly in their drug regime: Patients with DPP were more often medicated with lamotrigine and antidepressants, patients with MPP were more often treated with lithium, valproate, carbamazepine and first generation antipsychotics. However, patients with DPP and MPP did not differ significantly with respect to the PI, although they received evidence-based and guideline-driven treatment.
Conclusion: The reason for this negative finding might well be that for several drugs, which were used frequently, no PI value is available. Nevertheless we suggest PP as an important concept in the planning of BD maintenance treatment.
Background: In this study, we examined patients who had non-progressive disease for at least 2 years after diagnosis of inoperable locoregional recurrent or metastatic breast cancer under continuous trastuzumab treatment. Our primary goal was to assess the long-term outcome of patients with durable response to trastuzumab.
Methods: 268 patients with HER2-positive inoperable locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer and non-progressive disease for at least 2 years under trastuzumab treatment were documented retrospectively or prospectively in the HER-OS registry, an online documentation tool, between December 2006 and September 2010 by 71 German oncology centers. The study end point was time to tumor progression.
Results: Overall, 47.1% of patients (95% confidence interval (CI): 39.9–54.1%) remained in remission for more than 5 years, while the median time to progression was 4.5 years (95% CI: 4.0–6.6 years). Lower age (<50 years) and good performance status (ECOG 0) at time of trastuzumab treatment initiation as well as complete remission after initial trastuzumab treatment were associated with longer time to progression. Interruption of trastuzumab therapy correlated with shorter time to progression.
Conclusions: HER2-positive patients, who initially respond to palliative treatment with trastuzumab, can achieve a long-term tumor remission of several years.
Einleitung: Im Rahmen dieser retrospektiven Studie wurde die Auswirkung der frühen reduzierten Belastung auf Festigkeit der Implantatverankerung untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde geprüft, welchen Einfluss die Faktoren Implantatlänge, Knochenqualität, Augmentationsart und Implantatlokalisation auf die Festigkeit der Implantatverankerung nach der frühen reduzierten Belastung haben.
Material und Methoden: In die Studie wurden Patienten einbezogen, die sich einer Implantationstherapie in Poliklinik für Zahnärztliche Chirurgie und Implantologie in ZZMK (Carolinum) der J. W. Goethe-Universität in dem Zeitraum von Januar 2001 bis Februar 2010 unterzogen haben. Alle teilnehmenden Patienten wurden von einem Behandler betreut. Es wurden ausschließlich Ankylos Implantate (Dentsply, Mannheim, Deutschland) verwendet. Die Festigkeit der Implantatverankerung wurde mit Periotets gemessen. Die Implantationstherapie lief grundsätzlich nach den Rahmenbedingungen der frühen reduzierten Implantatbelastung ab. Nach einer mindestens sechswöchigen geschlossen Einheilung (statische Phase) wurden die Implantate freigelegt und mit Standardabutment versorgt, anschließend wurde der erste Periotestwert erhoben. Die statische Phase nach externem Sinuslift betrug im Schnitt 5 Monate. Für weitere vier bis acht Wochen (dynamische Phase) wurden die Implantate mit Provisorien in Infraokklusion versorgt, bei zahnlosen Patienten wurden die Implantate durch die provisorische Versorgung grundsätzlich verblockt. Patienten wurden unterwiesen, nur weiche Kost zu sich zu nehmen. Nach vier bis acht Wochen im Anschluss an die dynamische Phase wurde der zweite Periotestwert erhoben. Definitiver Zahnersatz mit korrekt eingestellter Okklusion wurde eingegliedert. Die Periotestwerte vor und nach der frühen reduzierten Implantatbelastung wurden zusammengetragen und statistisch ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse: Bei 247 Patienten wurden im Zeitraum von 01.01.2001 bis 01.03.2010 634 Ankylos Implantate inseriert. In der statischen Phase gingen sieben Implantate verloren, restliche 627 Implantate wurden früh reduziert belastet. Kein Implantat ging in der dynamischen Phase verloren. Innerhalb des ersten Jahres unter voller funktioneller Belastung ging kein Implantat aufgrund von knöcherner Überbelastung verloren. Lediglich ein Implantat musste aufgrund von Abutmentfraktur ein Jahr nach der Eingliederung des definitiven Zahnersatzes entfernt werden. Die Periotestwerte nahmen bei 556 Implantaten um mindestens eine Einheit der Periotestwertskala ab. Diese Veränderung der Periotestwerte war statistisch signifikant (p = 0,0001). Der Einfluss der Faktoren Implantatlänge, Knochenqualität, Implantatlokalisation, Augmentationsverfahren auf die Reduktion der Periotestwerte um eine Einheit war statistisch nicht signifikant. Die Reduktion der Periotestwerte um mindestens zwei Einheiten trat bei 409 von insgesamt 627 Implantaten auf und war statistisch signifikant in den Gruppen „weiche Knochenqualität“, „Implantatlänge 8mm, 9,5mm“, „externer Sinuslift“, „Oberkiefer“ (p = 0,001). In zwei Gruppen, nämlich „11mm und 14mm“ sowie „Standardverfahren, laterale Augmentation, interner Sinuslift“ trat eine Abnahme der Periotestwerte statistisch signifikant seltener auf (p = 0,045 bei „11 und 14 mm“ und p = 0,033 bei „Standardverfahren, laterale Augmentation und interner Sinuslift“).
Schlussfolgerung:Die frühe reduzierte Implantatbelastung hat keinen negativen Einfluss auf den Implantaterfolg. Beim Vorliegen von ungünstigen Voraussetzungen, wie unzureichendem Knochenangebot und Knochenqualität sowie Implantation im Oberkiefer, verbessert sich die Festigkeit der Implantatverankerung besonders deutlich. Das Konzept zeichnet sich durch das breite Indikationsspektrum und die hohe Überlebensrate trotz der verkürzten Therapiezeit aus.
This study investigates the diabetes-associated alterations present in cardiac mesenchymal cells (CMSC) obtained from normoglycemic (ND-CMSC) and type 2 diabetic patients (D-CMSC), identifying the histone acetylase (HAT) activator pentadecylidenemalonate 1b (SPV106) as a potential pharmacological intervention to restore cellular function. D-CMSC were characterized by a reduced proliferation rate, diminished phosphorylation at histone H3 serine 10 (H3S10P), decreased differentiation potential, and premature cellular senescence. A global histone code profiling of D-CMSC revealed that acetylation on histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9Ac) and lysine 14 (H3K14Ac) was decreased, whereas the trimethylation of H3K9Ac and lysine 27 significantly increased. These observations were paralleled by a downregulation of the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases (GNAT) p300/CBP-associated factor and its isoform 5-α general control of amino acid synthesis (GCN5a), determining a relative decrease in total HAT activity. DNA CpG island hypermethylation was detected at promoters of genes involved in cell growth control and genomic stability. Remarkably, treatment with the GNAT proactivator SPV106 restored normal levels of H3K9Ac and H3K14Ac, reduced DNA CpG hypermethylation, and recovered D-CMSC proliferation and differentiation. These results suggest that epigenetic interventions may reverse alterations in human CMSC obtained from diabetic patients.
Cytokine-regulated GADD45G induces differentiation and lineage selection in hematopoietic stem cells
(2014)
The balance of self-renewal and differentiation in long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC) must be strictly controlled to maintain blood homeostasis and to prevent leukemogenesis. Hematopoietic cytokines can induce differentiation in LT-HSCs; however, the molecular mechanism orchestrating this delicate balance requires further elucidation. We identified the tumor suppressor GADD45G as an instructor of LT-HSC differentiation under the control of differentiation-promoting cytokine receptor signaling. GADD45G immediately induces and accelerates differentiation in LT-HSCs and overrides the self-renewal program by specifically activating MAP3K4-mediated MAPK p38. Conversely, the absence of GADD45G enhances the self-renewal potential of LT-HSCs. Videomicroscopy-based tracking of single LT-HSCs revealed that, once GADD45G is expressed, the development of LT-HSCs into lineage-committed progeny occurred within 36 hr and uncovered a selective lineage choice with a severe reduction in megakaryocytic-erythroid cells. Here, we report an unrecognized role of GADD45G as a central molecular linker of extrinsic cytokine differentiation and lineage choice control in hematopoiesis.
Use of drug-eluting balloon coronary intervention prior to living donor kidney transplantation
(2014)
Background: Kidney transplantation is the gold standard of therapy in patients with terminal renal insufficiency. Living donor transplantation is a well-established option in this field. Enlarging the donor's pool implicates the acceptance of an increased rate of comorbidities. Among them, coronary artery disease is a growing problem. An increasing number of patients, undergoing living donation, receive antiplatelet therapies due to coronary disease.
Case presentation: Here we report about the perioperative treatment with a drug-eluting balloon in a patient with major cardiac risk factors who underwent kidney transplantation.
Conclusion: At the current time no recommendation can be given for the routine use of drug-eluting balloons.
Linear Ubiquitin chain Assembly Complex (LUBAC) is an E3 ligase complex that generates linear ubiquitin chains and is important for tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signaling activation. Mice lacking Sharpin, a critical subunit of LUBAC, spontaneously develop inflammatory lesions in the skin and other organs. Here we show that TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1)-associated death domain (TRADD)-dependent TNFR1 signaling in epidermal keratinocytes drives skin inflammation in Sharpin-deficient mice. Epidermis-restricted ablation of Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) combined with receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) deficiency fully prevented skin inflammation, while single RIPK3 deficiency only delayed and partly ameliorated lesion development in Sharpin-deficient mice, showing that inflammation is primarily driven by TRADD- and FADD-dependent keratinocyte apoptosis while necroptosis plays a minor role. At the cellular level, Sharpin deficiency sensitized primary murine keratinocytes, human keratinocytes, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts to TNF-induced apoptosis. Depletion of FADD or TRADD in Sharpin-deficient HaCaT cells suppressed TNF-induced apoptosis, indicating the importance of FADD and TRADD in Sharpin-dependent anti-apoptosis signaling in keratinocytes.
Das Thoraxtrauma beim Kind
(2014)
Die vorliegende Studie soll einen Überblick geben über Epidemiologie, Unfallursachen, Verletzungsmuster, Therapie und Outcome von Kindern mit thorakalen Verletzungen und einen Vergleich zwischen kindlichen Traumapatienten mit und ohne thorakaler Beteiligung ermöglichen.
Hierfür wurden zwischen September 2002 und Juli 2006 alle Schockraumpatienten der Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main mittels eines standardisierten Schockraumprotokolls („TraumaWatch“) prospektiv erfasst. Die Dokumentation der Daten im Schockraum erfolgte durch einen unabhängigen Dokumentationsassistenten zeitgleich mittels Tableau-PC. Die Verlaufsdaten der Patienten wurden durch retrospektive Auswertung der Patientenakten erhoben und tabellarisch erfasst. In die Studie eingeschlossen wurden alle Patienten bis einschließlich dem 17. Lebensjahr, die lebend eingeliefert wurden und nicht direkt im Anschluss an die Schockraumdiagnostik wieder nach Hause entlassen werden konnten. Insgesamt erfüllten 256 Patienten die Einschlusskriterien. Für die Auswertung wurden zwei Gruppen gebildet: Gruppe A umfasste alle Kinder mit Thoraxtrauma (n = 46), Gruppe B alle Kinder, bei denen keine thorakale Beteiligung vorlag (n = 210).
In beiden Gruppen waren Jungen mit 69,6 % bzw. 64,8 % häufiger betroffen als Mädchen. Das Durchschnittsalter lag in Gruppe A mit 12,4 ± 4,9 Jahren signifikant höher als in Gruppe B mit 8,0 ± 5,2 Jahren. Es handelte sich fast ausschließlich um stumpfe Traumen (95,7 % bzw. 95,2 %). Verkehrsunfälle stellten in beiden Gruppen die häufigste Unfallursache dar, kamen in Gruppe A jedoch signifikant häufiger vor (65,2 % vs. 35,2 %). An zweiter Stelle lagen in beiden Gruppen Stürze, wobei in Gruppe A Stürze aus großer Höhe häufiger vorkamen. Beim Thoraxtrauma stehen demnach Unfallmechanismen mit massiverer Gewalteinwirkung im Vordergrund.
Die häufigste Thoraxverletzung war die Lungenkontusion (56,5 %), gefolgt vom Pneumothorax (34,8 %). Ein isoliertes Thoraxtrauma wurde selten beobachtet (4,3 %); die häufigste Begleitverletzung stellte das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma dar (71,7 %). Auch in Gruppe B war das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma die häufigste Verletzung (54,3 %), gefolgt von Extremitätenverletzungen (37,6 %). Verletzungen des Abdomens und Beckens wurden in Gruppe A signifikant häufiger gesehen.
Der mittlere ISS lag in Gruppe A mit 26,7 ± 15,8 signifikant höher als in Gruppe B mit 8,1 ± 6,8. Damit ist das Thoraxtrauma ein Marker für eine hohe Verletzungsschwere.
