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Bu yazıda Alman edebiyat tarihinde çok önemli bir isim olan Heinrich von Kleist'ın Alman birliği konusundaki çabalarını ele aldık. Kleist, Alman yazarlar arasında en fazla Prusyalı olan, Prusyalılar arasında da en fazla Alman olan kişidir. Bu yazar şimdiye kadar Alman Filolojilerinde bu yönüyle fazla tanıtılmamıştır. Oysa Kleist büyük bir Alman milliyetçisidir. O birçok başka büyük şairden farklı olarak Almanlığa sahip çıkmış ve Alman milletinin birliği için mücadele etmiştir.
Yaşadığı dönemde Alman Ordusu Fransızlar karşısında korkunç bir hezimete uğramış, bir devlet çökmüştü. Başkent işgal edilmişti. Bu durum milliyetçiler açısından kabul edilemezdi. Bu yıllar Kleist'ın doğrudan ya da dolaylı yoldan siyasete karışmaya başladığı yıllardı.
O sıralar milliyetçiler gizli örgütlerde biraraya geliyorlardı. Bazı vatansever dernekler ciddî planlar üzerinde çalışıyordu. Bu grupların bir üyesi de Kleist'dı. Avusturya'yla Prusya arasındaki çekişmeyi tasvip etmiyordu. Onun için bu iki Alman devletinin düşmana karşı birlikte hareket etmesinden daha doğal bir şey olamazdı. Artık Kleist'ın edebî eserlerinde geleceğin milliyetçiliğinin unsurları görülüyordu. Prusyalı milliyetçiler arasında radikal kesimdendi. O zaman savunduğu fikirler "Herrmannsschlacht" ve "Prinz von Homburg" adlı piyeslerinde, kendini gösterecektir.
Günümüz Avusturya edebiyatının yaşayan isimlerinden felsefe doktoralı Fr. Ch. Zauner çok yönlü bir yazardır. Yazdığı radyo ve tiyatro oyunları, hikaye ve roman türündeki eserleri Avusturya kültürünün ve coğrafyasının izlerini taşır. Dilimize 1994'te "Ormandaki Yabancıların Sırrı" adıyla çevrilen eser 1981 tarihinde yayınlanmıştır.
Makalede romanın zaman ve mekan yapısı, anlatım konumu, sunum araçları gibi anlatı unsurlarının yanında kedi-fare motifi esas alınarak bir inceleme yapılmıştır. Söz konusu bu kavramlar metne bağlı – içkin – yöntemin araçlarıdır. Yaygın anlamda anlatı unsurları olarak bilinen bu kavramlarla edebiyat araştırmalarının her basamağında karşılaşmak olasıdır.
Çalışma, Zauner'in bu romanı hakkında önceden buna benzer bir yayının olmaması nedeniyle ve didaktik amaçlarla kaleme alınmıştır. İlk eseri olmasına rağmen romanın, yazarın başarısını yansıtan önemli bir eser olduğunu düşünüyoruz.
Adler ve Freud'un da işaret ettiği gibi babalar kızlarıyla, anneler de oğullarıyla iyi ilişkiler kurabilmektedir. Gerçek yaşamla ilgili bu saptama, çağdaş Alman yazarlarından Karl-Heinz Ott'un 1998 yılında yayımlanmış ve "Ins Offene" adını taşıyan romanının kurmaca dünyasında, bu sefer anne-oğul ilişkisi bazında, tersine işlemektedir.
Çalışmada, anne ve babanın birlikte yaşamamaları, yani aralarında evliliğin gerçekleşmemesi, anne ve oğlunun farklı karakterde olmaları, annenin oğluna olan aşırı bağımlılığı ve kırsal ataerkil toplum bu ilişkiyi sorunlu hale getiren ana etmenler olarak belirlenmiştir.
İngeborg Bachmann (1926-1973) en önemli Alman şairlerdendir. Seçilen şiir "Sieben Jahre später" [yedi yıl sonra] (1953) dili ve vezni bakımından dikkat çekici ölçüde doğaldır. "Açık üslubu"yla şiir giriş dersi için çok uygundur. Çok güçlü yan anlamlardan beslenmektedir: Çağrışımlı fikir bağlantıları bizi hayalimizde şairin ardından (sadece "tipik bir Avusturya problemi" olarak değilse de) Nazi ideolojisinden kendini pek az kurtarabilmiş olan memleketi Klagenfurt’a sürüklemektedir.
