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"Zukunft im Südharz" e.V. : der Förderverein für das Biosphärenreservat Karstlandschaft Südharz
(2011)
Der Verein "Zukunft im Südharz" e.V. engagiert sich – der Name ist Programm – für eine lebenswerte Zukunft im Südharz. Vereinszweck ist es, die Entwicklung des Biosphärenreservates Karstlandschaft Südharz zu einem allen Zielstellungen gerechten Großschutzgebiet zu unterstützen. Dafür vermittelt der Verein die Zielsetzungen des Biosphärenreservates, beschafft und verwaltet Fördermittel, setzt diese sinnvoll in Projekte um, betreibt Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und unterstützt Maßnahmen, die der nachhaltigen Regionalentwicklung, dem Schutz, der Erhaltung und der Entwicklung der natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen, der kulturellen Identität, der Umweltbildung sowie der nachhaltigen Wirtschaftsentwicklung und Zukunftssicherung im Bereich des Südharzes dienen.
Mit dem fast 500 Seiten starken Buch legt der Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen Sachsen-Anhalt e. V. (AHO) ein im doppelten Wortsinne schwergewichtiges Werk vor, in dem die über Jahrzehnte gesammelten Kenntnisse des Arbeitskreises für die Öffentlichkeit aufbereitet wurden. Diese immense Arbeitsleistung, die sicher auch eine logistische Herausforderung darstellte, kann gar nicht hoch genug eingeschätzt werden. Das Werk gliedert sich in drei Teile: Orchideen in der Kulturlandschaft, die Orchideenarten Sachsen-Anhalts sowie Orchideen und Vegetation.
Nicht zu Unrecht ist dem Buch ein Ausspruch von L. Loeske (1903): „Denn ich habe dieses ... Gebirge kennen gelernt als ein Gebiet, in dem der Moosforscher nicht auslernt und wenn er Methusalems Alter erreichen sollte“ vorangestellt. L. Loeske hat 1903 die bisher einzige Moosflora des Mittelgebirges Harz herausgebracht. Es ist deshalb eine große Leistung, wenn M. Koperski unter der Mitwirkung einiger weiterer Bryologen im Jahr 2011 nunmehr eine kommentierte Artenliste der Moose des Nationalparks Harz vorlegen kann, umfasst diese doch einen wesentlichen Teil der Moosflora des Harzes. Dies unterstreicht gleichzeitig die Bedeutung des Nationalparks für die Bewahrung der Moosarten in diesem Mittelgebirge.
Die seit dem Jahre 2000 als Welterbegebiet von der UNESCO anerkannte historische Kulturlandschaft Gartenreich Dessau-Wörlitz erhielt mit dem Denkmalrahmenplan einen Managementplan, der den Schutz, die Pflege und Entwicklung dieser Denkmallandschaft gewährleisten soll. Als Fachplan entwickelt der Denkmalrahmenplan keine eigene rechtliche Verbindlichkeit, ist aber sehr wohl die fachliche Grundlage der Entscheidungen der Denkmalbehörden. Die Wertigkeit des Planes wird auch durch das Geleitwort des ehemaligen Ministerpräsidenten von Sachsen-Anhalt, Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Böhmer, hervorgehoben.
Die Pflanzenwelt des Spreewalds, eines einzigartigen Natur- und Kulturraums, den viele Zeitgenossen als Urlaubsparadies, kulturhistorisches Museum oder Produktionsgebiet bekannter Gemüsesorten kennen, zusammenzufassen und in den bewegten historischen Kontext der Landschafts- und Wirtschaftsentwicklung zu stellen, ist sicher eine besondere Herausforderung. Die Autoren haben diese mit Bravour bewältigt.
Piechocki greift in der Vorbemerkung das Problem der häufig unreflektierten Streitkultur im Naturschutz auf, die zu vielen Missverständnissen, zu Konflikten und zu einem Akzeptanzverlust geführt hat. Es gibt jedoch viele Antworten auf die Fragen „Welche Natur sollen wir schützen?“ und „Warum sollten wir die Natur schützen?“. Im Buch wird die wechselvolle Geschichte des Naturschutzes ausführlich dargelegt.
