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Although it is a generally acknowledged fact that Neo-Latin consists of a set of linguistic varieties, there is a short supply of research into its linguistic diversification, especially in non-literary texts. One of the characteristical text classes within Neo-Latin tradition are canonical visitations, a special type of ecclesiastical administrative texts, produced extensively after the Council of Trent in all parts of Europe that had Roman Catholic hierarchical structures. The present paper analyses the language of three canonical visitations written in 18th century Diocese of Senj and Modruš (Krbava) and tries to recognise linguistic peculiarities that could prove to be distinguishing properties for canonical visitations and similar texts.
Osobna imena u Velikome rječniku stranih riječi, izraza i kratica (4 1966.) Bratoljuba Klaića
(2014)
Osobna su imena važnom sastavnicom rječnika stranih riječi, pa tako i Rječnika stranih riječi renomiranoga hrvatskoga leksikografa Bratoljuba Klaića. U radu se analiziraju osobna imena u četvrtome izdanju toga rječnika (Zagreb, 4 1966.) jer je to zadnje izdanje koje kao autor potpisuje sâm Klaić. Razmatra se obradba osobnih imena u rječničkome članku s osobitim obzirom na osobno ime kao dio rječničkoga članka, na odabir odrednica u rječničkome članku, na semantički opis natuknice, na tipologiju upućivanja i na osobno ime kao sintagmatsku i frazemsku sastavnicu rječničkoga članka. Na kraju se iščitavaju bitne značajke osobnoimenskoga korpusa i njegova statusa u Klaićevu Rječniku (4 1966.).
Bratoljub Klaić odabrao je oblik poslanice da bi progovorio o knjizi svoga prijatelja i istaknutoga hrvatskoga jezikoslovca Ljudevita Jonkea "Književni jezik u teoriji i praksi" koja je u vrijeme kada se pojavila (1964.) izazvala veliko zanimanje stručne i šire kulturne javnosti. Odabirom oblika poslanice htio je naglasiti pohvalničke namjere svojega teksta, ali i pružiti podršku kolegi i prijatelju koji je često prolazio teške trenutke zbog svoje borbe za pravo hrvatskoga naroda da sam odlučuje o imenu svojega jezika i o njegovoj normi.
U novoštokavskim se govorima još uvijek dobro čuvaju ostatci starih naglasnih paradigama te su terenskim istraživanjem u govoru Komazina prikupljene imenice o-osnovâ muškoga roda. U članku se iznosi trenutačno stanje i opisuju promjene koje su zahvatile sve naglasne paradigme. Potvrđena je tendencija prelaska nekih imenica iz n. p. A u n. p. B, dok u množinskim oblicima nisu zabilježene sekundarne promjene naglaska. Staro stanje, pomičnost naglaska i preskakanje na proklitiku čuva se u n. p. C, no u množini se širi nepomičan naglasak na prvome slogu. Većina imenica n. p. B mno¬žinu ujednačava prema n. p. C, dok obrnut utjecaj nije zabilježen, a na n. p. A je neznatan. Donose se primjeri koji upućuju na moguće postojanje sinkronijske n. p. D.
U prilogu je riječ o raspoređivanju suznačnih riječi, i to zamjenica i priloga (upitnih i odnosnih), čestica i veznika, u rečenicama ili surečenicama. To su riječi koje služe za povezivanje surečenica u sastavu nezavisnosloženih i zavisnosloženih rečenica (konjunktori i subjunktori) ili za povezivanje rečenica na razini teksta (konektori), za izražavanje raznolikih modalnih značenja, za označavanje upitnosti, za isticanje, za poticanje, za nijekanje i sl. Takve se riječi dijele u dvije skupine s obzirom na to mogu li funkcionirati i kao članovi rečeničnoga ustrojstva (zamjeničke riječi) ili ne mogu (ostala vezna sredstva i čestice). Riječi iz ove druge skupine mogle bi se (bar sa sintaktičkoga stajališta) nazvati suznačnima u užem smislu. Osobita će se pozornost posvetiti raspoređivanju suznačnih riječi ili spojeva koji, čiji, i, ni, niti, a, ali, ili, što, samo što, da, zar, zar da, kao da. Bit će također riječi i o raspoređivanju suznačnih (zamjeničkih) riječi u situacijama u kojima te riječi dolaze u funkcijama koje međusobno kolidiraju, npr. u funkciji subjunktora i u funkciji nesročnoga atributa, npr. To su pravila primjena kojih zahtijeva punu koncentraciju. odnosno To su pravila kojih primjena zahtijeva punu koncentraciju.
Tema je našega rada položaj zamjeničkoga pridjeva sam uz naglašeni oblik povratne zamjenice (sebe) unutar konstrukcija s pravim povratnim glagolima. U tim konstrukcijama zamjenički pridjev sam može biti u akuzativu ili u nominativu (hvalim sam sebe / hvalim samog sebe). Poznato je svojstvo zamjeničkoga pridjeva sam da u pojačajnome značenju najčešće slijedi iza lične zamjenice, ali prethodi imenicama (On sam to radi. / Sama Marija to radi.). Cilj je ovoga istraživanja utvrditi koji mu je neobilježeni položaj uz povratnu zamjenicu te ponaša li se drukčije s obzirom na red riječ kad je u nominativnome ili u akuzativnome obliku.
In a recent article of major importance (2013), Tijmen Pronk has treated the accentuation of l-participles of the type neslъ in western South Slavic. Pronk points out correctly that Dybo’s law did not shift the accent onto final jers, e.g. in *kòņь, *bòbъ, and that the short vowel was preserved in Slovak osem < *òsmь, oheň < *ògņь, mohol < *mòglъ. Contrary to what Pronk claims, Slovene nę́sǝlis the phonetic reflex of *néslъ < *neslъ̀, Slovak niesol. The Slovene doublets (v)ǫ̑gǝl < *ǫ̀glь and (v)ózǝl < *ǫ̀zlъ suggest an earlier paradigm with vǫ̑- < ǫ̑- in the nom.sg. form and ó- < *ǫ̀- in the oblique cases. The vowel of ógǝnj < *ògņь also stems from the oblique cases. The expected neo-circumflex in the nom.sg. form is actually attested in rę̑bǝr < *rèbrь beside rę́bǝr with the reflex of Stang’s law from the oblique cases. There is no reason to assume that the accent was not retracted at an early stage in *neslъ̀, nor is there any reason to assume that Dybo’s law shifted the accent to the final jer in *dòbrъ and *sèdmь, as Pronk claims.
Hrvatski jezikoslovac, leksikograf i prevoditelj Adolf Bratoljub Klaić (Bizovac, 1909. – Zagreb, 1983.) svoj je prvi rad, pjesmu „Na grobu srpanjskih žrtava”, god. 1926. objavio kao gimnazijalac u srednjoškolskom časopisu „Omladina”. Otada se razvijala njegova djelatnost u kojoj su postupno prevladavale filološke (dijalektološke, akcentološke, pravopisne, tekstološke) teme, a u četrdesetim godinama počinje i njegova leksikografska djelatnost. Članak je pokušaj periodizacije ukupne Klaićeve djelatnosti od god. 1926. do smrti.
Reduction and deletion processes occur regularly in conversational speech. A segment that is affected by such reduction and deletion processes in many Germanic languages (e.g., Dutch, English, German) is /t/. There are similarities concerning the factors that influence the likelihood of final /t/ to get deleted, such as segmental context. However, speakers of different languages differ with respect to the acoustic cues they leave in the speech signal when they delete final /t/. German speakers usually lengthen a preceding /s/ when they delete final /t/. This article investigates to what extent German listeners are able to reconstruct /t/ when they are presented with fragments of words where final /t/ has been deleted. It aims also at investigating whether the strategies that are used by German depend on the length of /s/, and therefore whether listeners are using language-specific cues. Results of a forced-choice segment detection task suggest that listeners are able to reconstruct deleted final /t/ in about 45% of the times. The length of /s/ plays some role in the reconstruction, however, it does not explain the behavior of German listeners completely.
The article analyzes the accentuation of western South Slavic l-participles of verbal stems ending in an occlusive that are formed by adding the formant *-l- directly to the stem, e.g. *nes-lъ, Croatian nȅsao, Slovene nesel. Data from Slovene, Čakavian, Kajkavian and Štokavian dialects are compared and discussed against the background of late Proto-Slavic and early dialectal accentual and phonological changes. The operation of accentological changes such as Dybo’s law, Stang’s law and the rise of the neocircumflex, as well as the reduction of weak jers caused alternations in tone, vowel-length and position of the ictus. These alterations could be analogically eliminated or extended at different times and in different areas during the linguistic history of western South Slavic, thus causing the rise of some of the earliest isoglosses in the area in which western South Slavic is spoken.
Članak analizira akcenatski sustav valpovačkoga podravskog govora na temelju Klaićeva opisa govora Bizovca. Usporedba njegova opisa s opisima drugih dijalektologa vodi do zaključka da su razlike između postojećih opisa valpovačke akcentuacije znatne te da je Klaićev opis od svih opisa najdetaljniji i najpouzdaniji. Drugi dio članka opisuje akcenatsku karakteristiku koja dijeli valpovački govor od ostalih slavonskih govora: povlačenje naglaska s dočetnoga sloga prozodijske riječi na početni slog. Navode se neke tipološke paralele iz drugih hrvatskih govora, zatim ruskoga i litavskoga jezika. Potvrđena je teza, koju je zastupalo više jezikoslovaca, da je povlačenje naglaska posljedica utjecaja mađarskog jezika na valpovački govor.
U uvodu rada diferenciraju se morfološka (i „pravomorfološka”) i pravopisna norma, pri čemu se govori i o svojevrsnome paradoksu pravopisne norme. Metodom komparativne i kontrastivne analize u središnjem se dijelu rada raščlanjuju neki relevantni morfološki aspekti koji sudjeluju u definiranju pravopisnih načela i pravopisnih pravila. Cilj je rada osvješćivanje teorijsko-metodoloških aspekata kojima se naznačuju vidovi svojevrsna preklapanja morfologije i pravopisa, i to kroz prizmu hrvatske pravopisne norme, ali i norme nekih slavenskih jezika. U skladu s tim u zaključku se progovara o povezanosti pravopisne norme s morfološkom normom, odnosno kako posebnosti morfološke norme postaju pitanje pravopisne norme.
U radu se analizira obradba računalnih naziva u Novome rječniku stranih riječi Bratoljuba Klaića i Školske knjige. Analizira se ustroj rječničkoga članka natuknica koje nose terminološku odrednicu INFORM. te se analiziraju pojedini elementi rječničkoga članka (natuknica, morfološko-naglasni blok, definicija, odrednice). Leksikografska se obradba računalnih naziva uspoređuje s obradbom u postojećim englesko-hrvatskim informatičkim rječnicima (Kiš, Panian), ali i s obradbom u općim rječnicima hrvatskoga jezika (HER, Školski rječnik hrvatskoga jezika).
