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Institute
Hintergrund: Das Kindesalter wurde bei der Entwicklung von wirksamen Präventions- und Interventionsprogrammen bei Computerspiel- und Internetabhängigkeit bisher kaum berücksichtigt. PROTECTdissonanz wurde daher als 1-stündiges dissonanzbasiertes universelles Primärpräventionsprogramm für die Klassenstufe 5 konzipiert. Die vorliegende Pilotstudie überprüft die unmittelbaren Effekte der Dissonanzinduktion auf die Einstellung zum Gaming. Methodik: In einem einarmigen A+B-Design mit drei Messzeitpunkten (T0, T1, T2) wurde die Einstellung zum Gaming anhand des Gaming Attitude Test (GAT) erfasst. In die Baselinesequenz (Sequenz A, T0 bis T1, Teilstichprobe) wurden N = 83 Schüler_innen eingeschlossen (Alter: M = 10.27; SD = 0.48) und in die Interventionssequenz (Sequenz B, T1 bis T2, Gesamtstichprobe) N = 200 Schüler_innen (Alter: M = 10.24; SD = 0.47). Akzeptanz und Zufriedenheit wurden nach der Intervention erfasst. Ergebnisse: Hierarchisch lineare Wachstumsmodelle zeigten eine signifikante Reduktion der GAT-Symptome durch die Intervention, sowohl im Gesamtwert des GAT als auch auf der Subskala „Bagatellisierung negativer Konsequenzen“. Im natürlichen Verlauf (Baselinesequenz A) zeigten sich keine Veränderungen. Die Schüler_innen bewerteten PROTECTdissonanz zudem mit einer hohen Zufriedenheit. Schlussfolgerungen: Eine kurze, gezielte übung zur Dissonanzinduktion zeigt unmittelbare Effekte auf ein Einstellungsmaß zum Gaming. Zur Weiterverfolgung dieses vielversprechenden Ansatzes sollte in künftigen Studien untersucht werden, ob sich eine verringerte Bagatellisierung negativer Konsequenzen von Gaming im Sinne der kognitiven Dissonanztheorie auch tatsächlich in einer Verhaltensänderung widerspiegelt.
The strengths use scale: psychometric properties, longitudinal invariance and criterion validity
(2021)
Strengths use is an essential personal resource to consider when designing higher-educational programs and interventions. Strengths use is associated with positive outcomes for both the student (e.g., study engagement) and the university (e.g., academic throughput/performance). The Strengths Use Scale (SUS) has become a popular psychometric instrument to measure strengths use in educational settings, yet its use has been subjected to limited psychometric scrutiny outside of the U.S. Further, its longitudinal stability has not yet been established. Given the wide use of this instrument, the goals of this study were to investigate (a) longitudinal factorial validity and the internal consistency of the scale, (b) its equivalence over time, and (c) criterion validity through its relationship with study engagement over time. Data were gathered at two-time points, 3 months apart, from a sample of students in the Netherlands (n = 360). Longitudinal confirmatory factor analyses showed support for a two-factor model for overall strengths use, comprised of Affinity for Strengths and Strengths Use Behaviors. The SUS demonstrated high levels of internal consistency at both the lower- and upper bound limits at both time points. Further, strict longitudinal measurement invariance was established, which confirmed the instrument's temporal stability. Finally, criterion validity was established through relating strengths use to study engagement at different time stamps. These findings support the use of the SUS in practice to measure strengths use and to track the effectiveness of strengths use interventions within the higher education sector.
It is increasingly recognized that neuroscience has not delivered the revolutionary clinical possibilities for psychiatry that had been promised. Explanations differ, however: some proponents emphasize the divide between biopsychosocial psychiatry and mechanistic neurology. Others rely on further basic experimental neuroscience as only the most elementary level of explanation will allow us to fully understand and treat mental disorders. From a clinical-neuropsychological perspective, I shall argue that both views are mistaken. Diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases demands a biopsychosocial perspective similar to psychiatry. Acknowledging this might help to bring both disciplines together and improve clinical outcome.