Auf einer Festveranstaltung konnte von den Autoren L. Reichhoff und U. Wegener ein lang ersehntes Buch vorgestellt werden. Durch die Mitwirkung von 24 Wissenschaftlern – meist ehemalige Mitarbeiter des Instituts für Landschaftsforschung und Naturschutz Halle – war es möglich geworden, auf Grund von Dokumenten und den Erinnerungen dieser Zeitzeugen, die geschichtliche Entwicklung dieser wissenschaftlichen und zugleich praxisorientierten Einrichtung und speziell seiner Forschung eindrucksvoll darzustellen. Das ILN (Institut für Landschaftsforschung und Naturschutz) mit seinem Hauptsitz in Halle wurde im Jahr 1953 gegründet und 1991 aufgelöst. In ihm wirkten 1990 insgesamt 162 Mitarbeiter, davon gehörten 78 zum wissenschaftlichen Personal.
Dem Buch ist eine Einführung von H. Behrens vorangestellt, die in hervorragender Weise die Geschichte des Naturschutzes in Deutschland in seiner vielfältigen Abhängigkeit von politischen, gesellschaftlichen und wissenschaftlichen Entwicklungen aufzeichnet und eine Klärung der Stellung des ILN als erstes deutsches Naturschutzinstitut im nationalen und internationalen Rahmen ermöglicht. Damit wird auch die Bedeutung des vorliegenden Buches, für das Schließen einer bisher schmerzlich klaffenden Lücke in der Naturschutzgeschichte Deutschlands deutlich.
Das vorgestellte Buch ist ein Werk, welches in beeindruckender Weise ein Waldgebiet, den Zeitzer Forst, sowohl populär als auch mit wissenschaftlichen Quintessenzen beschreibt. Eine klare Gliederung erlaubt dem Leser, sich gezielt seinen Interessenschwerpunkten zu widmen oder besser noch – das gesamte Buch zu lesen. Der Herausgeber hat in Zusammenarbeit mit 25 Autorinnen und Autoren, alle aus dem Umfeld des Gebietes stammend, ein umfassendes Gesamtkonzept für einen Landschaftsbereich zusammengetragen. Diese Fachleute geben, mit ihren detaillierten und gemeinverständlichen Beschreibungen der einzelnen Kapitel und Sachgebiete, diesem Buch seine Authentizität. Es berührt in vielfaltiger Weise so viele unterschiedliche Bereiche, dass jeder interessierte Leser fündig werden wird. Der Autor selbst beschreibt im Vorwort sein Buch als „Synthese zwischen den Themenbereichen …“ und als eine Betrachtung aus unterschiedlichen Ebenen.
A Bayesian framework to estimate diversification rates and their variation through time and space
(2011)
Background: Patterns of species diversity are the result of speciation and extinction processes, and molecular phylogenetic data can provide valuable information to derive their variability through time and across clades. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods offer a promising framework to incorporate phylogenetic uncertainty when estimating rates of diversification.
Results: We introduce a new approach to estimate diversification rates in a Bayesian framework over a distribution of trees under various constant and variable rate birth-death and pure-birth models, and test it on simulated phylogenies. Furthermore, speciation and extinction rates and their posterior credibility intervals can be estimated while accounting for non-random taxon sampling. The framework is particularly suitable for hypothesis testing using Bayes factors, as we demonstrate analyzing dated phylogenies of Chondrostoma (Cyprinids) and Lupinus (Fabaceae). In addition, we develop a model that extends the rate estimation to a meta-analysis framework in which different data sets are combined in a single analysis to detect general temporal and spatial trends in diversification.
Conclusions: Our approach provides a flexible framework for the estimation of diversification parameters and hypothesis testing while simultaneously accounting for uncertainties in the divergence times and incomplete taxon sampling.
Does an increase in the cover/abundance of Callitris glaucophylla or Callitris endlicheri affect the number of species recorded in plots (species density) or do other factors such as altitude or logging, fire or grazing history have greater explanatory power? This was tested using survey data from 1351 plots from northern New South Wales. Altitude was found to have the greatest explanatory power in predicting the number of species per plot. Increasing cover/abundance of Callitris glaucophylla was found to be positively correlated with increasing species density. Fire was found to have a minor negative effect on species density in Callitris glaucophylla stands and grazing a small positive correlation in Callitris endlicheri stands.
A catalogue of aphidiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) associated with various aphids species occurring in India was compiled. The present catalogue with 125 species under 22 genera has been further reinforced with not only all the latest taxonomic changes but also host names, host plants, distribution in India etc.