Buna karşılık "romantik özlem" ve klasik Goethe hatırası hemen hiç söz konusu olmuyor. Yazarın (aynı şekilde ortak düşündüğü) çağrısı çaresizlikten doğuyor. – Böyle bir metin için bilimsel yorum sanatının zahmetine girmeye de gerek yok. Bazen şiirdeki ve açıklamadaki yalın sözler daha çok şey anlatıyor. Şair kendisini toplumsal gerçeklikte bir şeyler "değiştirecek güç" olarak görmektedir. Bu 2013 yılında da güncelliğini korumaktadır.
In post-Kantian idealist aesthetics, at the very latest, literature and philosophy come to rival each other as producers of "history" At this point, philosophy takes it upon itself to "adopt" art and literature, treating the image as an object upon which to lavish the philosophical "labor of the concept" and explicitly asserting the primacy of concept over image. This objectivation of the image by the concept, however, goes hand in hand with the attempt to cover up and efface the poetic act that underlies the paradigm of "history," an act that had still informed the older, premodern meaning of the concept and had been conspicuously retained and reflected in the modern literary genre of historical drama. I therefore wish to propose that the origin of the logocentric discourse of history is to be found in Hegel's philosophy of art. In the first part of my essay, I will accordingly set out to reconstruct Hegel's effacement of the poetic origin of "history" by jointly examining his aesthetics and his philosophy of history. In the second part, I will confront Hegel's logocentric approach with a reading of Goethe's historical drama Egmont that exposes the poetic origin of "history" and thereby offers an alternative to Hegel's logocentrism.
Die Bühne der klassischen Episteme ist [...] in ihrem entweltlichten Status einem gerahmten Gemälde oder der Seite eines Buches näher als dem Zuschauerraum, von dem sie abgegrenzt wird: Die die Kulisse bildenden Objekte invertieren zu Zeichen, welche das Kontinuum des simulierten Ortes bedeuten. Das Licht, das die Bühne beleuchtet, bedeutet das Tageslicht, das das Gemach der Maria Stuart erhellt, die in Schillers Tragödie auf ihre Hinrichtung wartet.
O presente ensaio discute a noção de encenação linguística, aplicando-a ao campo de estudos de Alemão como Língua Estrangeira (DaF). Assim, propomos um conceito de encenação da competência linguística, como um procedimento estratégico através do qual a competência científica dos escritores é representada por meio da língua estrangeira. Através da encenação, os escritores demonstram domínio linguístico para formular estruturas complexas, bem como para expressar rotinas e ações de linguagem convencionalizadas no discurso alvo. Defendemos que a Encenação Linguística pode-se manifestar através de estruturas específicas, e através de processos de seleção lexical. Essa conjectura é discutida com base no uso predicativo de sintagmas introduzidos por als, os quais, devido a suas propriedades semânticas e funcionais, podem ser vistos como um recurso de encenação linguística. O corpus é composto de abstracts escritos em alemão por mestrandos e doutorandos brasileiros e de Protocolos de Pensamento em Voz Alta da produção daqueles textos. Os dados apontam uma recorrente dificuldade para completar um plano sintático iniciado por als, assim como para selecionar os verbos adequados para um argumento introduzido por essa partícula. Não obstante, duas estratégias de encenação linguística puderam ser identificadas: a paráfrase e o acesso a conceitos semanticamente concretos antes da ativação de conceitos abstratos.
Os cursos de línguas a distância vêm ganhando força por se adequarem às demandas sociais contemporâneas e ampliarem as possibilidades de acesso a novos conhecimentos, favorecendo a interação entre pessoas com objetivos semelhantes, mas oriundas de regiões distantes do local no qual os cursos são constituídos e ministrados. Tomando como pressupostos teóricos os estudos de Valente (2002), Garrison e Anderson (2000), entre outros, este trabalho tem como objetivo tecer reflexões acerca dos critérios considerados durante o planejamento e a execução de um curso online voltado para a formação de professores de alemão. Os dados advêm de um curso a distância de extensão universitária, oferecido na plataforma de aprendizagem Moodle de uma universidade do interior de São Paulo, que teve como objetivo levar professores de alemão a um maior desenvolvimento das competências linguísticas, à reflexão sobre aspectos da interculturalidade no ensino da língua-alvo, bem como à vivência com alguns recursos tecnológicos atuais. Serão apresentados os elementos que se mostraram relevantes no planejamento e desenvolvimento do curso, tomando como base autores que discorreram sobre características do ensino mediado pelo computador. A relevância do trabalho encontra-se no fato de que pouco foi encontrado sobre o tema planejamento de cursos para a modalidade online.
