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Lifestyle interventions, including meal replacement, are effective in the prevention and treatment of type-2-diabetes and obesity. Since insulin is the key weight regulator, we hypothesised that the addition of meal replacement to a lifestyle intervention reduces insulin levels more effectively than lifestyle intervention alone. In the international multicentre randomised controlled ACOORH (Almased Concept against Overweight and Obesity and Related Health Risk) trial, overweight or obese persons who meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome (n = 463) were randomised into two groups. Both groups received nutritional advice focusing on carbohydrate restriction and the use of telemonitoring devices. The intervention group substituted all three main meals per day in week 1, two meals per day in weeks 2–4, and one meal per day in weeks 5–26 with a protein-rich, low-glycaemic meal replacement. Data were collected at baseline and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. All datasets providing insulin data (n = 446) were included in this predefined subanalysis. Significantly higher reductions in insulin (−3.3 ± 8.7 µU/mL vs. −1.6 ± 9.8 µU/mL), weight (−6.1 ± 5.2 kg vs. −3.2 ± 4.6 kg), and inflammation markers were observed in the intervention group. Insulin reduction correlated with weight reduction and the highest amount of weight loss (−7.6 ± 4.9 kg) was observed in those participants with an insulin decrease > 2 µU/mL. These results underline the potential for meal replacement-based lifestyle interventions in diabetes prevention, and measurement of insulin levels may serve as an indicator for adherence to carbohydrate restriction.
Simple Summary: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous disease. Clinical phenotypes of frequent mutations and their impact on patient outcome are well established. However, the role of rare mutations often remains elusive. We retrospectively analyzed 1529 newly diagnosed and intensively treated AML patients for mutations of BCOR and BCORL1. We report a distinct co-mutational pattern that suggests a role in disease progression rather than initiation, especially affecting mechanisms of DNA-methylation. Further, we found loss-of-function mutations of BCOR to be independent markers of poor outcomes in multivariable analysis. Therefore, loss-of-function mutations of BCOR need to be considered for AML management, as they may influence risk stratification and subsequent treatment allocation.
Abstract: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by recurrent genetic events. The BCL6 corepressor (BCOR) and its homolog, the BCL6 corepressor-like 1 (BCORL1), have been reported to be rare but recurrent mutations in AML. Previously, smaller studies have reported conflicting results regarding impacts on outcomes. Here, we retrospectively analyzed a large cohort of 1529 patients with newly diagnosed and intensively treated AML. BCOR and BCORL1 mutations were found in 71 (4.6%) and 53 patients (3.5%), respectively. Frequently co-mutated genes were DNTM3A, TET2 and RUNX1. Mutated BCORL1 and loss-of-function mutations of BCOR were significantly more common in the ELN2017 intermediate-risk group. Patients harboring loss-of-function mutations of BCOR had a significantly reduced median event-free survival (HR = 1.464 (95%-Confidence Interval (CI): 1.005–2.134), p = 0.047), relapse-free survival (HR = 1.904 (95%-CI: 1.163–3.117), p = 0.01), and trend for reduced overall survival (HR = 1.495 (95%-CI: 0.990–2.258), p = 0.056) in multivariable analysis. Our study establishes a novel role for loss-of-function mutations of BCOR regarding risk stratification in AML, which may influence treatment allocation.
Diabetes mellitus is the fifth most common cause of death worldwide. Due to its chronic nature, diabetes is a debilitating disease for the patient and a relevant cost for the national health system. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes mellitus (90% of cases) and is characteristically multifactorial, with both genetic and environmental causes. Diabetes patients display a significant increase in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to the rest of the population. This is associated with increased blood clotting, which results in circulatory complications and vascular damage. Platelets are circulating cells within the vascular system that contribute to hemostasis. Their increased tendency to activate and form thrombi has been observed in diabetes mellitus patients (i.e., platelet hyperactivity). The oxidative damage of platelets and the function of pro-oxidant enzymes such as the NADPH oxidases appear central to diabetes-dependent platelet hyperactivity. In addition to platelet hyperactivity, endothelial cell damage and alterations of the coagulation response also participate in the vascular damage associated with diabetes. Here, we present an updated interpretation of the molecular mechanisms underlying vascular damage in diabetes, including current therapeutic options for its control.
Quantitative MRI allows to probe tissue properties by measuring relaxation times and may thus detect subtle changes in tissue composition. In this work we analyzed different relaxation times (T1, T2, T2* and T2′) and histological features in 321 samples that were acquired from 25 patients with newly diagnosed IDH wild-type glioma. Quantitative relaxation times before intravenous application of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA), T1 relaxation time after GBCA as well as the relative difference between T1 relaxation times pre-to-post GBCA (T1rel) were compared with histopathologic features such as the presence of tumor cells, cell and vessel density, endogenous markers for hypoxia and cell proliferation. Image-guided stereotactic biopsy allowed for the attribution of each tissue specimen to its corresponding position in the respective relaxation time map. Compared to normal tissue, T1 and T2 relaxation times and T1rel were prolonged in samples containing tumor cells. The presence of vascular proliferates was associated with higher T1rel values. Immunopositivity for lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) involved slightly longer T1 relaxation times. However, low T2′ values, suggesting high amounts of deoxyhemoglobin, were found in samples with elevated vessel densities, but not in samples with increased immunopositivity for LDHA. Taken together, some of our observations were consistent with previous findings but the correlation of quantitative MRI and histologic parameters did not confirm all our pathophysiology-based assumptions.
Olfactory self-assessments have been analyzed with often negative but also positive conclusions about their usefulness as a surrogate for sensory olfactory testing. Patients with nasal polyposis have been highlighted as a well-predisposed group for reliable self-assessment. In a prospective cohort of n = 156 nasal polyposis patients, olfactory threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification were tested using the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test battery, along with self-assessments of olfactory acuity on a numerical rating scale with seven named items or on a 10-point scale with only the extremes named. Apparent highly significant correlations in the complete cohort proved to reflect the group differences in olfactory diagnoses of anosmia (n = 65), hyposmia (n = 74), and normosmia (n = 17), more than the true correlations of self-ratings with olfactory test results, which were mostly very weak. The olfactory self-ratings correlated with a quality of life score, however, only weakly. By contrast, olfactory self-ratings proved as informative in assigning the categorical olfactory diagnosis. Using an olfactory diagnostic instrument, which consists of a mapping rule of two numerical rating scales of one’s olfactory function to the olfactory functional diagnosis based on the “Sniffin’ Sticks” clinical test battery, the diagnoses of anosmia, hyposmia, or normosmia could be derived from the self-ratings at a satisfactorily balanced accuracy of about 80%. It remains to be seen whether this approach of translating self-assessments into olfactory diagnoses of anosmia, hyposmia, and normosmia can be generalized to other clinical cohorts in which olfaction plays a role.
Objective: Current literature debates the role of newly developed three-dimensional (3D) Exoscopes in the daily routine of neurosurgical practice. So far, only a small number of cadaver lab studies or case reports have examined the novel Aesculap Aeos Three-Dimensional Robotic Digital Microscope. This study aims to evaluate the grade of satisfaction and intraoperative handling of this novel system in neurosurgery. Methods: Nineteen neurosurgical procedures (12 cranial, 6 spinal and 1 peripheral nerve) performed over 9 weeks using the Aeos were analyzed. Ten neurosurgeons of varying levels of training were included after undergoing device instruction and training. Following every surgery, a questionnaire consisting of 43 items concerning intraoperative handling was completed. The questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: No intraoperative complications occurred. Surgical satisfaction was ranked high (78.95%). In total, 84.21% evaluated surgical ergonomics as satisfactory, while 78.95% of the surgeons would like to use this system frequently. Image quality, independent working zoom function and depth of field were perceived as suboptimal by several neurosurgeons. Conclusion: The use of Aeos is feasible and safe in microsurgical procedures, and surgical satisfaction was ranked high among most neurosurgeons in our study. The system might offer advanced ergonomic conditions in comparison to conventional ocular-based microscopes.
Advanced stage metastatic prostate cancer with extensive bone marrow involvement is associated with a high risk of therapy-induced myelotoxicity and unfavorable outcomes. The role of salvage radioligand therapy (RLT) with 177Lu-PSMA-617 in this subset of patients remains to be further elucidated. Forty-five patients with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and diffuse bone marrow involvement were treated with repeated cycles of RLT after having exhausted standard treatment options. A mean treatment activity of 7.4 ± 1.4 GBq 177Lu-PSMA-617 was administered in a median of four treatment cycles (IQR 2-6) and the mean cumulative activity was 32.6 ± 20.1 GBq. After two RLT cycles, ≥50% PSA decline was observed in 25/45 (56%) patients and imaging-based partial remission (PR) was observed in 18/45 (40%) patients. Median imaging-based progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.4 mo (95% CI, 3.0–9.8) and the median overall survival (OS) was 10.2 months (95% CI, 7.2–12.8). The biochemical response translated into a significantly prolonged PFS (12.9 vs. 2.8 mo, p < 0.001) and OS (13.5 vs. 6.7 mo, p < 0.001). Patients with PR on interim imaging after two cycles had a longer median OS compared to patients with stable or progressive disease (15.5 vs. 7.1 mo, p < 0.001). Previous taxane-based chemotherapy (HR 3.21, 95%CI 1.18–8.70, p = 0.02) and baseline LDH levels (HR 1.001, 95%CI 1.000–1.001, p = 0.04) were inversely associated with OS on a Cox-regression analysis. Grade ≥ 3 hematological decline was observed after 22/201 (11%) cycles with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in 15/45 (33%), 6/45 (13%) and 8/45 (18%) patients, respectively. Cumulative treatment activity and absorbed whole-body dose were not correlated with new onset grade ≥ 3 hematotoxicity (p = 0.91, p = 0.69). No event of grade ≥ 3 chronic kidney disease was observed during RLT or the follow-up. Last line RLT with 177Lu-PSMA-617 in mCRPC patients with diffuse bone marrow involvement may thus contribute to prolonged disease control at an acceptable safety profile.
Aim of the study: This RCT assesses patients’ 18-month clinical outcomes after the regenerative therapy of periimplantitis lesions using either an electrolytic method (EC) to remove biofilms or a combination of powder spray and an electrolytic method (PEC). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients (24 implants) suffering from periimplantitis were randomly treated by EC or PEC followed by augmentation and submerged healing. Probing pocket depth (PPD), Bleeding on Probing (BoP), suppuration, and standardized radiographs were assessed before surgery (T0), 6 months after augmentation (T1), and 6 (T2) and 12 (T3) months after the replacement of the restoration. Results: The mean PPD changed from 5.8 ± 1.6 mm (T0) to 3.1 ± 1.4 mm (T3). While BoP and suppuration at T0 were 100%, BoP decreased at T2 to 36.8% and at T3 to 35.3%. Suppuration was found to be at a level of 10.6% at T2 and 11.8% at T3. The radiologic bone level measured from the implant shoulder to the first visible bone to the implant contact was 4.9 ± 1.9 mm at mesial sites and 4.4 ± 2.2 mm at distal sites at T0 and 1.7 ± 1.7 mm and 1.5 ± 17 mm at T3. Conclusions: Significant radiographic bone fill and the improvement of clinical parameters were demonstrated 18 months after therapy.
Throughout life, macrophages are located in every tissue of the body, where their main roles are to phagocytose cellular debris and recycle aging red blood cells. In the tissue niche, they promote homeostasis through trophic, regulatory, and repair functions by responding to internal and external stimuli. This in turn polarizes macrophages into a broad spectrum of functional activation states, also reflected in their iron-regulated gene profile. The fast adaptation to the environment in which they are located helps to maintain tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions.