Background: Alterations in the DNA methylation pattern are a hallmark of leukemias and lymphomas. However, most epigenetic studies in hematologic neoplasms (HNs) have focused either on the analysis of few candidate genes or many genes and few HN entities, and comprehensive studies are required. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we report for the first time a microarray-based DNA methylation study of 767 genes in 367 HNs diagnosed with 16 of the most representative B-cell (n = 203), T-cell (n = 30), and myeloid (n = 134) neoplasias, as well as 37 samples from different cell types of the hematopoietic system. Using appropriate controls of B-, T-, or myeloid cellular origin, we identified a total of 220 genes hypermethylated in at least one HN entity. In general, promoter hypermethylation was more frequent in lymphoid malignancies than in myeloid malignancies, being germinal center mature B-cell lymphomas as well as B and T precursor lymphoid neoplasias those entities with highest frequency of gene-associated DNA hypermethylation. We also observed a significant correlation between the number of hypermethylated and hypomethylated genes in several mature B-cell neoplasias, but not in precursor B- and T-cell leukemias. Most of the genes becoming hypermethylated contained promoters with high CpG content, and a significant fraction of them are targets of the polycomb repressor complex. Interestingly, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemias show low levels of DNA hypermethylation and a comparatively large number of hypomethylated genes, many of them showing an increased gene expression. Conclusions/Significance: We have characterized the DNA methylation profile of a wide range of different HNs entities. As well as identifying genes showing aberrant DNA methylation in certain HN subtypes, we also detected six genes—DBC1, DIO3, FZD9, HS3ST2, MOS, and MYOD1—that were significantly hypermethylated in B-cell, T-cell, and myeloid malignancies. These might therefore play an important role in the development of different HNs.
This paper presents new data, characteristic features, standard body measurements and illustrations of the rare European linyphiid spider Glyphesis taoplesius Wunderlich, 1969; which is recorded here for the first time in Slovakia. The species was found with high abundance in pitfall traps exposed in a floodplain forest near a water reservoir in the lowland Podunajská rovina.
Recent phylogenomic studies have failed to conclusively resolve certain branches of the placental mammalian tree, despite the evolutionary analysis of genomic data from 32 species. Previous analyses of single genes and retroposon insertion data yielded support for different phylogenetic scenarios for the most basal divergences. The results indicated that some mammalian divergences were best interpreted not as a single bifurcating tree, but as an evolutionary network. In these studies the relationships among some orders of the super-clade Laurasiatheria were poorly supported, albeit not studied in detail. Therefore, 4775 protein-coding genes (6,196,263 nucleotides) were collected and aligned in order to analyze the evolution of this clade. Additionally, over 200,000 introns were screened in silico, resulting in 32 phylogenetically informative long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) insertion events.
The present study shows that the genome evolution of Laurasiatheria may best be understood as an evolutionary network. Thus, contrary to the common expectation to resolve major evolutionary events as a bifurcating tree, genome analyses unveil complex speciation processes even in deep mammalian divergences. We exemplify this on a subset of 1159 suitable genes that have individual histories, most likely due to incomplete lineage sorting or introgression, processes that can make the genealogy of mammalian genomes complex.
These unexpected results have major implications for the understanding of evolution in general, because the evolution of even some higher level taxa such as mammalian orders may sometimes not be interpreted as a simple bifurcating pattern.
DEAD-box proteins are enzymes endowed with nucleic acid-dependent ATPase, RNA translocase and unwinding activities. The human DEAD-box protein DDX3 has been shown to play important roles in tumor proliferation and viral infections. In particular, DDX3 has been identified as an essential cofactor for HIV-1 replication. Here we characterized a set of DDX3 mutants biochemically with respect to nucleic acid binding, ATPase and helicase activity. In particular, we addressed the functional role of a unique insertion between motifs I and Ia of DDX3 and provide evidence for its implication in nucleic acid binding and HIV-1 replication. We show that human DDX3 lacking this domain binds HIV-1 RNA with lower affinity. Furthermore, a specific peptide ligand for this insertion selected by phage display interferes with HIV-1 replication after transduction into HelaP4 cells. Besides broadening our understanding of the structure-function relationships of this important protein, our results identify a specific domain of DDX3 which may be suited as target for antiviral drugs designed to inhibit cellular cofactors for HIV-1 replication.