Dieser Aufsatz führt in Grundbegriffe der deutschen Intonation ein und diskutiert ihre Relevanz für den Unterricht des Deutschen als Fremdsprache, vor allem in Brasilien. Für Muttersprachler des Portugiesischen, die Deutsch lernen, ist die Intonation wahrscheinlich eine größere Herausforderung als die Phonetik der Einzellaute. Das System der Töne, Tonbewegungen und Äußerungsakzente sowie ihre Beiträge zur Äußerungsbedeutung werden am Beispiel von Aussage- und Fragesätzen dargestellt. Den Abschluss bilden konkrete Übungsvorschläge zur Intonation im DaF-Unterricht.
O artigo apresenta as linhas gerais do desenvolvimento histórico da área de Alemão como Língua Estrangeira (ALE), desde os anos de 1950 até os dias de hoje, focalizando principalmente o processo de sua institucionalização na Alemanha bem como a crescente projeção da área no âmbito internacional, através de medidas de política linguística e cultural do governo alemão e a comercialização de livros didáticos produzidos para o mercado global.
Theodor Fontane's representation of monuments in the "Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg"
(2013)
Theodor Fontane was a passionate visitor of historical monuments, and his text "Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg" entail many references to sculptures, obelisks, churches, and museums. Fontane's description of monuments represents a specific view on history, which undermines a teleological perspective on the past. The article shows that Fontane's monuments embody eschatological, allegorical, and arabesque interpretations of the past, which in turn poetizes and de-historizes history.
O artigo aborda a peça "Descrição de imagem", de Heiner Müller, como um exemplo de sua dramaturgia tardia. Pela análise dos diversos movimentos do texto, busca-se entender a qualificação, dada pelo próprio Müller em sua autobiografia, da peça como um autodrama, termo que remeteria, segundo a hipótese do artigo, a um confronto com o gênero brechtiano da peça de aprendizagem (Lehrstück).
Um dos capítulos mais importantes da recepção do teatro alemão no Brasil se iniciou em 1958, com a montagem de "A alma boa de Setsuan". A encenação de muitas entre suas obras a partir de então colocou novas questões dramatúrgicas e teóricas num cenário aberto à experimentação estética e marcado pela dialética entre o teatro e o turbulento contexto social brasileiro da época. Grupos como o Arena, o Oficina e o CPC discutiram, atualizaram e articularam a obra de Brecht com suas próprias pesquisas. Como essa recepção, ontem como hoje no Brasil, é feita a partir dos mais diferentes referenciais teóricos e críticos, faz-se necessária a revisitação da crítica esclarecedora de Anatol Rosenfeld sobre Brecht. Profundo conhecedor de estética teatral, da teoria do teatro épico, da obra de Brecht e do teatro brasileiro, Rosenfeld tem papel decisivo em vários debates em torno de sua obra e de sua influência no teatro brasileiro. Nesse artigo, a partir de questões que surgem da recepção contemporânea de Brecht, pretendemos acompanhar algumas etapas desse percurso na obra de Rosenfeld, que é tanto teórico como histórico e crítico e se constitui como um dos mais lúcidos e atuais estudos sobre Brecht e o teatro brasileiro.
O presente artigo aborda alguns dos principais escritos de Anatol Rosenfeld sobre teatro, sobretudo O teatro épico, obra em que se debruça sobre os preceitos da dramaturgia de Brecht, bem como seu trabalho como organizador de antologias de autores canônicos da literatura alemã (Lessing, Goethe, Schiller), para mostrar como essas influências se cruzam em sua análise da produção teatral brasileira dos anos 1960. Nas entrelinhas da crítica de Rosenfeld, percebe-se a dimensão ética que ele atribuía à sua atividade intelectual e, ainda, um esforço de adaptar o potencial transformador do teatro brechtiano às demandas de um contexto político e cultural específico como o brasileiro.