Osteoarthritis: novel molecular mechanisms increase our understanding of the disease pathology
(2021)
Although osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal condition that causes significant health and social problems worldwide, its exact etiology is still unclear. With an aging and increasingly obese population, OA is becoming even more prevalent than in previous decades. Up to 35% of the world’s population over 60 years of age suffers from symptomatic (painful, disabling) OA. The disease poses a tremendous economic burden on the health-care system and society for diagnosis, treatment, sick leave, rehabilitation, and early retirement. Most patients also experience sleep disturbances, reduced capability for exercising, lifting, and walking and are less capable of working, and maintaining an independent lifestyle. For patients, the major problem is disability, resulting from joint tissue destruction and pain. So far, there is no therapy available that effectively arrests structural deterioration of cartilage and bone or is able to successfully reverse any of the existing structural defects. Here, we elucidate novel concepts and hypotheses regarding disease progression and pathology, which are relevant for understanding underlying the molecular mechanisms as a prerequisite for future therapeutic approaches. Emphasis is placed on topographical modeling of the disease, the role of proteases and cytokines in OA, and the impact of the peripheral nervous system and its neuropeptides.
Background and Purpose: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a frequent side effect associated with radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer (PCa). Some studies have showed the benefit associated with preoperative sexual rehabilitation (prehabilitation) and Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for RP, but no clear clinical recommendations are available yet. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review on sexual prehabilitation prior to RP for patients with a localized PCa and analyze the impact on postoperative sexual health compared with the standard post-operative care.
Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) recommendations.
Results: Four randomized control trials and one retrospective comparative study were included in the analyses. Three of the five studies showed an improved EF recovery post-RP in the prehabilitation group compared to the standard of care represented by: higher International Index of Erectile Function 5 score (IIEF5) or IIEF score (p < 0.0001) and a higher percentage of patients reporting return of EF based on the Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP) (56 vs. 24%, p = 0.007). Self-confidence, therapeutic alliance, and adherence to treatment were stronger for patients with preoperative consultations (p < 0.05) and EF recovery was better in cases of a higher number of follow-up visits (OR 4–5 visits vs. 1:12.19, p = 0.002).
Discussion: Despite heterogenous methods and high risks of bias in this systematic review, starting sexual rehabilitation prior to surgery seems to ensure better EF recovery. This prehabilitation should include information of both the patient and his or her partner, with a closer follow up and the use of a multimodal treatment approach that still remains to be defined and validated (oral medication, vacuum devices, pelvic floor muscle training, etc.).
Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of mental distress in patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer, the cancer-information search behavior, and the influence of information seeking on distress. Methods: One hundred and one bladder cancer patients answered 2 established questionnaires (“Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale” [HADS] and the “Fragebogen zur Belastung von Krebskranken” [FBK-R23]) for evaluation of mental distress and a self-developed questionnaire with questions concerning information seeking and socioeconomic facts. Results: Regarding risk group stratification, 57.4% were classified as high-risk and 42.6% as low-risk tumor-bearing patients. Analysis of mental distress showed that 23.2% had a score above the HADS-A cutoff, 25.3% above the HADS-D cutoff, and 21.4% showed a pathologic FBK-R23 score. Overall, 75% felt well informed about their illness. Risk group stratification did not correlate with HADS-A, HADS-D, or FBK-R23 score. Furthermore, active search for information or the use of the Internet did not correlate with the HADS-A, HADS-D, or FBK-R23 score. However, the quality of the urologist’s information and the feeling of being informed correlated with the grade of mental distress. Conclusion: Besides the treatment of bladder cancer, informing the patient about the disease in a psychologically wholesome manner and working together with psycho-oncologically trained psychologists are essential tasks for the treating urologist.
Einfluss eines Erste-Hilfe-Kurses für Medizinstudierende auf notfallmedizinische Basiskompetenzen
(2021)
Medizinstudierende sind bereits in der Vorklinik häufig mit Situationen konfrontiert, in denen medizinische Notfälle passieren, die unter anderem wegen der Lage des Universitätscampus und den damit verbundenen Kontakt zu Patientinnen und Patienten oder in den Pflegepraktika. Tritt in diesen Situationen ein medizinischer Notfall ein, müssen sie Erste Hilfe leisten können. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist daher die Erfassung notfallmedizinischer Basiskompetenzen von Medizinstudierenden der Vorklinik und die Frage, ob diese ausreichend sind, um den Anforderungen ihres Umfeldes gerecht zu werden. Des Weiteren wurde ein Erste-Hilfe-Kurs speziell für Vorklinikstudierende basierend auf dem ABCDE-Schema konzipiert, implementiert und evaluiert, ob die erfassten Kompetenzdefizite behoben werden konnten.
In einem Pre-Post-Design wurde die theoretische Kompetenz anhand eines 10 Items Multiple-Choice-Tests und die praktischen Kompetenzen anhand von 3 OSCE-/OSPE-Stationen (je 5 min) erfasst. Sowohl der MC-Test als auch die OSCE-/OSPE-Stationen wurden in Probeläufen getestet und überarbeitet. Soziodemographische Daten wurden mittels Fragebogen erhoben. Der entwickelte Kurs umfasst 9 UE (davon 6 UE praktische Übungen) in denen die zu erlernenden Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen strukturiert und in logischer Reihenfolge anhand des etablierten ABCDE-Schemas vermittelt werden. Jeweils 8 Teilnehmende werden von zwei geschulten Peer-Dozierenden unterrichtet. Im Anschluss an das Training erfolgte eine erneute Erhebung der theoretischen und praktischen Kompetenzen. Die Eingabe der Rohdaten erfolgte in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Inc., Redmond, WA, USA). Die weitere Auswertung erfolgte mittels SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
160 Studierende aus den ersten beiden Studienjahren konnten in die Studie eingeschlossen werden. Im Basis-Assessment demonstrierten nur 25% der Studierenden zwei Minuten lang eine suffiziente Kompression mit richtiger Frequenz und Drucktiefe, nur 29% überstreckten am Ende der Seitenlage den Kopf des Patienten und öffneten den Mund. Im Anschluss an das Training erzielten die Studierenden an allen OSCE/OSPE-Stationen signifikant bessere Ergebnisse: Bei der stabilen Seitenlage steigerten sie sich durchschnittlich um 5,3 Punkte (max. 14), bei der Reanimation um 6,8 Punkte (max. 18). Während sich vor dem Kurs 33% der Studierenden in der Lage fühlten, Wiederbelebungsmaßnahmen durchzuführen, waren dies nach dem Kurs 98%. Die Kursevaluation war durchweg positiv.
Die Erfassung notfallmedizinischer Basiskompetenzen von Medizinstudierenden der Vorklinik zeigte, dass diese nicht ausreichend geschult sind, um Notfallsituationen adäquat zu bewältigen. Vor diesem Hintergrund muss eine dem Anforderungsprofil entsprechende Ausbildung in Erster Hilfe bereits in der Vorklinik an der Universität gewährleistet werden. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mithilfe eines speziell auf Medizinstudierende ausgerichteten Erste-Hilfe-Kurs eine deutliche Steigerung notfallmedizinischer Basiskompetenzen erfolgen kann.
Trehalose, a sugar from fungi, mimics starvation due to a block of glucose transport and induces Transcription Factor EB- mediated autophagy, likely supported by the upregulation of progranulin. The pro-autophagy effects help to remove pathological proteins and thereby prevent neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Enhancing autophagy also contributes to the resolution of neuropathic pain in mice. Therefore, we here assessed the effects of continuous trehalose administration via drinking water using the mouse Spared Nerve Injury model of neuropathic pain. Trehalose had no effect on drinking, feeding, voluntary wheel running, motor coordination, locomotion, and open field, elevated plus maze, and Barnes Maze behavior, showing that it was well tolerated. However, trehalose reduced nerve injury-evoked nociceptive mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity as compared to vehicle. Trehalose had no effect on calcium currents in primary somatosensory neurons, pointing to central mechanisms of the antinociceptive effects. In IntelliCages, trehalose-treated mice showed reduced activity, in particular, a low frequency of nosepokes, which was associated with a reduced proportion of correct trials and flat learning curves in place preference learning tasks. Mice failed to switch corner preferences and stuck to spontaneously preferred corners. The behavior in IntelliCages is suggestive of sedative effects as a 'side effect' of a continuous protracted trehalose treatment, leading to impairment of learning flexibility. Hence, trehalose diet supplements might reduce chronic pain but likely at the expense of alertness.
Einleitung: OTSC Proctology ist ein Verfahren in der Analfistelchirurgie dessen Erfolgsaussichten auch 9 Jahre nach der ersten klinischen Anwendung nicht abschließend beurteilt werden können. Die wenigen bisher publizierten Studien zeigen sehr divergente Ergebnisse mit Heilungsraten von 10 bis 90%.
Material und Methoden: Wir führten eine retrospektive Auswertung der Behandlungsergebnisse aller konsekutiven Patienten, die in dem Zeitraum vom 01.03.2014 bis 31.03.2017 in der koloproktologischen Abteilung der DKD Helios Klinik Wiesbaden mittels OTSC-Verfahren wegen Analfisteln operiert wurden, durch. Erfasst wurden Alter, Geschlecht, OP- und Aufenthaltsdauer, Operateur, Fistelart und –lokalisation, Vorhandensein von Stoma und CED, plastischer Fistelverschluss (PFV) in der Anamnese, Clipverbleib nach der OP, Dauer des Follow-ups, Komplikationen sowie postoperative Schmerzsituation. Die Datenauswertung erfolgte mittels deskriptiver Statistik bei Subgruppenanalyse unter Verwendung der Statistiksoftware SPSS 20.
Ergebnisse: Es wurden insgesamt 68 Fälle eingeschlossen, davon 37% weiblich und 63% männlich. Das durchschnittliche Alter betrug 52 Jahre (25 – 81). 19 (28%) Patienten litten an CED, 11 (16%) Patienten hatten ein Stoma. 34 (50%) der Patienten hatten plastischen Fistelverschluss in der Anamnese. Die Verteilung nach Fisteltyp war wie folgt: 58 (85%) transsphinktär, 4 (6%) suprasphinktär, 3 (4%) intersphinktär, 1 (1,5%) rektovaginal, 1 (1,5%) rektourethral und 1 (1,5%) Pouchfistel. Die häufigsten Fistelokalisationen waren bei 6 h (N = 26, 38%), 12 h (N = 14, 21%), 7 h (N = 7, 10%) und 3h (N = 5, 7%) SSL. Die durchschnittlichen OP-Dauer und stationärer Aufenthalt betrugen 25 min (6 – 90) und 7 Tage (1 – 14 Tage) entsprechend. Die durchschnittliche Dauer des Follow-ups betrug 29 Monate (10 – 36).
Die Fistelheilung im Gesamtkollektiv lag bei 48,5%, 1 (1,5%) Patient war lost-tofollow-up. In der weiblichen (N = 25) und männlichen (N = 43) Kohorte fand die Heilung in 40% und 53% der Fälle entsprechend statt. Die Heilungsraten bei intersphinktären (N = 3), transsphinktären (N = 58) und suprasphinktären (N = 4) Fisteln lagen bei 100%, 46,5% und 50% entsprechend, eine rektovaginale und eine rektourethrale Fistel sind nicht geheilt. Eine Pouchfistel ist geheilt.