A second genus and species of Nearctic keroplatid fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea: Keroplatidae: Macrocerinae) attributed to the tribe Robsonomyiini is described: Calusamyia hribari Coher, n. gen., n. sp.. The relationship of this fly from the Florida Keys with Asian genera and species and the single Nearctic described form of the robsonomyiines is briefly discussed.
Neoma, a new genus of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Prioninae: Macrotomini) is described for Mallodonopsis corrosus Bates, 1879, compared to related genera (Aplagiognathus Thomson, 1861; Archodontes Lameere, 1903; and Mallodonopsis Thomson, 1861), and its tribal position discussed. A lectotype for Mallodonopsis corrosus is here designated with the species redescribed and figured.
A new gymnophthalmid lizard of the genus Anadia Gray, 1845 is described from the summit of Abakapá-tepui, Bolívar State, Venezuela, between 2200-2242 m elevation. The new species, Anadia mcdiarmidi sp. nov., is endemic to the Chimantá Massif and seemingly also occurs on Amurí-tepui and Murei-tepui. The new taxon is mainly distinguished from all known congeners by the following combination of characters: body fairly robust, dorsal scales small and quadrangular, middorsal scales 53-57, suboculars large, subequal in size, with sometimes one scale slightly protruding downward between 4th and 5th supralabial, nasal entire, without sub-nostril groove, body uniform beige or greyish to bluish brown in life, devoid of any conspicuous pattern in males, venter immaculate golden grey in life, femoral pores 9-10 on each side in males, preanal pores absent, hemipenis globose, weakly bilobed, bordered by numerous fl ounces (>20) bearing comblike rows of minute weakly mineralized spinules. The presence of a species of Anadia, a primarily Andean genus, on the top of tepuis is of considerable interest to the understanding of the Pantepui biogeography.
The alticine genera Hemiphrynus Horn 1889 and Phrynocepha Baly 1861 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are reviewed and their status clarified. Both genera and all previously known species are redescribed. Four new species of Hemiphrynus are described: H. barri, H. corrugatus, H. smithi, and H. sydneyae. Six new species of Phrynocepha are described: P. australis, P. kendrae, P. marciae, P. natalieae, P. pseudocapitata, and P. pueblae. The following new combination is proposed: Hemiphrynus elongatus (Jacoby 1884) transferred from Phrynocepha. Hemiphrynus sulcatipennis Jacoby 1891 and H. tenuicornis Jacoby 1891 are reinstated in Hemiphrynus, incertae sedis. Hemiphrynus elongatus is recorded from New Mexico, a new record for the United States. Lectotypes are here designated for the following species: H. elongatus, H. intermedius (Jacoby 1884), H. sulcatipennis, H. tenuicornis, P. capitata Jacoby 1884, P. deyrollei Baly 1876, and P. pulchella Baly 1861. A key to differentiate the two genera and keys to the species in both genera are provided. Host records are given for a few species of both Hemiphrynus and Phrynocepha. Distribution maps are presented for all species.
A revision of the genus Gymnetina Casey, 1915 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini)
(2011)
The genus Gymnetina Casey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini) is redescribed and revised. Three new species and one new subspecies are described: G. borealis Warner and Ratcliffe, G. grossepunctata Ratcliffe and Warner, G. howdeni Warner and Ratcliffe, and G. cretacea sundbergi Warner and Ratcliffe. Gymnetina salicis (Bates), new status, is removed from synonymy with G. cretacea (LeConte), and G. alboscripta (Janson) is transferred from Gymnetis MacLeay to Gymnetina becoming Gymnetina alboscripta (Janson), new combination. Redescriptions of previously known species, a key for identification, and illustrations of the six species are provided. A brief biogeographical analysis suggests that ancestral taxa dispersed northwards from Guatemala and Mexico to the southwestern United States.
The monotypic aesaline genus Lucanobium Howden and Lawrence (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) was previously known only from Venezuela. A second species is here described as new from French Guiana, extending the range of the genus approximately 1800 km to the southeast. The generic description of Lucanobium is updated with respect to the discovery of a second species.
