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Obwohl Empathie beim literarischen Lesen unstrittig eine äußerst bedeutsame Rolle spielt, ist sie ein in der Literaturdidaktik immer noch nicht theoretisch und empirisch ausreichend erforschter Bereich. Bisher noch so gut wie gänzlich unbeachtet ist dabei ein Phänomen, das eng und unmittelbar mit empathischen Prozessen zusammenhängt: Ekpathie. Hierbei handelt es sich um lesebezogene Aspekte, die möglicherweise auch auf Grund ihres beispielsweise aktiv zurückweisenden Charakters - Leser:innen nähern sich einer literarischen Figur bewusst und willentlich nicht - aus nahe liegenden Gründen in der Literaturdidaktik noch nicht grundlegend thematisiert wurden. Der vorliegende Beitrag skizziert ekpathische Prozesse beim Lesen literarischer Texte in theoretischer Hinsicht und veranschaulicht sie auf der Grundlage wirkungsästhetischer Überlegungen auch aus einer dezidiert intersektionalen Perspektive anhand eines jugendliterarischen Beispieltextes.
Teaching empathy and emotions : J. M. Coetzee's "The lives of animals" and human-animal studies
(2022)
In "Teaching Empathy and Emotions: J. M. Coetzee's 'The Lives of Animals' and Human-Animal Studies," Alexandra Böhm focuses on one of the most influential novels in the field of HAS. In her article, she delineates the two main difficulties in teaching Coetzee's text: firstly, the text's protagonist, fierce and fearless Australian author Elizabeth Costello, is often less-than-lovable and offers few grounds for identification; secondly, the text's multilayered structure further problematizes the authorial voice. However, by focusing on Costello's reassessment of emotion and empathy, Böhm convincingly demonstrates that Coetzee's text offers possibilities for understanding the key concepts of HAS, such as animal agency, alterity, and the necessity of assuming a non-anthropocentric perspective. In the narrative, Costello employs empathy in her approach to animals, but is this also true of the metadiegetic level of Coetzee's text? Does the text itself suggest how to teach empathy? Alexandra Böhm demonstrates that it is possible to elicit affective responses to these questions through emotion journals and role-playing.
The object of this paper is to further understand how reading literature increases capacity for empathy, and how narratives positively influence human beings. This will be done via a close reading of China Miéville's "Perdido Street Station" with particular focus on the character Yagharek whose tragic situation and journey provides a starting point for a discussion about empathy. The question is whether speculative fiction can be more capable of triggering empathy than other genres. In his analysis Dennis Friedrichsen demonstrates the ways in which fantasy literature creates an effective distance to the real world in order to negotiate complicated issues of morality, ethics and empathy.
Das Kunstzitat als Selbstzitat? : verstimmte Einfühlung in Arthur Schnitzlers "Fräulein Else"
(2019)
In the 1924 novella "Fräulein Else" by Arthur Schnitzler, intermediality influences narrative empathy. Written in the stream of consciousness technique, the text presents an examination of the nineteen-year-old protagonist's inner struggle and its sexual implications (to save her father from jail, Else must approach an elderly acquaintance to borrow money from him), arousing the reader's empathy. The image of Else is supported, even overlapped by hidden art references - examples of how women have been portrayed and represented in art and cultural history. In the most famous moment of the novella - Else undresses herself during a public concert - the stream of consciousness is interrupted by musical excerpts. Mostly considered as an emotional catalyst, at this point the musical quotation is blocking narrative empathy. Else's thoughts as well as her naked body become unreadable, because the notation is indifferent towards the reader's desires. Paradoxically, the narrative turning point is represented by an intermedial censorship.