"Great technology, football and ..." : Malaysian language learners' stereotypes about Germany
(2014)
This study focuses on stereotypes about Germany, its culture and people, held by learners of German in a big public university in Malaysia. It examines not only the stereotypical representations of the target language country but also assesses its favourability and salience, which has not been done previously. The findings revealed that the students' stereotypes about Germany were varied and diverse. Also, they were overwhelmingly positive. The top three salient categories of images about Germany were related to technology, famous personalities – for the most part football players and scientists – and cars. The findings also indicated that very few references had been made to German culture and to its great cultural figures. The results of the present study suggest that students could benefit from a wider and deeper exposure to German culture in the language classroom.
In the present paper, we concentrate on (selected) Bantu and Nilotic bare-passive strategies and lay out the basis for a typology of transitive passive constructions in these languages. We argue that bare-passives constitute an optimal strategy to change prominence relations between arguments, in languages that strongly hold to the default mapping between the highest thematic role available and the grammatical subject (i.e. Spec,TP). The Nilotic and Bantu languages discussed here differ in their way of satisfying this default mapping. In particular, impersonal bare-passives satisfy it by resorting to an agentive place-holder (an indefinite subject marker) and realizing the logical agent as a lower thematic/semantic role (e.g. instrument or locative). Left-dislocation and so called 'subjectobject' reversal bare-passives realize the default matching between agent and subject in a more straightforward way, but locate the patient in a higher argument position within the inflectional domain (Spec,TopP). As argued in Hamlaoui and Makasso (2013) and Hamlaoui (2013), and in line with Noonan (1977), the present languages display a clauseinternal split between subjecthood (being the grammatical subject in Spec,TP) and topicality (being the subject of the predication, in an inflectional-domain internal Spec,TopP).
Dil öğretiminde geleneksel öğretmen merkezli ve dilbilgisi ağırlıklı metotlardan gitgide uzaklaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada işitsel ve görsel araçlardan biri olarak tiyatronun ders dışı sosyal aktivite olarak kullanımı ve öğrenimi hızlandırıcı etkisi incelenmiştir.
Bu amaç ile Akdeniz Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu tarafından Türkiye Burslusu 43 farklı ülkeden 70 öğrenciye (Tablo1) 30 Eylül 2013-27 Haziran 2014 tarihleri arasında verilen Türkçe eğitimi programı kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilere 960 saat Türkçe eğitimi verilmesinin yanı sıra haftada 2 saatten az olmamak üzere sosyal aktivite adı altında ek çalışmalara (koro, dans, tiyatro vs.) yönlendirilmişlerdir.
Bu çalışmada, hedef dilin öğretilmesinde tiyatro tekniğinin/ çalışmalarının öğrencinin hedef dildeki performansına etkisini belirlemek amacıyla ön test-son test kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel araştırma deseni kullanılmıştır.
Çalışma sonunda; Konuşma becerisi açısından bakıldığında Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe'nin Öğretilmesi (YDT) konusunda Akdeniz Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu bünyesinde ders dışında ‒ sosyal etkinlik olarak ‒ uygulanmakta olan Tiyatro Çalışmalarının öğrencilerin dil edinme performanslarına etkisinin olumlu olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Bununla beraber, üç alt bulgu da tespit edilmiştir: Konuşma becerisi açısından bakıldığında tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılığın olduğu sınav sonuçlarının analizi ile ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, Yeterlik sınav sonucu değerlendirildiğinde tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılığın da tespiti yapılmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, "Motivasyon açısından bakıldığında, tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılık var mıdır?" alt hipotezi de tiyatro çalışmalarının öğrenci motivasyonunu arttırdığı belirlenmiştir.
Bu bağlamda, her hafta hazırlanan öğrenci gelişim raporu ile öğrencinin dil gelişimi, motivasyonu ve öğrencinin ilgi alanları (müzik, dans, drama vs.) danışman öğretim elemanları tarafından değerlendirilmesi uygulamalarına gelecek akademik yıllarda da devam edilmesi kurumca kararlaştırılmıştır.
2013 yılında ilk kez gerçekleştirilen Öğretmenler için Alan Bilgisi (ÖABT) Almanca sınavı üniversitelerin Alman Dili Eğitimi Anabilim Dallarında ve Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümlerinde okuyan lisans öğrencileri için umut kapısı olmuştur. Bu bölümlerin öğrencileri önceki yıllarda "mezun olup diploma sahibi olmak" gibi bir amaçla okuduklarından dolayı derslere karşı motivasyonları düşük kalmaktaydı. ÖABT ve beraberinde getirdiği Almanca öğretmeni olarak atanma fırsatı sayesinde bu öğrenciler artık lisans eğitimlerini daha fazla ciddiye almaya ve olabildiğince donanımlı bir şekilde mezun olmaya çalışmaktadır.
Yukarıdaki bilgilerden hareketle bu çalışmamızda öncelikli olarak ÖABT Almanca sınavının içeriği, kapsamı, alanlara göre soru dağılımı ve puan ağırlıkları incelenecek, daha sonra da Eğitim Fakültelerinin Alman Dili Eğitimi Anabilim Dallarının müfredatı ele alınacak ve böylelikle bu bölümlerde okutulan derslerin ÖABT Almanca sınavının içeriğiyle ne derece uyumlu ve sınavı kazanıp atanabilmek adına ne derece yeterli olduğu tartışılacaktır. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi lmanca Öğretmenliği öğrencileri ile yapılan anket çalışması ışığında da öğrencilerin sınava dair görüşleri ve beklentileri analiz edilmiş ve çalışmaya monte edilmiştir.
Die Anwendung von Social Media im Fremdsprachenunterricht am Beispiel von "Twitter" Microblogging
(2014)
"Sosyal medya" sözcüğü günümüzün sloganı haline gelmiştir. Teknik olarak sosyal ağları destekleyen Web 2,0 hizmetlerinin uygulaması ile blog ve microblog hizmetleri her alanda kullanılmaya ve hiç olmadığı kadar iletişim kurulmaya başlanmıştır.
Twitter da, bu hizmetlerin ortak paydası olan dünyadan haberdar olma, olaylara katılma, bu amaçla da, fazla teknik bilgi gerektirmeden içerik oluşturma ve yayınlama özelliğini kullanıcılarına sunmaktadır. Nasıl ve ne şekilde iletişim kurulduğu çok farklılık göstermekle birlikte, paylaşılanlar çok basit önemsiz konuşmalardan, eğlendirici, bilgilendirici politik ve ticari içeriklere kadar uzanıp, zaman zaman da kutuplaşmalara sebep olmaktadır. Öyle ki bazıları bu içerikleri önemsiz ve gereksiz görürken, diğerleri 'devrim' yaratan nitelikte bulabilmektedir. Gerçek olan, bu kanallar aracılığı ile birçok bilginin ve içeriğin paylaşılıyor, iletişim kuruluyor olmasıdır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı Microblogging hizmeti [uygulaması] olan Twitter'ın tanıtılması, anlaşılır hale getirilmesidir. Bunu için öncelikle tarihçesi ve var olan durum açıklanmış, hesap oluşturma ve uygulamaları üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca "internet dili", bu dilin gençler üzerindeki etkileri ile medya okuryazarlığının önemine ve meslek edinme sürecindeki etkilerine kısaca değinilmiştir. Son olarak örnek bir uygulama üzerinden Twitter'ın ders ortamlarında kullanılabilirlik özelliği işlenmiştir.
Eğitim, Öğretme ve Öğrenme konuları uluslararası eğitim alanında olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de son yıllarda en fazla konuşulan, tartışılan ve değişime uğrayan temadır. Öyle ki artan bilgi yoğunluğu, hızlı teknolojik kazanımlar ve buna bağlı olarak farklılaşan anlayış ve beklentiler eğitimin sürekli ve nitel açıdan irdelenmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Çalışmada eğitim konusunun temel sorun ve soruları, uluslararası eğitim standartları ve değişen eğitim stratejileri, öğrenme ve etkin öğretme ile ilgili yeni yaklaşımları, öğretmen tanımlamaları, öğretmen-öğrenci ve veli iletişimin önemi, öğretmen kazanımları ve yeterlilikleri gibi geniş bir perspektif taranmaktadır. Çalışmada yüksek öğretim reformu kapsamında eğitim fakülteleri ve öğretmen yetiştirme modelleri ve bu çalışmaların uluslararası uyumu değerlendirilmekte ve daha iyi bir eğitim, daha etkin öğretme ve öğrenme için öneriler sunulmaktadır.
Polazeći od teorije paralelne arhitekture koja sve jezične razine smatra generativnima, u radu se iznose rezultati istraživanja suodnosa između reda riječi, tj. reda rečeničnih sastavnica na sintaktičkoj i na fonološkoj razini, i informacijske strukture kao sastavnice rečenične gramatike. Analiza u kojoj je informacijska struktura ravnopravna razina, a ne izvanjska, pragmatički uvjetovana sastavnica, omogućuje semantički informirano tumačenje varijacija u redu riječi u hrvatskom jeziku. Istraživanje rezultati kojega se iznose metodološki predstavlja premošćivanje jaza između formalnih i funkcionalnih pristupa. Kao primjer se uzima hrvatski, koji se tradicionalno smatra jezikom u kojem je red sintaktičkih komponenata (relativno) slobodan, dok se za položaj klitika u njemu smatra da je (relativno) ograničen. Na brojnim primjerima u radu pokazuje se kako klitike i grozdovi klitika svojim smještajem unutar linearnog rečeničnog ustrojstva ne predstavljaju nepravilnost sustava, nego oblik dinamiziranja rečeničnoga sadržaja koji izvorni govornici prihvaćaju kao otvorenu mogućnost. U dosadašnjim su se istraživanjima takvoj analizi postavljale dvije ključne prepreke. Prva se tiče bavljenja isključivo tzv. „neutralnim”, kontekstualno neuvjetovanim tipovima rečenica, dakle onima koje uglavnom odgovaraju na pitanje O čemu se radi? Druga se tiče nedostatka empirijskih istraživanja, kako korpusnih, tako i psiholingvističkih, kojima se otvara potpuno nov uvid u jezičnu strukturu i istančane mogućnosti njezine izražajnosti na informacijskoj razini. U radu se bavim obama uočenim problemima.
In Anlehnung an das Studentenaustauschprogramm Erasmus ruft die Türkei ein neues Projekt ins Leben. Der Name des Projekts lautet "Mevlana-Austausch-Programm". Der Hochschulrat YÖK will mit diesem Projekt die Türkei auf dem Bereich der Bildung zu einem Anziehungszentrum verwandeln. In einer ersten Phase soll mit Universitäten, die nicht Teilnehmer des Erasmus Programms sind, kooperiert werden. Bisher wurden mit 32 Ländern 228 Protokolle unterzeichnet. Im Austauschprogramm befinden sich die USA, China, Russland, Japan und andere Länder.