As knowledge derived from scientific theory can be helpful for teachers to reflect on their everyday teaching, universities have the challenging task of teaching this knowledge in such a way that pre-service teachers are able to apply it to their later teaching. Case-based learning has emerged as a promising method to foster pre-service teachers’ scientific knowledge application throughout university teacher education. However, surprisingly, empirical evidence for its effectiveness as compared to more traditional instructional interventions in teacher education is still inconclusive, partly being due to constraints concerning the employed comparison groups. The present quasi-experimental study (conducted in the field of classroom management) investigated the effect of studying exactly the same theoretical content with and without text-based cases on scientific knowledge application (as measured by a vignette test) in a sample of 101 pre-service teachers. Although the study found a small advantage for the case-based learning group, it demonstrated that scientific knowledge application may also be effectively fostered in a more traditional instructional course. The findings and their implications are discussed against the background of cognitive theories on inert knowledge and how to prevent it in teacher education.
Um Unterricht durch digitale Medien lernwirksam gestalten zu können, sollten Lehrkräfte über die notwendigen Kompetenzen für einen didaktisch angemessenen und reflektieren Einsatz von Technologien verfügen. Neben der Verbesserung der technischen Infrastruktur an Schulen ist es daher notwendig, Lehrkräfte bei ihrer Professionalisierung zu unterstützen. Lehrkräfte an deutschen Schulen zeigen allerdings eine eher zurückhaltende Teilnahme an Fortbildungsangeboten zu digitalen Themen, was auf eine fehlende Passung zu den realen Bedarfen hinweisen kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich daher Präferenzen von Lehrkräften zu Inhalten und Gestaltungsmerkmalen von Fortbildungen zu digitalen Medien und berichtet dazu Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Gymnasiallehrkräften (N = 238). Um möglichst zielgruppenspezifische Ergebnisse zu erhalten, wurden über eine latente Profilanalyse mit Personenmerkmalen (technologisches und technologisch-pädagogisches Wissen, Selbstwirksamkeit, Mediennutzung) drei Profile identifiziert und im Hinblick auf ihre Präferenzen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine Vielfalt an thematischen Wünschen sowie auf die Notwendigkeit einer bedarfsgerechten Gestaltung von Fortbildungen hin. Abschließend werden zusammenfassende Empfehlungen zur Gestaltung von Lehrkräftefortbildungen zu digitalen Medien formuliert.
Background: This article reports reliability, validity, and norms for the German version of the multi-informant questionnaire Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits (ICU). Method: The ICU was filled in by nonreferred children aged 13 to 18 years old (n = 645), parents of children aged 6 to 18 years old (n = 1,005), and their teachers (n = 955). Results: Confirmatory factor analysis resulted in a two-factor solution giving the best fit. Still none of the models showed an adequate model-fit applying the chi-square exact fit test. The internal consistency of the parent’s, teacher’s, and self-report version were α = .830, α = .877 and α = .769, respectively. Interrater reliability was moderate. Convergent validity with the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory, the externalizing scores of the Youth Self-Report/Child Behavior Checklist, and with the German oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder Rating Scale “FBB-SSV” were good. German norms were calculated. Conclusions: The ICU is a reliable and valid dimensional measure to describe callous–unemotional traits.
The COVID-19 lockdown has significantly disrupted the higher education environment within the Netherlands and led to changes in available study-related resources and study demands of students. These changes in study resources and study demands, the uncertainty and confusion about educational activities, the developing fear and anxiety about the disease, and the implementation of the COVID-19 lockdown measures may have a significant impact on the mental health of students. As such, this study aimed to investigate the trajectory patterns, rate of change, and longitudinal associations between study resources–demands and mental health of 141 university students from the Netherlands before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. The present study employed a longitudinal design and a piecewise latent growth modeling strategy to investigate the changes in study resources and mental health over a 3 month period. The results showed that moderate levels of student resources significantly decreased before, followed by a substantial rate of increase during, lockdown. In contrast, study demands and mental health were reported to be moderate and stable throughout the study. Finally, the growth trajectories of study resources–demands and mental health were only associated before the lockdown procedures were implemented. Despite growing concerns relating to the negative psychological impact of COVID-19 on students, our study shows that the mental health during the initial COVID-19 lockdown remained relatively unchanged.