Der Artikel beschreibt den bisher zu beobachtenden Umgang mit Heinrich von Kleists Stück "Die Hermannsschlacht". Demnach gab es vier Bewertungen: Bewunderung für Werk und Form, Ablehnung von Werk und Form, sowie die Kombinationen der Bewunderung des Werks bei gleichzeitiger Ablehnung der Form, und schließlich die umgekehrte Herangehensweise: Bewunderung der Form bei gleichzeitiger Ablehnung des Inhalts. Der Artikel argumentiert, dass Claus Peymanns Inszenierung diese vier klassischen Bewertungen durchbrochen hat. Er bewundert offenbar Kleists Werk, inszeniert es aber 'gegen den Autor' als "Hermannsschlacht für den Frieden". Die Argumentation erfolgt anhand der Verfilmung der Peymannschen Aufführung.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
This study addresses new trends in translation studies and translation teaching, focusing on the possible use of database applications by translators. The article responds to the increasing market penetration of translation software designed to make the translation process – especially in professional and technical texts – more effective and efficient. The process includes the use of existing translations as a basis for new translations, consistent handling of terminology, simplification of the writing process, and the use of dictionary-type databases. After offering a basic theoretical discussion of CAT tools, the article focuses on their use by translators, especially in terms of how to teach user skills to translation students. The author draws on his experience of teaching the use of CAT tools (the application TRANSITNXT®) at the Department of German Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Ostrava.
Wartburg castle is associated not only with Luther's German translation of the Bible, but also with the legendary singing contest that is said to have taken place there in the early 13th century. Although today it is impossible to tell whether this was a real event or merely a legend, the contest became a popular basis for literary treatments. The "classic" version of the story was presented in the 19th century by Richard Wagner in his opera "Tannhäuser und der Sängerkrieg auf Wartburg", while the most recent version of the story dates from 2012: Robert Löhr's novel "Krieg der Sänger". Because Löhr's version was almost immediately compared with Wagner's, the aim of this study is to analyze the two works and draw conclusions from such a comparison. Which sources did both authors work with, and how? Were they primarily concerned with a historically accurate depiction of events, entertaining the reader or audience, or communicating some deeper thoughts? In what light are the main hero and his competitors presented? What do Wagner and Löhr have in common, and how do they differ?
During the last two decades of the 20th century writers gradually returned to traditional narrative methods, though their works were creatively enriched by the incorporation of new tendencies. The results of these efforts show traces of literary postmodernism. One of the representatives of German-language postmodern literature is Sten Nadolny, whose oeuvre is typified by its openness to the plurality and diversity of the world. His novel "Ein Gott der Frechheit" revives ancient gods and mythological figures, revealing the mysteries of old legends; this is viewed as a background to the self-destructive disorientation of contemporary society.
The article examines the reception of Hugo von Hofmannsthal's works by two Czechoslovak authors writing in German: Max Brod and Josef Mühlberger. The reception of Hofmannsthal's oeuvre is reflected primarily in Brod's novel "Mira", Brod's correspondence with Hofmannsthal, and Mühlberger's essay "Hugo von Hofmannsthal". The article explores how both authors depict the Viennese poet and what they consider to be Hofmannsthal's main significance and legacy for future generations. The article also compares Brod's and Mühlberger's statements with thematically similar texts by the Austrian author.
The aim of this article is to explore semantic relations within somatic phraseology using concepts from cognitive linguistics and prototype theory. The typicality or atypicality of representatives of the category of somatic phraseologisms is determined on the basis of 12 features of idiom irregularity according to Dobrovoľskij. The analysis results in a table of "good" and "bad" representatives of the category. Individual parameters are evaluated, but the value of individual criteria is also considered. This method makes it possible to determine the status of individual somatic phraseologisms with regard to each other, as well as the entire group of somatisms against other phraseologisms. The results enable conclusions to be drawn regarding the degree of motivatedness of somatisms.
What do corpora reveal about ongoing grammaticalization and transitions between word class categories? Everything, something, or nothing? Using the example of the lexemes nicneříkající, nichtssagend, všeříkající and vielsagend the authors examine the syntactic distribution and semantics of participial adjectives. To what extent do the Czech and German equivalents differ? What (if any) effect does the orthography have (i.e. whether the expressions are written as compounds or as chains of separate words)? Is a new form accompanied by a new function? The text presents an analysis of monolingual corpora (SYN, DeReKo) and a parallel corpus (InterCorp).
Not only business correspondence, but the language of foreign trade as a whole is rich in various types of phraseological phenomena. The article deals with the most common nominal, verbal and adverbial structures, phrases and sentences specific to business correspondence and collocations in the field of professional communication. When studying a certain type of professional language, knowing how terms, specific phrases and whole sentences may be linked is of paramount importance.