U radu se analizira Klaićev Rječnik stranih riječi iz 1983. godine koji je priredio Željko Klaić, sin Bratoljuba Klaića, i koji je izdan u godini smrti Bratoljuba Klaića i Novi rječnik stranih riječi iz 2012. godine koji potpisuju Bratoljub Klaić i Školska knjiga. Analiza se temelji na rječničkim člancima natuknica koje nose terminološke oznake gram., lingv. i fon. Posebna se pozornost posvećuje ustroju rječničkoga članka, definicijama koje se uz te natuknice donose te donošenju istoznačnica. Analizira se glasovno nazivlje, padežno nazivlje, pravopisno nazivlje te nazivlje jezikoslovnih grana, disciplina i pristupa.
U radu se propituje status općeeuropskih frazema hrvatskoga jezika u izdanjima Rječnika stranih riječi Bratoljuba Klaića. Pod općeeuropskim se frazemima podrazumijevaju međunarodni frazemi potvrđeni u europskim jezicima s jednakim značenjem i velikom strukturnom podudarnošću. Za te je frazeme važno da najčešće imaju poznat zajednički izvor, tj. podrijetlo, ali postoje i općeeuropski frazemi kojima još nije utvrđeno točno podrijetlo, odnosno jezik i tekst iz kojega su uzeti i prošireni. Stoga je cilj rada utvrditi i opisati status općeeuropskih frazema u Klaićevu Rječniku stranih riječi. Naime, Bratoljub Klaić u njemu donosi vrijedne podatke o izvoru pojedinoga frazema, izreke ili poslovice. Pri tome su u Rječnik uključeni općeeuropski frazemi kojima je sastavnicom strano vlastito ime, strani apelativ ili termin ili je riječ o prevedenicama iz latinskoga i drugih jezika. Dolazi se do zaključka da Klaićev rječnik može, kao nezaobilazno polazište nekom budućem hrvatskom etimološkom frazeološkom rječniku, biti važnim izvorom proučavanju podrijetla frazema.
Dragutin Antun Parčić svojim nam je leksikografskim opusom u trajno nasljeđe ostavio niz dvojezičnih rječnika, talijansko-hrvatskih i hrvatsko-talijanskih, od kojih je Rječnik hrvatsko-talijanski, tiskan 1901. godine, svakako kruna njegova leksikografskoga rada. Iako bogat izvor nazivlja, rječnik je do danas nedovoljno istražen. Cilj je ovoga rada usporediti pomorsko nazivlje koje Parčić donosi u svome rječniku s pomorskim nazivljem koje pola stoljeća kasnije Adolf Bratoljub Klaić zapisuje u Rječniku stranih riječi. Analiza suvremenoga pomorskog nazivoslovlja pokazuje da su noštromizmi, tj. hrvatskome jeziku prilagođeni pomorski nazivi mediteranskoga, uglavnom talijanskoga porijekla, u uzusnoj uporabi, dok je u normativnoj literaturi prednost dana hrvatskome nazivlju. Uzusno je strukovno nazivlje zabilježeno u suvremenim hrvatskim pomorskim rječnicima i rječnicima stranih riječi, a osim noštromizama zapisanih u rječnicima iz 19. stoljeća uvodi se novo nazivlje pod utjecajem engleskoga kao međunarodnoga jezika prometa i pomorstva. U radu se osim u Klaićevu i Parčićevu rječniku propituju zapisi pomorskih leksikografa iz 19. stoljeća.
U radu se daje prikaz tehničkih odnosno strojarskih naziva u prvim četirima izdanjima Rječnika stranih riječi koje je sastavio i priredio sâm Klaić. Analiza uključuje način definiranja pojma, leksikografsku obradu rječničkoga članka kao i osvrt na dopunjavanje novim natuknicama u svakome od četiriju izdanja Rječnika. U radu se donose i primjeri strojarskih germanizama kako su popisani u Klaićevu Rječniku te osvrt na kratice i pokrate kao važno obilježje tehničkoga jezika.
Rječnik stranih riječi Bratoljuba Klaića prepoznat je kao ozbiljan, pouzdan i relevantan priručnik ne samo u stručnim krugovima nego i u širokome krugu zainteresiranih korisnika. Razlogom je takve posvemašnje zainteresiranosti nedvojbeno njegova obavijesnost i preglednost, ali i prikladnost leksikografske obradbe. Dobar dio rječničkoga korpusa Klaićeva Rječnika čine glagolske natuknice koje se u rječničkome članku obrađuju kao polazna i kao izvedena natuknica. U radu se razmatraju glagolske natuknice obrađene u prvim četirima izdanjima (1 1951., 2 1958., 3 1962., 4 1966.) jer su to jedina izdanja s Klaićevim autorskim potpisom. Propituje se status glagolskih natuknica u rječničkoj makrostrukturi, ustroj rječničkoga članka s glagolskom natuknicom kao polaznom ili izvedenom natuknicom te osobito primarne i sekundarne podatke o natuknici koji prikazuju prozodijske, morfološke, rječotvorne, etimološke, stilske, terminološke i semantičke obavijesti o glagolskoj natuknici.
U radu se analizira fonološko nazivlje koje se upotrebljava u pravopisima kojima je Klaić bio autor. Nazivlje se uspoređuje s fonološkim nazivljem koje se upotrebljavalo u pravopisima koji su prethodili Klaićevim i u onima koji su napisani nakon Klaićevih. Posebna je pozornost posvećena problemu glasovnih promjena. Utvrđuje se koje se glasovne promjene spominju, koji se nazivi upotrebljavaju te kako se one definiraju.
This article examines the use of the standard German language in German speaking Switzerland with focus on the spoken language. It brings to attention sociolinguistic concepts of the Swiss language environment and the role of the standard German language in Switzerland. The goal of the article is to evaluate the role of the standard German language in German speaking Switzerland on the base of theoretical assumptions and empirical research. The article presents the results of an analysis which was performed on the examples of TV broadcast of the Swiss television.
Proportional determiner quantifiers in German allow interpretations that violate the conservativity universal of Keenan and Stavi (1986). I argue for an analysis that distinguishes between surface syntax and the logical form of sentences. I show that in surface syntax, German non-conservative quantifiers are determiners that form a constituent with a noun phrase and share case and agreement properties with the noun phrase. But I propose that at logical form the non-conservative determiners undergo an adverbialization movement and are interpreted by a mechanism that generalizes focus-a ected quantification of Herburger (2000). This result refines the understanding of conservativity as a constraint on interpretation.
Metalepsa je u naratologiji definirana kao postupak prekoračenja granice između fikcije i stvarnosti, književnog i izvanknjiževnog (Genette 1972, 2004). Vodeći se tom definicijom što je uključuje K. Bagić (2012.) u smislu figure koja iziskuje novo promišljanje statusa granice u narativnom tekstu, u članku će se analizirati metalepsa unutar autoironijskog postupka poigravanja funkcijama književnog teksta u autobiografskoj humoresci "Priča o bezmesnom ručku" (Pripovijetke, 2009.) Bratoljuba Klaića. Poigravanje metanarativnim komentarima tzv. kanonske hrvatske književnosti prisutno je u drugoj humoresci iz iste zbirke, pod naslovom „Baba Lizino janješceˮ. Cilj rada je prikazati stilske i naratološke osobitosti Klaićeva proznog stvaralaštva, i to s naglaskom na postupcima kojima autor konstruira specifičan humoristični učinak utemeljen na obratu i odmaku od uspostavljenih unutartekstualnih i izvantekstualnih odnosa. Uključivanje metalepse, potkopavanje granice između fikcije i stvarnosti, književnog i neknjiževnog, metanarativnost, autoreferencijalnost, kao i samo ironiziranje funkcija književnosti te društva u kojemu ona nastaje i unutar kojega ostvaruje recepciju, ukazuju na to da se Klaićev izraz, unatoč prividnoj lakoći i jednostavnosti, mjestimice približava poetičkim odrednicama postmoderne. Istraživanje njegovih pripovjednih tekstova stoga može dati zanimljive rezultate i u ključu suvremenih spoznaja teorije pripovijedanja kad su u pitanju postupci ostvarivanja humora, pa čak i šire – kada je u pitanju tekstualno konstruiranje identiteta subjekta unutar autobiografskog diskursa.
The article gives an overview of the most important linguistic publications on the Burgenland Croatian dialects so far and concludes that our picture of these dialects is still far from complete. Two examples are given of unsolved questions that illustrate why a more complete picture than we have at the moment is necessary. The author wishes to point out that good quality linguistic fieldwork in this region deserves higher priority than it is given now, especially since the dialects are dying out so fast.
The present paper aims at describing different pre-verbal focus strategies in Kisikongo (H16a), spoken in the vicinity of Mbanza Kongo, northern Angola. This western Bantu language is part of the Kikongo Language Cluster (KLC), stretching from southern Gabon to northern Angola, including Cabinda and parts of Congo-Brazzaville and Congo-Kinshasa. Kikongo exhibits a clause-internal pre-verbal argument focus position, which has rarely been reported in Bantu languages, except in Mbuun (B87) (Bostoen and Mundeke 2012) and Nsong (B85d) (Koni Muluwa and Bostoen, this volume), both spoken in the neighboring Kwilu region of the DRC. The more extensively studied eastern and southern Bantu languages generally have a post-verbal argument focus position (cf. Watters 1979, Morimoto 2000, Creissels 2004, Güldemann 2007, Buell 2009, van der Wal 2009, among others). In addition to this mono-clausal argument focus strategy, Kisikongo also relies on different bi-clausal constructions to focus arguments, i.e. cleft-constructions.
This paper deals with left and right dislocation in Embɔsi, a Bantu language (C25) spoken in Congo-Brazzaville. The prosody of dislocation has gathered considerable attention, as it is particularly informative for the theories of the syntax-prosody mapping of Intonation Phrases (a.o. Selkirk, 2009, 2011; Downing, 2011). Concentrating on selected Bantu languages, Downing (2011) identifies two main phrasing patterns. She primarily distinguishes languages in which only right dislocated phrases display a lack of prosodic integration ("asymmetric" languages), from languages in which both left and right dislocations phrase separately ("symmetric" languages). Hiatus avoidance processes, boundary tones and register expansion/reduction indicate that Embɔsi displays a somewhat more intricate phrasing pattern. In this language, both left and right dislocated items sit outside of the Intonation Phrase formed by the core-clause, but only the latter form their own Intonation Phrase. We also discuss the prosody of multiple dislocations (i.e. with two dislocated arguments), which have not so far received all the attention they deserve. What we observe in Embɔsi is that either the two dislocated items phrase together and are not integrated to the core Intonation Phrase, or only the outermost dislocated element phrases separately.
Nen and Nyokon are unique among the Bantu languages in allowing full nominal objects between the tense/aspect marker and the verb. Despite the fact that the two languages are neighbours and related they make different use of this positional option. In Nen the position is the default one for objects and the post-verbal position renders an object discrete and suitable for quantified objects and for contrast. In Nyokon the position before the verb is functionally equivalent to the one after the verb. The difference is related to the fact that Nyokon allows the preverbal object only in certain tenses whereas in Nen it is not restricted. But contrasted objects in Nyokon too appear after the verb. There is a construction in which both positions are filled with a constituent. This construction is modelled on a secondary predication construction.