In 2005 a team of Bulgarian zoologists started a project aiming to study the invertebrates inhabiting the deeper soil stratum (euedaphon) and the Superficial Underground Compartment (SUC) in Bulgaria. In the course of a four-year sampling, a total of 52 species of spiders were caught from 19 collecting sites and 9 geographical regions. They belong to the following families: Scytodidae (1), Segestriidae (1), Dysderidae (8), Nesticidae (1), Anapidae (1), Theridiidae (1), Linyphiidae (20), Agelenidae (3), Cybaeidae (1), Dictynidae (2), Amaurobiidae (2), Liocranidae (3), Corinnidae (1), Zodariidae (1), Gnaphosidae (5), and Salticidae (1). The family Anapidae, with the species Zangherella relicta (Kratochvíl, 1935) is recorded from three sites in the Pirin and Slavyanka mountains, and this represents the first record of the family, genus and species in Bulgaria. In spite of the active investigations of the epigean and cave spiders in these regions over the years Z. relicta was not found and it seems it occurs only in deeper subterranean habitats and nowhere else. Comparative study of almost topotypic specimens of Z. relicta from Montenegro with those collected from Bulgaria showed no variation in the shape of palp and female vulvae. Until the true identity of Z. apuliae (Caporiacco, 1949) from Italy is revealed, it remains unclear whether Z. relicta and Z. apuliae are conspecific, as it remains unclear whether the older records of Z. apuliae from the Balkan Peninsula refer to this species or to Z. relicta. Pelecopsis mengei (Simon, 1884) (Linyphiidae) and Scotolathys simplex Simon, 1884 (Dictynidae) are also reported from Bulgaria for the first time, the latter being also new to FYR of Macedonia. A faunistic overview of the spiders found in these underground environments is made, along with remarks on the distribution and ecology of some rare and interesting species. The presence of cave-dwelling and superficial spiders in the sampled sites indicates that SUC and euedaphon are inhabited by different ecotypes, e.g. litter-(tanathostromic), soil-(edaphic) and cave-(troglobitic) which at some places co-occur.
The spider fauna active on the bark of trees in forests on eight sites in different regions in Germany was investigated. Trunk eclectors at about 2-4 meters height on living trees were used in different regions of Germany (SW Bavaria, Hesse, Brandenburg) between 1990 and 2003. In Hesse eclectors were also used on dead beech trees (standing and lying). In this study data, mainly from beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies), from May to October are compared – whole year samples (including winter) are only available from Hesse. A total of 334 spider species were recorded with these bark traps, i.e. about one third of the spider species known from Germany. On average, each of the eight regions yielded 140.5 (± 26.2) species, each single tree 40.5 (± 12.2) species and 502 (±452) adult spiders per season (i.e. May to Oct.). The 20 most abundant species are listed and characterised in detail. Six of the 20 species were not known to be abundant on bark, three prefer conifers and three beech/broadleaf. Even in winter (December-March) there was a remarkably high activity on the trunks. However, only a few species occur exclusively or mainly in winter. Finally, the rarity of some bark spider species is discussed and details (all known records in Germany, phenology) of four of them are presented (Clubiona leucaspis, Gongylidiellum edentatum, Kratochviliella bicapitata, Oreonetides quadridentatus). The diversity and importance of the spider fauna on bark in Central Europe is still underestimated.
Parasites of the nematode genus Anisakis are associated with aquatic organisms. They can be found in a variety of marine hosts including whales, crustaceans, fish and cephalopods and are known to be the cause of the zoonotic disease anisakiasis, a painful inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract caused by the accidental consumptions of infectious larvae raw or semi-raw fishery products. Since the demand on fish as dietary protein source and the export rates of seafood products in general is rapidly increasing worldwide, the knowledge about the distribution of potential foodborne human pathogens in seafood is of major significance for human health. Studies have provided evidence that a few Anisakis species can cause clinical symptoms in humans. The aim of our study was to interpolate the species range for every described Anisakis species on the basis of the existing occurrence data. We used sequence data of 373 Anisakis larvae from 30 different hosts worldwide and previously published molecular data (n = 584) from 53 field-specific publications to model the species range of Anisakis spp., using a interpolation method that combines aspects of the alpha hull interpolation algorithm as well as the conditional interpolation approach. The results of our approach strongly indicate the existence of species-specific distribution patterns of Anisakis spp. within different climate zones and oceans that are in principle congruent with those of their respective final hosts. Our results support preceding studies that propose anisakid nematodes as useful biological indicators for their final host distribution and abundance as they closely follow the trophic relationships among their successive hosts. The modeling might although be helpful for predicting the likelihood of infection in order to reduce the risk of anisakiasis cases in a given area.
