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Jobst Paul proposes an approach to teaching HAS that develops learners' ability to understand and evaluate how representations of animals may function as vehicles for racism, antisemitism, and other dehumanizing ideologies that are based on modes of thinking that provide justifications for animal death, suffering, and exploitation. As Paul notes in "The Philosophical Animal Deconstructed: From Linguistic to Curricular Methodology," the animals that appear in Western philosophical and theological traditions have been disconnected from their referents and have primarily served various human purposes, for example, as figures of thought. Analyzing representations of wolves in the 2019 election campaign by Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), a right-wing German political party, Paul demonstrates how animals have been used to stigmatize and marginalize vulnerable populations such as refugees, and how these stereotypes have, in turn, been instrumental in justifying centuries of violence against nonhuman animals. To help learners understand this vicious circle, Paul introduces a method that can be used in various educational contexts, at different levels, and with learners of all ages. The approach to teaching HAS that he proposes allows learners to reconsider how language and power work through the figure of the animal and to develop the ability to think intersectionally. Particularly in an age of numerous political and environmental crises, there is an urgent need for pedagogical interventions such as the one proposed by Paul.
Taking her cue from Margo de Mello's "Teaching the Animal", Maria Moss employs a hands-on, didactic approach to teaching human-animal studies (THAS), introducing texts that she has used in her seminars in the past - from philosophical background materials and sociological surveys to novels, short stories, and poems. In her article, "'The skin and fur on your shoulders': Teaching the Animal Turn in Literature," Moss uses texts that "look at the animals from inside out," ending with a discussion of SF and chimp fiction. From James Lever's "Me Cheetah" to George Saunders's story "Fox 8", she focuses on animal agency within the narrative form, presenting texts that feature animals as narrators. Once we acknowledge that notions of language, cognition, and thinking about the future are no longer limited to human narrators and that "storying" is no longer specific to humans, Moss writes, interspecies storied imaginings mark one possible alternative to the long history of human dominance and exceptionalism - not just in life, but in literature, too.
Liza B. Bauer looks at science fiction or speculative fiction writing - the literary genre par excellence for exploring alternative models of human-nonhuman coexistence. In her article "Reading to Stretch the Imagination: Exploring Representations of 'Livestock' in Literary Thought Experiments," she dissects processes of reciprocal negotiation between human and nonhuman beings in texts such as Sue Burke's "Semiosis" and Margaret Atwood's "Oryx and Crake" and "The Year of the Flood." Following Brian McHale's and Donna Haraway's credo that highly unlikely worlds encourage readers to critically reflect on current realities, Bauer addresses the following questions: What if chickens, cows, or pigs had the chance to exist for their own ends? What would happen if they could communicate in human language? Or if they were of superior intelligence? Would they subdue humankind, domesticate their co-inhabitants, or coexist harmoniously? By enacting these scenarios in literary storyworlds, SF proves to be particularly fertile ground, yielding insights into the current and future challenges of coexistence. As Bauer convincingly outlines, immersing ourselves in (science) fictional worlds to practice multispecies living does not seem too far removed from reality. The redistribution of animal agency shows that the passivity to which most livestock animals are condemned is not irrevocable. The well-being of both human and nonhuman animals will depend on whether it is possible to theoretically and practically broaden students' understanding of these entanglements. Since alternatives to animal commodification are thinkable in experimental SF storyworlds, they could constitute, Bauer argues, a significant step toward abolishing animal exploitation.
In "The Book of Margery Kempe", the protagonist shifts between identities and geographies as a nomadic subject, dispersed across compassionate responses to violence that unusually include a recognition of animal suffering. The "Life" of Christina the Astonishing also seizes on the nonhuman aspects of extreme affective experience as her bodily transformations participate in a process of becoming animal. Both texts reflect a medieval fascination with the devotional body as a zone of closure and opening where transhuman and interspecies associations can be safely explored.
In Kleists Drama 'Penthesilea' (1806-1808) kämpfen wilde Amazonen gegen griechische Helden mit Hilfe verschiedenartiger Tiere. Als die Handlung ihren Höhepunkt erreicht und Achilles die Königin der Amazonen zum Zweikampf stellt, stürzt sie sich, begleitet von Jagdhunden, Pferden und Elefanten, auf ihn.
So beschreibt der Herold die Szene:
Der Herold.
Sie stellt sich, ja, Neridensohn, sie naht schon;
Jedoch mit Hunden auch und Elephanten,
Und einem ganzen wilden Reutertroß:
Was die beim Zweikampf sollen, weiß ich nicht. (2535-2539)
Genau auf diese indirekte Frage des Herolds, welche die ungewohnte Rolle der Jagdtiere in einem angeblichen Duell hervorhebt, richtet sich diese Untersuchung, die Kleists Drama im Lichte der Animal Studies zu interpretieren versucht und der Anwesenheit der Jagdtiere dabei eine politische Bedeutung zuschreibt.
In Menschenobhut können junge von Menschenhand aufgezogene Dachse sehr zahm werden. Daher kennt man eine Eigenheit der Dachsheit, auf die es mir hier ankommt: Man kann Dachse nur bedingt erziehen. Sie reagieren nämlich nicht auf negative Verstärker, wie man im Fachjargon all jene Bestrafungstechniken von Ausschimpfen, Futterentzug über Prügel bis zu Elektroschocks nennt, die immer noch die Grundlage fast jeder Dressur, sei es im Zirkus, im Pferdesport oder Hundespektakel bilden. Der Verhaltensforscher Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt ist an dieser Eigenheit des Dachses im Falle seines von Hand aufgezogenen zahmen Dachses schier verzweifelt, bis er erkannte: Dass es Tiere gibt, die die Reaktion auf den negativen Verstärker nicht in ihrem Verhaltensprogramm haben und somit undressierbar sind. Eibl mochte seinen Dachs aber trotzdem, und nachdem er es aufgegeben hatte, dem Dachs das freie Geruchsmarkieren im Haus verbieten zu wollen, gestaltete sich das Zusammenleben auch wieder ohne Verzweiflung. Damit bin ich bei meinem Titel angekommen: Reden wie ein Hund - Pfeifen wie eine Maus - Lernen wie ein Dachs. Über abgebrochene Serien des Tier-Werdens in Kafkas Erzählungen. Das Vorhaben ist der Versuch, anhand dreier Erzählungen Kafkas - nämlich die 'Forschungen eines Hundes', 'Josefine, die Sängerin' und 'Der Bau' - eine Art Entwicklungslinie im Tier-Werden Kafkas aufzuzeigen, die mit dem unerziehbaren Dachs abbricht, aber damit nicht, wie man Kafka oft unterstellt hat, im unentschiedenen Nichts landet, sondern einen Ausweg zeigt, mit dem man leben kann. Das hoffe ich zum Ende deutlich machen zu können.