Die Heilungsraten bei 6h und 12h SSL lagen bei 58% und 14% entsprechend mit deutlichem Vorteil bei posteriorer Fistellage. Dieser Vorteil blieb nach der Aufteilung der Fisteln in anteriore (N = 30) und posteriore (N = 38), mit
Heilungsraten von 33% und 60,5% entsprechend, bestehen. In den Subgruppen ohne CED (N = 49) und mit CED (N = 19) lagen die Heilungsraten bei 53% und 35% entsprechend. In den Subgruppen ohne PFV (N = 34) und mit PFV (N = 34) lagen die Heilungsraten bei 59% und 38% entsprechend. In der Subgruppe ohne Stoma (N = 57) wurde eine Heilung in 47% der Fälle, in der Subgruppe mit Stoma (N = 11) in 55% beobachtet. In der Subgruppe mit den kryploglandulären Fisteln (N = 47) war die Heilung in 55,3% zu sehen und in der Subgruppe mit
kryptoglandulären Fisteln ohne PFV (N = 27) bei 63%.
In 48 (70,6%) Fällen wurde der Clip aktiv entfernt, in 11 (16,2%) Fällen kam es zum Spontanverlust und in 8 (11,8%) Fällen blieb der Clip in situ. Die durchschnittliche Zeit bis zur Klammerentfernung betrug 4 Monate. Die Heilungsraten bei Clipentfernung, Clipverbleib und Clipspontanabgang lagen bei 42%, 100% und 45% entsprechend.
Der maximale Schmerz nach NRS 0 – 2 bei 61% der Patienten, NRS 3 – 4 bei 28% und NRS 5 – 7 nur bei 11%. Bei 50% der Fälle war kein Opiat erforderlich und bei 39% der Fälle erfolgte die Opiateinnahme nicht länger als 2 Tage.
Die Komplikationen waren sehr selten: eine Nachblutung mit Clipdislokation (1,5%), ein Analabszess (1,5%), 2 Fälle (3%) der neuaufgetretenen Stuhlschmieren und 1 (1,5%) Wundheilungsstörung intraanal, die spontan abheilte. In 4 (6%) Fällen kam es zur Klammerdislokation vom inneren
Fistelostium mit konsekutiver Fistelpersistenz.
Fazit: OTSC ist ein komplikationsarmes und schmerzarmes Verfahren mit kurzer OP-Zeit und könnte einen festen Platz in der Analfistelchirurgie einnehmen. Die bestmöglichen Ergebnisse lassen sich bei dorsal gelegenen Analfisteln in
nichtvoroperierten Patienten ohne CED erzielen.
In humans, alterations of circadian rhythms and autophagy are linked to metabolic, cardiovascular and neurological dysfunction. Autophagy constitutes a specific form of cell recycling in many eukaryotic cells. Aging is the principal risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we assume that both the circadian clock and autophagy are indispensable to counteract aging. We have previously shown that the hippocampus of Per1−/−-mice exhibits a reduced autophagy and higher neuronal susceptibility to ischemic insults compared to wild type (WT). Therefore, we chose to study the link between aging and loss of clock gene Per1−/−-mice. Young and aged C3H- and Per1−/−-mice were used as models to analyze the hippocampal distribution of Aβ42, lipofuscin, presenilin, microglia, synaptophysin and doublecortin. We detected several changes in the hippocampus of aged Per1−/−-mice compared to their wild type littermates. Our results show significant alterations of microglia morphology, an increase in Aβ42 deposition, overexpression of presenilin, decrease in synaptophysin levels and massive accumulation of lipofuscin in the hippocampus of 24-month-old Per1−/−-mice, without alteration of adult neurogenesis. We suggest that the marked lipofuscin accumulation, Aβ42 deposition, and overexpression of presenilin-2 observed in our experiments may be some of the consequences of the slowed autophagy in the hippocampus of aged Per1−/−-mice. This may lead during aging to excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins which may, consequently, result in higher neuronal vulnerability.
The group of proton-sensing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) consists of the four receptors GPR4, TDAG8 (GPR65), OGR1 (GPR68), and G2A (GPR132). These receptors are cellular sensors of acidification, a property that has been attributed to the presence of crucial histidine residues. However, the pH detection varies considerably among the group of proton-sensing GPCRs and ranges from pH of 5.5 to 7.8. While the proton-sensing GPCRs were initially considered to detect acidic cellular environments in the context of inflammation, recent observations have expanded our knowledge about their physiological and pathophysiological functions and many additional individual and unique features have been discovered that suggest a more differentiated role of these receptors in health and disease. It is known that all four receptors contribute to different aspects of tumor biology, cardiovascular physiology, and asthma. However, apart from their overlapping functions, they seem to have individual properties, and recent publications identify potential roles of individual GPCRs in mechanosensation, intestinal inflammation, oncoimmunological interactions, hematopoiesis, as well as inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Here, we put together the knowledge about the biological functions and structural features of the four proton-sensing GPCRs and discuss the biological role of each of the four receptors individually. We explore all currently known pharmacological modulators of the four receptors and highlight potential use. Finally, we point out knowledge gaps in the biological and pharmacological context of proton-sensing GPCRs that should be addressed by future studies.
Exogenous adenosine and its metabolite inosine exert anti-inflammatory effects in synoviocytes of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. We analyzed whether these cells are able to synthesize adenosine/inosine and which adenosine receptors (ARs) contribute to anti-inflammatory effects. The functionality of synthesizing enzymes and ARs was tested using agonists/antagonists. Both OA and RA cells expressed CD39 (converts ATP to AMP), CD73 (converts AMP to adenosine), ADA (converts adenosine to inosine), ENT1/2 (adenosine transporters), all AR subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B and A3) and synthesized predominantly adenosine. The CD73 inhibitor AMPCP significantly increased IL-6 and decreased IL-10 in both cell types, while TNF only increased in RA cells. The ADA inhibitor DAA significantly reduced IL-6 and induced IL-10 in both OA and RA cells. The A2AAR agonist CGS 21680 significantly inhibited IL-6 and induced TNF and IL-10 only in RA, while the A2BAR agonist BAY 60-6583 had the same effect in both OA and RA. Taken together, OA and RA synoviocytes express the complete enzymatic machinery to synthesize adenosine/inosine; however, mainly adenosine is responsible for the anti- (IL-6 and IL-10) or pro-inflammatory (TNF) effects mediated by A2A- and A2BAR. Stimulating CD39/CD73 with simultaneous ADA blockage in addition to TNF inhibition might represent a promising therapeutic strategy.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the bacterial viability of the initial biofilm on the surface of experimental modified dental resin composites. Twenty-five healthy individuals with good oral hygiene were included in this study. In a split-mouth design, they received acrylic splints with five experimental composite resin specimens. Four of them were modified with either a novel polymeric hollow-bead delivery system or methacrylated polymerizable Irgasan (Antibacterial B), while one specimen served as an unmodified control (ST). A delivery system based on Poly-Pore® was loaded with one of the active agents: Tego® Protect 5000 (Antiadhesive A), Dimethicone (Antiadhesive B), or Irgasan (Antibacterial A). All study subjects refrained from toothbrushing during the study period. Specimens were detached from the splints after 8 h and given a live/dead staining before fluorescence microscopy. A Friedman test and a post hoc Nemenyi test were applied with a significance level at p < 0.05. In summary, all materials but Antibacterial B showed a significant antibacterial effect compared to ST. The results suggested the role of the materials’ chemistry in the dominance of cell adhesion. In conclusion, dental resin composites with Poly-Pore-loaded active agents showed antibacterial effectiveness in situ.
Cancer is the major cause of death besides cardiovascular disease. Leukaemia represents the most prevalent malignancy in children with a frequency of 30 % and is one of the ten leading types of cancer in adults. Philadelphia Chromosome-positive B-ALL (Ph+ B-ALL) is driven by the cytogenetic aberration of the reciprocal chromosomal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11) leading to the formation of the Philadelphia chromosome with a BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. This fusion gene encodes a BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein which is characterized by a constitutively enhanced tyrosine kinase activity promoting amplified proliferation, differentiation arrest and resistance to cell death. Ph+ B-ALL is considered the most aggressive ALL subtype with a long-term survival rate in the range of only 30 % despite intensive standard of care including chemotherapy in combination with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation after remission for clinically fit patients.
The efficacy of chemotherapy has long been mainly attributed to tumour cell toxicity while immune modulating effects have been overlooked, especially in light of known immunosuppressive properties. Accumulative evidence, however, emphasizes the ability of chemotherapeutic agents, including TKIs, to normalise or re-educate a dysfunctional tumour microenvironment (TME) resulting in enhanced anti-tumour immunity. One of the underlying mechanisms of immune modulation is the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). ICD is an anti-tumour agent-induced cell death modality determined by the capacity to convert cancer cells into anti-cancer vaccines. The induction of ICD relies on the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from dying tumour cells succumbing to ICD. Translocation of CALR to the cell surface, extracellular secretion of ATP and release of HMGB1 from the nucleus are key hallmarks of ICD that mediate anti-tumour immunity upon binding to antigen presenting cells resulting in a tumour antigen-specific immune response. Besides these molecular determinants, ICD is functionally defined by the inhibition of tumour growth in a vaccination assay in which mice are injected with tumour cells exposed to the potential ICD inducer in-vitro and then re-challenged with live tumour cells of the same cancer type. Both molecular and functional criteria determine the gold standard approach to assess ICD. By increasing the immunogenicity of cancer cells, ICD contributes to the restoration of immunosurveillance as an essential feature of tumour rejection, which is clinically reflected by improved therapeutic efficacy and disease outcome in patients. Therefore, identifying novel ICD inducers is an objective of interest in the context of cancer therapy.
In respect of these considerations, the aim addressed in the present work is the examination of the second-generation TKI Nilotinib for the ability to induce ICD. The thesis is set in the context of the group's research on the role of Gas6/TAM signalling within the TME regarding the pathogenesis of acute leukaemia. In in-vivo experiments of our research group it has been consistently observed that the use of Nilotinib enhances the anti-leukaemic immunity mediated by a deletion of Gas6. Against the background of increasing importance of chemotherapeutic agents as potent modulators of a dysregulated TME, it was hypothesized that Nilotinib may synergize with a Gas6-deficient environment by inducing ICD in Ph+ B-ALL cells.
In growth inhibition and Annexin V/Propidium iodide cell death assays Nilotinib was shown to induce cell death in concentration-dependent manner that occurs bimodally in terms of cell death modality ranging between apoptosis and necrosis. By ICD marker analysis, comprising flow-cytometric detection of CALR exposure, chemoluminescence-based ATP measurement and immunoblotting for HMGB1, it was found that Nilotinib-induced cell death is not accompanied by CALR exposure and ATP secretion, but is associated with the release of HMGB1. In macrophages co-culture experiments with Nilotinib-treated leukaemic cells, no relevant shift in terms of macrophages activation and polarisation was observed in either a juxtacrine or paracrine setup. In consistency with the results obtained in the in-vitro experiments, Nilotinib was not potent to elicit a protective immune response in mice within a vaccination assay.
Conclusively, Nilotinib was identified to not qualify as bona fide ICD inducer. The role of Nilotinib-induced cell death and HMGB1 release are proposed as objective for further investigation concerning the synergistic interplay between Nilotinib and a Gas6-deficient environment. Efforts addressing exploration and optimisation of the immunological potential of chemotherapeutic agents are a promising approach aimed at providing cancer patients with the best possible treatment in future.