An additional 137 species and two tribes are added to the cerambycid fauna of Bolivia while 12 species are deleted. This brings the total number of species known from Bolivia to 1,561. Comments and statistics regarding the growth of knowledge on the Bolivian Cerambycid fauna and species endemicity are included.
Based on collections by the author made in September 2001, Conocephalum salebrosum, Hydrogonium ehrenbergii, Breutelia chrysocoma and Campylopus pilifer var. brevirameus are reported as new to the Azores. Seven species are reported as new to Sâo Miguel. Various notes and keys are provided for several taxa.
Nine new species of Hyperaspis from various South American localities are described, illustrated, and compared with previously described taxa. New taxa are: Hyperaspis luciae, H. corcovado, H. divaricata, H. humboldti, H. mimica, H. praecipua, H. unimaculosa, H. drechseli, and H. esmeraldas. Hyperaspis pectoralis Crotch is recognized as a valid species of Hyperaspis and integrated into the existing classification.
In 1947, 20 species of Staphylinidae were reported from the Cayman Islands as a result of an Oxford University expedition there in 1938 which made extensive use of a light trap. The list is here expanded to 62 species based on collections by R. R. Askew, G. E. Ball, E. A. Dilbert, B. K. Dozier, E. J. Gerberg, P. J. Fitzgerald, M. C. Thomas, and R. H. Turnbow since 1970, all of whom also used light traps except for a collection or two by flight intercept trap.
Urban reserves, like other protected areas, aim to preserve species richness but conservation efforts in these protected areas are complicated by high proportions of alien species. We examined which environmental factors determine alien species presence in 48 city reserves of Prague, Czech Republic. We distinguished between archaeophytes, i.e. alien species introduced since the beginning of Neolithic agriculture up to 1500 A. D., and neophytes, i.e. modern invaders introduced after that date, with the former group separately analysed for endangered archaeophytes (listed as C1 and C2 categories on national red list). Archaeophytes responded positively to the presence of arable land that was in place at the time of the reserve establishment, and to a low altitudinal range. In addition to soil properties, neophytes responded to recent human activities with the current proportion of built-up area in reserves serving as a proxy. Endangered archaeophytes, with the same affinity for past arable land as other archaeophytes, were also supported by the presence of current shrubland in the reserve. This suggests that for endangered archaeophytes it may have been difficult to adapt to changing agricultural practices, and shrublands might act as a refugium for them. Forty-six of the 155 neophytes recorded in the reserves are classified as invasive. The reserves thus harbour 67% of the 69 invasive neophytes recorded in the country, and particularly worrisome is that many of the most invasive species are shrubs and trees, a life form that is known to account for widespread invasions with high impacts. Our results thus strongly suggest that in Prague nature reserves there is a high potential for future invasions.
The retrograde response constitutes an important signalling pathway from mitochondria to the nucleus which induces several genes to allow compensation of mitochondrial impairments. In the filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina, an example for such a response is the induction of a nuclear-encoded and iron-dependent alternative oxidase (AOX) occurring when cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) dependent respiration is affected. Several long-lived mutants are known which predominantly or exclusively respire via AOX. Here we show that two AOX-utilising mutants, grisea and PaCox17::ble, are able to compensate partially for lowered OXPHOS efficiency resulting from AOX-dependent respiration by increasing mitochondrial content. At the physiological level this is demonstrated by an elevated oxygen consumption and increased heat production. However, in the two mutants, ATP levels do not reach WT levels. Interestingly, mutant PaCox17::ble is characterized by a highly increased release of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide. Both grisea and PaCox17::ble contain elevated levels of mitochondrial proteins involved in quality control, i. e. LON protease and the molecular chaperone HSP60. Taken together, our work demonstrates that AOX-dependent respiration in two mutants of the ageing model P. anserina is linked to a novel mechanism involved in the retrograde response pathway, mitochondrial biogenesis, which might also play an important role for cellular maintenance in other organisms.