Inversion constructions in Bantu have been discussed from a variety of perspectives over the last decades. Well-known construction types include locative inversion and subject-object reversal, while more recently semantic locative inversion and instrument inversion have been described. Theoretical studies of Bantu inversion constructions have focused on different aspects of the construction, including the licensing and grammatical function, information structure properties and the formal characteristics of pre- and postverbal NPs. With respect to the status of preverbal NPs in inversion constructions, different analyses have probed the status of the NP as subject or topic, or, more recently, as the subject of a Predication relation. The present paper summarises and compares different analyses of the preverbal domain in inversion constructions and brings out empirical and conceptual similarities and differences. In addition, different analyses are related to comparative studies of Bantu inversion constructions, so as to probe how attested variation across Bantu relates to findings of different formal accounts. The paper aims to summarise current research on the preverbal domain in inversion constructions and to indicate directions for future work.
Nsong is a western Bantu language spoken in the neighbourhood of Kikwit (5°2'28"S 18°48'58"E, Kwilu District, Bandundu Province, DRC) and encoded as B85d in the New Updated Guthrie List (Maho 2009). To this B80 or Tiene-Yanzi group also belongs Mbuun, encoded as B87 by Guthrie (1971: 39) and spoken in the wider vicinity of Idiofa (4°57'35"S 19°35'40", Kwilu District, Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo). Both languages are closely related. They share a high percentage of fundamental and other vocabulary as well as several rather atypical phonological innovations (Bostoen & Koni Muluwa 2014; Koni Muluwa 2014; Koni Muluwa & Bostoen 2012). Preliminary elicitation-based research on Mbuun has pointed out that the pre-verbal domain plays a crucial role in the marking of argument focus in Mbuun (Bostoen & Mundeke 2011, 2012). In this paper, we assess whether this is also the case in Nsong on the basis of a text corpus which the first author has been collecting, transcribing and annotating in 2013 and 2014 as part of an endangered language documentation project funded by the DoBeS program of the Volkswagen Foundation through a 3-year grant (2012-2015). More information on the project can be found on http://www.kwilubantu.ugent.be/. This Nsong text corpus exclusively consists of oral discourse and currently counts 48.022 tokens and 11.973 types. The team’s 2013 fieldwork aimed at documenting Nsong speech events in as many different cultural settings as possible. As a result, the corpus comprises different text genres, such as political speeches, historical traditions, folk music, tales, proverbs, hunting language, ceremonial language used during circumcision and twin rites, and popular biological knowledge. In line with previous research on Mbuun, we concentrate here on mono-clausal argument focus constructions, even if preliminary research has pointed out that bi-clausal focus structures are more common in the Nsong corpus.
Red riječi u smješnicama
(2014)
U radu se promatra i analizira red riječi u rečenici u hrvatskim anonimnim komedijama u prozi nastalim u 17. stoljeću na dubrovačkom području. Rezultati se analize uspoređuju s redom riječi potvrđenim u onodobnom književnom jeziku. Sinkronijskom su prikazu pridružene i usporedbe s rezultatima istraživanja Laznibata o dubrovačkim arhivskim spisima 17. i 18. stoljeća i I. Lovrić Jović o dubrovačkim oporukama iz istog tog razdoblja, dok je dijakronijski pregled napravljen usporedbom s Rešetarovim istraživanjima jezika Ranjinina zbornika i Držićeva jezika, s istraživanjem frančezarija 18. stoljeća I. Lovrić Jović te s Budmanijevim istraživanjem devetnaestostoljetnoga dubrovačkoga govora. Posebna se pozornost posvećuje poretku zanaglasnica, koji je, kao što je bilo očekivano, uglavnom stariji pa zamjenička zanaglasnica prethodi glagolskoj, no ovisno o smješnici, potvrđena su i brojna odstupanja.
Već je i površnim pregledom u Klaićev Rječnik stranih riječi vidljivo da je Miroslav Krleža najcitiraniji književnik, a natuknice kod kojih se na njega upućuje su posuđenice, tuđice, strane riječi pa i cijeli rečenični citati na stranom jeziku. U radu se daje raščlamba natuknica koje Klaić povezuje s Krležom.
U ovom se radu prijevodi starogrčkih tragedija Bratoljuba Klaića promatraju u odnosu na njegove prethodnike te na zahtjeve onovremene recepcije antičkih dramskih tekstova. Na odabranim se primjerima iz Sofoklovih drama Antigona i Kralj Edip, a u usporedbi sa starijim prijevodima Kolomana Raca, analizira status Klaićeva prijevoda u odnosu na izvornik, određuju bitna načela njegove prevoditeljske metodologije te uočavaju strategije kojima rješava neke od problema interpretacije starogrčkoga teksta.
Brojni naglasni "tipovi" prvi put detaljno popisani u radovima Đ. Daničića bili su povod mnogim akcentološkim radovima u XX. st. Cilj im je prije svega bio učiniti naglasnu tipologiju jednostavnijom i preglednijom te upozoriti na (ne)aktualnosti naglasnih uzoraka koji su se dugo prepisivali i prenosili u literaturi. Šireuporabno neprimjenljiva Daničićeva naglasna tipologija bila je povod i Klaićevu (1963.) pokušaju smanjenja broja tipova, i to polazeći od proklize, osvrćući se na povijest jezika i na dijalekte. Prenošenje naglaska na proklitiku zahtijeva dobro poznavanje povijesti jezika tako da se to sažimanje ne doima šire uporabljivim, no svakako otvara pitanja kojima se i danas bavimo, a to je pitanje (ne)prenošenja naglaska na proklitiku i pitanje broja uzoraka promjenljivoga naglasnoga tipa. Analizom Klaićeve naglasne tipologije, koja se nameće iz njegovih radova, želimo pokazati koliko je odmaknula od Daničićeva tipologiziranja i koliko je bliska današnjim prikazima.
U radu se ponajprije na temelju sklonidbe jednosložnih imenica o-osnova iznose temeljne razlike u uspostavi naglasnih tipova u Klaićevim djelima Rječnik stranih riječi i Naglasni sustav standardnoga hrvatskog jezika te Školskoga rječnika hrvatskoga jezika Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje i Školske knjige. Zajednička je navedenim djelima dosljedna provedba novoštokavskih naglasnih pravila te nastojanje za usustavljivanjem naglašivanja. Razlike se odnose na odabir naglasnih tipova koji su u Klaićevim djelima utemeljeni na starijim jezičnim priručnicima i dijalektološkoj građi, a u Školskome su rječniku zasnovani na odrazima praslavenskih naglasnih paradigma. Iz rada je razvidno da bi Klaićev doprinos usustavljivanju naglašivanja u hrvatskome standardnom jeziku bio znatno veći da je njegov naglasni priručnik bio otisnut kad je nastao. U radu se navode i razlike u naglascima u suvremenim hrvatskim rječnicima koje su djelomično posljedicom nedostatka pravogovornih priručnika te selektivnoga odstupanja od novoštokavskih naglasnih pravila.
Baveći se (kao recenzentica) djelom Bratoljuba Klaića Naglasni sustav standardnoga hrvatskog jezika, Klaićev me način bilježenja naglasaka podsjetio i na nešto starije gramatike hrvatskoga jezika i na bilježenje naglasaka u tim gramatikama, pa se tim uspoređivanjem vrlo lako uočava razlika između pisanja naglasaka „nekad i sad”, premda to „nekad” i nije bilo tako davno. Kako su u hrvatskoj kroatistici akcentološka djela rijetka, prilika je da se na skupu posvećenu između ostaloga i akcentologu Bratoljubu Klaiću progovori nešto više o razlikama u bilježenju hrvatskih naglasaka u Klaićevo vrijeme (prije pedesetak godina) i u vrijeme bliže današnjemu, jer su te razlike od vremena pisanja Klaićeva djela do danas očite. U svojem izlaganju osvrnula sam se na poteškoće u novijem bilježenju hrvatskih standardnih naglasaka, poglavito na slogovima s dugim refleksom staroga glasa jata,te o razlozima koji su do njih doveli. Usredotočila sam se poglavito na Klaićevo i današnje pisanje naglasaka na nekadašnjoj tzv. dugoj (dvosložnoj) zamjeni jata – koliko god to neki lingvisti tretirali kao dvoglasnik ie, ipak se riječi kao snijeg, brijeg i sl. mogu rastaviti na slogove, dakle ipak su posrijedi dva sloga, a ne jedan – jer upravo u tome i jesu razlike između Klaićeva bilježenja naglasaka i onih današnjih u standardološkim djelima.
Pogled u radom ispunjen život Bratoljuba Klaića pokazuje širinu njegovih interesa i pobuđuje na misao o tom što bi hrvatsko jezikoslovlje moglo napraviti da je djelovalo u povoljnijim uvjetima. Svakako je književnost i kazalište izrazito privlačilo našeg proučavatelja, osobito hrvatska književnost, grčka i rimska, pa je prirodno njegovo sudjelovanje u ediciji Pet stoljeća hrvatske književnosti. Među hrvatskim piscima davnih stoljeća osobito su ga zanimali Hanibal Lucić, Petar Hektorović, Marin Držić i Ivan Gundulić, ali se je pozabavio i komedijom Ljubovnici, kao i novijim piscima Šenoom, Matošem, Ujevićem, Krležom, Kolarom i drugima. Znatnu je pozornost posvetio i folkloru tumačeći njegove jezične značajke. Na zanimljiv način bavio se je akcentom, osobito kad je riječ o akcentu starih pisaca hrvatskih i o naglasku u njihovim suvremenim izvedbama. Bratoljub Klaić bio je jedan od znanstvenika što su hrvatsku književnost tumačili kao prirodnu cjelinu pisaca raznih stoljeća, iz raznih predjela i različitih dijalekatnih osobina.
U radu se ukratko prikazuje Klaićev opis bizovačkoga govora i podjela donjopodravskih govora na dva međusobno ponešto različita tipa: valpovački akcenatski tip govora – okolica Bizovca do Donjega Miholjca – i šaptinovački akcenatski tip – od Donjega Miholjca prema Virovitici. Obilježja bizovačkoga govora uspoređuju se s govorom Podravskih Podgajaca.