Purpose This study aims to define the extent of additional surgical procedures after abdominal wall closure (AWC) in patients with gastroschisis (GS) and omphalocele (OC) with special focus on gastrointestinal related operations. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed including all operations in GS and OC patients in the first year after AWC (2010–2019). The risk for surgery was calculated using the one-year cumulative incidence (CI). Results 33 GS patients (18 simple GS, 15 complex) and 24 OC patients (12 without (= OCL), 12 OC patients with liver pro-trusion (= OCL +)) were eligible for analysis. 43 secondary operations (23 in GS, 20 in OC patients) occurred after a median time of 84 days (16–824) in GS and 114.5 days (12–4368) in OC. Patients with complex versus simple GS had a significantly higher risk of undergoing a secondary operation (one-year CI 64.3% vs. 24.4%; p = 0.05). 86.5% of surgical procedures in complex GS and 36.3% in OCL + were related to gastrointestinal complications. Complex GS had a significantly higher risk for GI-related surgery than simple GS. Bowel obstruction was a risk factor for surgery in complex GS (one-year CI 35.7%). Conclusion Complex GS and OCL + patients had the highest risk of undergoing secondary operations, especially those with gastrointestinal complications
Background: Excessive alcohol intake is associated with adverse immune response-related effects, however, acute and chronic abuse differently modulate monocyte activation. In this study, we have evaluated the phenotypic and functional changes of monocytes in acutely intoxicated healthy volunteers (HV).
Methods: Twenty-two HV consumed individually adjusted amounts of alcoholic beverages until reaching a blood alcohol level of 1‰ after 4h (T4). Peripheral blood was withdrawn before and 2h (T2), 4h (T4), 6h (T6), 24h (T24), and 48h (T48) after starting the experiment and stained for CD14, CD16 and TLR4. CD14brightCD16-, CD14brightCD16+ and CD14dimCD16+ monocyte subsets and their TLR4 expression were analyzed by flow cytometry. Inflammasome activation via caspase-1 in CD14+ monocytes was measured upon an ex vivo in vitro LPS stimulation. Systemic IL-1β and adhesion capacity of isolated CD14+ monocytes upon LPS stimulation were evaluated.
Results: The percentage of CD14+ monocyte did not change following alcohol intoxication, whereas CD14brightCD16- monocyte subset significantly increased at T2 and T24, CD14brightCD16+ at T2, T4 and T6 and CD14dimCD16+ at T4 and T6. The relative fraction of TLR4 expressing CD14+ monocytes as well as the density of TLR4 surface presentation increased at T2 and decreased at T48 significantly. TLR4+CD14+ monocytes were significantly enhanced in all subsets at T2. TLR4 expression significantly decreased in CD14brightCD16- at T48, in CD14brightCD16+ at T24 and T48, increased in CD14dimCD16+ at T2. IL-1β release upon LPS stimulation decreased at T48, correlating with TLR4 receptor expression. Alcohol downregulated inflammasome activation following ex vivo in vitro stimulation with LPS between T2 and T48 vs. T0. The adhesion capacity of CD14+ monocytes decreased from T2 with significance at T4, T6 and T48. Following LPS administration, a significant reduction of adhesion was observed at T4 and T6.
Conclusions: Alcohol intoxication immediately redistributes monocyte subsets toward the pro-inflammatory phenotype with their subsequent differentiation into the anti-inflammatory phenotype. This is paralleled by a significant functional depression, suggesting an alcohol-induced time-dependent hyporesponsiveness of monocytes to pathogenic triggers.
Kinase fusions are considered oncogenic drivers in numerous types of cancer. In lung adenocarcinoma 5–10% of patients harbor kinase fusions. The most frequently detected kinase fusion involves the Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) and Echinoderm Microtubule-associated protein-Like 4 (EML4). In addition, oncogenic kinase fusions involving the tyrosine kinases RET and ROS1 are found in smaller subsets of patients. In this study, we employed quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics to define the cellular tyrosine phosphorylation patterns induced by different oncogenic kinase fusions identified in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. We show that exogenous expression of the kinase fusions in HEK 293T cells leads to widespread tyrosine phosphorylation. Direct comparison of different kinase fusions demonstrates that the kinase part and not the fusion partner primarily defines the phosphorylation pattern. The tyrosine phosphorylation patterns differed between ALK, ROS1, and RET fusions, suggesting that oncogenic signaling induced by these kinases involves the modulation of different cellular processes.
Traditional ergonomic risk assessment tools such as the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) are often not sensitive enough to evaluate well-optimized work routines. An implementation of kinematic data captured by inertial sensors is applied to compare two work routines in dentistry. The surgical dental treatment was performed in two different conditions, which were recorded by means of inertial sensors (Xsens MVN Link). For this purpose, 15 (12 males/3 females) oral and maxillofacial surgeons took part in the study. Data were post processed with costume written MATLAB® routines, including a full implementation of RULA (slightly adjusted to dentistry). For an in-depth comparison, five newly introduced levels of complexity of the RULA analysis were applied, i.e., from lowest complexity to highest: (1) RULA score, (2) relative RULA score distribution, (3) RULA steps score, (4) relative RULA steps score occurrence, and (5) relative angle distribution. With increasing complexity, the number of variables times (the number of resolvable units per variable) increased. In our example, only significant differences between the treatment concepts were observed at levels that are more complex: the relative RULA step score occurrence and the relative angle distribution (level 4 + 5). With the presented approach, an objective and detailed ergonomic analysis is possible. The data-driven approach adds significant additional context to the RULA score evaluation. The presented method captures data, evaluates the full task cycle, and allows different levels of analysis. These points are a clear benefit to a standard, manual assessment of one main body position during a working task.
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables that acts as a chemopreventive agent, but its mechanism of action is not clear. Due to antioxidative mechanisms being thought central in preventing cancer progression, SFN could play a role in oxidative processes. Since redox imbalance with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the initiation and progression of bladder cancer, this mechanism might be involved when chemoresistance occurs. This review summarizes current understanding regarding the influence of SFN on ROS and ROS-related pathways and appraises a possible role of SFN in bladder cancer treatment.
Background and Aims. Systemic treatment with sorafenib has been the standard of care (SOC) in patients with advanced Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage C hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for more than a decade. TACE has been reported to allow better local tumor control in selected patients with BCLC stage C HCC. Methods. A retrospective analysis of patients with BCLC stage C HCC that were treated with sorafenib and TACE was conducted; they were compared to BCLC stage C patients treated either with TACE or sorafenib in the same period of time outside a clinical trial. Results. A total of 201 patients with BCLC stage C were identified, who were treated with either sorafenib and TACE (group A; n = 54), sorafenib (group B; n = 82) or TACE (group C; n = 65). No significant difference in baseline characteristics was observed. Time to progression was 7.0 months (95% CI: 4.3–9.7), 4.1 months (95% CI: 3.6–4.7) and 5.0 months (95% CI: 2.9–7.1) in groups A, B and C, respectively, and overall survival was 16.5 months (95% CI: 15.0–18.1), 8.4 months (95% CI: 6.0–10.8) and 10.5 months (95% CI: 7.5–13.6), respectively (group A vs. group B: p < 0.001; group A vs. group C: p = 0.0023). Adverse events of grade 3/4 occurred in 34% of patients in group A. Conclusions. Although sorafenib is a SOC in patients with BCLC stage C HCC, TACE is frequently used as an additional locoregional treatment in selected patients. This combined approach resulted in a significant overall survival benefit in selected patients, although randomized trials have not yet proven this benefit.
Adapting movements rapidly to unanticipated external stimuli is paramount for athletic performance and to prevent injuries. We investigated the effects of a 4-week open-skill choice-reaction training intervention on unanticipated jump-landings. Physically active adults (n = 37; mean age 27, standard deviation 2.7 years, 16 females, 21 males) were randomly allocated to one of two interventions or a control group (CG). Participants in the two intervention groups performed a 4-week visuomotor open skill choice reaction training, one for the upper and one for the lower extremities. Before and after the intervention, two different types of countermovement jumps with landings in split stance position were performed. In the (1) pre-planned condition, we informed the participants regarding the landing position (left or right foot in front position) before the jump. In the (2) unanticipated condition, this information was displayed after take-off (350–600 ms reaction time before landing). Outcomes were landing stability [peak vertical ground reaction force (pGRF) and time to stabilization (TTS)], and landing-related decision-making quality (measured by the number of landing errors). To measure extremity-specific effects, we documented the number of correct hits during the trained drills. A two-factorial (four repeated measures: two conditions, two time factors; three groups) ANCOVA was carried out; conditions = unanticipated versus pre-planned condition, time factors = pre versus post measurement, grouping variable = intervention allocation, co-variates = jumping time and self-report arousal. The training improved performance over the intervention period (upper extremity group: mean of correct choice reaction hits during 5 s drill: +3.0 hits, 95% confidence interval: 2.2–3.9 hits; lower extremity group: +1.6 hits, 0.6–2.6 hits). For pGRF (F = 8.4, p < 0.001) and landing errors (F = 17.1, p < 0.001) repeated measures effect occurred. Significantly more landing errors occurred within the unanticipated condition for all groups and measurement days. The effect in pGRF is mostly impacted by between-condition differences in the CG. No between-group or interaction effect was seen for these outcomes: pGRF (F = 0.4, p = 0.9; F = 2.3, p = 0.1) landing errors (F = 0.5, p = 0.6; F = 2.3, p = 0.1). TTS displayed a repeated measures (F = 4.9, p < 0.001, worse values under the unanticipated condition, improvement over time) and an interaction effect (F = 2.4, p = 0.03). Healthy adults can improve their choice reaction task performance by training. As almost no transfer to unanticipated landing successfulness or movement quality occurred, the effect seems to be task-specific. Lower-extremity reactions to unanticipated stimuli may be improved by more specific training regimens.
Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial laser therapy (MRgLITT) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) represent two minimally invasive methods for the treatment of drug-refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis to compare outcomes and complications between MRgLITT, RFA, and conventional surgical approaches to the temporal lobe (i.e., anterior temporal lobe resection [ATL] or selective amygdalohippocampectomy [sAHE]). Forty-three studies (13 MRgLITT, 6 RFA, and 24 surgery studies) involved 554, 123, 1504, and 1326 patients treated by MRgLITT, RFA, ATL, or sAHE, respectively. Engel Class I (Engel-I) outcomes were achieved after MRgLITT in 57% (315/554, range = 33.3%–67.4%), RFA in 44% (54/123, range = 0%–67.2%), ATL in 69% (1032/1504, range = 40%–92.9%), and sAHE in 66% (887/1326, range = 21.4%–93.3%). Meta-analysis revealed no significant difference in seizure outcome between MRgLITT and RFA (Q = 2.74, p = .098), whereas ATL and sAHE were both superior to MRgLITT (ATL: Q = 8.92, p = .002; sAHE: Q = 4.33, p = .037) and RFA (ATL: Q = 6.42, p = .0113; sAHE: Q = 5.04, p = .0247), with better outcome in patients at follow-up of 60 months or more. Mesial hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE + hippocampal sclerosis) was associated with significantly better outcome after MRgLITT (Engel-I outcome in 64%; Q = 8.55, p = .0035). The rate of major complications was 3.8% for MRgLITT, 3.7% for RFA, 10.9% for ATL, and 7.4% for sAHE; the differences did not show statistical significance. Neuropsychological deficits occurred after all procedures, with left-sided surgeries having a higher rate of verbal memory impairment. Lateral functions such as naming or object recognition may be more preserved in MRgLITT. Thermal therapies are effective techniques but show a significantly lower rate of Engel-I outcome in comparison to ATL and sAHE. Between MRgLITT and RFA there were no significant differences in Engel-I outcome, whereby the success of treatment seems to depend on the approach used (e.g., occipital approach). MRgLITT shows a similar rate of complications compared to RFA, whereas patients undergoing MRgLITT may experience fewer major complications compared to ATL or sAHE and might have a more beneficial neuropsychological outcome.
Background: We hypothesized that lymph node dissection (LND) at salvage radical prostatectomy may be associated with lower cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and we tested this hypothesis.
Methods: We relied on surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (2004–2016) to identify all salvage radical prostatectomy patients. Categorical, as well as univariate and multivariate Cox regression models tested the effect of LND (LND performed vs. not), as well as at its extent (log-transformed lymph node count) on CSM.
