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Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, zu einem vertieften und zusammenhängenden Verständnis von Taijiquan beizutragen, in der praktischen Rezeption in der westlichen Moderne. Ausgehend von der zunehmenden Popularität ostasiatischer Formen der Leibesübungen lässt sich die Frage formulieren, was allgemein von diesen Praktiken zu erwarten sein kann, welche Potentiale und Grenzen mit diesen verbunden sein können, für die individuelle Lebensführung, die soziale Praxis sowie spezifische Anwendungsfelder wie z.B. Schule, Sport oder Arbeit.
Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht eine qualitative empirische Studie, für die folgende forschungsleitende Fragen formuliert wurden:
1. Effekte und Erfahrungen: Welche Wirkungen bzw. Effekte verbinden Langzeitpraktizierende mit Taijiquan auf Basis ihrer Erfahrungen?
2. Hermeneutik: Welche Bedeutung, welchen Sinn schreiben Langzeitpraktizierende im Taijiquan ihrer Taijiquan-Praxis zu?
In zwei Erhebungsregionen wurden insgesamt 20 qualitative Interviews mit einer Dauer von je ca. 50 bis 100 Minuten geführt. Zentrales Rekrutierungskriterium war die individuelle Dauer der Taijiquan-Praxis (mindestens 3 Jahre).
Das Datenmaterial wurde in einem dreistufigen Verfahren analysiert:
1. zusammenfassende strukturierende inhaltsanalytische Auswertung mit Kategorienbildung,
2. hermeneutisch orientierte Analyse auf Basis einer multi-disziplinären Heuristik aus anthropologisch-philosophischen Konzepten, Ansätzen der Selbstkultivierung / Lebenskunst, leibphänomenologischen und körpersoziologischen Konzepten sowie Positionen der Sport- / Bewegungspädagogik,
3. phänomenologisch orientierte Analyse spezifischer Erfahrungsbereiche.
Die Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass Taijiquan vor allem in langjährigen Übungsbiographien (≥ 10 Jahre) als eine „leibhafte Lebenskunst“ verstanden werden kann: Die leiblich-transformatorischen Effekte und die Inkorporierung philosophischer Vorstellungen durchdringen Selbst und Lebenspraxis. Die Befragten erfahren in der Regel leibliche Zustandsveränderungen, die mit einem Wandel von Haltungs-, Wahrnehmungs- und Verhaltensmustern in Lebensvollzügen einhergehen.
Aus der Perspektive der westlichen Moderne erscheinen vor allem die empirischen Hinweise auf die Ausbildung eines selbstbewahrenden bzw. selbstökologischen Verhaltens, einer leiblichen Intelligenz sowie veränderter sozialer Interaktionsweisen relevant, weil hierin Potentiale zu sehen sind, die Aufgabe des Leibseins in modernen Gesellschaften zu unterstützen.
Gleichwohl bedürfen die Befunde einer vertieften kritischen Reflexion aus soziologischer, pädagogischer und ethischer Perspektive.
Zudem besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf, u.a. um (a) die Ergebnisse kurzfristiger bzw. weniger intensiver Praxen zu evaluieren, (b) weiterführende Vergleiche mit anderen Leibespraktiken sowie zum Sport bzw. westlich orientierten Bewegungskonzepten zu ermöglichen und (c) geeignete Programme zu identifizieren, die die Ausbildung von Selbstökologie und leiblicher Intelligenz in unterschiedlichen Handlungsfeldern unterstützen.
Dual-task paradigms encompass a broad range of approaches to measure cognitive load in instructional settings. As a common characteristic, an additional task is implemented alongside a learning task to capture the individual’s unengaged cognitive capacities during the learning process. Measures to determine these capacities are, for instance, reaction times and interval errors on the additional task, while the performance on the learning task is to be maintained. Opposite to retrospectively applied subjective ratings, the continuous assessment within a dual-task paradigm allows to simultaneously monitor changes in the performance related to previously defined tasks. Following the Cognitive Load Theory, these changes in performance correspond to cognitive changes related to the establishment of permanently existing knowledge structures. Yet the current state of research indicates a clear lack of standardization of dual-task paradigms over study settings and task procedures. Typically, dual-task designs are adapted uniquely for each study, albeit with some similarities across different settings and task procedures. These similarities range from the type of modality to the frequency used for the additional task. This results in a lack of validity and comparability between studies due to arbitrarily chosen patterns of frequency without a sound scientific base, potentially confounding variables, or undecided adaptation potentials for future studies. In this paper, the lack of validity and comparability between dual-task settings will be presented, the current taxonomies compared and the future steps for a better standardization and implementation discussed.
Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of psychological interventions to foster resilience. However, little is known about whether the cultural context in which resilience interventions are implemented affects their efficacy on mental health. Studies performed in Western (k = 175) and Eastern countries (k = 46) regarding different aspects of interventions (setting, mode of delivery, target population, underlying theoretical approach, duration, control group design) and their efficacy on resilience, anxiety, depressive symptoms, quality of life, perceived stress, and social support were compared. Interventions in Eastern countries were longer in duration and tended to be more often conducted in group settings with a focus on family caregivers. We found evidence for larger effect sizes of resilience interventions in Eastern countries for improving resilience (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28 to 0.67; p < 0.0001; 43 studies; 6248 participants; I2 = 97.4%). Intercultural differences should receive more attention in resilience intervention research. Future studies could directly compare interventions in different cultural contexts to explain possible underlying causes for differences in their efficacy on mental health outcomes.