Die mittlere initiale GCS als Marker für den neurologischen Status war in Gruppe A signifikant niedriger als in Gruppe B (9,4 ± 5,1 vs. 13,0 ± 3,7). Somit treten schwere Schädel-Hirn-Traumata bei Kindern häufiger in Zusammenhang mit einem Thoraxtrauma auf.
Die Letalität war in Gruppe A höher als in Gruppe B (6,5 % vs. 1,9 %). Bei den Todesursachen stand in beiden Gruppen das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma im Vordergrund.
Sowohl die mittlere Intensivliegezeit (8,0 ± 8,1 Tage vs. 1,9 ± 5,0 Tage) als auch die Gesamtdauer des stationären Aufenthalts (13,6 ± 9,7 Tage vs. 7,9 ± 9,6 Tage) waren in Gruppe A signifikant länger als in Gruppe B. Kinder mit Thoraxtrauma mussten häufiger beatmet werden als Kinder ohne Thoraxtrauma (76,1 % vs. 26,7 %); die mittlere Beatmungsdauer war signifikant länger (5,2 ± 4,8 Tage vs. 2,7 ± 3,7 Tage). Eine präklinische Intubation war in Gruppe A ebenfalls signifikant häufiger erforderlich als in Gruppe B (56,5 % vs. 15,2 %). Kinder mit Thoraxtrauma wurden signifikant häufiger operativ versorgt (68,9 % vs. 42,9 %); unfallchirurgische Operationen standen in beiden Gruppen im Vordergrund. Komplikationen wurden in Gruppe A signifikant häufiger gesehen (52,2 % vs. 12,9 %); die häufigste Komplikation war in beiden Gruppen die respiratorische Insuffizienz (39,1 % vs. 5,2 %). In Gruppe A konnten signifikant weniger Patienten nach Hause entlassen werden als in Gruppe B (50,0 % vs. 89,0 %).
Das Thoraxtrauma stellt damit einen Marker für eine hohe Verletzungsschwere und das Vorliegen weiterer schwerer Verletzungen dar und kann somit als negativer prädiktiver Faktor angesehen werden, der die Mortalität und Morbidität bei kindlichen Traumapatienten beeinflusst.
Ziel: Die Evaluation der DEGUM-Mammasonografiekurse nach objektivierbaren Kriterien war Ziel dieser Arbeit. Damit sollte die Qualität der Kurse überprüft werden, um eine flächendeckende Fort- und Weiterbildung auf hohem Niveau anzubieten.
Material und Methoden: 10 Qualitätskriterien, orientierend an den Vorgaben der KBV-Ultraschallvereinbarungen wurden als Qualitätsparameter definiert. Alle Kursleiter des Arbeitskreises Mammasonografie der DEGUM wurden angeschrieben. Dabei wurden die 10 definierten Qualitätskriterien überprüft.
Ergebnisse: Alle Kurse erfüllten die Voraussetzungen bezüglich der Qualität des Kursleiters, der Kursdauer und Unterrichtseinheiten sowie der Anzahl an Kursteilnehmern pro Ultraschallgerät. In 1 von 9 Kursen wurde die Zeit der praktischen Übungen, gefordert sind 50 %, unterschritten. Die Voraussetzungen für den Abschlusskurs (200 selbst durchgeführte und dokumentierte Fälle) sind in den Kursankündigungen zum Teil nicht klar definiert. Ein strukturierter Lehrkatalog fehlt.
Schlussfolgerung: Die DEGUM-Mammasonografiekurse werden auf hohem Niveau angeboten und erfüllen zum größten Teil die Anforderungen der KBV. Trotz der hohen Qualität der DEGUM-Kurse sind Optimierungsoptionen im Bereich Kursankündigung und strukturierter Lehrkatalog möglich.
Die randomisierte, dreiarmig kontrollierte Studie zu täglicher, peroraler Zusatzkost (ONS) bei Hämodialysepatienten (CHD) im Endstadium der Niereninsuffizienz (ESRD) über 6 Monate zeigte keine signifikanten Verbesserungen hinsichtlich folgender Nutritions-/Retentions- und Inflammationsparameter: Subjective Global Assessment (SGA); Body Mass Index (BMI); Querschnitt des Muskulus Iliopsoas,Oberarmumfang und Dicke des Unterhautfettgewebes (MRT); örperzellmasse und Phasenwinkel (Bioimpedanzanalyse BIA); Tumornekrosefaktor α (TNFα); Interleukin 1β und 6 (IL-1β und IL-6); C-Reaktives Protein (CRP). Der Querschnitt des Muskulus biceps brachii blieb in der Kontrollgruppe anfangs und zum Ende höher wie in den Interventionsgruppen. Der Serumkreatininwert der Interventionsgruppe mit HIV war anfangs geringer als in den übrigen Gruppen, die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate entsprechend besser, zum Ende waren diese Unterschiede nivelliert. Der Hauptbefund liegt in der hohen Mortalitätsrate der HIV-positiven Hämodialysepatienten (2 von 7 Pat., 28,6%), von denen beide im SGA als schwer mangel-/fehlernährt eingestuft wurden. Die Therapie eines Malnutritions-Infalmmations-Komplexes ist nicht allein durch orale Zusatzkost möglich. Weitere Studien müssen multimodale Konzepte zur Diagnose und zur Therapie erforschen. Hierzu kann perorale Zusatzkost ein einfach durchzuführendes Mittel als Teil der Behandlungsstrategie sein, zur erweiterten Diagnose kann die Bioimpedanzanalyse eine Möglichkeit sein, um den Teilaspekt der Nutritionskontrolle zu erfüllen.
Die Wahrnehmung von Schmerzen ermöglicht es dem Organismus, auf noxische Reize zu reagieren. Der akute nozizeptive Schmerz hat somit eine natürliche Warnfunktion. Bei länger anhaltenden bzw. chronischen Schmerzen oder Nervenschädigungen kann es jedoch zu pathophysiologischen Veränderungen im Nervensystem kommen, die zur Verselbständigung des Schmerzes führen können. Unter diesen Umständen gilt der Schmerz nicht mehr als Warnsignal, sondern als eigenes Krankheitsbild. Die „International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)“ definiert Schmerz als „ein unangenehmes Sinnes- und Gefühlserlebnis, das mit aktueller oder potenzieller Gewebsschädigung verknüpft ist oder mit Begriffen einer solchen Schädigung beschrieben wird“. Da bisher verfügbare Arzneimittel chronische Schmerzen in vielen Fällen nicht ausreichend reduzieren können und teilweise zu schwerwiegenden Nebenwirkungen führen, ist es unverzichtbar, an der Entwicklung neuer und noch spezifischer wirkenden Analgetika festzuhalten. Um Pharmaka zu entwickeln, die gezielt in den Mechanismus der Schmerzverarbeitung eingreifen können, ist es notwendig, diesen auf molekularer Ebene zu kennen und zu verstehen.
In Deutschland stehen maligne Tumoren des Kopf-/Halsbereiches an sechster Stelle in der Prävalenz aller Krebserkrankungen und in den nächsten Jahrzehnten wird von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation ein starker Anstieg der Inzidenz erwartet. Ab dem Tumorstadium T2 ist eine alleinige operative oder radiotherapeutische Behandlung nicht mehr erfolgsversprechend, so dass multimodale Therapiekonzepte zum Einsatz kommen sollten. Ein multimodaler Ansatz ist die TPF-Induktionschemotherapie, die bisher vielversprechende Ergebnisse geliefert hat. Eine Prognose hinsichtlich der Therapieerfolge ist bei Tumorpatienten generell schwierig. Um die Effektivität der Behandlung zu überprüfen muss das Ansprechen klinisch und histologisch evaluiert werden. Hinsichtlich Geschlecht, Alter, Tumorlokalisation, Staging und histologischem Grading lag eine repräsentative Patientenpopulation vor. Die Ergebnisse bezüglich Ki67-, EGFR-Ausprägungsgrad und der Anzahl der Gefäße fügen sich in die bisherige Datenlage ein. Die Korrelation zwischen Ki67 bzw. EGFR mit der Anzahl der Gefäße bestätigt den Zusammenhang zwischen Proliferation und Vaskularisation. Die fehlende Korrelation zwischen Ki67 und EGFR untermauert das Nebeneinander von verschiedenen Proliferationsmechanismen ohne molekularen Zusammenhang. Die Ergebnisse belegen einen besseren Erfolg der Chemotherapie bei hohem Proliferationsindex (Ki67) und guter Vaskularisation (vWF), während der Ausprägungsgrad von EGFR ohne Einfluss darauf ist. Mit Hilfe klinischer Daten (hier T- und N-Status) und molekularer Daten (hier Ki67, EGFR, und vWF) sind Vorhersagemodelle für das Ansprechen auf eine TPF-Induktionschemotherapie möglich. Mittels der Cox- Regression konnte ein Modell erstellt werden, an dem für verschiedene Ausprägungen von Ki67 das zu erwartende Gesamtüberleben abgelesen werden kann. Die Zukunft neuer Therapiestrategien und deren Erfolgsprognose liegen auf molekularer Ebene.
Prothesenallergie : Diagnostik und Risikobewertung bei 172 Patienten mit Gelenk- oder Zahnersatz
(2014)
Komplikationen nach prothetischer Versorgung wirken sich häufig gravierend auf die Lebensqualität der betroffenen Patienten aus. Welche Rolle eine Prothesenallergie als Ursache der Beschwerden spielt, ist bisher nicht hinreichend geklärt. In dieser Arbeit werden 172 Patienten auf die Häufigkeiten prothesenrelevanter Sensibilisierungen sowie deren Korrelation mit der klinischen Symptomatik und allergischer Vorgeschichte untersucht. Das Kollektiv gliedert sich in orthopädische und zahnärztliche Patienten, die entweder vor einer Prothesenimplantation oder nach erfolgter Behandlung getestet wurden. Alle Patienten erhalten einen Epikutantest, der neben häufigen Kontaktallergenen auch die jeweils prothesenspezifischen Stoffe enthält. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgt zunächst mit der Einteilung der Patienten in übergeordnete Kohorten, innerhalb derer die Korrelation jeweils eines speziellen Merkmals mit der Häufigkeit von Sensibilisierungen untersucht wird. Die untersuchten Merkmale sind: Orthopädische gegenüber zahnärztlichen Patienten, präoperative gegenüber postoperativen Beschwerden, Patienten mit gegenüber Patienten ohne atopische Diathese, das Geschlecht und Patienten mit beziehungsweise ohne Typ IV-Allergie. Eine weitere Aufarbeitung erfolgt nach Einteilung in sechs Patientengruppen. Die untersuchten Patientengruppen umfassen die Eigenschaften Prothesenträger, bekannte Typ IV-Allergie, bekannte atopische Diathese, aktuelle prothesenassoziierte Beschwerden beziehungsweise das Fehlen dieser Eigenschaften.
Seven years after the launch of the European Paediatric Medicine Regulation, limited progress in paediatric oncology drug development remains a major concern amongst stakeholders – academics, industry, regulatory authorities, parents, patients and caregivers. Restricted increases in early phase paediatric oncology trials, legal requirements and regulatory pressure to propose early Paediatric Investigation Plans (PIPs), missed opportunities to explore new drugs potentially relevant for paediatric malignancies, lack of innovative trial designs and no new incentives to develop drugs against specific paediatric targets are some unmet needs. Better access to new anti-cancer drugs for paediatric clinical studies and improved collaboration between stakeholders are essential. The Cancer Drug Development Forum (CDDF), previously Biotherapy Development Association (BDA), with Innovative Therapy for Children with Cancer Consortium (ITCC), European Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOPE) and European Network for Cancer Research in Children and Adolescents (ENCCA) has created a unique Paediatric Oncology Platform, involving multiple stakeholders and the European Union (EU) Commission, with an urgent remit to improve paediatric oncology drug development. The Paediatric Oncology Platform proposes to recommend immediate changes in the implementation of the Regulation and set the framework for its 2017 revision; initiatives to incentivise drug development against specific paediatric oncology targets, and repositioning of drugs not developed in adults. Underpinning these changes is a strategy for mechanism of action and biology driven selection and prioritisation of potential paediatric indications rather than the current process based on adult cancer indications. Pre-competitive research and drug prioritisation, early portfolio evaluation, cross-industry cooperation and multi-compound/sponsor trials are being explored, from which guidance for innovative trial designs will be provided.
Background: Despite improvements in liver surgery over the past decades, hemostasis during hepatic resections remains challenging. This multicenter randomized study compares the hemostatic effect of a collagen hemostat vs. a carrier-bound fibrin sealant after hepatic resection.
Methods: Patients scheduled for elective liver resection were randomized intraoperatively to receive either the collagen hemostat (COLL) or the carrier-bound fibrin sealant (CBFS) for secondary hemostasis. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with hemostasis after 3 min. Secondary parameters were the proportions of patients with hemostasis after 5 and 10 min, the total time to hemostasis, and the complication rates during a 3 months follow-up period.