Results: Of 427 salvage radical prostatectomy patients, 120 (28.1%) underwent LND with a median lymph node count of 6 (interquartile range [IQR], 3–11). According to LND status, no significant or clinically meaningful differences were recorded in PSA at diagnosis, stage and biopsy Gleason score at diagnosis, except for age at prostate cancer diagnosis (LND performed 63 vs. 68 years LND not performed, p < .001). LND status (performed) was an independent predictor of lower CSM (hazard ratio [HR] 0.47; p = .03). Similarly, lymph node count (log transformed) also independently predicted lower CSM (HR: 0.60; p = .01). After the 7th removed lymph node, the effect of CSM became marginal. The effect of N-stage on CSM could not be tested due to insufficient number of observations.
Conclusions: Salvage radical prostatectomy is rarely performed and LND at salvage radical prostatectomy is performed in a minority of patients. However, LND at salvage radical prostatectomy is associated with lower CSM. Moreover, LND extent also exerts a protective effect on CSM. These observations should be considered in salvage radical prostatectomy candidates.
Purpose: Dexamethasone (Dex) is the most common corticosteroid to treat edema in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Recent studies identified the addition of Dex to radiation therapy (RT) to be associated with poor survival. Independently, Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) provides a novel anti-cancer modality for patients with primary and recurrent GBM. Whether Dex influences the efficacy of TTFields, however, remains elusive. Methods: Human GBM cell lines MZ54 and U251 were treated with RT or TTFields in combination with Dex and the effects on cell counts and cell death were determined via flow cytometry. We further performed a retrospective analysis of GBM patients with TTFields treatment +/- concomitant Dex and analysed its impact on progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: The addition of Dex significantly reduced the efficacy of RT in U251, but not in MZ54 cells. TTFields (200 kHz/250 kHz) induced massive cell death in both cell lines. Concomitant treatment of TTFields and Dex did not reduce the overall efficacy of TTFields. Further, in our retrospective clinical analysis, we found that the addition of Dex to TTFields therapy did not influence PFS nor OS. Conclusion: Our translational investigation indicates that the efficacy of TTFields therapy in patients with GBM and GBM cell lines is not affected by the addition of Dex.
Objectives: To evaluate peri-implant tissue dimensions following nonsurgical (NS) and surgical therapy (S) employing different decontamination protocols of advanced ligature-induced peri-implantitis in dogs.
Material & Methods: Peri-implantitis defects (n = 5 dogs, n = 30 implants) were randomly and equally allocated in a split-mouth design to NS or S treatment using either an Er:YAG laser (ERL), an ultrasonic device (VUS), or plastic curettes + local application of metronidazole gel (PCM), respectively. Horizontal bone thickness (hBT) and soft tissue thickness (hMT) were measured at different reference points: (v0) at the marginal portion of the peri-implant mucosa (PM); (v1) at 50% of the distance from PM to bone crest (BC); (v2) at the BC; (v3) at the most coronal extension of the bone-to-implant contact. Vertical peri-implant tissue height was calculated from PM to BC.
Results: All of the treatment groups showed a gradual hMT increase from v0 to the v2 reference point, followed by a reduction from v2 to the v3 region. The S-VUS subgroup tended to be associated with higher hMT values at the v0 region than the NS-VUS subgroup (0.44 mm versus 0.31 mm). PM-BC distance varied from 2.22 to 2.83 mm in the NS group, and from 2.07 to 2.38 in the S group.
Conclusion: Vertical and horizontal peri-implant tissue dimensions were similar in different treatment groups.
Background: Facial skin cancer lesions in close proximity to critical organs require further development of radiotherapeutic techniques for highly conformal treatment, especially when treating elderly frail patients. We report on our treatment technique and first clinical experience for patients with perinasal/periorbital skin cancer treated with individualized epithetic mold high-dose-rate brachytherapy (BRT).
Methods: From January 2019, patients with complex shaped or unfavorably located skin cancer not eligible for surgery or external beam radiotherapy (RT) were screened for mold-based BRT. Six patients were identified. Toxicity and clinical response were documented during therapy and posttreatment follow-up.
Results: Median patient age was 80 years (74–92 years). Median prescription dose was 42 Gy (range, 33–44 Gy) delivered in once-daily fractions of 3 or 4 Gy. Two patients had treatment interruptions caused by acute conjunctivitis grade 2 and a nontreatment-related cardiac event, respectively. At a median follow-up of 335 days (96–628 days), no ≥ grade 2 late toxicity was documented with all patients showing complete clinical response.
Conclusions: High-dose-rate BRT with individualized epithetic molds for perinasal/periorbital skin cancer is a well-tolerated and safe treatment option for patients not eligible for primary surgery or definitive external beam RT because of comorbidities or tumor location.
Objective: This study was undertaken to identify temporal encephaloceles (TEs) and examine their characteristics in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and ex- tratemporal lobe epilepsy (ETLE), as well as in asymptomatic cases.
Methods: Four hundred fifty-eight magnetic resonance imaging scans were exam- ined retrospectively to identify TE in 157 patients with TLE, 150 patients with ETLE, and 151 healthy controls (HCs).
Results: At least one TE was identified in 9.6% of the TLE patients (n = 15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.3%–15.3%), in 3.3% of patients with ETLE (n = 5, 95% CI = 1.1%–7.6%), and in 2.0% of the HCs (n = 3, 95% CI = .4%–5.7%), indicating a significantly higher frequency in patients with TLE compared to ETLE and HC sub- jects (p = .027, p = .005). Examining the characteristics of TEs in both asymptomatic and epilepsy patients, we found that TEs with a diameter of less than 6.25 mm were more likely to be asymptomatic, with a sensitivity of 91.7% and a specificity of 73.3% (area under the curve = .867, 95% CI = .723–1.00, p = .001).
Significance: Temporal encephaloceles may occur without presenting any clinical symp- toms. Patients with TLE show a higher frequency of TEs compared to the ETLE and HC groups. According to our study, TE size could be used to suggest potential epileptogenicity.
Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute leukemia (Ph+ ALL) has been revolutionized with the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Most patients with CML achieve long-term survival similar to individuals without CML due to treatment with TKIs not only in frontline but also in further lines of therapy. The third-generation TKI ponatinib has demonstrated efficacy in patients with refractory CML and Ph+ ALL. Ponatinib is currently the most potent TKI in this setting demonstrating activity against T315I mutant clones. However, ponatinib’s safety data revealed a dose-dependent, increased risk of serious cardiovascular (CV) events. Guidance is needed to evaluate the benefit–risk profile of TKIs, such as ponatinib, and safety measures to prevent treatment-associated CV events. An expert panel of German hematologists and cardiologists summarize current evidence regarding ponatinib’s efficacy and CV safety profile. We propose CV management strategies for patients who are candidates for ponatinib.
Alkylglycerol monooxygenase (AGMO) is a tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-dependent enzyme with major expression in the liver and white adipose tissue that cleaves alkyl ether glycerolipids. The present study describes the disclosure and biological characterization of a candidate compound (Cp6), which inhibits AGMO with an IC50 of 30–100 µM and 5–20-fold preference of AGMO relative to other BH4-dependent enzymes, i.e., phenylalanine-hydroxylase and nitric oxide synthase. The viability and metabolic activity of mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, HepG2 human hepatocytes and mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were not affected up to 10-fold of the IC50. However, Cp6 reversibly inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells towards adipocytes, in which AGMO expression was upregulated upon differentiation. Cp6 reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets in adipocytes upon differentiation and in HepG2 cells exposed to free fatty acids. Cp6 also inhibited IL-4-driven differentiation of RAW264.7 macrophages towards M2-like macrophages, which serve as adipocyte progenitors in adipose tissue. Collectively, the data suggest that pharmacologic AGMO inhibition may affect lipid storage.
Simple Summary:
CDK9, in combination with Cyclin T1, is one of the major regulators of RNA Polymerase II mediated productive transcription of critical genes in any cell. The activity of CDK9 is significantly up-regulated in a wide variety of cancer entities, to aid in the overexpression of genes responsible for the regulation of functions, which are beneficial to the cancer cells, like proliferation, survival, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair and metastasis. Enhanced CDK9 activity, therefore, leads to poorer prognosis in many cancer types, offering the rationale to target it using small-molecule inhibitors. Several, increasingly specific inhibitors, have been developed, some of which are presently in clinical trials. Other approaches being tested involve combining inhibitors against CDK9 activity with those against CDK9’s upstream regulators like BRD4, SEC and HSP90; or downstream effectors like cMYC and MCL-1. The inhibition of CDK9’s activity holds the potential to be a highly effective anti-cancer therapeutic.
Abstract:
Cyclin Dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) is one of the most important transcription regulatory members of the CDK family. In conjunction with its main cyclin partner—Cyclin T1, it forms the Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) whose primary function in eukaryotic cells is to mediate the positive transcription elongation of nascent mRNA strands, by phosphorylating the S2 residues of the YSPTSPS tandem repeats at the C-terminus domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II). To aid in this process, P-TEFb also simultaneously phosphorylates and inactivates a number of negative transcription regulators like 5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) Sensitivity-Inducing Factor (DSIF) and Negative Elongation Factor (NELF). Significantly enhanced activity of CDK9 is observed in multiple cancer types, which is universally associated with significantly shortened Overall Survival (OS) of the patients. In these cancer types, CDK9 regulates a plethora of cellular functions including proliferation, survival, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair and metastasis. Due to the extremely critical role of CDK9 in cancer cells, inhibiting its functions has been the subject of intense research, resulting the development of multiple, increasingly specific small-molecule inhibitors, some of which are presently in clinical trials. The search for newer generation CDK9 inhibitors with higher specificity and lower potential toxicities and suitable combination therapies continues. In fact, the Phase I clinical trials of the latest, highly specific CDK9 inhibitor BAY1251152, against different solid tumors have shown good anti-tumor and on-target activities and pharmacokinetics, combined with manageable safety profile while the phase I and II clinical trials of another inhibitor AT-7519 have been undertaken or are undergoing. To enhance the effectiveness and target diversity and reduce potential drug-resistance, the future of CDK9 inhibition would likely involve combining CDK9 inhibitors with inhibitors like those against BRD4, SEC, MYC, MCL-1 and HSP90.
Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit dem Einfluss minimalinvasiver Zugangswege zur Mitralklappe auf den Herzrhythmus, den Erfolg einer perioperativ durchgeführten Ablation und die postoperative Notwendigkeit eines Herzschrittmachers.
Mitralklappenvitien und deren herzchirurgische Versorgung sind in vielen Fällen mit präoperativ bestehendem oder postoperativ neu auftretendem Vorhofflimmern assoziiert. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten haben sich neben der medikamentösen Therapie des Vorhofflimmerns und der durch die Mitralklappeninsuffizienz induzierten Herzinsuffizienz verschiedene minimalinvasive chirurgische Zugangswege zur Mitralklappe sowie Ablationsverfahren etabliert und einen kurativen Therapieansatz gebildet.
Die Ablation im Zuge einer Mitralklappenchirurgie ist zu einem alltäglich durchgeführten Verfahren geworden.
Neu auftretendes Vorhofflimmern im Rahmen der Mitralklappenchirurgie kann perioperativ begrenzt sein und konvertiert häufig innerhalb der ersten 6 Wochen spontan in den Sinusrhythmus. Es geht aber mit einer erhöhten Mortalität und Hospitalisierungszeit einher. Das neu auftretende Vorhofflimmern kann jedoch auch persistieren oder erst im Langzeitverlauf entstehen. Auch die Notwendigkeit eines Herzschrittmachers kann durch Mitralklappeneingriffe insbesondere mit additiver Ablation aufgrund der anatomischen Gegebenheiten erhöht sein.