Analyse ausgewählter (sprachwissenschaftlicher) Nachschlagewerke und ihrer Benutzerfreundlichkeit
(2013)
This metalexicographic study compares four selected (linguistic) dictionaries. The results will potentially assist teachers in choosing a dictionary for students of German in the early phase of their studies. Selected lemmas are analyzed in a case study from the perspective of linguistic, academic and additional information; these lemmas are taken from the categories of phonetics and phonology, as these disciplines are generally covered first in a German degree programme. The selected dictionaries are also compared in terms of the range of phonetic and phonological concepts covered.
In der Zeitschrift Studia Germanistica werden Forschungsergebnisse zu aktuellen Themen auf dem Gebiet der germanistischen Linguistik, Literaturwissenschaft und DaF-Didaktik publiziert, die den Stand der Forschung in Tschechien sowie im Ausland dokumentieren. Bestandteile der Zeitschrift sind kulturwissenschaftliche Studien und Rezensionen.
Am 19. Februar dieses Jahres feierte unser verehrter Kollege und Freund, Prof. em. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Norbert Richard Wolf, ein großer Anhänger der Auslandsgermanistik, ein wirksamer und unermüdlicher spiritus movens in zahlreichen, die Grenzen der Tschechischen Republik überschreitenden wissenschaftlichen Projekten, seinen 70. Geburtstag.
Für mehrere Generationen von Germanisten ist der Name Zdeněk Masařík ein Begriff. Manche ehren ihn als einen anspruchsvollen, strengen, aber gerechten Lehrer, manche würdigen ihn als einen tüchtigen Wissenschaftler und großen tschechischen Sprachgermanisten und manche schätzen ihn als einen verlässlichen Kollegen, ausgezeichneten Sänger und guten Menschen. Beim zusammentreffen mit diesem energischen Mann will man nicht glauben, dass er in diesem Jahr seinen 85. Geburtstag feierte, denn man hat den Eindruck, seine Seele bleibt immer jung.
Zur Problematik der Konnektoren im Satz und im Text aus der Perspektive der Textverständlichkeit
(2013)
Linguistic analyses have shown that connectors perform various functions: besides connecting separate clauses, clauses within clause complexes, and other parts of a text, they can also play a major role in text comprehensibility. However, further examination of this issue requires a more precise delineation of the term "connector", which is understood in various ways. The article presents these various conceptions in tabular form and carries out a comparison. The author then moves on to examine how connectors can affect (or increase) the comprehensibility of a text. Here too it is difficult to reach clear conclusions, as various authors approach the issue from various perspectives. In order to present the full variety of connectors, the various approaches to connectors and their optimizing function are formulated as arguments in favour and against, which are summarized, compared and evaluated.
The article analyzes two early works by Hugo von Hofmannsthal: Das kleine Welttheater and Das Märchen der 672. Nacht. The author focuses on artistically perceptive characters: the poet and artist (in Das kleine Welttheater) and the "dilettante" (in Das Märchen der 672. Nacht). Using examples of the analyzed characters, the article attempts to define the features that are typical of the artist and the dilettante, explains the concepts of "pre-existence" and "existence" and gives an account of their importance in Hofmannsthal's work. The author characterizes the artistically perceptive characters on the basis of these concepts.
The research focuses on the narrative verbalization of mental reactions to the official announcement of 9 November 1989 stating that citizens of the GDR were henceforth permitted to travel to the West. This announcement differs from the type of unexpected information which is readily believable and comprehensible, to which we respond with interjections (change-of-state tokens: oh, ach, ach so) and certain formulations (das glaub ich, ich verstehe). Respondents from both East and West Berlin represented in the "Wende-Korpus" reacted from the cognitive perspective with mistrust and incomprehension, and from the emotional perspective with surprise, which was reflected both in syntactic structure and in the frequent use of metaphors. The report was more frequently interpreted as a joke than as a real event.
Und wieder Fachsprachen?
(2013)
This article focuses on the development of LSP research in Germany in order to determine desiderata and to establish priorities for further research projects. Since the 1960s lexicon and grammar of LSP have been described. As a result we now have extensive and mostly even statistically proved results in the fields of morphology, word formation and syntax. In the 1980s research was oriented to a pragmalinguistic description of texts, which made it possible to characterize texts in situational context. Since the 1990s cognitive linguistics has been given more priority, but the results achieved so far are not yet satisfactory. This leads to the question, which topics our attention should be devoted to. There are three groups of problems: Key problems of the theoretical description and systematization of LSP, LSP on conditions of digitalization and globalization, LSP in different contexts (scientific, technical, economic, cultural, administrative etc.).