Results: A total of 128 patients were included. In the COLL group, 53 out of 61 patients (86.9 %) achieved complete hemostasis within 3 min after application of the hemostat compared to 52 out of 65 patients (80.0 %) in the CBFS group. The 95 % confidence interval for this difference [−6.0 %, 19.8 %] does not include the lower noninferiority margin (−10 %). Thus, the COLL treatment can be regarded as noninferior to the comparator. The proportions of patients with hemostasis after 3, 5, and 10 min were not significantly different between the two study arms. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were similar in both treatment groups.
Conclusion: The collagen hemostat is as effective as the carrier-bound fibrin sealant in obtaining secondary hemostasis during liver resection with a comparable complication rate.
A cell-based high-throughput screen that assessed the cellular stability of a tumor suppressor protein PDCD4 (Programmed cell death 4) was used to identify a new guanidine-containing marine alkaloid mirabilin K (3), as well as the known compounds mirabilin G (1) and netamine M (2). The structures of these tricyclic guanidine alkaloids were established from extensive spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited cellular degradation of PDCD4 with EC50 values of 1.8 μg/mL and 2.8 μg/mL, respectively. Mirabilin G (1) and netamine M (2) are the first marine natural products reported to stabilize PDCD4 under tumor promoting conditions.
Resveratrol shows beneficial effects in inflammation-based diseases like cancer, cardiovascular and chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory resveratrol effects deserve more attention. In human epithelial DLD-1 and monocytic Mono Mac 6 cells resveratrol decreased the expression of iNOS, IL-8 and TNF-α by reducing mRNA stability without inhibition of the promoter activity. Shown by pharmacological and siRNA-mediated inhibition, the observed effects are SIRT1-independent. Target-fishing and drug responsive target stability experiments showed selective binding of resveratrol to the RNA-binding protein KSRP, a central post-transcriptional regulator of pro-inflammatory gene expression. Knockdown of KSRP expression prevented resveratrol-induced mRNA destabilization in human and murine cells. Resveratrol did not change KSRP expression, but immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that resveratrol reduces the p38 MAPK-related inhibitory KSRP threonine phosphorylation, without blocking p38 MAPK activation or activity. Mutation of the p38 MAPK target site in KSRP blocked the resveratrol effect on pro-inflammatory gene expression. In addition, resveratrol incubation enhanced KSRP-exosome interaction, which is important for mRNA degradation. Finally, resveratrol incubation enhanced its intra-cellular binding to the IL-8, iNOS and TNF-α mRNA. Therefore, modulation of KSRP mRNA binding activity and, thereby, enhancement of mRNA degradation seems to be the common denominator of many anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol.
Background: Following acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the risk for future cardiovascular events is high and is related to levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) even within the setting of intensive statin treatment. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates LDL receptor expression and circulating levels of LDL-C. Antibodies to PCSK9 can produce substantial and sustained reductions of LDL-C. The ODYSSEY Outcomes trial tests the hypothesis that treatment with alirocumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, improves cardiovascular outcomes after ACS.
Design: This Phase 3 study will randomize approximately 18,000 patients to receive biweekly injections of alirocumab (75-150 mg) or matching placebo beginning 1 to 12 months after an index hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Qualifying patients are treated with atorvastatin 40 or 80 mg daily, rosuvastatin 20 or 40 mg daily, or the maximum tolerated and approved dose of one of these agents and fulfill one of the following criteria: LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dL, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 100 mg/dL, or apolipoprotein B ≥ 80 mg/dL. The primary efficacy measure is time to first occurrence of coronary heart disease death, acute myocardial infarction, hospitalization for unstable angina, or ischemic stroke. The trial is expected to continue until 1613 primary end point events have occurred with minimum follow-up of at least 2 years, providing 90% power to detect a 15% hazard reduction. Adverse events of special interest include allergic events and injection site reactions. Interim analyses are planned when approximately 50% and 75% of the targeted number of primary end points have occurred.
Summary: ODYSSEY Outcomes will determine whether the addition of the PCSK9 antibody alirocumab to intensive statin therapy reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after ACS.
Considering the review by Puspitasari and colleagues, an additional discussion of the endpoints of the Se supplementation studies described would be helpful. In our view, selenium can safely be given to selenium-deficient cancer patients prior to and during radiotherapy. Therefore, in order to help the radiation oncologist in decision making, we strongly advocate to determine the selenium status prior to and during a potential adjuvant selenium supplementation, e.g. when trying to ease the side-effects of radiation treatment or in the aftercare situation when the selenium status may become insufficient.
Multimorbidity is a health issue mostly dealt with in primary care practice. As a result of their generalist and patient-centered approach, long-lasting relationships with patients, and responsibility for continuity and coordination of care, family physicians are particularly well placed to manage patients with multimorbidity. However, conflicts arising from the application of multiple disease oriented guidelines and the burden of diseases and treatments often make consultations challenging. To provide orientation in decision making in multimorbidity during primary care consultations, we developed guiding principles and named them after the Greek mythological figure Ariadne. For this purpose, we convened a two-day expert workshop accompanied by an international symposium in October 2012 in Frankfurt, Germany. Against the background of the current state of knowledge presented and discussed at the symposium, 19 experts from North America, Europe, and Australia identified the key issues of concern in the management of multimorbidity in primary care in panel and small group sessions and agreed upon making use of formal and informal consensus methods. The proposed preliminary principles were refined during a multistage feedback process and discussed using a case example. The sharing of realistic treatment goals by physicians and patients is at the core of the Ariadne principles. These result from i) a thorough interaction assessment of the patient’s conditions, treatments, constitution, and context; ii) the prioritization of health problems that take into account the patient's preferences – his or her most and least desired outcomes; and iii) individualized management realizes the best options of care in diagnostics, treatment, and prevention to achieve the goals. Goal attainment is followed-up in accordance with a re-assessment in planned visits. The occurrence of new or changed conditions, such as an increase in severity, or a changed context may trigger the (re-)start of the process. Further work is needed on the implementation of the formulated principles, but they were recognized and appreciated as important by family physicians and primary care researchers.
Purpose: Prostate specific antigen is not reliable in diagnosing prostate cancer (PCa), making the identification of novel, precise diagnostic biomarkers important. Since chemokines are associated with more aggressive disease and poor prognosis in diverse malignancies, we aimed to investigate the diagnostic relevance of chemokines in PCa.
Materials and methods: Preoperative and early postoperative serum samples were obtained from 39 consecutive PCa patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Serum from 15 healthy volunteers served as controls. Concentrations of CXCL12, CXCL13, CX3CL1, CCL2, CCL5, and CCL20 were measured in serum by Luminex. The expression activity of CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR7, CXCL12, CXCL13, CX3CR1, CXCL1, CCR2, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCL2, and CCL5 mRNA was assessed in tumor and adjacent normal tissue of prostatectomy specimens by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The associations of these chemokines with clinical and histological parameters were tested.
Results: The gene expression activity of CCL2 and CCR6 was significantly higher in tumor tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue. CCL2 was also significantly higher in the blood samples of PCa patients, compared to controls. CCL5, CCL20, and CX3CL1 were lower in patient serum, compared to controls. CCR2 tissue mRNA was negatively correlated with the Gleason score and grading.
Conclusion: Chemokines are significantly modified during tumorigenesis of PCa, and CCL2 is a promising diagnostic biomarker.
Background: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and NF-κB play important roles in the inflammatory response after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (H/R). Here, the role of myeloid HIF-1α in liver hypoxia, injury, and inflammation after H/R with special regard to NF-κB activation was studied.
Methods: Mice with a conditional HIF-1α knockout (KO) in myeloid cell-line and wild-type (WT) controls were hemorrhaged for 90 min ( mm Hg) and resuscitated. Controls underwent only surgical procedures.
Results: After six hours, H/R enhanced the expression of HIF-1α-induced genes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and adrenomedullin (ADM). In KO mice, this was not observed. H/R-induced liver injury in HIF-1α KO was comparable to WT. Elevated plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels after H/R were not reduced by HIF-1α KO. Local hepatic hypoxia was not significantly reduced in HIF-1α KO compared to controls after H/R. H/R-induced NF-κB phosphorylation in liver did not significantly differ between WT and KO.
Conclusions: Here, deleting HIF-1α in myeloid cells and thereby in Kupffer cells was not protective after H/R. This data indicates that other factors, such as NF-κB, due to its upregulated phosphorylation in WT and KO mice, contrary to HIF-1α, are rather key modulators of inflammation after H/R in our model.
Background: Since sorafenib has shown activity in different tumour types and gemcitabine regimens improved the outcome for biliary tract cancer (BTC) patients, we evaluated first-line gemcitabine plus sorafenib in a double-blind phase II study.
Patients and methods: 102 unresectable or metastatic BTC patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma of gallbladder or intrahepatic bile ducts, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0–2 were randomised to gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2 once weekly, first 7-weeks + 1-week rest followed by once 3-weeks + 1-week rest) plus sorafenib (400 mg twice daily) or placebo. Treatment continued until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Tumour samples were prospectively stained for sorafenib targets and potential biomarkers. Serum samples (first two cycles) were measured for vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1)α by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results: Gemcitabine plus sorafenib was generally well tolerated. Four and three patients achieved partial responses in the sorafenib and placebo groups, respectively. There was no difference in the primary end-point, median progression-free survival (PFS) for gemcitabine plus sorafenib versus gemcitabine plus placebo (3.0 versus 4.9 months, P = 0.859), and no difference for median overall survival (OS) (8.4 versus 11.2 months, P = 0.775). Patients with liver metastasis after resection of primary BTC survived longer with sorafenib (P = 0.019) compared to placebo. Patients who developed hand-foot syndrome (HFS) showed longer PFS and OS than patients without HFS. Two sorafenib targets, VEGFR-2 and c-kit, were not expressed in BTC samples. VEGFR-3 and Hif1α were associated with lymph node metastases and T stage. Absence of PDGFRβ expression correlated with longer PFS.
Conclusion: The addition of sorafenib to gemcitabine did not demonstrate improved efficacy in advanced BTC patients. Biomarker subgroup analysis suggested that some patients might benefit from combined treatment.
IKKα promotes intestinal tumorigenesis by limiting recruitment of M1-like polarized myeloid cells
(2014)
The recruitment of immune cells into solid tumors is an essential prerequisite of tumor development. Depending on the prevailing polarization profile of these infiltrating leucocytes, tumorigenesis is either promoted or blocked. Here, we identify IκB kinase α (IKKα) as a central regulator of a tumoricidal microenvironment during intestinal carcinogenesis. Mice deficient in IKKα kinase activity are largely protected from intestinal tumor development that is dependent on the enhanced recruitment of interferon γ (IFNγ)-expressing M1-like myeloid cells. In IKKα mutant mice, M1-like polarization is not controlled in a cell-autonomous manner but, rather, depends on the interplay of both IKKα mutant tumor epithelia and immune cells. Because therapies aiming at the tumor microenvironment rather than directly at the mutated cancer cell may circumvent resistance development, we suggest IKKα as a promising target for colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy.
Serial quantification of BCR–ABL1 mRNA is an important therapeutic indicator in chronic myeloid leukaemia, but there is a substantial variation in results reported by different laboratories. To improve comparability, an internationally accepted plasmid certified reference material (CRM) was developed according to ISO Guide 34:2009. Fragments of BCR–ABL1 (e14a2 mRNA fusion), BCR and GUSB transcripts were amplified and cloned into pUC18 to yield plasmid pIRMM0099. Six different linearised plasmid solutions were produced with the following copy number concentrations, assigned by digital PCR, and expanded uncertainties: 1.08±0.13 × 106, 1.08±0.11 × 105, 1.03±0.10 × 104, 1.02±0.09 × 103, 1.04±0.10 × 102 and 10.0±1.5 copies/μl. The certification of the material for the number of specific DNA fragments per plasmid, copy number concentration of the plasmid solutions and the assessment of inter-unit heterogeneity and stability were performed according to ISO Guide 35:2006. Two suitability studies performed by 63 BCR–ABL1 testing laboratories demonstrated that this set of 6 plasmid CRMs can help to standardise a number of measured transcripts of e14a2 BCR–ABL1 and three control genes (ABL1, BCR and GUSB). The set of six plasmid CRMs is distributed worldwide by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (Belgium) and its authorised distributors (https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/reference-materials/catalogue/; CRM code ERM-AD623a-f).
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) represent clonal disorders mainly of the elderly that are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and an increased risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia. The pathogenesis of MDS is thought to evolve from accumulation and selection of specific genetic or epigenetic events. Emerging evidence indicates that MDS is not solely a hematopoietic disease but rather affects the entire bone marrow microenvironment, including bone metabolism. Many of these cells, in particular mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPCs) and osteoblasts, express a number of adhesion molecules and secreted factors that regulate blood regeneration throughout life by contributing to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) maintenance, self-renewal and differentiation. Several endocrine factors, such as erythropoietin, parathyroid hormone and estrogens, as well as deranged iron metabolism modulate these processes. Thus, interactions between MSPC and HSPC contribute to the pathogenesis of MDS and associated pathologies. A detailed understanding of these mechanisms may help to define novel targets for diagnosis and possibly therapy. In this review, we will discuss the scientific rationale of "osteohematology" as an emerging research field in MDS and outline clinical implications.