Unter medizinischer Kommunikation werden verschiedene Kommunikationstypen zusammengefasst: Dazu gehören zum einen Gespräche von Medizinern mit Krankenkassen und Verwaltungen, zum anderen öffentliche Diskurse zu Gesundheit und Krankheit. Die linguistische Forschung hat sich zunächst mit der medizinischen Fachsprache, wie z. B. der Verständlichkeit von Beipackzetteln, beschäftigt. Seit den 1970er Jahren steht das Gespräch zwischen Arzt und Patient im Vordergrund (z. B. Brünner 2005). Gisela Brünner betritt mit ihrem umfassenden Buch Gesundheit durchs Fernsehen vor diesem Hintergrund Neuland. Es bietet einen innovativen Einblick in die Vermittlung medizinischer Informationen und gesundheitlichen Rats in Gesundheitssendungen. Brünners Untersuchungen zeigen, wie die Experten-Laien-Kommunikation abläuft und welche Strategien zur Erklärung und Veranschaulichung verwendet werden. Die Monographie kann somit an der Schnittstelle von Experten-Laien-Kommunikation und linguistischer Medienanalyse eingeordnet werden. ...
U radu se preispituju granice frazema s obzirom na tvorenice kao frazemske sastavnice (krenulo je niz brdo (nizbrdo) što, ići na ruku (naruku) komu) ili samostalne jedinice (bogtepitaj, budibogsnama, kvragu) koje prema postojećoj frazemskoj definiciji ne ulaze u frazeološki fond. Posebna se pozornost poklanja frazemskim polusloženicama kao novoustanovljenoj skupini frazema prema frazemskome opsegu (amo-tamo, brže-bolje, danas-sutra, rak-rana, više-manje, zbrda-zdola). Istraživanje je utemeljeno na korpusu hrvatskih pravopisa od Partaša do Babića i Moguša, hrvatskim općim i frazeološkim rječnicima te elektroničkom korpusu Hrvatska jezična riznica Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje.
Die hier vorgelegte empirische Untersuchung der Fokuspartikeln im Georgischen zeichnet sich u.a. durch die sprach¬immanente Tatsache aus, dass die Fokusstrukturen im Georgischen mit expliziten Partikeln markiert werden können. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Fokuspartikelgruppen ( ġa, c und c+ḳi) sind entsprechend den semantischen Implikationen der Restriktion, Addition und der Skalierung gegliedert worden.
Trotz gewisser Unterschiede im Einzelnen ergab sich folgendes gemeinsames Modell für die Stellungseinschränkungen in Relation zum Prädikatsverb:
• Durch Fokuspartikeln fokussierte Wörter stehen im Georgischen in der Regel unmittelbar vor dem Prädikatsverb.
• Die Skopi der Fokuspartikeln (wenn die fokusmarkierten Worte grammatische Köpfe der NPs sind) stehen im Georgischen in der Regel vor dem Prädikatsverb.
• Die nächstmögliche optimale Interpretationsposition für fokusmarkierte Wörter ist in der Regel die unmittelbare Verbnachstellung.
• Die nächstmögliche optimale Interpretationsposition der
Fokusgruppe ist in der Regel die unmittelbare Verbnachstellung.
Aufgrund der herausgearbeiteten Stellungseinschränkungen entwerfe ich das pragmatische Modell der informationsgliedernden Verbfinalität als Basisabfolge im georgischen Satz.
U redu riječi prijedlozi imaju relativno stalno mjesto po kojemu su i nazvani – predlažu se ispred riječi na koju se odnose. U gramatikama se još spominje i postpozicija, kad prijedlozi dolaze iza riječi na koju se odnose (svemu unatoč...). U ovom radu prijedlozi se ne promatraju na morfološkoj razini, dakle na razini jedne riječi, nego se promatraju kao funkcionalna skupina koja uključuje i višerječne prijedložne izraze. Analizom su obuhvaćene i sveze riječi, odnosno koligacije temeljene na gramatičkoj uvjetovanosti sastavnica, a koje tvore jednu značenjsku cjelinu. Ta dva metodološka pomaka u percepciji prijedloga i u percepciji riječi pokazuju da se prijedlog može naći i u drugim pozicijama te se u radu analizira gdje se sve u rečenici mogu naći prijedlozi.
Der Aufsatz untersucht das syntaktische Verhalten nicht-satzförmiger Adverbialia im Deutschen und im brasilianischen Portugiesisch in vergleichender Perspektive. Behandelt werden Adverbialia aus sechs Klassen, deren semantische Funktionen von der Sachverhaltsbeschreibung bis zur Beschreibung von Handlungsabsichten des Sprechers reichen. Insgesamt zeigen sich große Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den Vergleichssprachen. Im Deutschen scheint eine etwas stärkere Tendenz zu bestehen, Adverbialia syntaktisch zu integrieren, während es im Portugiesischen mehr Möglichkeiten gibt, sie desintegriert zu verwenden.
Der Schauinsland – die Mobiliar - das Turm : das referentielle Genus bei Eigennamen und seine Genese
(2014)
Das Genus von Eigennamen verhält sich grundlegend anders als das von Appellativen. Im Zuge der Proprialisierung legen Eigennamen ihr appellativisch ererbtes Genus ab und entwickeln nach und nach ein eigenes, referentiell zugewiesenes Genus, das fest mit einer bestimmten Objektklasse verbunden ist (sieh die Kaiser Wilhelm als Schiff, das Kaiser Wilhelm als Hotel). Damit leisten die onymischen Genera einen echten Beitrag zur Klassifikation und bilden einen Fall von Degrammatikalisierung. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Entstehung und Festigung onymischer Genera am Beispiel von Namen für Flüsse, Berge, Restaurants und Hotels, Versicherungen, Banken, Fluggesellschaften, Autos, Motorräder und Konzerne und stellt das Prinzip eines onymischen Ikonismus auf.
The article focuses on the current state of research in simultaneous interpreting (SI), comparing cognitive pragmatic models with cognitive linguistic approaches. The author offers an objective list of the advantages and disadvantages of the cognitive linguistic approach and other models currently used in SI. The aim of the article is not to present a one-sidedly positive assessment of the cognitive linguistic approach, but instead to arrive at a balanced evaluation of the individual approaches and the possibilities offered by the models under investigation. The author also points out further approaches that could be characterized as covertly cognitive.
O objetivo principal deste artigo é apresentar uma visão geral dos resultados obtidos em uma pesquisa empírica envolvendo aprendizes adultos de alemão como língua estrangeira com conhecimentos prévios de inglês. O foco deste artigo recai sobre os processos envolvidos no ensino/aprendizagem de terceiras línguas, levando-se em consideração que a língua alemã é comumente aprendida como uma segunda língua estrangeira após o inglês. Os principais questionamentos da pesquisa estão baseados em processos de transferência positiva, bem como na interferência linguística observada em um grupo de 50 aprendizes de alemão dos níveis A1 a B1 do Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para as Línguas. Ao que concerne a relação entre as línguas alemã e inglesa, a afirmação de que o inglês exerce um papel importante na aprendizagem de alemão pôde ser confirmada, sendo o parentesco etimológico entre as duas línguas um dos mais importantes fatores para se determinar a ocorrência de influência interlinguística. Por outro lado, a interferência linguística resultante da coexistência de ambas as línguas demanda o desenvolvimento de uma didática do plurilinguismo que compreenda métodos alternativos para o ensino/aprendizagem de alemão como segunda língua estrangeira no Brasil.
Irene Heim in unpublished work proposed a new syntax-semantics interface for propositional attitude reports based on an ontology without transworld individuals, but counterpart functions instead. We show that the approach can capture the 'de re'/'de dicto' distinction, but makes different predictions from accounts with transworld individuals. Specifically, the account uses a non-invertible counterpart functions: a single individual in an alternative world can be the counterpart of many individuals of the real world. The directionality of counterpart functions predicts that a 'de dicto' interpreted DP cannot be an argument of a 'de re' interpreted predicate. We show that the predicted restriction is corroborated by existing work on restrictions on 'de re' interpretation. The derivation of constraints on 'de re' interpretation argues empirically for the counterpart ontology and Heim’s implementation thereof.
Introduction
(2014)
Bantu languages have been at the heart of the research on the interaction between syntax, prosody and information structure. In these predominantly SVO languages, considerable attention has been devoted to postverbal phenomena. By addressing issues related to Subjects, Topics and Object-Verb word orders, the goal of the present papers is to deepen our understanding of the interaction of different grammatical components (syntax, phonology, semantics/pragmatics) both in individual languages and across the Bantu family. Each paper makes a valuable contribution to ongoing discussions on the preverbal domain.
"Jelen přeplotil skok" : kontrastiver Vergleich von Wortspielen und idiomatischen Wortverbindungen
(2014)
The article presents some of the outcomes of the contrastive comparison of the Czech original text and its German translation. It tries to show some hidden implications as well as many other peculiarities of wordplay and idiomatic phrases that a reader of the translated text may be deprived of.
Im Folgenden soll kurz geklärt werden, was Genus ist (Kap. 2) und – auch wenn diese Frage nicht mit unserem derzeitigen Wissen beantwortbar ist – woher Genus kommen könnte (Kap. 3). Hauptsächlich stellt sich jedoch die Frage: Was tun mit Genus, das heute das Endstadium einer langen Grammatikalisierung darstellt (Kap. 4)? Hier wird die wichtigste Antwort lauten: Genus hat eine neue, eine syntaktische Nutzung erfahren, indem es maßgeblich daran beteiligt ist, unsere berühmten Nominalklammern zu bauen (4.1). Außerdem gibt es weitere "Recyclingmöglichkeiten" von Genus, nämlich: a) Objekte, die Namen tragen, zu klassifizieren (die Kaiser Wilhelm), b) Beziehungen zwischen namentragenden und namenverwendenden Personen zu qualifizieren (der Peterle, das Anna) oder sogar c) Personen zu degradieren (das Merkel). Mit Punkt a) begebe ich mich in die Onomastik, mit Punkt b) in die Dialektologie, und mit Punkt c) werde ich mit der Genderlinguistik enden.
Establishing coherent identity patterns for literary characters in novels is a difficult task. In this respect, we assume that readers rely on pre-stored cultural models in order to construct mental models of the text content, including character identity. By significantly extending the approach by Van Dijk and Kintsch and going beyond the related accounts of Schneider and of Culpeper, we aim to clarify the constitutive role of conceptual metaphor as proposed by Lakoff et al. in processes of literary identity construction. The analysis of a corpus of three contemporary novels supports our claim that conceptual metaphors and the mapping of domains involved interact with cultural models and connect text phenomena to such prior knowledge structures. On this basis, we provide an integrated model of literary identity construction which acknowledges the constitutive value of conceptual metaphors in literary identity construction.
The late physicist Carl Sagan, whom I quote in the first part of my title, skillfully phrased the common sense view on evidence in the mature sciences. In linguistics, however, evidence has become a controversial issue, especially so when it comes to the investigation of less well studied languages. In this paper, I argue that Sagan's principle should be applied to linguistics. The growing accessibility of a wide array of experimental techniques and computational tools to analyze such data makes it feasible to back up extraordinary claims with evidence from a variety of sources. At the same time, it is in many cases possible to agree on what constitutes an ordinary claim and focus the extra effort on extraordinary claims. For non-controversial claims no more than the minimum effort to establish the claim and properly document the evidence is necessary.