It is important to understand the processes behind how and why individuals emerge as leaders, so that the best and most capable individuals may occupy leadership positions. So far, most literature in this area has focused on individual characteristics, such as personality or cognitive ability. While interactions between individuals and context do get research attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how the social context at work may help individuals to emerge as leaders. Such knowledge could make an important contribution toward getting the most capable, rather than the most dominant or narcissistic individuals, into leadership positions. In the present work, we contribute toward closing this gap by testing a mediation chain linking a leader's leader self-awareness to a follower's leadership emergence with two time-lagged studies (nstudy1 = 449, nstudy2 = 355). We found that the leader's leader self-awareness was positively related to (a) the follower's leadership emergence and (b) the follower's nomination for promotion and that both relationships were serially mediated by the follower's self-leadership and the follower's leader self-efficacy. We critically discuss our findings and provide ideas for future research.
A Corrigendum on Take a “Selfie”: Examining How Leaders Emerge From Leader Self-Awareness, Self-Leadership, and Self-Efficacy by Bracht, E. M., Keng-Highberger, F. T., Avolio, B. J., and Huang, Y. (2021). Front. Psychol. 12:635085. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635085 In the original article, there was an error. The Ethics Statement incorrectly stated that “Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.” A correction has been made to the Ethics Statement. The corrected statement is shown below. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Institutional Review Board (IRB-2020-04-004). The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.
Innovation is considered essential for today's organizations to survive and thrive. Researchers have also stressed the importance of leadership as a driver of followers' innovative work behavior (FIB). Yet, despite a large amount of research, three areas remain understudied: (a) The relative importance of different forms of leadership for FIB; (b) the mechanisms through which leadership impacts FIB; and (c) the degree to which relationships between leadership and FIB are generalizable across cultures. To address these lacunae, we propose an integrated model connecting four types of positive leadership behaviors, two types of identification (as mediating variables), and FIB. We tested our model in a global data set comprising responses of N = 7,225 participants from 23 countries, grouped into nine cultural clusters. Our results indicate that perceived LMX quality was the strongest relative predictor of FIB. Furthermore, the relationships between both perceived LMX quality and identity leadership with FIB were mediated by social identification. The indirect effect of LMX on FIB via social identification was stable across clusters, whereas the indirect effects of the other forms of leadership on FIB via social identification were stronger in countries high versus low on collectivism. Power distance did not influence the relations.
Systemic therapy considers the complex dynamics of relational factors and resources contributing to psychological symptoms. Negative maintaining factors have been well researched for people suffering from Alcohol-use Disorders (AUD). However, we know little about the complex dynamics of these negative factors and resources. We interviewed fifty-five participants suffering or fully remitted from Alcohol-use disorders in this cross-sectional study (M = 52 years; 33% female). The interviews focused on relational factors (e.g., social support and social negativity) referring to a Support Social Network and a Craving Social Network (CSN). The CSN included all significant others who were associated with craving situations. We compared the network characteristics of the group suffering from Alcohol-use Disorders (n = 38) to a fully remitted control group (n = 17). The abstinent group with full remission named on average fewer individuals in the CSNs. They had lower social negativity mean scores in the Support Social Network compared to the non-remitted group (d = 0.74). In the CSN, the mean scores of social support were significantly higher than the median for both groups (d = 2.50). These findings reveal the complex interplay of relational patterns contributing to the etiology, maintenance, and recovery from Alcohol-use disorders. A successful recovery can be linked to increased social resources and reduced relations associated with craving. However, craving-associated relations represent an important source of social support. Future research should investigate this ambivalence for the systemic perspective on the explanation and treatment of Alcohol-use disorders.
Humans accumulate knowledge throughout their entire lives. In what ways does this accumulation of knowledge influence learning of new information? Are there age-related differences in the way prior knowledge is leveraged for remembering new information? We review studies that have investigated these questions, focusing on those that have used the memory congruency effect, which provides a quantitative measure of memory advantage because of prior knowledge. Regarding the first question, evidence suggests that the accumulation of knowledge is a key factor promoting the development of memory across childhood and counteracting some of the decline in older age. Regarding the second question, evidence suggests that, if available knowledge is controlled for, age-related differences in the memory congruency effect largely disappear. These results point to an age-invariance in the way prior knowledge is leveraged for learning new information. Research on neural mechanisms and implications for application are discussed.
Background: This study investigated whether work ability is associated with the duration of unemployment, heart rate variability (HRV), and the level of physical activity. Methods: Thirty-four unemployed persons (mean 55.7 ± standard deviation 33.3 years, 22 female, 12 male, unemployed: range 1–22.5 years) participated in the cross-sectional study. The Work Ability Index (WAI) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were applied. Short-term (five minutes) resting HRV (Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), Total Power (TP)) was collected. Results: Work ability was positively associated with the HRV: LF (r = 0.383; p = 0.025), HF (r = 0.412; p = 0.015) and TP (r = 0.361; p = 0.036). The WAI showed a positive linear correlation with the amount of total physical activity (r = 0.461; p = 0.006) as well as with the amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity (r = 0.413; p = 0.015). No association between the WAI and the duration of unemployment occurred. Conclusions: the relation between self-perceived work ability, health-associated parameters, the HRV and the level of physical activity points out the relevance of health-care exercise and the need of stress-reducing interventions to improve perceived work ability. Our results point out the need for the further and more holistic development of healthcare for the unemployed.