Background: In an earlier study we demonstrated the feasibility to create tissue engineered venous scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. In this study we investigated the use of tissue engineered constructs for ureteral replacement in a long term orthotopic minipig model. In many different projects well functional ureretal tissue was established using tissue engineering in animals with short-time follow up (12 weeks). Therefore urothelial cells were harvested from the bladder, cultured, expanded in vitro, labelled with fluorescence and seeded onto the autologous veins, which were harvested from animals during a second surgery. Three days after cell seeding the right ureter was replaced with the cell-seeded matrices in six animals, while further 6 animals received an unseeded vein for ureteral replacement. The animals were sacrificed 12, 24, and 48 weeks after implantation. Gross examination, intravenous pyelogram (IVP), H&E staining, Trichrome Masson's Staining, and immunohistochemistry with pancytokeratin AE1/AE3, smooth muscle alpha actin, and von Willebrand factor were performed in retrieved specimens.
Results: The IVP and gross examination demonstrated that no animals with tissue engineered ureters and all animals of the control group presented with hydronephrosis after 12 weeks. In the 24-week group, one tissue engineered and one unseeded vein revealed hydronephrosis. After 48 weeks all tissue engineered animals and none of the control group showed hydronephrosis on the treated side. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry revealed a multilayer of urothelial cells attached to the seeded venous grafts.
Comclusions: Venous grafts may be a potential source for ureteral reconstruction. The results of so far published ureteral tissue engineering projects reveal data up to 12 weeks after implantation. Even if the animal numbers of this study are small, there is an increasing rate of hydronephrosis revealing failure of ureteral tissue engineering with autologous matrices in time points longer than 3 months after implantation. Further investigations have to prove adequate clinical outcome and appropriate functional long-term results.
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Lesion progression is primarily mediated by cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. IL-17A is a proinflammatory cytokine, which modulates immune cell trafficking and is involved inflammation in (auto)immune and infectious diseases. But the role of IL-17A still remains controversial. In the current study, we investigated effects of IL-17A on advanced murine and human atherosclerosis, the common disease phenotype in clinical care. The 26-wk-old apolipoprotein E–deficient mice were fed a standard chow diet and treated either with IL-17A mAb (n = 15) or irrelevant Ig (n = 10) for 16 wk. Furthermore, essential mechanisms of IL-17A in atherogenesis were studied in vitro. Inhibition of IL-17A markedly prevented atherosclerotic lesion progression (p = 0.001) by reducing inflammatory burden and cellular infiltration (p = 0.01) and improved lesion stability (p = 0.01). In vitro experiments showed that IL-17A plays a role in chemoattractance, monocyte adhesion, and sensitization of APCs toward pathogen-derived TLR4 ligands. Also, IL-17A induced a unique transcriptome pattern in monocyte-derived macrophages distinct from known macrophage types. Stimulation of human carotid plaque tissue ex vivo with IL-17A induced a proinflammatory milieu and upregulation of molecules expressed by the IL-17A–induced macrophage subtype. In this study, we show that functional blockade of IL-17A prevents atherosclerotic lesion progression and induces plaque stabilization in advanced lesions in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice. The underlying mechanisms involve reduced inflammation and distinct effects of IL-17A on monocyte/macrophage lineage. In addition, translational experiments underline the relevance for the human system.
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a daunting problem. It is a major public health issue for several reasons: from its prevalence (20% of total mortality in the industrialized world) to the devastating psycho-social impact on society and on the families of victims often still in their prime, and it represents a challenge for medicine, and especially for cardiology. This text summarizes the discussions and opinions of a group of investigators with a long-standing interest in this field. We addressed the occurrence of SCD in individuals apparently healthy, in patients with heart disease and mild or severe cardiac dysfunction, and in those with genetically based arrhythmic diseases. Recognizing the need for more accurate registries of the global and regional distribution of SCD in these different categories, we focused on the assessment of risk for SCD in these four groups, looking at the significance of alterations in cardiac function, of signs of electrical instability identified by ECG abnormalities or by autonomic tests, and of the progressive impact of genetic screening. Special attention was given to the identification of areas of research more or less likely to provide useful information, and thereby more or less suitable for the investment of time and of research funds.
We show that, under in vitro conditions, the vulnerability of astroglia to hypoxia is reflected by alterations in endothelin (ET)-1 release and capacity of erythropoietin (EPO) to regulate ET-1 levels. Exposure of cells to 24 h hypoxia did not induce changes in ET-1 release, while 48–72 h hypoxia resulted in increase of ET-1 release from astrocytes that could be abolished by EPO. The endothelin receptor type A (ETA) antagonist BQ123 increased extracellular levels of ET-1 in human fetal astroglial cell line (SV-FHAS). The survival and proliferation of rat primary astrocytes, neural precursors, and neurons upon hypoxic conditions were increased upon administration of BQ123. Hypoxic injury and aging affected the interaction between the EPO and ET systems. Under hypoxia EPO decreased ET-1 release from astrocytes, while ETA receptor blockade enhanced the expression of EPO mRNA and EPO receptor in culture-aged rat astroglia. The blockade of ETA receptor can increase the availability of ET-1 to the ETB receptor and can potentiate the neuroprotective effects of EPO. Thus, the new therapeutic use of combined administration of EPO and ETA receptor antagonists during hypoxia-associated neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) can be suggested.
Eine Liste mit den Namen von 1.794 Wissenschaftlern, die in Nazideutschland entlassen wurden, steht seit 30 Jahren im Regal des Frankfurter Neurologischen Instituts. Von dort geht die Initiative aus, ihren Urheber wiederzuentdecken: den zu Unrecht in Vergessenheit geratenen Neuropathologen Philipp Schwartz.
Background: In primary care, patients with multiple chronic conditions are the rule rather than the exception. The Chronic Care Model (CCM) is an evidence-based framework for improving chronic illness care, but little is known about the extent to which it has been implemented in routine primary care. The aim of this study was to describe how multimorbid older patients assess the routine chronic care they receive in primary care practices in Germany, and to explore the extent to which factors at both the practice and patient level determine their views.
Methods: This cross-sectional study used baseline data from an observational cohort study involving 158 general practitioners (GP) and 3189 multimorbid patients. Standardized questionnaires were employed to collect data, and the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) questionnaire used to assess the quality of care received. Multilevel hierarchical modeling was used to identify any existing association between the dependent variable, PACIC, and independent variables at the patient level (socio-economic factors, weighted count of chronic conditions, instrumental activities of daily living, health-related quality of life, graded chronic pain, no. of contacts with GP, existence of a disease management program (DMP) disease, self-efficacy, and social support) and the practice level (age and sex of GP, years in current practice, size and type of practice).
Results: The overall mean PACIC score was 2.4 (SD 0.8), with the mean subscale scores ranging from 2.0 (SD 1.0, subscale goal setting/tailoring) to 3.5 (SD 0.7, delivery system design). At the patient level, higher PACIC scores were associated with a DMP disease, more frequent GP contacts, higher social support, and higher autonomy of past occupation. At the practice level, solo practices were associated with higher PACIC values than other types of practice.
Conclusions: This study shows that from the perspective of multimorbid patients receiving care in German primary care practices, the implementation of structured care and counseling could be improved, particularly by helping patients set specific goals, coordinating care, and arranging follow-up contacts. Studies evaluating chronic care should take into consideration that a patient’s assessment is associated not only with practice-level factors, but also with individual, patient-level factors.
The exact pathophysiology of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is not fully clarified, yet the osmotic characteristics of contrast media (CM) have been a significant focus in many investigations of CIN. Osmotic effects of CM specific to the kidney include transient decreases in blood flow, filtration fraction, and glomerular filtration rate. Potentially significant secondary effects include an osmotically induced diuresis with a concomitant dehydrating effect. Clinical experiences that have compared the occurrence of CIN between the various classes of CM based on osmolality have suggested a much less than anticipated advantage, if any, with a lower osmolality. Recent animal experiments actually suggest that induction of a mild osmotic diuresis in association with iso-osmolar agents tends to offset potentially deleterious renal effects of high viscosity-mediated intratubular CM stagnation.
Der Begriff Hirndoping beschreibt die Einnahme von Medikamenten mit dem Ziel der geistigen Leistungssteigerung. Diese Medikamente sind verschreibungspflichtig und bei den Konsumenten medizinisch nicht indiziert, werden also zweckentfremdet. Mittlerweile ist aus dem Thema Hirndoping ein Thema geworden, welches öffentlich diskutiert wird. Zeitung, Presse und sogar die Film- und Fernsehindustrie beschäftigen sich mit diesem Thema. So nimmt unter anderem die gestresste Mutter Lynette aus der US-Serie «Desperate Housewives» die Ritalin-Tablette ihres Sohnes ein, um so den anstrengenden Alltag besser meistern zu können. In dem US-Film «Ohne Limit - Die Droge für Reichtum und Macht» dreht sich alles um eine Droge, welche die Leistungsfähigkeit ins unermessliche steigern kann.
In der aktuellen Presse findet man immer öfter Schlagzeilen wie beispielsweise Folgendes: „Studenten unter Druck: Hirndoping kein Massenphänomen“.
Doch auch die Lebensmittel- und Pharmaindustrie ist beim Thema Leistungssteigerung in der Ideenfindung sehr kreativ. Manche Substanzen „verleihen einem Flügel“ (Red Bull®), andere sind lecker in Schokolade eingepackt (Pocket Coffee®) und wieder andere sollen die Menschen geistig aktiver machen (Gingium®).
Der Großteil der bisherigen Studien zum Thema Hirndoping stammt aus den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Erst seit kurzer Zeit wird auch die Prävalenz von Hirndoping in Deutschland untersucht. Wie viele Schülerinnen und Schüler sowie Studentinnen und Studenten Substanzen zur geistigen Leistungssteigerung einnehmen, wurde teils schon für bestimmte Regionen und bestimmte Fachrichtungen stichprobenartig ermittelt. Bisher liegen allerdings noch keine umfangreichen Daten zur Prävalenz von Hirndoping bei Medizinstudenten vor. Daher untersuchte diese Studie die Einnahme von Leistungssteigernden Substanzen bei Medizinstudenten in Frankfurt am Main.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the cutting edge in innate and adaptive immunity. The major functions of these antigen-presenting cells are the capture, endosomal processing and presentation of antigens, providing them an exclusive ability to provoke adaptive immune responses and to induce and control tolerance. Immature DCs capture and process antigens, migrate towards secondary lymphoid organs where they present antigens to naive T cells in a well-synchronized sequence of procedures referred to as maturation. Indeed, recent research indicated that sphingolipids are modulators of essential steps in DC homeostasis. It has been recognized that sphingolipids not only modulate the development of DC subtypes from precursor cells but also influence functional activities of DCs such as antigen capture, and cytokine profiling. Thus, it is not astonishing that sphingolipids and sphingolipid metabolism play a substantial role in inflammatory diseases that are modulated by DCs. Here we highlight the function of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) on DC homeostasis and the role of S1P and S1P metabolism in inflammatory diseases.
Myocardial infarction (MI) induces a complex inflammatory immune response, followed by the remodelling of the heart muscle and scar formation. The rapid regeneration of the blood vessel network system by the attraction of hematopoietic stem cells is beneficial for heart function. Despite the important role of chemokines in these processes, their use in clinical practice has so far been limited by their limited availability over a long time-span in vivo. Here, a method is presented to increase physiological availability of chemokines at the site of injury over a defined time-span and simultaneously control their release using biodegradable hydrogels. Two different biodegradable hydrogels were implemented, a fast degradable hydrogel (FDH) for delivering Met-CCL5 over 24 hrs and a slow degradable hydrogel (SDH) for a gradual release of protease-resistant CXCL12 (S4V) over 4 weeks. We demonstrate that the time-controlled release using Met-CCL5-FDH and CXCL12 (S4V)-SDH suppressed initial neutrophil infiltration, promoted neovascularization and reduced apoptosis in the infarcted myocardium. Thus, we were able to significantly preserve the cardiac function after MI. This study demonstrates that time-controlled, biopolymer-mediated delivery of chemokines represents a novel and feasible strategy to support the endogenous reparatory mechanisms after MI and may compliment cell-based therapies.
Background: The phagocytic enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) acts as a front-line defender against microorganisms. However, increased MPO levels have been found to be associated with complex and calcified atherosclerotic lesions and incident cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate a predictive role of MPO, a biomarker of inflammation and oxidative stress, for total and cardiovascular mortality in patients referred to coronary angiography.