Empathie
(2018)
Die partielle Begriffsgeschichtsvergessenheit mit Blick auf Empathie scheint Effekt ihrer gelungenen Psychologisierung und Übernahme in naturwissenschaftlich orientierte Disziplinen zu sein. Eine Geschichte des Begriffs, die jene antike 'empatheia'-Tradition und die Empathie-Diskurse der letzten 110 Jahre nicht von vornherein separiert, wäre vielleicht eine Geschichte langsamer Affektkontrolle. Der Transfer ginge dann so: 'Empatheia' - mit Gefühl - Mitgefühl. Er beschriebe einen Wandel der Empathie in ein soziales, kommunikatives Geschäft und einen allmählichen 'emotional turn' innerhalb der Empathie-Begriffsgeschichte, der das Erfasstwerden von äußeren, gegebenenfalls dämonischen, Kräften dadurch bannen konnte, dass er aus dem radikalen Kontrollverlust, den die antike 'empatheia' hieß, zuerst ein - modern verinnerlichtes und eingehegtes - 'gefühlvoll' werden ließ. Im 20. Jahrhundert, angereichert mit ästhetischem Einfühlungswissen, gab Empathie, als Begriff und Gegenstand, nicht nur der Psychologie epistemologischen Halt. Sie wurde mit ihrer Vereinnahmung durch die 'psy sciences' zur vergötterten Gabe und menschlichen Natur. "[S]uper-empathizer" sind Idole der Gegenwart, und als pathologisch gilt das Empathie-Defizit. Heute ist Empathie, Gefühl zweiter Ordnung, Übergriff und "Erwartungserwartung", selbst ein Medium der Affektkontrolle.
The emotional state of being moved, though frequently referred to in both classical rhetoric and current language use, is far from established as a well-defined psychological construct. In a series of three studies, we investigated eliciting scenarios, emotional ingredients, appraisal patterns, feeling qualities, and the affective signature of being moved and related emotional states. The great majority of the eliciting scenarios can be assigned to significant relationship and critical life events (especially death, birth, marriage, separation, and reunion). Sadness and joy turned out to be the two preeminent emotions involved in episodes of being moved. Both the sad and the joyful variants of being moved showed a coactivation of positive and negative affect and can thus be ranked among the mixed emotions. Moreover, being moved, while featuring only low-to-mid arousal levels, was experienced as an emotional state of high intensity; this applied to responses to fictional artworks no less than to own-life and other real, but media-represented, events. The most distinctive findings regarding cognitive appraisal dimensions were very low ratings for causation of the event by oneself and for having the power to change its outcome, along with very high ratings for appraisals of compatibility with social norms and self-ideals. Putting together the characteristics identified and discussed throughout the three studies, the paper ends with a sketch of a psychological construct of being moved.
Mein Beitrag handelt von zwei Begriffen, die gleichermaßen gut eingeführt sind, aber üblicherweise nicht gemeinsam verhandelt werden: Sympathie und Synergie. Die Disziplinen und Kontexte, in denen sie heute auftreten, sind weit voneinander entfernt: Die Synergie hat ihre Domänen in Technik und Wirtschaftswissenschaft, der Sympathie sind vor allem Philosophie und Psychologie zugetan. Freilich sind diese Wörter so nahe miteinander verwandt, dass es verwunderlich oder gar bedauerlich ist, sie beziehungslos nebeneinander stehen zu sehen. Immerhin gibt es Diskussionen, in denen dieses Tandem zwar nicht namentlich auftritt, aber der Sache nach zum ema gemacht wird. Diese Diskussionen möchte ich aufgreifen und vorantreiben, denn das Tandem Synergie/Sympathie hat, wie ich meine, erhebliches sozialtheoretisches Potential.
In folk theories of art reception, readers and cinema audiences are said to experience fictional worlds vicariously 'through' characters, i.e. they 'identify' themselves with them, they partake in their experiences 'empathetically'. In the first section of my essay, I will argue that it is not character but focalization (point of view) which, on a fundamental level, guides our fictional experience, and I will exemplify several ways that characters (or similar ideas) can then in addition come into play. In the next two sections, I will discuss possible cognitive correlates of both the textual device of focalization and textual clues indicating ›persons‹. The aim is to show that what I call ›psycho-poetic effects‹ (that is, the mental representation of anthropomorphic instances) are best described as byproducts of various cognitive programs involved in the reception of narrative fiction. 'Empathy', as it is understood in the above mentioned folk theory of art reception, can then be analysed into individual algorithms of social cognition. And it can be differentiated, as is done in the last section, from other phenomena often confused with it, like emotional experience proper and emotional contagion. Also, I refer to the idea that mirror neurons provide the means to empathize with others, literary characters included. My general proposition is to revise and refine those concepts with the help of evolutionary theory and, thus, to hypothesize as cognitive correlates for textual features only programs specific enough to be correlated with a specific adaptive function which they may have performed in the process of human evolution.