Background: Handball referees play an important role during a handball match. Surprisingly, not much is known about their sports-related injuries and resulting pain, therefore the purpose of our study was to focus on injuries and sports-related pain in referees in German handball leagues. Methods: During the 2018/19 national German handball season, referees of the German Federation of Handball (DHB) were contacted and asked to complete an injury and pain questionnaire on the penultimate matchday of the first and the second round of the season. Results: Seventy referees participated in the study. One in three referees reported an injury during the last year and perceived some form of pain. Of those suffering from pain, 16.7% referees reported chronic pain disorders. During the season, 31.4% of referees incurred an injury and the majority of the 70 referees officiated despite pain (n = 43). Prospectively-enrolled data suggested an incidence of 11.6 (95% CI: 10.3 to 13.0) injuries per 1000 match hours, and 19.0 (95% CI: 16.8 to 21.3) sports-related pain events per 1000 match hours. The most common injuries were foot and knee injuries and a substantial number of the referees (n = 25) reported taking analgesics for the pain. Conclusion: German handball referees are at risk of sports-related injuries with subsequent pain. Considering the injury profile, the incidence of sports-related pain events, and the high physiological demands of refereeing, it appears that prevention programs should be developed and integrated into the routine of the referee.
We wish to make the following correction to the published paper 'Effects of Transient Loss of Vision on Head and Eye Movements during Visual Search in a Virtual Environment'. We have identified a flaw in the implementation of a latency mitigation strategy for our gaze-contingent protocol written in Unity3D. As a result, the maximum latency is now estimated to be 30 ms instead of 15 ms, which should not affect any of the results originally published but should be noted for further reference.
We aimed to assess executive functioning in children after liver transplantation compared with healthy controls and in relation to real-life school performance using the PedsQLTM Cognitive Functioning Scale (CogPedsQL) and the Childrens’ Color Trail Test (CCTT). One hundred and fifty five children (78f, median age 10.4 (1.2–18.3) years) underwent testing with CogPedsQL and/or CCTT 4.9 (0.1–17.0) years after transplantation. Results were compared to those of 296 healthy children (165f, median age 10.0 (2.0–18.0) years). Liver transplanted children displayed significantly reduced scores for cogPedsQL and CCTT1&2 compared to healthy controls. Overall, school performance was lower in patients compared to controls. In both patients and controls, results of CCTT2 and CogPedsQL correlated strongly with school performance. In contrast to controls, school performance in patients correlated with the level of maternal but not paternal primary education degree (r = −0.21, p = 0.03). None of the patient CCTT or CogPedsQL test results correlated with parental school education. Conclusion: CogPedsQL and CCTT 1&2 were easily applicable in children after OLT and revealed reduced executive functioning compared to controls. Results reflect real life school performance. The association of parental education with school performance is reduced in transplanted children, which possibly indicates the overriding impact of transplant-associated morbidity on cognitive outcomes.
This software demonstration presents the possibilities for the construction, administration, and evaluation of criterion- referenced, computerized adaptive and nonadaptive tests with the R-based open-source KAT-HS app. This app enables users to apply the continuous item calibration strategy of Fink, Born, Spoden, and Frey (2018).