Methods and results: MPO plasma concentrations along with eight MPO polymorphisms were determined in 3036 participants of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health study (median follow-up 7.75 years). MPO concentrations were positively associated with age, diabetes, smoking, markers of systemic inflammation (interleukin-6, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A) and vascular damage (vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1) but negatively associated with HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors MPO concentrations in the highest versus the lowest quartile were associated with a 1.34-fold risk (95% CI: 1.09–1.67) for total mortality. In the adjusted model the hazard ratio for cardiovascular mortality in the highest MPO quartile was 1.42 (95% CI: 1.07–1.88). Five MPO polymorphisms were positively associated with MPO concentrations but not with mortality. Using Mendelian randomization, we did not obtain evidence for a causal association of MPO with either total or cardiovascular mortality.
Conclusions: MPO concentrations but not genetic variants at the MPO locus are independently associated with risk for total and cardiovascular mortality in coronary artery disease patients.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly primary brain malignancy. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSC), which have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into tumor lineages, are believed to cause tumor recurrence due to their resistance to current therapies. A subset of GSCs is marked by cell surface expression of CD133, a glycosylated pentaspan transmembrane protein. The study of CD133-expressing GSCs has been limited by the relative paucity of genetic tools that specifically target them. Here, we present CD133-LV, a lentiviral vector presenting a single chain antibody against CD133 on its envelope, as a vehicle for the selective transduction of CD133-expressing GSCs. We show that CD133-LV selectively transduces CD133+ human GSCs in dose-dependent manner and that transduced cells maintain their stem-like properties. The transduction efficiency of CD133-LV is reduced by an antibody that recognizes the same epitope on CD133 as the viral envelope and by shRNA-mediated knockdown of CD133. Conversely, the rate of transduction by CD133-LV is augmented by overexpression of CD133 in primary human GBM cultures. CD133-LV selectively transduces CD133-expressing cells in intracranial human GBM xenografts in NOD.SCID mice, but spares normal mouse brain tissue, neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells and primary human astrocytes. Our findings indicate that CD133-LV represents a novel tool for the selective genetic manipulation of CD133-expressing GSCs, and can be used to answer important questions about how these cells contribute to tumor biology and therapy resistance.
Escherichia coli α-hemolysin (HlyA) is a pore-forming protein of 110 kDa belonging to the family of RTX toxins. A hydrophobic region between the amino acid residues 238 and 410 in the N-terminal half of HlyA has previously been suggested to form hydrophobic and/or amphipathic α-helices and has been shown to be important for hemolytic activity and pore formation in biological and artificial membranes. The structure of the HlyA transmembrane channel is, however, largely unknown. For further investigation of the channel structure, we deleted in HlyA different stretches of amino acids that could form amphipathic β-strands according to secondary structure predictions (residues 71–110, 158–167, 180–203, and 264–286). These deletions resulted in HlyA mutants with strongly reduced hemolytic activity. Lipid bilayer measurements demonstrated that HlyAΔ71–110 and HlyAΔ264–286 formed channels with much smaller single-channel conductance than wildtype HlyA, whereas their channel-forming activity was virtually as high as that of the wildtype toxin. HlyAΔ158–167 and HlyAΔ180–203 were unable to form defined channels in lipid bilayers. Calculations based on the single-channel data indicated that the channels generated by HlyAΔ71–110 and HlyAΔ264–286 had a smaller size (diameter about 1.4 to 1.8 nm) than wildtype HlyA channels (diameter about 2.0 to 2.6 nm), suggesting that in these mutants part of the channel-forming domain was removed. Osmotic protection experiments with erythrocytes confirmed that HlyA, HlyAΔ71–110, and HlyAΔ264–286 form defined transmembrane pores and suggested channel diameters that largely agreed with those estimated from the single-channel data. Taken together, these results suggest that the channel-forming domain of HlyA might contain β-strands, possibly in addition to α-helical structures.
Previously we reported modulation of endothelial prostacyclin and interleukin-8 production, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and vasorelaxation by oleoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC 18:1). In the present study, we examined the impact of this LPC on nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells. Basal NO formation in these cells was decreased by LPC 18:1. This was accompanied with a partial disruption of the active endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dimer, leading to eNOS uncoupling and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The LPC 18:1-induced ROS formation was attenuated by the superoxide scavenger Tiron, as well as by the pharmacological inhibitors of eNOS, NADPH oxidases, flavin-containing enzymes and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Intracellular ROS-formation was most prominent in mitochondria, less pronounced in cytosol and undetectable in endoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, Tiron completely prevented the LPC 18:1-induced decrease in NO bioavailability in EA.hy926 cells. The importance of the discovered findings for more in vivo like situations was analyzed by organ bath experiments in mouse aortic rings. LPC 18:1 attenuated the acetylcholine-induced, endothelium dependent vasorelaxation and massively decreased NO bioavailability. We conclude that LPC 18:1 induces eNOS uncoupling and unspecific superoxide production. This results in NO scavenging by ROS, a limited endothelial NO bioavailability and impaired vascular function.
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) lacks non-invasive and easy to measure biomarkers, still largely relying on semi-quantitative tests for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Muscle biopsies provide valuable data, but their use is limited by their invasiveness. microRNA (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression that are also present in biological fluids and may serve as diseases biomarkers. Thus, we tested plasma miRNAs in the blood of 36 DM1 patients and 36 controls. First, a wide miRNA panel was profiled in a patient subset, followed by validation using all recruited subjects. We identified a signature of nine deregulated miRNAs in DM1 patients: eight miRNAs were increased (miR-133a, miR-193b, miR-191, miR-140-3p, miR-454, miR-574, miR-885-5p, miR-886-3p) and one (miR-27b) was decreased. Next, the levels of these miRNAs were used to calculate a "DM1-miRNAs score". We found that both miR-133a levels and DM1-miRNAs score discriminated DM1 from controls significantly and Receiver-Operator Characteristic curves displayed an area under the curve of 0.94 and 0.97, respectively. Interestingly, both miR-133a levels and DM1-miRNAs score displayed an inverse correlation with skeletal muscle strength and displayed higher values in more compromised patients. In conclusion, we identified a characteristic plasma miRNA signature of DM1. Although preliminary, this study indicates miRNAs as potential DM1 humoral biomarkers.
Bei Knochendefekten kritischer Größe ist es notwendig, den Knochen bei der Heilung zu unterstützen. Der derzeitige Goldstandard bei der Behandlung von critical size defects ist die Entnahme von autologem Knochen aus dem Beckenkamm, dies ist jedoch mit Nachteilen wie Entnahmemorbidität und Limitierung der entnehmbaren Menge vergesellschaftet. Das Knochen tissue engineering, bei welchem regenerative Zellen mit einem Knochenersatzmaterial kombiniert werden, könnte eine vielversprechende Alternative sein. Stromale Knochenmarkzellen, die Osteoblasten differenzieren können, und endotheliale Vorläuferzellen, die die Vaskularisierung der Defektzone unterstützen, zeigten sich effektiv in tierexperimentellen Studien; jedoch müssen diese Zellen vor Verwendung über einen längeren Zeitraum in Kultur expandiert werden. Dies kann jedoch zu einer Akkumulation genetischer Schäden und möglicherweise zu einer Entartung der transplantierten Zellen führen. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMC) stellen eine interessante Alternative dar, sie können innerhalb weniger Stunden isoliert und dem Patienten zurückgegeben werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher, die Adhäsion und funktionelle Aspekte von BMC auf drei verschiedenen Knochenersatzmaterialien zu analysieren.
Im ersten Versuchsteil wurde untersucht, ob es möglich ist, BMC auf einem β-Tricalciumphosphat (β-TCP)-Scaffold auszusäen, und ob eine Beschichtung des Scaffolds eine positive Auswirkung auf die BMC-Adhäsion und Aktivität hat. Hierbei wurde eine Beschichtung mit humanem Plasma (FFP) und Fibronektin gegen eine Kontrolle verglichen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass BMC auf unbeschichtetem β-TCP adhärieren und dass eine Vorbeschichtung des Scaffolds mit Fibronektin oder mit FFP zu keiner weiteren Verbesserung der initialen Adhäsion führt. FACS-Analysen zeigten, dass der Prozentsatz der auf dem Material adhärierenden Fraktionen regenerativer Zellen dem Prozentsatz der in der Kontrolle enthaltenen regenerativen Zellen entspricht. Überdies konnte eine endotheliale Differenzierung der ausgesäten BMC beobachtet werden. Die Anzahl adhärierender BMC war zum ersten Messpunkt an Tag zwei unabhängig von der Vorbeschichtung am höchsten. Interessanterweise war die Zahl der adhärierenden BMC auf unbeschichtetem Material signifikant gegenüber den beschichteten Materialien erhöht.
Basierend auf der Beobachtung, dass eine Vorbeschichtung der Trägersubstanz nicht zu einer Verbesserung der BMC-Adhäsion auf dem Gerüststoff führt, wurden im zweiten Versuchsteil unbeschichtete Gerüststoffe miteinander verglichen. Für diese Arbeit wurden drei aus verschiedenen Klassen der Knochenersatzmaterialien stammende Scaffolds gewählt. ChronOs® als Vertreter der β-TCPs, Cerabone®, eine verarbeitete bovine Knochenmatrix, und Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM), ein sterilisiertes humanes Knochentransplantat. Die Untersuchungen ergaben signifikante Unterschiede in der Aussaateffizienz der Zellen auf den Materialien und der Zellaktivität im Verlauf über 21 Tage. DBM zeigte hier im Materialvergleich die besten Ergebnisse. In unserem Versuch zeigte sich die Menge der absorbierten Flüssigkeit im Verhältnis zur Materialmenge bei DBM signifikant erhöht gegenüber den beiden anderen Materialien. Zudem konnte mittels HE- und Kern-Färbung (DAPI) der Nachweis erbracht werden, dass sich Zellen tief im Inneren des Materials anlagern. MTT-Tests zeigten an Tag 14 eine signifikant erhöhte metabolische Aktivität auf DBM gegenüber Cerabone® und an Tag 21 gegenüber beiden Vergleichsmatrices. Wir konnten auf allen Materialien an Tag 2 eine signifikant erhöhte VEGF-Produktion feststellen. Mittels Real-Time-PCR ließ sich eine VEGF-Genexpression in BMC auf allen Materialien bis Tag 14 und auf DBM über die kompletten 21 Tage nachweisen. Die Genexpression von vWF konnte ebenfalls auf allen Materialien über den gesamten Zeitraum nachgewiesen werden.
Zusammengefasst konnte durch diese Studie belegt werden, dass die initiale Adhärenz von BMC auf unbeschichtete Knochenersatzmaterialien generell hoch ist, aber signifikante materialspezifische Unterschiede in der Aussaateffizienz und nachfolgend der metabolischen Aktivität und der VEGFSynthese der BMC existieren. Humanes Knochenersatzmaterial zeigte sich in unserer Studie als überlegen. Daher sollte die Art des Knochenersatzmaterials für den künftigen klinischen Einsatz von BMC Berücksichtigung finden.
The neuroanatomical connectivity of cortical circuits is believed to follow certain rules, the exact origins of which are still poorly understood. In particular, numerous nonrandom features, such as common neighbor clustering, overrepresentation of reciprocal connectivity, and overrepresentation of certain triadic graph motifs have been experimentally observed in cortical slice data. Some of these data, particularly regarding bidirectional connectivity are seemingly contradictory, and the reasons for this are unclear. Here we present a simple static geometric network model with distance-dependent connectivity on a realistic scale that naturally gives rise to certain elements of these observed behaviors, and may provide plausible explanations for some of the conflicting findings. Specifically, investigation of the model shows that experimentally measured nonrandom effects, especially bidirectional connectivity, may depend sensitively on experimental parameters such as slice thickness and sampling area, suggesting potential explanations for the seemingly conflicting experimental results.
Background: High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous stem-cell rescue (ASCR) is a treatment option for pediatric patients with relapsed nephroblastoma. We present long term results of 9 patients treated between 1993 and 2013 at our center.
Procedure: Reinduction therapy was carried out according to GPOH and SIOP recommendations. The conditioning regimen consisted of carboplatin (1 200 mg/m²), etoposide (800 mg/m² or 40 mg/kg) and melphalan (180 mg/m²). Purging of the grafts with immunomagnetic CD34 positive selection was performed in 5 patients.
Results: 8 of 9 Patients (90%) are alive without evidence of disease after a median follow-up of 8.5 years. Leukocyte engraftment occurred after a median of 10 days (range 8-12). Median numbers of 667/µl CD3+, 329/µl CD4+, 369/µl CD8+T cells and 949/µl B cells were reached after 180 days. No negative impact of CD34 selection was observed. No transplantation-related death occurred. Acute toxicity comprised mucositis III°-IV° in all and veno-occlusive disease in one patient. Long term effects probably related to treatment occurred in 3/7 evaluable patients and comprised hearing impairment, reduced renal phosphate reabsorption, mild creatinine elevation and hypothyroidism (n=1, each).
Conclusion: Thus, in our experience HDC with ASCR is an effective treatment of recurrent or refractory nephroblastoma with acceptable side effects. However, a randomized trial proving its efficiency with a high level of evidence is needed.