Unterschiedliche Entwicklungsstadien von Altgewässern werden beschrieben. Sie stellen wichtige Lebens- und Rückzugsräume für Hydrophyten dar. Im Tal der Elbe, zwischen Dessau und Magdeburg, konnten in sieben Altgewässern mit unterschiedlichen Sukzessionsstadien insgesamt 38 Hydrophytenarten nachgewiesen werden. Sechs dieser Arten gehören zu den 13 aquatischen und amphibischen Pflanzenarten der „Roten Liste Deutschlands“, die einen relativen Schwerpunkt ihrer Vorkommen in Altgewässern haben. Diese Funde belegen die Bedeutung und Schutzwürdigkeit der Altgewässer an der Mittleren Elbe. Die relative Häufung auch seltener Arten beruht, ähnlich wie am Oberrhein, darauf, dass hier Hydrophyten unterschiedlicher Verbreitungsräume zusammentreffen. Ein Vergleich mit Literaturdaten zum Arteninventar einiger Altgewässer von Laufabschnitten des Rheins, der Donau, der Ems, der Hase und der Amper zeigt, dass die Altgewässer von Elbe, Rhein und oberer Donau, bei ansonsten vergleichbarem Arteninventar bei den selteneren Arten Unterschiede aufweisen. Von den insgesamt 73 erfassten Arten sind nur elf in jeweils allen untersuchten Laufabschnitten vorhanden, während 20 nur oder nur noch in jeweils einem vorkommen. Von 12 gefährdeten Arten mit relativem Schwerpunkt in Altgewässern sind lediglich vier in mindestens der Hälfte der Laufabschnitte vertreten, während sieben Arten nur jeweils in ein oder zwei der Laufabschnitte vorkommen.
Mountains, with their isolated position and altitudinal belts, are hotspots of biodiversity. Their flora and fauna have been observed worldwide since the days of Alexander von Humboldt, which has led to basic knowledge and understanding of species composition and the most important driving forces of ecosystem differentiation in such altitudinal gradients. Systematically designed analyses of changes in species composition with increasing elevation have been increasingly implemented since the 1990s. Since global climate change is one of the most important problems facing the world this century, a focus on such ecosystem studies is urgently needed. To identify the main future needs of such research we analyze the studies dealing with species changes of diverse taxonomical groups along altitudinal gradients (0 to 6,400 m a.s. l.) on all continents, published during the past one to two decades. From our study we can conclude that although mountains are powerful for climate change research most studies have to face the challenge of separating confounding effects driving species assemblages along altitudinal gradients. Our study therefore supports the view of the need of a global altitudinal concept including that (1) not only one or a few taxonomical groups should be analyzed, but rather different taxonomical groups covering all ecosystem functions simultaneously; (2) relevant site conditions should be registered to reveal direct environmental variables responsible for species distribution patterns and to resolve inconsistent effects along the altitudinal gradients; (3) transect design is appropriate for analyzing ecosystem changes in site gradients and over time; (4) both the study design and the individual methods should be standardized to compare the data collected worldwide; and (5) a long-term perspective is important to quantify the degree and direction of species changes and to validate species distribution models. (6) Finally we suggest to develop experimental altitudinal approaches to overcome the addressed problems of biodiversity surveys.
Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) of the West Indian island of Dominica are composed of 111 genera and 214 species and subspecies. Some of the species listed are morphospecies, or are known to be undescribed, but all are identified at least to genus. Previously the fauna was recorded as 31 species. Numbers presented herein represent a seven-fold increase in species diversity. Furthermore, the widespread nature of many species demonstrates that the supposedly endemic faunas of many West Indian islands may be based on collecting biases or a lack of people capable of providing species level identifications.
Based on a collection of spiders obtained during ecological fieldwork in 2009 and an extensive literature review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of spider biodiversity on the island of Maio. The total number of species reported from Maio is now 46, representing 18 families and including 16 species (35%) endemic to the Cape Verde Islands. The family Dictynidae (meshweb spiders), represented by the saline-adapted Devade cf. indistincta, is reported for the first time from Cape Verde.