Decomposing coordination
(2014)
Natural languages display a surprising diversity of expression of elementary logical operations. The study of this variation is emerging as an important topic of cross-linguistic semantics. In this paper, we address the expression of coordination from this perspective, especially coordination of individual denoting expressions such as "John and Mary". We argue that there is an underlying universal structure for individual coordination, and that the cross-linguistic variation can be explained by assuming that languages pronounce different morphemes of this universal structure. In particular, we argue that there two main types of system for the expression of individual coordination: the J-type and the μ-type. In μ-type languages the morpheme used for individual coordination also has uses a quantificational or focus particle, while in the J-type languages it doesn't. Instead at least in many J-type languages the same morpheme is used for individual and propositional coordination. The evidence we present for our model comes from two sources: new data from specific data of the J-type and μ-type languages, and from a study of the historical development of the expression of individual coordination in Indo-European which switched from a μ-type to a J-type system.
The papers in this volume take up some aspects of the preverbal domain(s) in Bantu languages. They were originally presented at the Workshop BantuSynPhonIS: Preverbal Domain(s), held at the Center for General Linguistics (ZAS), in Berlin, on 14-15 November 2014. This workshop was coorganized by ZAS (Fatima Hamlaoui & Tonjes Veenstra) and the Humboldt University (Tom Güldemann, Yukiko Morimoto and Ines Fiedler).
German underwent a typological change from a syllable language in Old High German towards a word language today (Szczepaniak 2007). Proper names followed this development until the last century (cf. Christel, Gertrud, Klaus, Wolfgang). Some of the most popular German first names from 2010, however, such as Mia, Lea, Leon, Noah, show completely different structures compared to common nouns. In sharp contrast to common nouns, first names dispose of CV-structures, full vowels in unstressed syllables and different accent positions. Thus, there must have been a deep-rooted onomastic change. The most frequent baby names of 1945 were still in harmony with the usual word structures. This article shows that the decrease of transgenerational transmission of first names led to a departure fom native phonological structures. The following factors are analyzed: the number of syllables; accent position; and the number of consonant clusters, hiatuses, schwa and unstressed full vowels. It will be demonstrated that the phonological distance between first names (particularly female names) and common nouns has increased over time and that there is an increasing tendency for names to contain syllable language structures. Thus, a typological difference developed between these two nominal classes. The reason behind this change can be found in the individualizing function of proper names and social individualization over time.
Textkompetenz in mehreren Sprachen : Forschungsergebnisse und weiterführende Forschungsansätze
(2014)
The article presents results of an empirical study which examines productive transfer in the area of text skills competence and the associated writing skill which could be attributed to the learners' contact with several languages. The research was conducted within the research project "Multilingualism in the Czech Republik: Learning and Teaching German after English." After a short presentation of the key concepts in the development of the study and a presentation of selected results, implications and a modell for further research in multilingual writing and on transfer processes between languages are introduced.
Rezension zu Zengin, Dursun: Türk Toplumunda Adlar ve Soyadları. Sosyo-Kültürel ve Dilbilimsel Bir Yaklaşım, Kurmay Yayınları, 2014
Mit Hilfe der Sprache verstehen wir einander, kommunizieren wir mit den Menschen um uns herum, denken wir über Dinge und Vorgänge nach; die Sprache hilft uns die Welt und die Menschen um uns zu erfassen. Die Sprachen, die sich gleichzeitig mit den menschlichen Gemeinschaften entwickeln, eignen wir uns nicht nur an und benutzen sie, sondern wir erforschen sie auch. Die Erforschung der Sprachen hat auf allgemeiner Ebene weltweit eine sehr lange Tradition. Auf ihre Entwicklung haben einen bedeutenden Einfluss nicht nur die „traditionellen“ Wissenschaftsdisziplinen wie zum Beispiel die Linguistik, die Literaturwissenschaft, die Pädagogik oder die Geschichtswissenschaften, sondern auch sich stetig etablierende neuere Wissenschaften, zu denen etwa die Soziolinguistik, die Psycholinguistik, die Kontakt- oder Areallinguistik oder die Fremdsprachendidaktik gehören. Wie zum Teil bereits durch einige soeben genannte wissenschaftliche Disziplinen angedeutet, wird die Erforschung der Sprachen durch die gesellschaftspolitische Entwicklung eines konkreten soziokulturellen und regional eingeschränkten Umfelds während einer bestimmten zeitlich begrenzten Epoche beeinflusst. Eine der wichtigsten Herausforderungen für die heutige Gesellschaft ist neben der Entwicklung einer funktionellen Mehrsprachigkeit des Einzelnen auch die Respektierung sprachlicher wie kultureller Vielfalt, die Wahrnehmung der Sprache als identitätsbestimmendes und identitätsentwickelndes Phänomen sowie als wichtiger Bestandteil unseres gemeinsamen kulturellen Erbes.
In diesem Verständnis wurde die Konferenz Deutsch ohne Grenzen zum Anlass für eine internationale wissenschaftliche Diskussion über die aktuelle Entwicklung im Bereich der multidimensional und transnational aufgefassten germanistischen Linguistik und Literaturwissenschaft, ausgewählter Gesellschaftswissenschaften sowie der Didaktik im Fach Deutsch als Fremdsprache im europäischen Kontext.
Der vierteilige Sammelband beinhaltet den Großteil der im Verlauf dieser Konferenz präsentierten theoretischen und empirischen Beiträge, die im September 2014 an der Pädagogischen und an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Südböhmischen Universität in České Budějovice stattgefunden hat. Ihr Hauptorganisator war der Germanistenverband der Tschechischen Republik. An der Konferenz nahmen 142 Fachleute aus elf Ländern teil. [...]
Der vorliegende Teil des Sammelbandes stellt die linguistische Sektion dar, in der das Phänomen Grenze als eines der Zentralthemen der gegenwärtigen linguistischen Forschung thematisiert wurde. Die einzelnen Beiträge konzentrierten sich auf die Frage, ob die Sprache als Kommunikationsmittel wirklich ohne Grenzen ist. Hinsichtlich der Komplexität der natürlichen Sprachen ist die Frage völlig berechtigt, ob gewisse Grenzen wirklich bestimmt werden können, sollen oder sogar müssen, wenn diese komplexen symbolischen Systeme verstanden bzw. auf metasprachlicher Ebene beschrieben werden sollen. Dank der Vertretung von Vortragenden aus mehreren Ländern konnte die Problematik im Kontext der tschechischen wie auch der internationalen germanistischen Forschung untersucht werden. Außer anderem kann auch diese Grenzüberschreitung und die damit verbundene Konfrontation von diversen Perspektiven der Erforschung des Gegenwartsdeutschen für einen bedeutenden Beitrag dieser Konferenz gehalten werden. Dem Wort Grenze wird auch der gesamte erste Aufsatz dieses Sammelbandes gewidmet, in dem dieses Wort vom lexikalischen und stilistischen Gesichtspunkt aus sehr ausführlich untersucht wird.
Die einzelnen Studien spiegeln die aktuelle empirische und theoretische Erforschung der deutschen Sprache wider, wobei sie diverse Schwerpunkte akzentuieren. In den ersten Beiträgen steht die Diachronik im Fokus. Sie widmen sich unter anderem der Beschreibung von mittelalterlichen medizinischen Texten, den sog. Zaubersprüchen, Segen und Beschwörungen, und ihrer sprachlichen Charakterisierung, der historischen Semantik und Möglichkeiten deren Erforschung am Beispiel von historiographischen Texten, der frühen Kodifizierung der deutschen Zeichensetzung, der Problematik der geschriebenen Sprache in der Zeit des Humanismus an der böhmisch-sächsischen Grenze, der Distribution und Funktion von Phraseologismen in journalistischen Texten der 2. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, den deutschen Dialekten in Mähren und der Rolle der Sprache, die sie als Kommunikationsmittel einer bestimmten Nation hinsichtlich der historischen Soziolinguistik erfüllt.
It has been claimed and widely assumed that caseless direct objects in Turkish exhibit a sort of syntactic incorporation, and only their cased counterparts are true syntactic arguments (Kornfilt 1997; Knecht 1986; Nilsson 1986; Öztürk 2005 among others). Cased and caseless objects are thus widely taken as derivationally related, crystallized in Kelepir's (2001) proposal that objects pick up overt accusative as they move out of the VP. In this paper, I would like to revisit both the empirical evidence and the interpretation leading to these claims and propose revisions.
I first show that not all caseless objects are the same. Mostly drawing on Aydemir (2004), I argue that bare caseless objects and those with indefinite expressions have differences that would be very unusual if they were both incorporated. However, adopting Öztürk (2005) and against Aydemir (2004), neither of the cases can be analyzed as head incorporation.
I then turn to the cased vs. caseless distinction and argue that cased and caseless objects are not that different after all. Based on data with strictly controlled information structure, I arrive at a different generalization than most of the earlier reports and claim that caseless objects are morphosyntactically as moveable as their cased counterparts.
Hence, I propose to replace the notion of incorporation in the literature of Turkish syntax with the notion of weak case (de Hoop 1992) and conclude by a discussion of the domain of syntactic analysis in this primarily semantic phenomenon.
No presente artigo, apresentamos a rede polissêmica da preposição alemã "über", que é resultante da pesquisa produzida para a dissertação de mestrado. Como base teórica, fizemos uso dos preceitos da linguística cognitiva, mais especificamente dos estudos de polissemia que se baseiam na semântica cognitiva. Para definir a rede semântica polissêmica, utilizamos o modelo de Polissemia Sistemática apresentado por Andrea Tyler e Vyvyan Evans na obra "The semantics of English prepositions – spatial scenes, embodied meaning and cognition" (2003) e o adaptamos para a análise da preposição "über". Neste artigo, exporemos os significados mais produtivos para esta preposição.
Rad se bavi analizom svojstava, funkcija i markera konverzacijkih implikatura u SMS diskursu. U prvome dijelu članka utvrđuju se temeljni mehanizmi prijenosa implicitnih intencionalno enodiranih sadržaja u diskurs te se određuju obilježja jezične strukture i govorne produkcije tipična za dopisivanje putem SMS poruka. Diskurs SMS dopisivanja smatra se plodnim područjem za proučavanje implikatura zbog bogatstva implicitnim sadržajima (uvjetovanoga sažetošću SMS forme); posrednosti komunikacije koja iziskuje jezično ili znakovno markiranje implikatura te specifičnih načina prijenosa i signaliziranja implicitnih sadržaja. U drugome dijelu rada predstavljaju se paralingvistički i jezični markeri konverzacijskih implikatura koji su se temeljem analize korpusa SMS dopisivanja pokazali najzastupljenijima u upotrebi. Cilj je rada ukazati na specifičnosti SMS diskursa kada su u pitanju sredstva i mehanizmi enkodiranja, signaliziranja te uspješnoga dekodiranja implicitnih sadržaja.
In der Zeitschrift Studia Germanistica werden Forschungsergebnisse zu aktuellen Themen auf dem Gebiet der germanistischen Linguistik, Literaturwissenschaft und DaF-Didaktik publiziert, die den Stand der Forschung in Tschechien sowie im Ausland dokumentieren. Bestandteile der Zeitschrift sind kulturwissenschaftliche Studien und Rezensionen.