Objective: To examine risk of malignancy and death in patients with kidney transplant who receive the immunosuppressive drug sirolimus.
Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.
Data sources: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to March 2013.
Eligibility: Randomized controlled trials comparing immunosuppressive regimens with and without sirolimus in recipients of kidney or combined pancreatic and renal transplant for which the author was willing to provide individual patient level data. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full text reports of potentially eligible trials to identify studies for inclusion. All eligible trials reported data on malignancy or survival.
Results: The search yielded 2365 unique citations. Patient level data were available from 5876 patients from 21 randomized trials. Sirolimus was associated with a 40% reduction in the risk of malignancy (adjusted hazard ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 0.93) and a 56% reduction in the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (0.44, 0.30 to 0.63) compared with controls. The most pronounced effect was seen in patients who converted to sirolimus from an established immunosuppressive regimen, resulting in a reduction in risk of malignancy (0.34, 0.28 to 0.41), non-melanoma skin cancer (0.32, 0.24 to 0.42), and other cancers (0.52, 0.38 to 0.69). Sirolimus was associated with an increased risk of death (1.43, 1.21 to 1.71) compared with controls.
Conclusions: Sirolimus was associated with a reduction in the risk of malignancy and non-melanoma skin cancer in transplant recipients. The benefit was most pronounced in patients who converted from an established immunosuppressive regimen to sirolimus. Given the risk of mortality, however, the use of this drug does not seem warranted for most patients with kidney transplant. Further research is needed to determine if different populations, such as those at high risk of cancer, might benefit from sirolimus.
Tumor cell plasticity is an event that has been observed in several malignancies. In fact, most of the solid tumors are characterized by cellular heterogeneity and undergo constant changes as the tumor develops. The increased plasticity displayed by these cells allows them to acquire additional properties, enabling epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, dedifferentiation and the acquisition of stem cell-like properties. Here we discuss the particular importance of an inflammatory microenvironment for the bidirectional control of cellular plasticity and the potential for therapeutic intervention.
Background: Oral anticoagulation (OAC) with coumarins and new anticoagulants are highly effective in preventing thromboembolic complications. However, some studies indicate that over- and under-treatment with anticoagulants are fairly common. The aim of this paper is to assess the appropriateness of treatment in patients with a long-term indication for OAC, and to describe the corresponding characteristics of such patients on the basis of screening results from the cluster randomized PICANT trial.
Methods: Randomly selected family practices in the federal state of Hesse, Germany, were visited by study team members. Eligible patients were screened using an anonymous patient list that was generated by the general practitioners? software according to predefined instructions. A documentation sheet was filled in for all screened patients. Eligible patients were classified into 3 categories (1: patients with a long-term indication for OAC and taking anticoagulants, 2: patients with a long-term indication for OAC but not taking anticoagulants, 3: patients without a long-term indication for OAC but taking an anticoagulant on a permanent basis). IBM SPSS Statistics 20 was used for descriptive statistical analysis.
Results: We screened 2,036 randomly selected, potentially eligible patients from 52 family practices. 275 patients could not be assigned to one of the 3 categories and were therefore not considered for analysis. The final study sample comprised 1,761 screened patients, 1,641 of whom belonged to category 1, 78 to category 2, and 42 to category 3. INR values were available for 1,504 patients of whom 1,013 presented INR values within their therapeutic ranges. The majority of screened patients had very good compliance, as assessed by the general practitioner. New antithrombotic drugs were prescribed in 6.1% of cases.
Conclusions: The screening results showed that a high proportion of patients were receiving appropriate anticoagulation therapy. The numbers of patients with a long-term indication for OAC therapy that were not receiving oral anticoagulants, and without a long-term indication that were receiving OAC, were considerably lower than expected. Most patients take coumarins, and the quality of OAC control is reasonably high.
kurz und kn@pp news : Nr. 32
(2014)
Background: IL28B gene polymorphism is the best baseline predictor of response to interferon alfa-based antiviral therapies in chronic hepatitis C. Recently, a new IFN-L4 polymorphism was identified as first potential functional variant for induction of IL28B expression. Individualization of interferon alfa-based therapies based on a combination of IL28B/IFN-L4 polymorphisms may help to optimize virologic outcome and economic resources.
Methods: Optimization of treatment outcome prediction was assessed by combination of different IL28B and IFN-L4 polymorphisms in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 (n = 385), 2/3 (n = 267), and 4 (n = 220) infection treated with pegylated interferon alfa (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin with (n = 79) or without telaprevir. Healthy people from Germany (n = 283) and Egypt (n = 96) served as controls.
Results: Frequencies of beneficial IL28B rs12979860 C/C genotypes were lower in HCV genotype 1/4 infected patients in comparison to controls (20–35% vs. 46–47%) this was also true for ss469415590 TT/TT (20–35% vs. 45–47%). Single interferon-lambda SNPs (rs12979860, rs8099917, ss469415590) correlated with sustained virologic response (SVR) in genotype 1, 3, and 4 infected patients while no association was observed for genotype 2. Interestingly, in genotype 3 infected patients, best SVR prediction was based on IFN-L4 genotype. Prediction of SVR with high accuracy (71–96%) was possible in genotype 1, 2, 3 and 4 infected patients who received PEG-IFN/ribavirin combination therapy by selection of beneficial IL28B rs12979860 C/C and/or ss469415590 TT/TT genotypes (p<0.001). For triple therapy with first generation protease inhibitors (PIs) (boceprevir, telaprevir) prediction of high SVR (90%) rates was based on the presence of at least one beneficial genotype of the 3 IFN-lambda SNPs.
Conclusion: IFN-L4 seems to be the best single predictor of SVR in genotype 3 infected patients. For optimized prediction of SVR by treatment with dual combination or first generation PI triple therapies, grouping of interferon-lambda haplotypes may be helpful with positive predictive values of 71–96%.
Background: In cystic fibrosis, highly variable glucose tolerance is suspected. However, no study provided within-patient coefficients of variation. The main objective of this short report was to evaluate within-patient variability of oral glucose tolerance.
Methods: In total, 4,643 standardized oral glucose tolerance tests of 1,128 cystic fibrosis patients (median age at first test: 15.5 [11.5; 21.5] years, 48.8% females) were studied. Patients included were clinically stable, non-pregnant, and had at least two oral glucose tolerance tests, with no prior lung transplantation or systemic steroid therapy. Transition frequency from any one test to the subsequent test was analyzed and within-patient coefficients of variation were calculated for fasting and two hour blood glucose values. All statistical analysis was implemented with SAS 9.4.
Results: A diabetic glucose tolerance was confirmed in 41.2% by the subsequent test. A regression to normal glucose tolerance at the subsequent test was observed in 21.7% and to impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or both in 15.2%, 12.0% or 9.9%. The average within-patient coefficient of variation for fasting blood glucose was 11.1% and for two hour blood glucose 25.3%.
Conclusion: In the cystic fibrosis patients studied, a highly variable glucose tolerance was observed. Compared to the general population, variability of two hour blood glucose was 1.5 to 1.8-fold higher.
Introduction: Curare is one of the best-examined neurotoxins of the world, which has empirically been used for centuries by American Indigenes. Research on curare has been performed much later, a global scientometric analysis on curare research or its derivates does not yet exist. This bibliometric analysis is part of the global NewQis-project and should illuminate both toxic and historic issues of research on curare.
Methods: The ISI Web of Science was searched for data covering 1900 to 2013 using a term which included as many original articles on curare as possible. 3,867 articles were found and analyzed for common bibliometric items such as the number of citations, language of the articles or the (modified) Hirsch-Index (h-index). Results are illustrated utilizing modern density equalizing map projections (DEMP) or beam diagrams.
Results: Most publications were located in North America and Europe. The USA has the highest number of publications as well as the highest h-index. The number of publications overall rose until the late 1990s and later decreased. Furthermore, sudden increases of research activity are ascribable to historic events, like the first use of curare as muscle relaxant during surgery.
Discussion: This scientometric analysis of curare research reflects several tendencies as previously seen in other bibliometric investigations, i.e. the scientific quality standard of North America and Europe. Research on curare decreased however, due to the declining attention towards this muscle relaxant. This work exemplifies also how scientometric methods can be used to illuminate historic circumstances immediately stimulating scientific research.
Introduction: To determine the esthetic outcome of implant-based reconstructions after autologous and allogeneic bone grafting.
Methods: From 2003 to 2009, 67 patients underwent alveolar ridge augmentation and were enrolled in the study, 41 meet the inclusion criteria and 31 agreed to take part in the study. Patients were 18-69 years old (mean: 49.3 ± 13.8 years), and predominantly female. Patients received bone block grafts either autologous (n = 48) (AUBB) or allografts (ABB) (n = 19). Implants were inserted 4-7 months (autografts) or 5-6 months (allografts) after bone grafting. The Pink Esthetic Score (PES) as well as radiographic and subjective assessments were employed for the outcome analysis. The PES was assessed twice within one month based on digital photographic images that were randomly rearranged between evaluations by three independent, experienced investigators.
Results: Across all observations and investigators, the average PES was 7.5 ± 2.6 without differences between implants inserted in auto- and allografted bone, respectively. Patients assessed the allograft procedures as less painful and would have repeated it more often. The intra-rater reliability was excellent (correlation coefficients 0.7-0.9). The inter-observer agreement was lower (correlation coefficients 0.6-0.8).
Conclusions: Bone grafting with ABB allografts yields equivalent results to autologous grafting, and patients appreciate the omission of bone harvesting. The PES is a reliable method but should be performed by the same individual.
Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has led to the development of targeted treatments, including the reversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib, and the irreversible ErbB family blocker afatinib. Several important activating EGFR mutations have now been identified, which correlate strongly with response to treatment with these agents. Multiple randomised controlled trials have confirmed the association between the presence of activating EGFR mutations and objective response to gefitinib, erlotinib and afatinib, thus demonstrating their superiority over platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment for NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation-positive tumours, and resulting in approval of these agents for use in this setting. It can be tempting to compare outcome data across multiple clinical trials and agents; however, substantial differences in methodology between studies, including investigator versus independent assessment and differences in patient eligibility, makes such comparisons fraught with difficulty. This critical review provides an overview of the evolution of the methodology used in eight phase III trials investigating first-line targeted treatment of NSCLC, identifies key differences in methodology and reporting, and critically assesses how these differences should be taken into account when interpreting the findings from such trials.
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare haematopoietic malignancy characterized by dismal prognosis and overall poor therapeutic response. Since the biology of BPDCN is barely understood, our study aims to shed light on the genetic make-up of these highly malignant tumors. Using targeted high-coverage massive parallel sequencing, we investigated 50 common cancer genes in 33 BPDCN samples. We detected point mutations in NRAS (27.3% of cases), ATM (21.2%), MET, KRAS, IDH2, KIT (9.1% each), APC and RB1 (6.1% each), as well as in VHL, BRAF, MLH1, TP53 and RET (3% each). Moreover, NRAS, KRAS and ATM mutations were found to be mutually exclusive and we observed recurrent mutations in NRAS, IDH2, APC and ATM. CDKN2A deletions were detected in 27.3% of the cases followed by deletions of RB1 (9.1%), PTEN and TP53 (3% each). The mutual exclusive distribution of some mutations may point to different subgroups of BPDCN whose biological significance remains to be explored.
Background: Birch pollen-allergic subjects produce polyclonal cross-reactive IgE antibodies that mediate pollen-associated food allergies. The major allergen Bet v 1 and its homologs in plant foods bind IgE in their native protein conformation. Information on location, number and clinical relevance of IgE epitopes is limited. We addressed the use of an allergen-related protein model to identify amino acids critical for IgE binding of PR-10 allergens.
Method: Norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) from meadow rue is structurally homologous to Bet v 1 but does not bind Bet v 1-reactive IgE. NCS was used as the template for epitope grafting. NCS variants were tested with sera from 70 birch pollen allergic subjects and with monoclonal antibody BV16 reported to compete with IgE binding to Bet v 1.
Results: We generated an NCS variant (Δ29NCSN57/I58E/D60N/V63P/D68K) harboring an IgE epitope of Bet v 1. Bet v 1-type protein folding of the NCS variant was evaluated by 1H-15N-HSQC NMR spectroscopy. BV16 bound the NCS variant and 71% (50/70 sera) of our study population showed significant IgE binding. We observed IgE and BV16 cross-reactivity to the epitope presented by the NCS variant in a subgroup of Bet v 1-related allergens. Moreover BV16 blocked IgE binding to the NCS variant. Antibody cross-reactivity depended on a defined orientation of amino acids within the Bet v 1-type conformation.
Conclusion: Our system allows the evaluation of patient-specific epitope profiles and will facilitate both the identification of clinically relevant epitopes as biomarkers and the monitoring of therapeutic outcomes to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of allergies caused by PR-10 proteins.