Feasibility of present-centered therapy for prolonged grief disorder: results of a pilot study
(2021)
Present-centered therapy (PCT) was originally developed as a strong comparator for the non-specific effects of psychotherapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. PCT qualifies as a not strictly supportive treatment as it is structured and homework is assigned between sessions. It does not focus on cognitive restructuring or exposure. A growing body of literature supports its beneficial effects. For example, it demonstrated only slightly inferior effect sizes and lower dropout rates compared to that of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy in several trials with patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. The current study is the first to evaluate the feasibility and the treatment effects of PCT in adults with prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Meta-analyses on psychotherapy for PGD have yielded moderate effect sizes. N = 20 individuals suffering from PGD were treated with PCT by novice therapists as part of a preparation phase for an upcoming RCT in an outpatient setting. Treatment consisted of 20–24 sessions á 50 min. All outcomes were assessed before treatment, at post-treatment, and at the 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome, PGD symptom severity, was assessed using the Interview for Prolonged Grief-13. Secondary outcomes were self-reported PGD severity, depression, general psychological distress, and somatic symptom severity. Furthermore, therapists evaluated their experiences with their first PCT patient and the treatment manual. In intent-to-treat analyses of all patients we found a significant decrease in interview-based PGD symptom severity at post-treatment (d = 1.26). Decreases were maintained up to the 3-month follow-up assessment (d = 1.25). There were also significant decreases in self-reported PGD symptoms, depression, and general psychological distress. No changes were observed for somatic symptoms. The completion rate was 85%. Therapists deemed PCT to be a learnable treatment program that can be adapted to the patient's individual needs. The preliminary results of PCT as a treatment for PGD demonstrate large effects and indicate good feasibility in outpatient settings. The treatment effects were larger than those reported in meta-analyses. Thus, PCT is a promising treatment for PGD. Possible future research directions are discussed.
Working memory capacity (WMC) and fluid intelligence (Gf) are highly correlated, but what accounts for this relationship remains elusive. Process-overlap theory (POT) proposes that the positive manifold is mainly caused by the overlap of domain-general executive processes which are involved in a battery of mental tests. Thus, executive processes are proposed to explain the relationship between WMC and Gf. The current study aims to (1) achieve a relatively purified representation of the core executive processes including shifting and inhibition by a novel approach combining experimental manipulations and fixed-links modeling, and (2) to explore whether these executive processes account for the overlap between WMC and Gf. To these ends, we reanalyzed data of 215 university students who completed measures of WMC, Gf, and executive processes. Results showed that the model with a common factor, as well as shifting and inhibition factors, provided the best fit to the data of the executive function (EF) task. These components explained around 88% of the variance shared by WMC and Gf. However, it was the common EF factor, rather than inhibition and shifting, that played a major part in explaining the common variance. These results do not support POT as underlying the relationship between WMC and Gf.
Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass auch Frauen sexuellen Kindesmissbrauch begehen und somit eine potentielle Gefahr für das Kindeswohl darstellen können. Aus Deutschland liegen bisher nur regionale oder Studien mit geringer Stichprobengröße vor. Die vorliegende Studie verfolgt das Ziel, eine umfassende Bestandserhebung des sexuellen Kindesmissbrauchs durch Frauen in Deutschland zu dokumentieren. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden zum ersten Mal bundesweit Strafakten von 465 pädokriminellen Frauen ausgewertet, die in den letzten 30 Jahren nach §§174, 176, 180 oder 182 des StGB verurteilt wurden. Die standardisierte Analyse umfasst 185 Variablen und 54 selbst definierte Skalen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine pädokriminelle Frau durchschnittlich 33 Jahre alt ist, zumeist in einer Ehe in einer Kleinstadt lebt und häufig keiner beruflichen Tätigkeit nachgeht. Sie ist eine Mittäterin, handelt überwiegend aus Abhängigkeit zu ihrem männlichen Komplizen heraus, zu dem sie eine intime Beziehung pflegt und missbraucht mehrheitlich weibliche Opfer (Verhältnis fast 2:1). Beinahe die Hälfte der 614 Opfer, zu denen Informationen vorlagen, waren leibliche Kinder der Täterinnen und rund jedes sechste Kind stammte vom männlichen Mittäter.