In der Zeitschrift Studia Germanistica werden Forschungsergebnisse zu aktuellen Themen auf dem Gebiet der germanistischen Linguistik, Literaturwissenschaft und DaF-Didaktik publiziert, die den Stand der Forschung in Tschechien sowie im Ausland dokumentieren. Bestandteile der Zeitschrift sind kulturwissenschaftliche Studien und Rezensionen.
Der folgende Artikel soll einen Überblick über ein Phänomen geben, das unter verschiedenen Namen einen Einzug in deutsche Grammatiken und linguistische Fachtexte gehalten hat. Man begegnet ihm als "Attribuierungskomplikation", "schiefes Attribut", "grammatische Illusion" und Ähnlichem. Gemeint sind Daten wie der grüne Bohneneintopf, der vierstöckige Hausbesitzer oder das direkte Objektpronomen, sowie die Absturzursache des TWA-Jumbos und die Kritikpunkte an Lakoff. Im Folgenden soll aufgezeigt werden, wie die Diskussion um (scheinbar) fehlerhafte Attribuierungen von N+N-Komposita wieder zu einem virulenten Forschungsthema wurde (§1) und wie dessen Behandlung in Grammatiken (§2), (populären) Sprachkritiken (§3) und Fachtexten (§4) aussieht. In §5 wird eine abschließende Diskussion gegeben.
Das im vorliegenden Artikel untersuchte Phänomen im Deutschen ist in der Literatur bisher quasi unentdeckt geblieben. Die einzige Ausnahme bildet der Beitrag von Berg (2008). Die Beobachtung ist folgende: Unter bestimmten Bedingungen, die mit Emphase zu tun haben, kann die lexikalisch festgelegte Betonung, also der Wortakzent, verschoben werden. Im Normalfall betrifft dieser Prozess nicht-native lexikalische Einheiten, denn die Akzentverschiebung passiert in der Regel von hinten nach vorn. Da deutsche Erbwörter initial-, also erstbetont, sind, ist das schwer möglich (jedoch s.u.). Fremdwörter, die auf den hinteren Silben betont sind, sind deshalb prädestiniert. Die meisten Beispiele kommen aus dem Bereich der Wortklasse Adjektiv: spektakulär, skandalös, sensationell, optimal, ideal, brutal, fulminant, perfekt, gigantisch. Im angedeuteten expressiven Gebrauch kann der Wortakzent von der letzten auf die erste Silbe wandern [...].
Mit Hilfe der Sprache verstehen wir einander, kommunizieren wir mit den Menschen um uns herum, denken wir über Dinge und Vorgänge nach; die Sprache hilft uns die Welt und die Menschen um uns zu erfassen. Die Sprachen, die sich gleichzeitig mit den menschlichen Gemeinschaften entwickeln, eignen wir uns nicht nur an und benutzen sie, sondern wir erforschen sie auch. Die Erforschung der Sprachen hat auf allgemeiner Ebene weltweit eine sehr lange Tradition. Auf ihre Entwicklung haben einen bedeutenden Einfluss nicht nur die „traditionellen“ Wissenschaftsdisziplinen wie zum Beispiel die Linguistik, die Literaturwissenschaft, die Pädagogik oder die Geschichtswissenschaften, sondern auch sich stetig etablierende neuere Wissenschaften, zu denen etwa die Soziolinguistik, die Psycholinguistik, die Kontakt- oder Areallinguistik oder die Fremdsprachendidaktik gehören. Wie zum Teil bereits durch einige soeben genannte wissenschaftliche Disziplinen angedeutet, wird die Erforschung der Sprachen durch die gesellschaftspolitische Entwicklung eines konkreten soziokulturellen und regional eingeschränkten Umfelds während einer bestimmten zeitlich begrenzten Epoche beeinflusst. Eine der wichtigsten Herausforderungen für die heutige Gesellschaft ist neben der Entwicklung einer funktionellen Mehrsprachigkeit des Einzelnen auch die Respektierung sprachlicher wie kultureller Vielfalt, die Wahrnehmung der Sprache als identitätsbestimmendes und identitätsentwickelndes Phänomen sowie als wichtiger Bestandteil unseres gemeinsamen kulturellen Erbes.
In diesem Verständnis wurde die Konferenz Deutsch ohne Grenzen zum Anlass für eine internationale wissenschaftliche Diskussion über die aktuelle Entwicklung im Bereich der multidimensional und transnational aufgefassten germanistischen Linguistik und Literaturwissenschaft, ausgewählter Gesellschaftswissenschaften sowie der Didaktik im Fach Deutsch als Fremdsprache im europäischen Kontext.
Der vierteilige Sammelband beinhaltet den Großteil der im Verlauf dieser Konferenz präsentierten theoretischen und empirischen Beiträge, die im September 2014 an der Pädagogischen und an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Südböhmischen Universität in České Budějovice stattgefunden hat. Ihr Hauptorganisator war der Germanistenverband der Tschechischen Republik. An der Konferenz nahmen 142 Fachleute aus elf Ländern teil. [...]
Der vorliegende Teil des Konferenzbandes enthält Beiträge aus der Sektion Didaktik Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Diese Beiträge harmonisieren mit der aktuellen Entwicklung im Bereich des Fremdsprachenunterrichts, der durch eine Reihe von Faktoren beeinflusst wird, u. a. durch die neuesten Befunde der Wissenschaften, die sich mit der Erforschung der Lernprozesse und des Sprachenunterrichts befassen, ebenso wie durch politische, sprachpolitische oder wirtschaftliche Faktoren. In Europa gewinnen die Fremdsprachenkenntnisse in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend an Bedeutung. Das hat zur Folge, dass neue Sichtweisen auf den Fremdsprachenunterricht und dessen Erforschung gesucht werden und sich etablieren.
Die einzelnen Studien reflektieren den aktuellen Stand der theoretischen und der empirischen Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Fremdsprachendidaktik in ihrem breiten Forschungsspektrum sowie die Implikationen von deren Ergebnissen für den Fremdsprachenunterricht. Sie fokussieren nicht nur auf Lern- und Lehrprozesse bei Fremdsprachen auf allgemeiner Ebene, sondern akzentuieren im Hinblick auf den Konferenzschwerpunkt auch Fragen des Deutschunterrichts. Deutsch wird in letzter Zeit im gesamteuropäischen Kontext zu einer typischen zweiten Fremdsprache (L3) auf Primar- wie Sekundarstufe. Der Band enthält aber auch Studien, die hemen wie Deutschunterricht für Vorschulkinder oder aber für tschechische Germanistik- oder DaF-Studierende bearbeiten. Des Weiteren werden hier Studien zu folgenden hemen präsentiert: früher Fremdsprachenunterricht, Mehrsprachigkeit, Professionalisierung der FremdsprachenlehrerInnen, Entwicklung von sprachlichen Fertigkeiten, Aussprache und Grammatik im Deutschunterricht, Motivation, Analyse von Fremdsprachenlehrwerken, (inter)kulturelle Aspekte des Deutschunterrichts, literarische Texte und bildende Kunst im Deutschunterricht, Arbeit mit Fehlern und kontrastive Linguistik.
Timișoara is considered the informal capital city of the historical region of Banat. It is the main social, economic and cultural centre in the western part of Romania. During the Industrial Revolution, numerous modern innovations were introduced. It was the first city with street lighting, and the first city in mainland Europe illuminated by electric light. The present investigation is a contribution to the problem of the Romanian technical vocabulary, which took along the time some German words with. A special emphasis is placed on the technical and scientific applications. During my study of the technical language and its terminology I became aware of Termini German origin. Many questions were raised and the interest to find answers grew. Thus came the impulse to bring together the words of German origin, set up a glossary and to analyze them in detail.
The present investigation steps back to the claims of the 1990s by assuming that there is a functional opposition in the use of P- and D-PRO which affects the status of the pronoun's referent in the mental model of the discourse. We interpret the earlier findings as an indication of an information structural difference which is specifically relevant on the discourse level. The question we address here is twofold. Firstly, we ask whether the assumed opposition in the information status of P- and D-PRO referents has consequences on referent continuation in the ongoing discourse. So far, the effects of P- vs. D-PRO use were determined concerning the status of the pronoun referent in the actual sequence of discourse, i.e. they were determined by a judgement on the salience or the topic/focus status of the pronominal DP. As far as we can see, this determination has not been operationalized further. Since there are contexts in which both P- and D-PRO would fit in with only a feeling of a difference but without clear-cut exclusiveness, the opposition is empirically not well validated. If we could show that there are effects of type of pronoun on the ongoing discourse this would, in our view, provide the lacking empirical validation. Secondly, we ask whether there are effects of the narrator's point of view on P- and D-PRO use. The idea behind this question is that the way of information unfolding in discourse depends on the speaker. S/he decides which pieces of information come next, what is foreground and what is background information. If type of pronoun choice is related to the processes of discourse organization by the speaker – via fore- and backgrounding of information – and if internal or external location of the narrator's point of view influences the organization strategies of the speaker/narrator this might have an ffect on the use of P- and D-PRO.
The Intensifying Function of Modal Particles and Modal Elements in a Cross-Linguistic Perspective
(2015)
The aim of this paper is to analyze the intensifying function of German modal particles and equivalent modal expressions in Croatian and English. Our hypothesis is that some modal particles in German and their functional equivalents in Croatian and English can express different degrees of intensity and types of intensification. The presented study comprises two parts. First, the use of intensifying modal particles by a group of speakers of L1 Croatian and L2 German/English is investigated. On the basis of the results obtained, and by means of a previously conducted corpus analysis (cf. Kresić and Batinić 2014), an intensification scale with respect to the inventory of German modal particles and corresponding particles in Croatian as well as equivalent English expressions is suggested. Some German and Croatian modal particles and equivalent modal elements in English can be classified on the upper and partially on the lower part of the proposed intensification scale when compared to the norm, i.e. an utterance unmarked by a modal particle.
In this article, I provide a description and analysis of the morphemes čiɫ 'do to', ḥta 'do towards' and cḥin 'do for' in the Southern Wakashan language Nuuchahnulth (nuučaan̓uɫ). I argue that these morphemes are verbal applicatives that add a non-core argument to the thematic structure of a verb.
Verbal applicatives in Nuuchahnulth are interesting to investigate because they exhibit typologically unique behaviour that has never been studied before. Applicatives are traditionally considered functional elements whose only purpose is to add an indirect object to the argument structure of the verb (Pylkkanen 2002:17). Nuuchahnulth is the only known language that productively uses independent verbs for this purpose.
Nuuchahnulth is an indigenous language of Canada spoken in the province of British Columbia. It consists of 14 major dialects, most of which have never been studied. All of these dialects are now highly endangered and urgently need to be documented.