Background: Highly infectious diseases (HIDs) are (i) easily transmissible from person to person; (ii) cause a life-threatening illness with no or few treatment options; and (iii) pose a threat for both personnel and the public. Hence, even suspected HID cases should be managed in specialised facilities minimizing infection risks but allowing state-of-the-art critical care. Consensus statements on the operational management of isolation facilities have been published recently. The study presented was set up to compare the operational management, resources, and technical equipment among European isolation facilities. Due to differences in geography, population density, and national response plans it was hypothesized that adherence to recommendations will vary.
Methods and Findings: Until mid of 2010 the European Network for Highly Infectious Diseases conducted a cross-sectional analysis of isolation facilities in Europe, recruiting 48 isolation facilities in 16 countries. Three checklists were disseminated, assessing 44 items and 148 specific questions. The median feedback rate for specific questions was 97.9% (n = 47/48) (range: n = 7/48 (14.6%) to n = 48/48 (100%). Although all facilities enrolled were nominated specialised facilities' serving countries or regions, their design, equipment and personnel management varied. Eighteen facilities fulfilled the definition of a High Level Isolation Unit'. In contrast, 24 facilities could not operate independently from their co-located hospital, and five could not ensure access to equipment essential for infection control. Data presented are not representative for the EU in general, as only 16/27 (59.3%) of all Member States agreed to participate. Another limitation of this study is the time elapsed between data collection and publication; e.g. in Germany one additional facility opened in the meantime.
Conclusion: There are disparities both within and between European countries regarding the design and equipment of isolation facilities. With regard to the International Health Regulations, terminology, capacities and equipment should be standardised.
Introduction: On-treatment HCV RNA measurements are crucial for the prediction of a sustained virological response (SVR) and to determine treatment futility during protease inhibitor-based triple therapies. In patients with advanced liver disease an accurate risk/benefit calculation based on reliable HCV RNA results can reduce the number of adverse events. However, the different available HCV RNA assays vary in their diagnostic performance.
Aim: To investigate the clinical relevance of concordant and discordant results of two HCV RNA assays during triple therapy with boceprevir and telaprevir in patients with advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis.
Methods: We collected on-treatment samples of 191 patients with advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis treated at four European centers for testing with the Abbott RealTime (ART) and COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HCV v2.0 (CTM) assays.
Results: Discordant test results for HCV RNA detectability were observed in 23% at week 4, 17% at week 8/12 and 9% at week 24 on-treatment. The ART detected HCV RNA in 41% of week 4 samples tested negative by the CTM. However, the positive predictive value of an undetectable week 4 result for SVR was similar for both assays (80% and 82%). Discordance was also found for application of stopping rules. In 27% of patients who met stopping rules by CTM the ART measured levels below the respective cut-offs of 100 and 1000 IU/ml, respectively, which would have resulted in treatment continuation. In contrast, in nine patients with negative HCV RNA by CTM at week 24 treatment would have been discontinued due to detectable residual HCV RNA by the ART assay. Importantly, only 4 of these patients failed to achieve SVR.
Conclusion: Application of stopping rules determined in approval studies by one assay to other HCV RNA assays in clinical practice may lead to over and undertreatment in a significant number of patients undergoing protease inhibitor-based triple therapy.
Wassergefiltertes Infrarot A (wIRA) als spezielle Form der Wärmestrahlung mit hohem Eindringvermögen in das Gewebe bei geringer thermischer Oberflächenbelastung fördert die Heilung akuter und chronischer Wunden sowohl über thermische und temperaturabhängige als auch über nichtthermische und temperaturunabhängige Effekte. Wassergefiltertes Infrarot A steigert die Temperatur (+2,7°C in einer Gewebetiefe von 2 cm) und den Sauerstoffpartialdruck im Gewebe (+32% in einer Gewebetiefe von 2 cm) und die Gewebedurchblutung. Diese 3 Faktoren sind entscheidend für eine ausreichende Versorgung des Gewebes mit Energie und Sauerstoff und deshalb auch für Wundheilung und Infektionsabwehr. Wassergefiltertes Infrarot A hilft sowohl bei der normalen als auch bei der gestörten Wundheilung, indem es Entzündungsreaktionen und erhöhte Wundsekretion mindert, Infektionsabwehr und Regeneration fördert und Wundschmerzen lindern helfen kann. Die genannten Effekte wurden in insgesamt 7 prospektiven Studien (davon 6 randomisierten kontrollierten Studien) belegt, die meisten mit einem Evidenzgrad von Ia bzw. Ib. Die hier zusätzlich dargestellten Fallbeispiele komplizierter Wundheilungsverläufe illustrieren die belegten Wirkungen von wIRA. Nicht nur in den hier gezeigten 6 Fällen wendeten die Bestrahlungen mit wIRA komplizierte Wundheilungsverläufe zum Besseren und ermöglichten nach ganz unterschiedlich langen Gesamtdauern der Bestrahlungen (in den 6 Fällen: von 51–550 h) und nach verschieden langen Gesamtdauern der Wundpflege, meist nach Transplantation von Spalthautgittern, die Heilung der Wunden. Bei komplizierten Wundheilungsverläufen ersetzt wIRA nicht den Rat und ggf. auch die Behandlung eines erfahrenen plastischen Chirurgen und eines Chirurgen mit der Spezialisierung in septischer Chirurgie. Mit dieser Einschränkung kann wIRA als wertvolle Ergänzung der Behandlung von akuten und chronischen Wunden empfohlen werden.
Dendritic morphology has been shown to have a dramatic impact on neuronal function. However, population features such as the inherent variability in dendritic morphology between cells belonging to the same neuronal type are often overlooked when studying computation in neural networks. While detailed models for morphology and electrophysiology exist for many types of single neurons, the role of detailed single cell morphology in the population has not been studied quantitatively or computationally. Here we use the structural context of the neural tissue in which dendritic trees exist to drive their generation in silico. We synthesize the entire population of dentate gyrus granule cells, the most numerous cell type in the hippocampus, by growing their dendritic trees within their characteristic dendritic fields bounded by the realistic structural context of (1) the granule cell layer that contains all somata and (2) the molecular layer that contains the dendritic forest. This process enables branching statistics to be linked to larger scale neuroanatomical features. We find large differences in dendritic total length and individual path length measures as a function of location in the dentate gyrus and of somatic depth in the granule cell layer. We also predict the number of unique granule cell dendrites invading a given volume in the molecular layer. This work enables the complete population-level study of morphological properties and provides a framework to develop complex and realistic neural network models.
Background: Emergency ultrasound is gaining importance in medical education. Widespread teaching methods are frontal presentations and hands-on training. The primary goal of our study was to evaluate the impact of frontal presentations (PS) by analysis of retained knowledge rate (RKR) and learning load (LL).
Methods: Our study was conducted during four introductory courses in emergency ultrasound covering Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (E-FAST) and Focused Echocardiography Evaluation in Life Support (FEEL). Standardized PS (length of 10 to 50 min) were presented by experienced trainers, who were asked to provide keywords, key messages, and images and assign a score to each. Group 1 consisted of 11 medical students with no prior ultrasound experience, and group 2 consisted of 80 physicians. Each group was audience to seven to eight standard PS and requested to answer a free text questionnaire after 0 h, 2.5 h, 24 h, and 14 days.
Results: In group 1, 168/176 questionnaires were analyzed, and 161/202 were analyzed in group 2. RKR in group 1 was 32.5%, 15%, 16%, and 12% at 0 h, 2.5 h, 24 h, and 2 weeks. The physicians' RKR were 23%, 20.5%, and 22.4% after 0, 2.5, and 24 h of a respective PS. The LL was 1.6/min for students and 1.2/min for physicians. There was no difference in RKR when comparing PS with higher and lower LL for both groups; shorter or case-based PS were associated with a higher RKR (p < 0.01).
Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that only a limited amount of information can be processed at a time. Only 12% of knowledge is retained after 2 weeks. Presentations of short duration can increase the retained knowledge rate. Therefore, frontal presentations and classroom-based ultrasound training and teaching should be adapted.
Background: Various kinase inhibitors are known to be ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter substrates and resistance acquisition to kinase inhibitors has been associated to increased ABC transporter expression. Here, we investigated the role of the ABC transporters ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCG2 during melanoma cell resistance acquisition to the V600-mutant BRAF inhibitors PLX4032 (vemurafenib) and PLX4720. PLX4032 had previously been shown to interfere with ABCB1 and ABCG2. PLX4720 had been demonstrated to interact with ABCB1 but to a lower extent than PLX4032.
Findings: PLX4032 and PLX4720 affected ABCC1- and ABCG2-mediated drug transport in a similar fashion. In a panel of 16 V600E BRAF-mutated melanoma cell lines consisting of four parental cell lines and their sub-lines with acquired resistance to PLX4032, PLX4720, vincristine (cytotoxic ABCB1 and ABCC1 substrate), or mitoxantrone (cytotoxic ABCG2 substrate), we detected enhanced ABC transporter expression in 4/4 cytotoxic ABC transporter substrate-resistant, 3/4 PLX4720-resistant, and 1/4 PLX4032-resistant melanoma cell lines.
Conclusion: PLX4032 has the potential to induce ABC transporter expression but this potential is lower than that of PLX4720 or cytotoxic ABC transporter substrates. Since ABC transporters confer multi-drug resistance, this is of relevance for the design of next-line therapies.
Introduction: Over the last years, electronic cigarettes (ECs) have become more popular, particularly in individuals who want to give up smoking tobacco. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of the different e-smoking liquids on the viability and proliferation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts.
Method and materials: For this study six test solutions with components from ECs were selected: lime-, hazelnut- and menthol-flavored liquids, nicotine, propylene glycol, and PBS as control group. The fibroblasts were incubated up to 96 h with the different liquids, and cell viability was measured by using the PrestoBlue® reagent, the ATP detection and the migration assay. Fluorescence staining was carried out to visualize cell growth and morphology. Data were statistically analyzed by two-tailed one-way ANOVA.
Results: The cell viability assay showed that the proliferation rates of the cells incubated with nicotine or the various flavored liquids of the e-cigarettes were reduced in comparison to the controls, though not all reductions were statistically significant. After an incubation of 96 h with the menthol-flavored liquid the fibroblasts were statistically significant reduced (p < 0.001). Similar results were found for the detection of ATP in fibroblasts; the incubation with menthol-flavored liquids (p < 0.001) led to a statistically significant reduction. The cell visualization tests confirmed these findings.
Conclusion: Within its limits, the present in vitro study demonstrated that menthol additives of e-smoking have a harmful effect on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. This might indicate that menthol additives should be avoided for e-cigarettes.
Background: Targeted therapies have improved therapeutic options of treating renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, drug response is temporary due to resistance development.
Methods: Functional and molecular changes in RCC Caki-1 cells, after acquired resistance to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-inhibitor everolimus (Cakires), were investigated with and without additional application of the histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitor valproic acid (VPA). Cell growth was evaluated by MTT assay, cell cycle progression and apoptosis by flow cytometry. Target molecules of everolimus and VPA, apoptotic and cell cycle regulating proteins were investigated by western blotting. siRNA blockade was performed to evaluate the functional relevance of the proteins.
Results: Everolimus resistance was accompanied by significant increases in the percentage of G2/M-phase cells and in the IC50. Akt and p70S6K, targets of everolimus, were activated in Cakires compared to drug sensitive cells. The most prominent change in Cakires cells was an increase in the cell cycle activating proteins cdk2 and cyclin A. Knock-down of cdk2 and cyclin A caused significant growth inhibition in the Cakires cells. The HDAC-inhibitor, VPA, counteracted everolimus resistance in Cakires, evidenced by a significant decrease in tumor growth and cdk2/cyclin A.
Conclusion: It is concluded that non-response to everolimus is characterized by increased cdk2/cyclin A, driving RCC cells into the G2/M-phase. VPA hinders everolimus non-response by diminishing cdk2/cyclin A. Therefore, treatment with HDAC-inhibitors might be an option for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma and acquired everolimus resistance.
Background: To report an unplanned interim analysis of a prospective, one-armed, single center phase I/II trial (NCT01566123).
Methods: Between 2007 and 2013, 27 patients (pts) with primary/recurrent retroperitoneal sarcomas (size > 5 cm, M0, at least marginally resectable) were enrolled. The protocol attempted neoadjuvant IMRT using an integrated boost with doses of 45-50 Gy to PTV and 50-56 Gy to GTV in 25 fractions, followed by surgery and IOERT (10-12 Gy). Primary endpoint was 5-year-LC, secondary endpoints included PFS, OS, resectability, and acute/late toxicity. The majority of patients showed high grade lesions (FNCLCC G1:18%, G2:52%, G3:30%), predominantly liposarcomas (70%). Median tumor size was 15 cm (6-31).