In unserer Arbeit ist von Interesse, ob sich die unten genannten Zugangswege im Hinblick auf das Neuauftreten von Vorhofflimmern im Langzeitverlauf, die Vorhofflimmerrezidivrate nach Ablation und die Schrittmacherrate mit und ohne durchgeführte Ablation unterscheiden.
Die vorliegende Studie umfasst alle Mitralklappenoperationen, die zwischen 1998 und 2015 in der Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und thorakale Gefäßchirurgie der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt am Main über die folgenden drei minimalinvasiven Zugangswege, durchgeführt wurden: Gruppe A bildeten 300 Patienten, die im genannten Zeitraum über eine anterolaterale Minithorakotomie mittels Chitwood-Klemme operiert wurden. Gruppe B bestand aus 687 Patienten, die über eine partielle obere Sternotomie mit superiorem transseptalem Zugang operiert wurden. Die 219 Patienten, bei denen eine partielle obere Sternotomie mit transcavalem Zugang angewandt wurde, bildeten Gruppe C.
Die Auswertung erfolgte anhand von Patientenakten, internen und externen Untersuchungsbefunden und eines standardisierten Fragebogens im Follow-up. Es erfolgte eine zweite Auswertung nach Propensity Matching, um präoperative signifikante Unterschiede der Gruppen zu egalisieren.
Im Ergebnis konnte in unserer Studie gezeigt werden, dass die atriale Inzision einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Ablationserfolg sowie auf die Schrittmacherinzidenz hat. Bekannt war dabei ein höheres Risiko für postoperatives Vorhofflimmern und Schrittmacherimplantationen aufgrund der anatomischen Gegebenheiten bei Gruppe B. Dass jedoch Gruppe C ein signifikant noch höheres Risiko für Schrittmacherimplantationen mit sich bringt, war überraschend und ist derzeit nicht in der Literatur beschrieben.
In der multivariaten Analyse nach Matching waren Gruppe C, eine additive Ablation und das Alter signifikante unabhängige Prädiktoren für Schrittmacherimplantationen. In der logistischen Regression war Gruppe A ein unabhängiger Prädiktor für den Ablationserfolg zum Zeitpunkt der Entlassung. In der Langzeitbeobachtung trat Gruppe C an Stelle von Gruppe A, möglicherweise aufgrund der bei Gruppe A vorliegenden längsten Follow-up-Zeit. Wie schon in der vorliegenden Literatur diskutiert waren auch in unserer Auswertung hohes Alter und eine präoperative linksatriale Vergrößerung unabhängige Prädiktoren für den langfristigen Ablationserfolg.
Es bedarf weiterer vergleichender Studien mit einheitlichen Follow-up-Zeiten, um die hier gezeigten Ergebnisse zu überprüfen. Insbesondere der transcavale Zugang, der sich im negativen Sinne auf die Zahl der Schrittmacherimplantationen auszuwirken scheint, gibt Anlass für weitere Untersuchungen.
Popular media now often present 3D printing as a widely employed technology for the production of dental prostheses. This article aims to show, based on factual information, to what extent 3D printing can be used in dental laboratories and dental practices at present. It attempts to present a rational evaluation of todays´ applications of 3D printing technology in the context of dental restorations. In addition, the article discusses future perspectives and examines the ongoing viability of traditional dental laboratory services and manufacturing processes. It also shows which expertise is needed for the digital additive manufacturing of dental restorations.
Survival following relapse in children with Acute Myeloid leukemia: a report from AML-BFM and COG
(2021)
Simple Summary: Acute myeloid leukemia in children remains a difficult disease to cure despite intensive therapies that push the limits of tolerability. Though the intent of initial therapy should be the prevention of relapse, about 30% of all patients experience a relapse. Hence, relapse therapy remains critically important for survival. This retrospective analysis of two large international study groups (COG and BFM) was undertaken to describe the current survival, response rates and clinical features that predict outcomes. We demonstrate that children with relapsed AML may be cured with cytotoxic therapy followed by HSCT. High-risk features at initial diagnosis and early relapse remain prognostic for post-relapse survival. Current response criteria are not aligned with the standards of care for children, nor are the count recovery thresholds meaningful for prognosis in children with relapsed AML. Our data provide a new baseline for future treatment planning and will allow an updated stratification in upcoming studies.
Abstract: Post-relapse therapy remains critical for survival in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We evaluated survival, response and prognostic variables following relapse in independent cooperative group studies conducted by COG and the population-based AML-BFM study group. BFM included 197 patients who relapsed after closure of the last I-BFM relapse trial until 2017, while COG included 852 patients who relapsed on the last Phase 3 trials (AAML0531, AAML1031). Overall survival at 5 years (OS) was 42 ± 4% (BFM) and 35 ± 2% (COG). Initial high-risk features (BFM 32 ± 6%, COG 26 ± 4%) and short time to relapse (BFM 29 ± 4%, COG 25 ± 2%) predicted diminished survival. In the BFM dataset, there was no difference in OS for patients who had a complete remission with full hematopoietic recovery (CR) following post-relapse re-induction compared to those with partial neutrophil and platelet recovery (CRp and CRi) only (52 ± 7% vs. 63 ± 10%, p = 0.39). Among 90 patients alive at last follow-up, 87 had received a post-relapse hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). OS for patients with post-relapse HSCT was 54 ± 4%. In conclusion, initial high-risk features and early relapse remain prognostic. Response assessment with full hematopoietic recovery following initial relapse therapy does not predict survival. These data indicate the need for post-relapse risk stratification in future studies of relapse therapies.
Diabetes is associated with platelet hyper-reactivity and enhanced risk of thrombosis development. Here we compared protein expression in platelets from healthy donors and diabetic patients to identify differentially expressed proteins and their possible function in platelet activation. Mass spectrometry analyses identified cyclin Y (CCNY) in platelets and its reduced expression in platelets from diabetic patients, a phenomenon that could be attributed to the increased activity of calpains. To determine the role of CCNY in platelets, mice globally lacking the protein were studied. CCNY-/- mice demonstrated lower numbers of circulating platelets but platelet responsiveness to thrombin and a thromboxane A2 analogue were comparable with that of wild-type mice, as was agonist-induced α and dense granule secretion. CCNY-deficient platelets demonstrated enhanced adhesion to fibronectin and collagen as well as an attenuated spreading and clot retraction, indicating an alteration in “outside in” integrin signalling. This phenotype was accompanied by a significant reduction in the agonist-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of β3 integrin. Taken together we have shown that CCNY is present in anucleated platelets where it is involved in the regulation of integrin-mediated outside in signalling associated with thrombin stimulation.
Hintergrund. Ziel dieser Studie war es, zu bewerten, ob die Datenübertragung während peripherer endovaskulärer Eingriffe durch ein sprachgesteuertes, optisches Head-Mounted Display verwirklicht, und ob hierdurch der Arbeitsablauf der Intervention verbessert werden kann.
Methoden. Wir benutzten die Google Glass® Explorer Edition in Verbindung mit einer eigens entwickelten Glass App, um vorhandene Grafiken über die Datenbrille durch Sprachbefehle zugänglich zu machen. 40 Medizinstudenten im letzten Drittel des Medizinstudiums wurden in zwei Gruppen randomisiert.
Jeder Proband erhielt die Aufgabe eine PTA der A. femoralis superficialis an einem High-Fidelity-VR-Simulator (ANGIO-Mentor®, 3D Systems) durchzuführen. Während Gruppe A hierfür nötige Informationen über einen zusätzlich installierten Monitor erhielt, verwendete Gruppe B Google Glass®, um jeweilige Informationen durch zuvor definierte Sprachbefehle aufzurufen. Die objektive Bewertung der erbrachten Leistung erfolgte durch standardisierte Bewertungsbögen in dichotomer Nominalskalierung und durch die Messung der für die Aufgaben benötigten Zeit. Am Ende jeder Simulation erfolgte die subjektive Bewertung seitens der Probanden durch standardisierte Fragebögen mit 5-Level-Likert-Skalierung.
Ergebnisse. Eine maximale Punktzahl von 10 Punkten war erreichbar. Der in Gruppe A und Gruppe B gefundene Median lag bei 9 Punkten mit nicht signifikanten Abweichungen (p = 0,91). Die Gesamtdauer des Eingriffs betrug zwischen 12 und 14 Minuten. Gruppe B war unter Verwendung von Google Glass®, aufgrund technischer Schwierigkeiten mit der getesteten App, im Schnitt um 1:07 Minuten signifikant langsamer (p = 0,01). Dennoch konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass Google Glass® bei dem Transfer einfacher Informationen schneller oder zumindest gleichwertig gegenüber dem klassischen Monitoring war.
In diesem Kontext erachteten 92,5% der Probanden die Digitalisierung im klinischen Alltag als sinnvoll. 17 von 20 Teilnehmern (85%) empfanden die Handhabung von Google Glass® als einfach bis sehr einfach. Alle Teilnehmer waren der Ansicht, dass Augmented Reality bei peripheren endovaskulären Eingriffen im Katheterlabor nützlich sein könnte.
Schlussfolgerung. Google Glass® war dem klassischen Monitoring im Katheterlabor hinsichtlich der Gesamtinterventionszeit nur geringfügig unterlegen und behinderte den Arbeitsablauf während einer simulierten PTA der A. femoralis superficialis nicht. Unsere Studie offenbarte hierbei technische Schwierigkeiten bei der Genauigkeit der Spracherkennung und der Bildqualität von Google Glass®. Trotzdem konnten einzelne Aufgaben durch die Nutzung der Google Glass® signifikant schneller durchgeführt werden. Wir erwarten, dass nach Überwindung dieser technischen Probleme der Arbeitsablauf während endovaskulären Eingriffen mit einem optischen Head-Mounted Display verbessert werden kann.
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) belong to a five-membered family of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases (PLK1-5) that play differentiated and essential roles as key mitotic kinases and cell cycle regulators and with this in proliferation and cellular growth. Besides, evidence is accumulating for complex and vital non-mitotic functions of PLKs. Dysregulation of PLKs is widely associated with tumorigenesis and by this, PLKs have gained increasing significance as attractive targets in cancer with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential. PLK1 has proved to have strong clinical relevance as it was found to be over-expressed in different cancer types and linked to poor patient prognosis. Targeting the diverse functions of PLKs (tumor suppressor, oncogenic) are currently at the center of numerous investigations in particular with the inhibition of PLK1 and PLK4, respectively in multiple cancer trials. Functions of PLKs and the effects of their inhibition have been extensively studied in cancer cell culture models but information is rare on how these drugs affect benign tissues and organs. As a step further towards clinical application as cancer targets, mouse models therefore play a central role. Modelling PLK function in animal models, e.g., by gene disruption or by treatment with small molecule PLK inhibitors offers promising possibilities to unveil the biological significance of PLKs in cancer maintenance and progression and give important information on PLKs’ applicability as cancer targets. In this review we aim at summarizing the approaches of modelling PLK function in mice so far with a special glimpse on the significance of PLKs in ovarian cancer and of orthotopic cancer models used in this fatal malignancy.
Simple Summary: Penile cancer is a rare but aggressive malignancy characterized by rapid tumor growth as well as prompt metastasis in groin lymphatics. While localized diseases can be successfully cured by surgery in most cases, no truly effective treatment options have been established for metastatic diseases as of yet. In the current investigation, we assessed the value of selected members of the PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway to serve as tumor markers or therapeutic targets for this disease. Higher expression of AKT was significantly more prevalent in high-grade tumors and independently predictive of the worse survival parameters, while increased expression of pmTOR was associated with an inferior prognosis as well. Treatment with the pan-AKT inhibitor capivasertib in PeCa cell lines induced significant reduction of cell viability and movement capacity. These findings might aid in the understanding of the molecular tumor background as well as development of novel treatment options for advanced penile cancer.