Poster presentation from Twentieth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting: CNS*2011 Stockholm, Sweden. 23-28 July 2011. One of the central questions in neuroscience is how neural activity is organized across different spatial and temporal scales. As larger populations oscillate and synchronize at lower frequencies and smaller ensembles are active at higher frequencies, a cross-frequency coupling would facilitate flexible coordination of neural activity simultaneously in time and space. Although various experiments have revealed amplitude-to-amplitude and phase-to-phase coupling, the most common and most celebrated result is that the phase of the lower frequency component modulates the amplitude of the higher frequency component. Over the recent 5 years the amount of experimental works finding such phase-amplitude coupling in LFP, ECoG, EEG and MEG has been tremendous (summarized in [1]). We suggest that although the mechanism of cross-frequency-coupling (CFC) is theoretically very tempting, the current analysis methods might overestimate any physiological CFC actually evident in the signals of LFP, ECoG, EEG and MEG. In particular, we point out three conceptual problems in assessing the components and their correlations of a time series. Although we focus on phase-amplitude coupling, most of our argument is relevant for any type of coupling. 1) The first conceptual problem is related to isolating physiological frequency components of the recorded signal. The key point is to notice that there are many different mathematical representations for a time series but the physical interpretation we make out of them is dependent on the choice of the components to be analyzed. In particular, when one isolates the components by Fourier-representation based filtering, it is the width of the filtering bands what defines what we consider as our components and how their power or group phase change in time. We will discuss clear cut examples where the interpretation of the existence of CFC depends on the width of the filtering process. 2) A second problem deals with the origin of spectral correlations as detected by current cross-frequency analysis. It is known that non-stationarities are associated with spectral correlations in the Fourier space. Therefore, there are two possibilities regarding the interpretation of any observed CFC. One scenario is that basic neuronal mechanisms indeed generate an interaction across different time scales (or frequencies) resulting in processes with non-stationary features. The other and problematic possibility is that unspecific non-stationarities can also be associated with spectral correlations which in turn will be detected by cross frequency measures even if physiologically there is no causal interaction between the frequencies. 3) We discuss on the role of non-linearities as generators of cross frequency interactions. As an example we performed a phase-amplitude coupling analysis of two nonlinearly related signals: atmospheric noise and the square of it (Figure 1) observing an enhancement of phase-amplitude coupling in the second signal while no pattern is observed in the first. Finally, we discuss some minimal conditions need to be tested to solve some of the ambiguities here noted. In summary, we simply want to point out that finding a significant cross frequency pattern does not always have to imply that there indeed is physiological cross frequency interaction in the brain.
Tabellarisch sind anerkannte Naturschutzvereinigungen im Land Sachsen-Anhalt (Stand: September 2011) aufgelistet. Die Tabelle gibt eine Übersicht über die nach NatSchG LSA (§ 29) in Verbindung mit Umwelt-Rechtsbehelfsgesetz (§ 3 Abs. 3) und BNatSchG (§ 63 Abs. 2) im Land Sachsen-Anhalt anerkannten Naturschutzvereinigungen.
Aneura maxima is a species which was described from Java and reported from various parts of Asia (India, Indonesia, New Caledonia and Japan). It was recently found new to Thailand (Frahm et al. 2009). Schuster (1992) reported this species from the Appalachian Mountains in North America and Andriesen et al. (1995) for the first time for Europe from the Belgian Ardennes. I (Frahm 1997) reported the species a second time for Europe from Finland. Subsequently, the species was reported from many other regions of Europe including Denmark (Thingsgaard 2002), Poland and Luxemburg (Werner 2003), Corsica (Ros et al. 2007), France (Sotiaux et al. 1996), Czechia (Kucera 2004) and Germany (Meinunger & Schröder (2007).
During three field trips in 2006 and 2010 to Cuc Phuong National Park in northern Vietnam, a total of 19 anisopteran taxa was recorded. The most interesting records are documented here with field photographs of living specimens or collection material. Observations on their biology and behaviour are also noted.
Es wird über ein rezentes Vorkommen von Orobanche hederae (Efeu-Sommerwurz, Efeu-Würger) in Dortmund-
Lütgendortmund berichtet sowie eine Einschätzung bezüglich der Herkunft, der Gefährdung und des floristischen
Status dieses Vorkommens vorgenommen. Des Weiteren wird die pflanzengeografische Bedeutung des Fundes,
speziell für den Ballungsraum Ruhrgebiet, aber auch für Westfalen insgesamt, diskutiert. Ferner wird eine Übersicht
über die jüngsten Funde der Art in Nordrhein-Westfalen in den letzten zehn Jahren geliefert.
Das Abend-Pfauenauge Smerinthus ocellatus (LINNÈ 1758) ist ein Schmetterling (Ordnung Lepidoptera) aus der Familie der Schwärmer Sphingidae. Auf Grund seiner von anderen Arten deutlich abweichenden Gesamterscheinung, insbesondere der Färbung und Zeichnung (Abb. 1) wurde es in die Gattung Smerinthus gestellt. In dieser Gattung stellt es (heute) den einzigen europäischen Vertreter dar (NOVAK & SEVERA 1985: 212).