The article characterizes the stylistic tendencies found in academic economic texts with a high degree of abstraction presenting economic theory from the end of the 18th century to the present day. At the centre of the author's attention are changes that are visible on the microstructural level of the text. In this connection, the author also describes quantitative methods that can be used in the diachronic analysis of academic texts.
Das Zusammenspiel der Valenz- und Konstruktionsgrammatik auf dem Feld der syntaktischen Analysen
(2013)
Many linguistic discussions have focused on the question whether construction grammar represents an alternative descriptive grammatical model to valency grammar. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the pros and cons of valency grammar-based and construction grammar-based models using actual linguistic data, demonstrating that both models are mutually complementary and thus represent a suitable framework for syntactic and semantic analysis.
A university continually produces new knowledge and discoveries, knowledge which is condensed in mental concepts resp. terms. These concepts have to be nominated by linguistic signs, normally by words. Research in linguistic fields provides the essential theoretical and practical fundaments, especially by research in language for special purposes.
In der Zeitschrift Studia Germanistica werden Forschungsergebnisse zu aktuellen Themen auf dem Gebiet der germanistischen Linguistik, Literaturwissenschaft und DaF-Didaktik publiziert, die den Stand der Forschung in Tschechien sowie im Ausland dokumentieren. Bestandteile der Zeitschrift sind kulturwissenschaftliche Studien und Rezensionen.
This dissertation examines the portrayal of China in German modernist literature, as well as the adaptation of said literature in post-Mao China. It analyzes how the German texts of the modernist period negotiate cultural and political identity in the age of imperialism and Orientalism, and how their Chinese interpretations approach similar issues of representation and reform in different decades of China after Mao. How do the de-nationalizing elements of the original German-language writings create resonance with the nationalist aspects found in their contemporary Chinese counterparts? Drawing upon specific examples, I situate the German-language sources and their Chinese adaptations within their literary, cultural and historicopolitical contexts, and implement a multidisciplinary approach that combines textual analysis with postcolonial theory and cultural studies on global capitalism. Demonstrating how each work addresses and challenges the dominant discourse of its day, my thesis shows the continued influence of Germany literary modernism upon culture and politics in present day China, and argues in support of the existence of dynamic cultural transference between Germany and China.
German-language works discussed include: Arthur Schnitzler’s fragment “Boxeraufstand” (1926), Bertolt Brecht’s drama Der gute Mensch von Sezuan (1953), Franz Kafka’s short story “Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer” (1917), and Stefan Zweig’s novella Brief einer Unbekannten (1922). Chinese works discussed include: the Sichaun opera Sichuan Haoren (1987), Can Xue’s essay “Building in Sections: The Artist’s Way of Life” (1997), and Xu Jinglei’s film Letter From an Unknown Woman (2004).
Nel 1773 il ventiquattrenne Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, forse il più grande scrittore della tradizione letteraria tedesca, pubblicò anonimo un saggio intitolato "Zwo wichtige bisher unerörterte biblische Fragen: Zum erstenmal gründlich beantwortet, von einem Landgeistlichen in Schwaben" ["Due questioni bibliche importanti finora mai discusse: per la prima volta sostanzialmente risolte da un curato di campagna in Svevia"]. In questo testo il giovane Goethe sperimenta molte di quelle invenzioni letterarie che caratterizzeranno la sua opera matura. Il testo si presenta come una lettera scritta da un pastore rurale ad un vecchio amico fidato. Scrivendo in una fredda notte d’inverno, il pastore descrive uno stato di confusione nella mente di suo figlio, provocato dagli studi di teologia che questi aveva compiuto all'università. Questo saggio è il primo lavoro di letteratura, a me noto, nel quale la disciplina degli studi biblici accademici, da poco emergente, essendo stata appena allora introdotta nel curriculum universitario, sia direttamente tematizzata e per di più nel campo della finzione letteraria. Il saggio di Goethe segna un momento importante nella storia culturale e intellettuale. Il saggio è significativo per la sua rappresentazione della disciplina emergente degli studi biblici, per le sue riflessioni sulla relazione tra ebraismo e cristianesimo, tra le nozioni filosofiche di universale e particolare, e per le vicende intellettuali che suscitò dopo la pubblicazione.