The loss and restoration of the phoneme /j/ plays a major role in the development of Proto-Slavic. After vowel contraction in posttonic syllables, Dybo’s law, and the rise of new /j/ in east, South, and West Slavic, contracted and uncontracted forms may have coexisted during a considerable period of time. After Dybo’s law we have *voļȃ < *vòlja "will" but *rolьjà < *orlь̀ja "plowland", after contraction *roļá in Slovincian rolåu, Old Polish rolå. The loss of distinctive tone yielded merger of the two paradigms, as a result of which most nouns of the former type adopted the accentuation of the latter. Slavic deverbal ja-stems are original proterodynamic ī/jē-stems. The proterodynamic nouns *dūšà (c) "soul" and *zorjà (c) "dawn" have probably preserved the original accentuation. The other proterodynamic jā-stems evidently adopted the accent pattern of the deverbal ā-stems.
O presente artigo parte da compreensão de que os processos de ensino-aprendizagem (no exemplo em questão, o ensino de Alemão como Língua Estrangeira), bem como o andamento de uma aula, são guiados tanto por fatores objetivos (métodos, abordagens, exercícios e testes passíveis de mensuração), quanto por subjetivos. Ao contrário da Didática, que privilegia um viés objetivo, fatos como interferências pessoais, sobretudo voltadas à figura do mestre, influenciam determinantemente a aprendizagem, a ponto de gerar bloqueios e mobilizar os sentimentos dos aprendizes. Tais aspectos podem ser explicados pelo conceito Freudiano de Transferência, nascido na clínica psicanalítica. Outro conceito psicanalítico relevante é a Sublimação, um dos destinos produtivos e socialmente aceitos da Pulsão. Dessa forma, o ensino e a aprendizagem configuram-se como atividades sublimatórias por excelência e que, por isso, de acordo com a visão desenvolvida nesse artigo, devem ser estimuladas pelo mestre, objetivando uma aprendizagem mais consciente e crítica, em sintonia com os desafios educativos do século XXI. Além de "psicanalisar" e desconstruir o processo pedagógico, o artigo situa-se na concepção de uma sala de aula dialógica, com mestres que aprendem e que se constituem a partir da linguagem e do confronto com a alteridade.
This paper aims to work toward a proper understanding of the role of preverbal ge- in Old English (henceforth OE) and its disappearance in the course of Middle English. This prefix is reminiscent of its cognates in Modern German and Dutch (also written ge-) in its distribution, but even a cursory examination of the details reveals it to be quite distinct, as we will see. The proper characterization of that distribution, and of its diachronic development, has proven to be extremely difficult. I have thus carried out a large-scale corpus study using the York-Toronto-Helsinki parsed corpus of Old English prose (Taylor et al. 2003) and the Penn-Helsinki parsed corpus of Middle English, 2nd ed. (Kroch & Taylor 1999). This paper will report the results of the first phase of the project, involving patterns in the data that could be identified primarily on the basis of automatic searches in the corpora.
Rad opisuje jedan od dvaju interpunkcijskih znakova (središnje crte i navodnici) koji bitno odstupaju od odnosa jednoga znaka za jedno (unikodno) značenje. Dok navodnici imaju višestruke grafeme (točnije, osam) za jedno značenje, središnje crte najčešće imaju dva grafema (kraća i dulja crta) koja pokrivaju čak 11 (unikodnih i latiničnih) crtnih znakova. Dok je kriterij crtne duljine tradicionalno visoko istaknut u pravopisnim priručnicima, u predstavljenoj se kategorizaciji on nalazi tek na šestoj hijerarhijskoj razini. Osim što su u međuvremenu standardizirana dva nova unikodna crtna znaka (two-em dash i three-em dash, Unicode 6.1, siječanj 2012.), drugačija metodologija i uspoređivanje jezičnopovijesnoga i računalnojezikoslovnoga aspekta proširila je spoznaje o crtnim znakovima u hrvatskome jeziku o kojima je pisano u Portada i Stojanov (2009). Predstavlja se kategorizacija osjetljiva na dihotomiju grafičkoga prikaza i značenja koja sve crtne znakove dijeli u pet hijerarhijskih razina. Između 44 unikodna vodoravna i neprekinuta crtna znaka, podjelom prema tipu, vremenu, funkciji, smjeru i visini, došlo se do 11 latiničnih suvremenih pismovnih vodoravnih središnjih znakova među kojima svaki latinični jezik odabire svoje crtne znakove. Svim se crtnim unikodnim grafemima opisalo značenje i uporaba. S druge strane, crtni se znakovi promatraju u kroatističkoj jezičnopovijesnoj pravopisnoj perspektivi. U odnosu na bogati repozitorij unikodno standardiziranih crtnih znakova utvrdilo se da je pravopisna norma bitno redukcijska. Pravopisno normiranje crtnih znakova podijelilo se u dva razdoblja i tri skupine, ovisno o grafemskome obliku (prva i druga generacija pravopisnih pri ručnika) i nazivlju (prijestandardna faza i dva standardna smjera normiranja ovisno o prihvaćanju terminoloških parova spojnica – crtica i crtica – crta). Na temelju jezičnopovijesnoga i računalnojezikoslovnoga poredbenog istraživanja te na temelju supostavljanja unikodne standardizacije crtnih znakova pravopisnoj tradiciji opisa središnjih crta željelo se ukazati na (i) potrebu za širim i interdisciplinarnim pristupom opisa pisane jezične prakse, (ii) nedovoljnost opisa školske razine pravopisnih priručnika za suvremeno pisanje, kao i na (iii) nedostatnost postojeće kroatističke kodifikacije obaju terminoloških smjerova. Da bi se pravopisni priručnici mogli nazvati znanstveno utemeljenim djelima, u znatnijoj bi mjeri trebali opisati računalno pisanje i na razini interpunkcije uvesti razlikovanje znaka i grafema. Jedno od takvih mjesta opisa prema kojima bi pravopisi mogli unaprijediti svoju tehnološku suvremenost jest pitanje pisanja spojnice na početku prelomljena retka o čemu se iznijelo osam argumenata za odbacivanje aktualne tradicije. Raščlamba je pokazala da ima opravdanosti da se crtna kodifikacija temelji na trima ili četirima znakovima koji se iz 11 unikodnih latiničnih znakova svode uspostavljanjem osnovnih skupina središnjih crta, radno nazvanih c1, c2, c3 i c4 kao najkraća, srednje duga, duga i jako duga središnja crta.
U hrvatskoj jezikoslovnoj tradiciji element se formalni je pokazatelj pripadnosti pojedinoga glagola skupini povratnih glagola. Taj se element dosad smatrao zamjenjivim zamjenicom sebe u tzv. pravih povratnih glagola. U ovome se radu na temelju postavaka više autora (Zec 1985, Sells, Zaenen i Zec 1987, Moskovljević 1997, Medová 2009, Oliva 2010) pokušava dokazati neistovjetnost elemenata se i sebe. Slobodna zamjena tih dvaju elemenata rezultira promjenom značenja i gramatičkom neovjerenošću. Iz toga proizlazi i drugačija podjela povratnih glagola. U radu će se usporedbom nekoliko povratnih glagola i njihovih prijelaznih parnjaka iznijeti drugačiji pristup povratnim glagolima.
Na temelju terenskoga istraživanja u radu se donosi sinkronijski prikaz naglasnih paradigma imenica e-vrste i i-vrste u slivanjskim govorima Slivna Ravnoga, Mihalja, Blaca i Podgradine. Riječ je o govorima koji pripadaju istočnohercegovačkomu dijalektu, slivanjsko-zažapskomu govornom tipu. Utvrdit će se postoje li kolebanja u pojedinoj paradigmi i među paradigmama te čuvanje kračine u d./l./i.
U radu se daje analiza i prikaz tvorbenoga sustava umanjenica u kajkavskome narječju. Analiza je provedena na primjerima iz objavljenih dijalektoloških opisa govora, kajkavskih rječnika te iz vlastite građe. U tvorbenome se opisu polazi sa sinkronijskoga stanovišta, a povijesnojezične se napomene donose tek sporadično. Navode se svi u građi potvrđeni sufiksi za tvorbu umanjenica muškoga, srednjega i ženskoga roda. Uz svaku se tvorbenu kategoriju navode i jezične značajke koje se odnose na glasovne promjene na granici osnove i sufiksa.
Rezension zu Rainer E. Wicke: Zwischendurch mal... Gedichte. Deutsch als Fremdsprache Niveau A1-C1. Ismaning: Hueber, 2012. ISBN 978-3-19-351002-0.
Schmid versteht unter Fachliteratur – um die geht es, wie gesagt, zunächst – "eine beträchtliche Anzahl von profanen, nicht-fiktionalen Texten, die wissenschaftliche oder alltagspraktische Gegenstände behandeln". Allerdings notiert Schmid kurz darauf, dass mehrere Autoren anstelle von "'Fach- oder 'Fachsprache'", von "Fachliteratur" oder "Fachprosa" sprechen. Schmid betont dazu, dass es ihm eben weniger um literarische oder literaturhistorische Fragen geht, sondern vielmehr um fachsprachhistorische" Aspekte.
Mit der Publikation 'Sasko-magdeburské právo na Slovensku. Krajinské právo v Žilinskej knihe' [Das sächsisch-magdeburgische Recht in der Slowakei. Landrecht im Silleiner Rechtsbuch] kommt M. Papsonová vor allem slowakischen Historikern, insbesondere Rechtshistorikern entgegen. Die Publikation stellt ihnen eine moderne slowakische Übersetzung der frühneuhochdeutschen, auf das Jahr 1378 datierten Rechtssammlung im 'Silleiner Stadtbuch' (1378-1524 bzw. 1526) als Grundlage für weitere rechtshistorische Forschung zur Verfügung.
Bu çalışma Ankara Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu Almanca hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerinin yazılı anlatımlarında yaptıkları yanlışların kaynaklarının yanlış çözümlemesi yöntemi uygulanarak tespit edilmesi ve böylece yazma eğitiminde iyileştirici uygulamaların belirlenmesi amacını taşıyan betimsel bir çalışmadır.
Bu çalışmada öğrencilerden iki öğretim yılı boyunca yazma dersinde belirli zaman aralıklarıyla yazılı dilde veriler alınmış, alınan bu veriler belirli başlıklar altında sınıflandırılıp yorumlanmıştır. Bu veriler toplanırken veya yıl boyunca devam eden yabancı dil öğrenme süresince ders işleme tekniği ve materyal bakımından araştırmacıların herhangi bir müdahalesi olmamıştır. Alınan verilerin hepsi öğrencinin kendi dil bilgisini yansıtmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS İstatiksel Analiz Programı ile değerlendirilerek, bulguların yüzdelik oranları ve yorumlanması yapılmıştır.
Elde edilen verilerin sonuçlarına göre, yanlışların genellikle ana dilden yapılan yanlış aktarımlardan kaynaklandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle kaynağı kesin belli olan problemli noktaların yanlış çözümlemesi yoluyla çözümlenmesiyle tamamlayıcı öğretim ile iyileştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.