Results: Median follow-up was 33 months (5-75). Neoadjuvant IMRT was performed as planned (median dose 50 Gy, 26-55) in all except 2 pts (93%). Gross total resection was feasible in all except one patient. Final margin status was R0 in 6 (22%) and R1 in 20 pts (74%). Contiguous-organ resection was needed in all grossly resected patients. IOERT was performed in 23 pts (85%) with a median dose of 12 Gy (10-20 Gy).We observed 7 local recurrences, transferring into estimated 3- and 5-year-LC rates of 72%. Two were located outside the EBRT area and two were observed after more than 5 years. Locally recurrent situation had a significantly negative impact on local control. Distant failure was found in 8 pts, resulting in 3- and 5-year-DC rates of 63%. Patients with leiomyosarcoma had a significantly increased risk of distant failure. Estimated 3- and 5-year-rates were 40% for PFS and 74% for OS. Severe acute toxicity (grade 3) was present in 4 pts (15%). Severe postoperative complications were found in 9 pts (33%), of whom 2 finally died after multiple re-interventions. Severe late toxicity (grade 3) was scored in 6% of surviving patients after 1 year and none after 2 years.
Conclusion: Combination of neoadjuvant IMRT, surgery and IOERT is feasible with acceptable toxicity and yields good results in terms of LC and OS in patients with high-risk retroperitoneal sarcomas. Long term follow-up seems mandatory given the observation of late recurrences. Accrual of patients will be continued with extended follow-up.
Background: Evaluation of automated attenuation-based tube potential selection and its impact on image quality and radiation dose in CT (computed tomography) examinations for cancer staging.
Methods: A total of 110 (59 men, 51 women) patients underwent chest-abdomen-pelvis CT examinations; 55 using a fixed tube potential of 120 kV/current of 210 Reference mAs (using CareDose4D), and 55 using automated attenuation-based tube potential selection (CAREkV) also using a current of 210 Reference mAs. This evaluation was performed as a single-centre, observer-blinded retrospective analysis. Image quality was assessed by two readers in consensus. Attenuation, image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured or calculated for objective image evaluation. For the evaluation of radiation exposure, dose-length-product (DLP) values were compared and Size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) values were calculated.
Results: Diagnostic image quality was obtained from all patients. The median DLP (703.5 mGy · cm, range 390–2203 mGy · cm) was 7.9% lower when using the algorithm compared with the standard 120 kV protocol (median 756 mGy · cm, range 345–2267 mGy · cm). A reduction in potential to 100 kV occurred in 32 cases; therefore, these patients received significantly lower radiation exposure compared with the 120 kV protocol.
Conclusion: Automated attenuation-based tube potential selection produces good diagnostic image quality in chest-abdomen-pelvis CT and reduces the patient’s overall radiation dose by 7.9% compared to the standard 120 kV protocol.
Rare copy-number variation (CNV) is an important source of risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We analyzed 2,446 ASD-affected families and confirmed an excess of genic deletions and duplications in affected versus control groups (1.41-fold, p = 1.0 × 10(-5)) and an increase in affected subjects carrying exonic pathogenic CNVs overlapping known loci associated with dominant or X-linked ASD and intellectual disability (odds ratio = 12.62, p = 2.7 × 10(-15), ∼3% of ASD subjects). Pathogenic CNVs, often showing variable expressivity, included rare de novo and inherited events at 36 loci, implicating ASD-associated genes (CHD2, HDAC4, and GDI1) previously linked to other neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as other genes such as SETD5, MIR137, and HDAC9. Consistent with hypothesized gender-specific modulators, females with ASD were more likely to have highly penetrant CNVs (p = 0.017) and were also overrepresented among subjects with fragile X syndrome protein targets (p = 0.02). Genes affected by de novo CNVs and/or loss-of-function single-nucleotide variants converged on networks related to neuronal signaling and development, synapse function, and chromatin regulation.
Aufgrund von § 44 Abs. 1 Nr. 1 des Hessischen Hochschulgesetzes vom 14. Dezember 2009 (GVBl. I S. 666), zuletzt geändert durch Gesetz vom 27. Mai 2013 (GVBl. S. 218), hat der Fachbereichsrat des Fachbereichs Medizin der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main am 3. Juli 2014 die nachstehende Ordnung erlassen:...
Background: Unlike metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) there are to date few reports concerning the predictive value of molecular biomarkers on the clinical outcome in stage II/III CRC patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Aim of this study was to assess the predictive value of proteins related with the EGFR- and VEGFR- signalling cascades in these patients.
Methods: The patients' data examined in this study were from the collective of the 5-FU/FA versus 5-FU/FA/irinotecan phase III FOGT-4 trial. Tumor tissues were stained by immunohistochemistry for VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-3, Hif-1 α, PTEN, AREG and EREG expression and evaluated by two independent, blinded investigators. Survival analyses were calculated for all patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy in relation to expression of all makers above.
Results: Patients with negative AREG and EREG expression on their tumor had a significant longer DFS in comparison to AREG/EREG positive ones (p< 0.05). The benefit on DFS in AREG-/EREG- patients was even stronger in the group that received 5-FU/FA/irinotecan as adjuvant treatment (p=0.002). Patients with strong expression of PTEN profited more in terms of OS under adjuvant treatment containing irinotecan (p< 0.05). Regarding markers of the VEGFR- pathway we found no correlation of VEGF-C- and VEGFR-3 expression with clinical outcome. Patients with negative VEGF-D expression had a trend to live longer when treated with 5-FU/FA (p=0.106). Patients who were negative for Hif-1 α, were disease-free in more than 50% at the end of the study and showed significant longer DFS-rates than those positive for Hif-1 α (p=0.007). This benefit was even stronger at the group treated with 5-FU/FA/irinotecan (p=0.026). Finally, AREG-/EREG-/PTEN+ patients showed a trend to live longer under combined treatment combination.
Conclusions: The addition of irinotecan to adjuvant treatment with 5-FU/FA does not provide OS or DFS benefit in patients with stage II/III CRC. Nevertheless, AREG/EREG negative, PTEN positive and Hif-1 α negative patients might profit significantly in terms of DFS from a treatment containing fluoropyrimidines and irinotecan. Our results suggest a predictive value of these biomarkers concerning adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU/FA +/− irinotecan in stage II/III colorectal cancer.
Background: Fatigue is a common symptom of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and a frequent side-effect of peginterferon/ribavirin (PR) therapy for HCV. This study evaluated the impact of adding the oral HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor simeprevir to PR on patient-reported fatigue and health status among patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection enrolled in the Phase IIb PILLAR and ASPIRE trials [NCT00882908; NCT00980330].
Methods: Treatment-naïve patients (PILLAR, n = 386) and treatment-experienced patients (ASPIRE, n = 462) were randomized to simeprevir plus PR (simeprevir/PR) or placebo plus PR (placebo/PR). In PILLAR, duration of PR treatment in the simeprevir/PR groups was determined using response-guided therapy (RGT) criteria. PR could be terminated at Week 24, instead of Week 48, if HCV RNA was <25 IU/mL by Week 4 and then undetectable at Weeks 12, 16, and 20. In both studies, patients completed the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and EQ-5D quality-of-life questionnaire in their native language at baseline and throughout the studies up until Week 72.
Results: During the first 24 weeks of treatment, mean FSS total score was increased to a similar degree compared with baseline among patients receiving simeprevir/PR or placebo/PR in both studies indicating increased fatigue severity. Mean FSS scores returned to values comparable with baseline among patients receiving simeprevir/PR after Week 24 in PILLAR (after treatment completion for the majority of patients) and in ASPIRE (after Week 48), consistent with RGT enabling early termination of all treatment at Week 24 in 82.2% of simeprevir/PR-treated patients in the PILLAR study. Similar results were observed for EQ-5D, with simeprevir/PR-treated patients experiencing less time with worse health problems according to EQ-5D scores compared with placebo/PR groups in both studies, and more rapid improvement in health status associated with shorter treatment duration in the PILLAR study.
Conclusions: Combination of simeprevir with PR did not increase patient-reported fatigue severity or health status impairments beyond that reported by patients treated with PR alone. Many patients treated with simeprevir/PR returned to pretreatment fatigue and health status levels sooner due to increased treatment efficacy that enabled shorter duration of all therapy, compared with PR alone.
Background: Aviscumine, a recombinant plant protein, is an immune modulator that induces ribotoxic stress at the 28S ribosomal RNA subunit. In this way cytokine release and T-cell responses are enhanced. This phase II trial was conducted to test the efficacy and safety of aviscumine in patients with systemically pre-treated metastatic melanoma stage IV.
Methods: A total of 32 patients with progressive stage IV melanoma after failure of standard therapy were enrolled onto a single-arm, multi-centre, open-label, phase II trial. All patients had an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. Patients received 350 ng aviscumine twice weekly by subcutaneous injection until progression. The primary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Safety was assessed as adverse events (AEs). Tumor response was assessed every eight weeks and survival of patients was followed up to one year after the end of therapy. Thirty one patients (intent-to-treat population (ITT)) were assessed for efficacy; safety was assessed in the whole population.
Results: One patient achieved a partial response (PR) and 10 patients showed stable disease/no change (SD). The median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 63 days (95% CI 57–85) and median overall survival (mOS) was 335 days (95% CI 210–604). In total 210 treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded. Grade 1 or 2 AEs occurred in 72% of patients and were mostly application-site effects such as pruritus Grade 3–4 treatment-emergent drug-related adverse events occurred in 9% of patients.
Conclusion: These results suggest that aviscumine may have a clinical impact in patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma and provide rationale for further clinical evaluation of this agent. In the light of effective new immune checkpoint blockers it might be a candidate for combinations with these agents.
Background: The federal state of Hesse, Germany, introduced a laboratory-based reporting scheme for carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs).
Method: The results of the first year of mandated reporting of CROs from April 2012 through March 2013 to the Public Health Authority of Frankfurt/Main, responsible for a population of 700,000 inhabitants, are described.
Results: Within a period of 12 months 243 CROs were notified to the health authority. Of these 213 isolates had been reported from 16 of the 17 hospitals in Frankfurt/Main, 6 from ambulatory settings and 24 from clinics outside of Frankfurt/Main. Mean incidence rate per 1,000 patient days in hospitals was 0.138 (range 0.02-0.28).
Conclusion: In Frankfurt/Main almost all hospitals have reported CROs in the study period though the frequency of isolation varies strongly and many facilities only report CROs sporadically. Molecular data indicate a high diversity of different carbapenemases. Autochthonous transmission must be assumed despite the absence of major outbreaks. Rapid and coordinated efforts by clinicians and health departments are crucial to control the spread of CRO infections. The mandatory reporting scheme provides important data to guide the implementation of preventive measures.
Background: Different flavonoids are known to interfere with influenza A virus replication. Recently, we showed that the structurally similar flavonoids baicalein and biochanin A inhibit highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus replication by different mechanisms in A549 lung cells. Here, we investigated the effects of both compounds on H5N1-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and the role of ROS formation during H5N1 replication.
Findings: Baicalein and biochanin A enhanced H5N1-induced ROS formation in A549 cells and primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. Suppression of ROS formation induced by baicalein and biochanin A using the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine strongly increased the anti-H5N1 activity of both compounds in A549 cells but not in macrophages.
Conclusions: These findings emphasise that flavonoids induce complex pharmacological actions some of which may interfere with H5N1 replication while others may support H5N1 replication. A more detailed understanding of these actions and the underlying structure-activity relationships is needed to design agents with optimised anti-H5N1 activity.
Background: Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system is frequent in subjects with cardiovascular disease. The contribution of different forms of renovascular hypertension and the mechanisms contributing to autonomic dysfunction in hypertension are incompletely understood. Here, murine models of renovascular hypertension with preserved (2-kidneys-1 clip, 2K1C) and reduced (1-kidney-1 clip, 1K1C) kidney mass were studied with regard to autonomic nervous system regulation (sympathetic tone: power-spectral analysis of systolic blood pressure; parasympathetic tone: power-spectral analysis of heart rate) and baroreflex sensitivity of heart rate by spontaneous, concomitant changes of systolic blood pressure and pulse interval. Involvement of the renin-angiotensin system and the rho-kinase pathway were determined by application of inhibitors.
Results: C57BL6N mice (6 to 11) with reduced kidney mass (1K1C) or with preserved kidney mass (2K1C) developed a similar degree of hypertension. In comparison to control mice, both models presented with a significantly increased sympathetic tone and lower baroreflex sensitivity of heart rate. However, only 2K1C animals had a lower parasympathetic tone, whereas urinary norepinephrine excretion was reduced in the 1K1C model. Rho kinase inhibition given to a subset of 1K1C and 2K1C animals improved baroreflex sensitivity of heart rate selectively in the 1K1C model. Rho kinase inhibition had no additional effects on autonomic nervous system in either model of renovascular hypertension and did not change the blood pressure. Blockade of AT1 receptors (in 2K1C animals) normalized the sympathetic tone, decreased resting heart rate, improved baroreflex sensitivity of heart rate and parasympathetic tone.
Conclusions: Regardless of residual renal mass, blood pressure and sympathetic tone are increased, whereas baroreflex sensitivity is depressed in murine models of renovascular hypertension. Reduced norepinephrine excretion and/or degradation might contribute to sympathoactivation in renovascular hypertension with reduced renal mass (1K1C). Overall, the study helps to direct research to optimize medical therapy of hypertension.