Cheating and Cheaters in Pfaffe Amis and Reinhart Fuchs An Alsatian poet named Heinrich, writing around 1180, composed a beast epic, based on French sources, about a trickster fox named Reinhart. Some sixty years later, a poet known to us only as Der Stricker composed a work of similar length and structure, about a trickster priest named Amis, and his diligent efforts to cheat various anonymous individuals out of their money. Other works by this poet bear out the Stricker's consistent emphasis on strategy over brute force, prudence and intelligence over unconsidered actions. These stories both illustrate that power, when not directed by intelligence, is useless or dangerous, even to the one who wields it. Tricksters and cheating also appear in a surprising range of works contemporary to the Stricker's Pfaffe Amis and Heinrich's Reinhart Fuchs. Romances have their own trickster characters, conducting their cheats using methods and structures that recall those of these two Schwank-type epics. Cheaters like Amis, and Tristan's Isolde generate twin situations. One of them is true/hidden, and can influence the characters, and one is false/apparent, to which the victim characters are forced to respond. This artificial, apparent reality persists even after the cheater has left the scene, occasionally taking on a truth of its own. Both Reinhart and Amis, whatever their motivations, work evil everywhere they go; and yet the audience is expected to treat them as sympathetic characters. Because the trickster universe functions to turn systems upside-down, it also rejects the concepts of good and evil, forming a universe in which all that matters is who wins and who loses. The place of the villain belongs now to the fool; any character who becomes deceived deserves to be, and is treated with indignation by the narrator, just as the traditional villain might be.
Goethe and the Sublime
(2013)
The dissertation situates the Goethean sublime in an obscured countermovement of resistance to the aestheticization the concept underwent in the 18th century. Before the encounter with the English aesthetic concept of the sublime, the German notion of das Erhabene (the sublime) named not a category of aesthetic experience, but a social affect. In contrast to the Sublime of Edmund Burke's theory, which explicitly excludes melancholy from the sources of the Sublime, das Erhabene is an affect related to the self-overcoming of melancholic subjectivity. As the aestheticized notion of the sublime displaced das Erhabene, Goethe became one of the most radical innovators of the aesthetics of the sublime. But as is demonstrated in chapters on The Sorrows of Young Werther, Elective Affinities, Faust and Wilhelm Meister, he did so with the aim of recovering the displaced meaning of das Erhabene as social affect. Goethe's sublime aims to show at every turn that the so-called "aesthetic experience" of the sublime is really displaced social affect. His treatment of the sublime therefore constitutes a radical critique of the establishment of aesthetics as an independent sphere of inquiry. There is for Goethe no way to understand aesthetic experience independently of its social context. By reconnecting the sublime it to the original social meaning of das Erhabene, Goethe recovers the aesthetics of the sublime as a means of mediating and facilitating the movement of subjectivity from frustrated stasis to divine creativity; i.e., from exclusion to participation in the material creation of reality.
Çeviri yaparken her iki dile, kültüre yeterince hâkim olmamak bir dizi çeviri hatalarına yol açabilir. Bu noktada kaynak ve erek dilde yeterli kelime hazinesine sahip olmanın yanı sıra kelimelerin kullanım alanlarını, kurallarını, edim bilimsel etkilerini, sözdizimsel kuralları vs. de iyi bilmek gerekir. Humboldt ve Saussure’ün dil hakkındaki düşüncelerinden etkilenen Trier’in ortaya attığı sözlüksel alan teorisinin metin anlama ve anlatma edinci kapsamında etkilerinin neler olabileceği ve çeviribilimin sözlüksel alan teorisinden nasıl yararlanabileceği konusu irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Trier’e (1973:5) göre bir sözcüğün anlaşılabilmesi için, sözlüksel alanın tamamının bilinmesi
gerekir ve ancak sözlüksel alana hâkim isek o sözcüğü doğru anlayabiliriz. Anlam sadece ve sadece sözlüksel alan sayesinde vardır. Sözlüksel alan yoksa anlam da yoktur. Anlatılmak istenen düşünceye veya olguya dair bir kelimenin belli bir dilde bulunmaması bu düşüncenin veya olgunun o dilde olmadığı anlamına gelmez. Hayata dair genel kültür bilgimize ve tecrübelerimize dayanarak bu yeni kavramı
anlayabiliriz.