Abstract: The PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway might represent an intriguing option for treatment of penile cancer (PeCa). We aimed to assess whether members of this pathway might serve as biomarkers and targets for systemic therapy. Tissue of primary cancer from treatment-naïve PeCa patients was used for tissue microarray analysis. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with antibodies against AKT, pAKT, mTOR, pmTOR, pS6, pPRAS, p4EBP1, S6K1 and pp70S6K. Protein expression was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics as well as overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and metastasis-free survival (MFS). AKT inhibition was tested in two primarily established, treatment-naïve PeCa cell lines by treatment with capivasertib and analysis of cell viability and chemotaxis. A total of 76 patients surgically treated for invasive PeCa were included. Higher expression of AKT was significantly more prevalent in high-grade tumors and predictive of DSS and OS in the Kaplan–Meier analysis, and an independent predictor of worse OS and DSS in the multivariate regression analysis. Treatment with pan-AKT inhibitor capivasertib in PeCa cell lines induced a significant downregulation of both total AKT and pAKT as well as decreased cell viability and chemotaxis. Selected protein candidates of the mTOR/AKT signaling pathway demonstrate association with histological and survival parameters of PeCa patients, whereas AKT appears to be the most promising one.
Simple Summary: The introduction of BRAF/MEK-directed targeted therapy (TT) has significantly improved the management of patients with advanced BRAF-V600-mutant melanoma. Although resistance occurs, there is a subgroup of patients showing a complete response (CR) to TT and who maintain durable disease control. For these patients with durable CR, it is not clear whether it is safe to cease therapy. In this retrospective, multicenter study we have analyzed 37 patients who received TT and achieved a CR upon treatment. We identified 15 patients with a durable CR to TT. Overall, patients who discontinued TT (n = 26) were at higher risk of tumor progression compared to patients receiving ongoing TT. Sustained CR was however not restricted to patients with ongoing TT (n = 11) but was also found in patients who ceased TT (n = 4). Finally, our analysis indicated which patients with an initial CR might be most likely to maintain durable CR upon discontinuation of TT.
Abstract: The advent of BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi) has significantly improved progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients with advanced BRAF-V600-mutant melanoma. Long-term survivors have been identified particularly among patients with a complete response (CR) to BRAF/MEK-directed targeted therapy (TT). However, it remains unclear which patients who achieved a CR maintain a durable response and whether treatment cessation might be a safe option in these patients. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of treatment cessation on the clinical course of patients with a CR upon BRAF/MEK-directed-TT. We retrospectively selected patients with BRAF-V600-mutant advanced non-resectable melanoma who had been treated with BRAFi ± MEKi therapy and achieved a CR upon treatment out of the multicentric skin cancer registry ADOReg. Data on baseline patient characteristics, duration of TT, treatment cessation, tumor progression (TP) and response to second-line treatments were collected and analyzed. Of 461 patients who received BRAF/MEK-directed TT 37 achieved a CR. TP after initial CR was observed in 22 patients (60%) mainly affecting patients who discontinued TT (n = 22/26), whereas all patients with ongoing TT (n = 11) maintained their CR. Accordingly, patients who discontinued TT had a higher risk of TP compared to patients with ongoing treatment (p < 0.001). However, our data also show that patients who received TT for more than 16 months and who discontinued TT for other reasons than TP or toxicity did not have a shorter PFS compared to patients with ongoing treatment. Response rates to second-line treatment being initiated in 21 patients, varied between 27% for immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and 60% for BRAFi/MEKi rechallenge. In summary, we identified a considerable number of patients who achieved a CR upon BRAF/MEK-directed TT in this contemporary real-world cohort of patients with BRAF-V600-mutant melanoma. Sustained PFS was not restricted to ongoing TT but was also found in patients who discontinued TT.
Simple Summary: Early and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer that has spread to other organs and tissues is crucial, as therapeutic decisions and outcome expectations might change. Computed tomography (CT) is often used to detect breast cancer’s spread, but this method has its weaknesses. The computer-assisted technique “radiomics” extracts grey-level patterns, so-called radiomic features, from medical images, which may reflect underlying biological processes. Our retrospective study therefore evaluated whether breast cancer spread can be predicted by radiomic features derived from iodine maps, an application on a new generation of CT scanners visualizing tissue blood flow. Based on 77 patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer, we found that this approach might indeed predict cancer spread to other organs/tissues. In the future, radiomics may serve as an additional tool for cancer detection and risk assessment.
Abstract: Dual-energy CT (DECT) iodine maps enable quantification of iodine concentrations as a marker for tissue vascularization. We investigated whether iodine map radiomic features derived from staging DECT enable prediction of breast cancer metastatic status, and whether textural differ- ences exist between primary breast cancers and metastases. Seventy-seven treatment-naïve patients with biopsy-proven breast cancers were included retrospectively (41 non-metastatic, 36 metastatic). Radiomic features including first-, second-, and higher-order metrics as well as shape descriptors were extracted from volumes of interest on iodine maps. Following principal component analysis, a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-NN) was used for classification (70% of cases for training, 30% validation). Histopathology served as reference standard. MLP-NN predicted metastatic status with AUCs of up to 0.94, and accuracies of up to 92.6 in the training and 82.6 in the validation datasets. The separation of primary tumor and metastatic tissue yielded AUCs of up to 0.87, with accuracies of up to 82.8 in the training, and 85.7 in the validation dataset. DECT iodine map-based radiomic signatures may therefore predict metastatic status in breast cancer patients. In addition, microstructural differences between primary and metastatic breast cancer tissue may be reflected by differences in DECT radiomic features.
Simple Summary: Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) remains a challenge due to the lack of biomarkers indicating the optimal drug for each patient. This study analyzed blood samples of patients with predominant clear cell mRCC who were treated with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus after failure of one prior tumor therapy. In an exploratory approach, predictive blood biomarkers were searched. We found lower levels of the protein thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) at the start of the therapy and higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum two weeks after therapy initiation to be associated with therapy response. Of note, these blood biomarkers had a higher predictive value than baseline patient parameters or risk classifications. Polymorphisms in the mTOR gene appeared to be associated with therapy response, but were not significant. To conclude, it seems feasible to identify patients showing longtime responses to everolimus and possible to increase tumor therapy response rates based on biomarkers for individual therapy selection.
Abstract: There is an unmet need for predictive biomarkers in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) therapy. The phase IV MARC-2 trial searched for predictive blood biomarkers in patients with predominant clear cell mRCC who benefit from second-line treatment with everolimus. In an exploratory approach, potential biomarkers were assessed employing proteomics, ELISA, and polymorphism analyses. Lower levels of angiogenesis-related protein thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) at baseline (≤665 parts per billion, ppb) identified therapy responders with longer median progression-free survival (PFS; ≤665 ppb at baseline: 6.9 months vs. 1.8, p = 0.005). Responders had higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum two weeks after therapy initiation (>27.14 nmol/L), associated with a longer median PFS (3.8 months vs. 2.2, p = 0.013) and improved overall survival (OS; 31.0 months vs. 14.0 months, p < 0.001). Baseline TSP-2 levels had a stronger relation to PFS (HR 0.36, p = 0.008) than baseline patient parameters, including IMDC score. Increased serum LDH levels two weeks after therapy initiation were the best predictor for OS (HR 0.21, p < 0.001). mTOR polymorphisms appeared to be associated with therapy response but were not significant. Hence, we identified TSP-2 and LDH as promising predictive biomarkers for therapy response on everolimus after failure of one VEGF-targeted therapy in patients with clear cell mRCC.
Falls from a height are a common cause of polytrauma care in Level I Trauma Centers worldwide. The expected injury consequences depend on the height of the fall and the associated acceleration, as well as the condition of the ground. In addition, we further hypothesize a correlation between the cause of the fall, the age of the patient, and the patient’s outcome. A total of 178 trauma patients without age restriction who were treated in our hospital after a fall >3 m within a 5-year period were retrospectively analyzed. The primary objective was a clinically and radiologically quantifiable increase in the severity of injuries after falls from different relevant heights (>3 m, >6 m, and >9 m). The cause of the fall, either accidental or suicidal; age and duration of intensive care unit stay, including duration of ventilation; and total hospital stay were analyzed. Additionally, the frequency of urgent operations, such as, external fixation of fractures or hemi-craniectomies, laboratory parameters; and clinical outcomes were also among the secondary objectives. Sustaining a thoracic trauma or pelvis fractures increases significantly with height, and vital parameters are significantly compromised. We also found significant differences in urgent pre- and in-hospital emergency interventions, as well as organ complications and outcome parameters depending on the fall’s height.
Vaginal breech delivery is becoming an extinct art although national guidelines underline its safety and vaginal breech delivery in an upright position has been shown to be a safe birth mode option. In order to spread clinical knowledge and be able to implement vaginal breech delivery into obstetricians’ daily practice, we need to gather knowledge from facilities who teach specialized obstetrical management. Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study on 140 vaginal deliveries out of breech presentation solely-managed by seven newly-trained physicians and compared fetal outcome as well as rates of manual assistance in respect to preexisting experience. Results: Fetal morbidity rate measured with a modified PREMODA score was not significantly different in three sub-cohorts sorted by preexisting expertise levels of managing obstetricians (experience groups EG, EG0: 2, 5%; EG1: 3, 7.5%; EG2: 1, 1.7%; p = 0.357). Manual assistance rate was significantly higher in EG1 (low experience level in breech delivery and only in dorsal position) compared to EG0 and EG2 (EG1 28, 70%; EG0: 14, 25%; EG2: 21, 35%; p = 0.0008). Conclusions: Our study shows that vaginal breech delivery with newly-trained obstetricians is a safe option whether or not they have advanced preexisting expertise in breech delivery. These data should encourage implementing vaginal breech delivery in clinical routine.
The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is a preferred method for the detection of functional, SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies from serum samples. Alternatively, surrogate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using ACE2 as the target structure for the detection of neutralization-competent antibodies have been developed. They are capable of high throughput, have a short turnaround time, and can be performed under standard laboratory safety conditions. However, there are very limited data on their clinical performance and how they compare to the PRNT. We evaluated three surrogate immunoassays (GenScript SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Kit (GenScript Biotech, Piscataway Township, NJ, USA), the TECO® SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody Assay (TECOmedical AG, Sissach, Switzerland), and the Leinco COVID-19 ImmunoRank™ Neutralization MICRO-ELISA (Leinco Technologies, Fenton, MO, USA)) and one automated quantitative SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-based IgG antibody assay (Abbott GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany) by testing 78 clinical samples, including several follow-up samples of six BNT162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer, Mainz, Germany/New York, NY, USA) vaccinated individuals. Using the PRNT as a reference method, the overall sensitivity of the examined assays ranged from 93.8 to 100% and specificity ranged from 73.9 to 91.3%. Weighted kappa demonstrated a substantial to almost perfect agreement. The findings of our study allow these assays to be considered when a PRNT is not available. However, the latter still should be the preferred choice. For optimal clinical performance, the cut-off value of the TECO assay should be individually adapted.
Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a frequent comorbidity in cardiac disease patients. Nevertheless, the prevalence and relationship between SDB and severe primary mitral regurgitation (PMR) has not been well investigated to date. Methods: A cohort of 121 patients with significant PMR undergoing mitral valve surgery were prospectively enrolled and received a cardiorespiratory single night polygraphy screening using ApneaLink before surgery. Eighty-two of them underwent a follow-up examination including a follow-up single-night sleep study 3 months after surgery. Results: The mean age of patients was 65.3 ± 12.0 years. Sixty patients (49.6%) were female. The mean EuroSCORE II was 2.5 ± 2.4%. Initially, 91 (75.2%) patients presented with SDB, among whom 50.4% (46 patients, 38.0% of total cohort) were classified as moderate to severe. These patients tended to require significantly longer postoperative intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Among the 82 patients who completed follow-up exams, mitral valve surgery led to a significant reduction in relevant SDB (20.7%). The apnea-hypopnea index (from 11/h [4;18] to 4/h [3;14] (p = 0.04)), the oxygenation-desaturation index (from 8/h [3;18] to 5/h [3;12] (p = 0.008)) as well as the saturation time below 90% (from 32 min [13;86] to 18 min [5;36] (p = 0.005)), were all shown to be improved significantly. Conclusion: The prevalence of SDB is very high in patients with severe primary mitral regurgitation and may contribute to postoperative complications and prolonged intensive care. A significantly reduced but still high prevalence of SDB was observed 3 months after mitral valve surgery, highlighting the bidirectional relationship between SDB and heart failure.
Drug interactions are a well-known cause of adverse drug events, and drug interaction databases can help the clinician to recognize and avoid such interactions and their adverse events. However, not every interaction leads to an adverse drug event. This is because the clinical relevance of drug–drug interactions also depends on the genetic profile of the patient. If inhibitors or inducers of drug metabolising enzymes (e.g., CYP and UGT) are added to the drug therapy, phenoconcversion can occur. This leads to a genetic phenotype that mismatches the observable phenotype. Drug–drug–gene and drug–gene–gene interactions influence the toxicity and/or ineffectivness of the drug therapy. To date, there have been limited published studies on the impact of genetic variations on drug–drug interactions. This review discusses the current evidence of drug–drug–gene interactions, as well as drug–gene–gene interactions. Phenoconversion is explained, the and methods to calculate the phenotypes are described. Clinical recommendations are given regarding the integratation of the PGx results in the assessment of the relevance of drug interactions in the future.
Aims: In primary central nervous system tumours, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene expression is associated with increased malignancy. However, it has also been shown that EMT factors in gliomas are almost exclusively expressed by glioma vessel-associated pericytes (GA-Peris). In this study, we aimed to identify the mechanism of EMT in GA-Peris and its impact on angiogenic processes.
Methods; In glioma patients, vascular density and the expression of the pericytic markers platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-β and smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were examined in relation to the expression of the EMT transcription factor SLUG and were correlated with survival of patients with glioblastoma (GBM). Functional mechanisms of SLUG regulation and the effects on primary human brain vascular pericytes (HBVP) were studied in vitro by measuring proliferation, cell motility and growth characteristics.
Results: The number of PDGFR-β- and αSMA-positive pericytes did not change with increased malignancy nor showed an association with the survival of GBM patients. However, SLUG-expressing pericytes displayed considerable morphological changes in GBM-associated vessels, and TGF-β induced SLUG upregulation led to enhanced proliferation, motility and altered growth patterns in HBVP. Downregulation of SLUG or addition of a TGF-β antagonising antibody abolished these effects.
Conclusions: We provide evidence that in GA-Peris, elevated SLUG expression is mediated by TGF-β, a cytokine secreted by most glioma cells, indicating that the latter actively modulate neovascularisation not only by modulating endothelial cells, but also by influencing pericytes. This process might be responsible for the formation of an unstructured tumour vasculature as well as for the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier in GBM.
Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and clinical presentation in youths with conduct disorder
(2021)
Background: Conduct disorder (CD) rarely occurs alone but is typically accompanied by comorbid psychiatric disorders, which complicates the clinical presentation and treatment of affected youths. The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in comorbidity pattern in CD and to systematically explore the ‘gender paradox’ and ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypotheses of female CD.
Methods: As part of the FemNAT-CD multisite study, semistructured clinical interviews and rating scales were used to perform a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of 454 girls and 295 boys with CD (9–18 years), compared to 864 sex- and age-matched typically developing controls.
Results: Girls with CD exhibited higher rates of current major depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder, whereas boys with CD had higher rates of current attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In line with the ‘gender paradox’ hypothesis, relative to boys, girls with CD showed significantly more lifetime psychiatric comorbidities (incl. Alcohol Use Disorder), which were accompanied by more severe CD symptoms. Female and male youths with CD also differed significantly in their CD symptom profiles and distribution of age-of-onset subtypes of CD (i.e. fewer girls with childhood-onset CD). In line with the ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypothesis, girls with adolescent-onset CD showed similar levels of dimensional psychopathology like boys with childhood-onset CD, while boys with adolescent-onset CD had the lowest levels of internalizing psychopathology.
Conclusions: Within the largest study of CD in girls performed to date, we found compelling evidence for sex differences in comorbidity patterns and clinical presentation of CD. Our findings further support aspects of the ‘gender paradox’ and ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypotheses by showing that girls with CD had higher rates of comorbid lifetime mental disorders and functional impairments, and they usually developed CD during adolescence. These novel data on sex-specific clinical profiles of CD will be critical in informing intervention and prevention programmes.
Aims: Somatic mutations in haematopoietic stem cells can lead to the clonal expansion of mutated blood cells, known as clonal haematopoiesis (CH). Mutations in the most prevalent driver genes DNMT3A and TET2 with a variant allele frequency (VAF) ≥ 2% have been associated with atherosclerosis and chronic heart failure of ischemic origin (CHF). However, the effects of mutations in other driver genes for CH with low VAF (<2%) on CHF are still unknown.
Methods and results: Therefore, we analysed mononuclear bone marrow and blood cells from 399 CHF patients by deep error-corrected targeted sequencing of 56 genes and associated mutations with the long-term mortality in these patients (3.95 years median follow-up). We detected 1113 mutations with a VAF ≥ 0.5% in 347 of 399 patients, and only 13% had no detectable CH. Despite a high prevalence of mutations in the most frequently mutated genes DNMT3A (165 patients) and TET2 (107 patients), mutations in CBL, CEBPA, EZH2, GNB1, PHF6, SMC1A, and SRSF2 were associated with increased death compared with the average death rate of all patients. To avoid confounding effects, we excluded patients with DNMT3A-related, TET2-related, and other clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP)-related mutations with a VAF ≥ 2% for further analyses. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses revealed a significantly higher mortality in patients with mutations in either of the seven genes (53 patients), combined as the CH-risk gene set for CHF. Baseline patient characteristics showed no significant differences in any parameter including patient age, confounding diseases, severity of CHF, or blood cell parameters except for a reduced number of platelets in patients with mutations in the risk gene set in comparison with patients without. However, carrying a mutation in any of the risk genes remained significant after multivariate cox regression analysis (hazard ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–5.4; P < 0.001), whereas platelet numbers did not.
Conclusions: Somatic mutations with low VAF in a distinct set of genes, namely, in CBL, CEBPA, EZH2, GNB1, PHF6, SMC1A, and SRSF2, are significantly associated with mortality in CHF, independently of the most prevalent CHIP-mutations in DNMT3A and TET2. Mutations in these genes are prevalent in young CHF patients and comprise an independent risk factor for the outcome of CHF, potentially providing a novel tool for risk assessment in CHF.
Ein professioneller Orchestermusiker verbringt die meiste Zeit in körperlich ungünstiger Sitzhaltung beim Spielen. Die Folge ist ein Anstieg des Risikos für die Entwicklung von muskuloskelettalen Beschwerden [44, 127, 128]. Eine Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen lässt sich u.a. durch den Einsatz von ergonomischen Stühlen erzielen, da sie einen Einfluss auf die Körperhaltung des Orchestermusikers besitzen. Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit standen daher sechs unterschiedliche von der Firma Mey für Orchestermusiker konzipierte Stühle. Die Studie beinhaltete eine Untersuchung des Einflusses der Stühle auf die Oberkörperstatik und die Sitzdruckverteilung von Orchestermusikern und den Einfluss auf ihr Instrumentalspiel im Vergleich zur habituellen Sitzhaltung. Das Probandenkollektiv umfasste 24 Berufsmusiker des Polizeiorchesters Mainz (Rheinland-Pfalz, Deutschland) und bestand zum größten Teil aus Blasinstrumentalisten (3 Frauen, 21 Männer). Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 45 Jahre. Die Überprüfung der Oberkörperstatik erfolgte durch einen 3D-Rückenscanner (ABW GmbH, Frickenhausen, Deutschland), eine Evaluation der Druckverhältnisse im Gesäß durch eine Druckmessmatte (GeBioM GmbH, Münster, Deutschland), womit sich bei jedem Stuhl ein bestimmtes Druckmuster kennzeichnen ließ. Die Messung erfolgte pro Stuhl und Messgerät stets im Wechsel zwischen der statischen Position ohne Instrument (oI) und der statischen Position mit Instrument (mI). Bei der statistischen Auswertung kam es zur Verwendung nicht parametrischer Tests (Friedman-, Wilcoxon Matched- Pairs-Test), wobei das Signifikanzniveau bei ≤0,05 lag. Es erfolgte eine Unterteilung in einen Inter- und einen Intrastuhlvergleich.
Die Ergebnisse des Interstuhlvergleichs zeigten bezüglich der Schulterregion keine signifikanten Veränderungen, wohingegen im Hinblick auf die WS-Parameter Signifikanzen zwischen Stuhl 2 und 5 verzeichnet wurden: in der habituellen Position offenbarte die Rumpflänge D die größte Abweichung mit einem Längenunterschied von 14mm (p≤0,001), so auch die Rumpflänge S (16 mm; p≤0,001). Bezüglich dieser Stühle wiesen die restlichen WS-Parameter Abweichungen von max. 4° bzw. 3mm auf. Zwischen Stuhl 2 und 3 ergaben sich m.I. im Hinblick auf den thorakalen (p≤0,01) und lumbalen Biegungswinkel (p≤0,001) max. Diskrepanzen von 2,5°. Die größten Unterschiede in der Beckenregion zeigten sich beim Beckenabstand zwischen Stuhl 3 und 5 o.I. (7mm) und m.I. (4mm), (beide Bedingungen p≤0,001). Im Hinblick auf die Druckparameter fand sich eine Abhängigkeit zwischen belasteter Fläche und Sitzbeinhöckerdruck (SBH): eine kleine Fläche bedeutete eine schlechte Druckverteilung und umgekehrt. Stühle 1 und 4 besaßen den geringsten SBH (p≤0,001). Im Intrastuhlvergleich zeigten die Bereiche der WS, Schultern und Becken jeweils mindestens einen signifikanten Parameter auf, wie z.B. Schulterblattabstand, sagittale Rumpfneigung und Beckenabstand. Korrelationen zwischen den Parametern waren nicht zu erkennen. M.I. kommt es hinsichtlich des SBH auf der linken Hälfte im Schnitt auf allen Stühlen zu einer Druckerhöhung von 8,46%, auf der rechten zu einer von 11,11%. Im Hinblick auf den Oberschenkeldruck (OS) vollzieht sich die größte Veränderung (7,4bar) der rechten Gesäßhälfte auf Stuhl 2 mit p≤0,001. Der Interstuhlvergleich zeigt also, dass die Wahl eines Stuhls keine Auswirkung auf die Körperhaltung hat. Ursache für Diskrepanzen hinsichtlich des SBH ist die unterschiedliche Polsterung und Größe der Sitzfläche, welche eine hohe Relevanz in Bezug auf die Umverteilung des Drucks und den subjektiven Komfort besitzt. Eine gepolsterte und große Oberfläche ist gleichzusetzen mit einer günstigen Druckverteilung und einem angenehmen individuellen Sitzgefühl. Der Intrastuhlvergleich offenbart ebenfalls keine klinisch relevanten Veränderungen im Oberkörper. Ausschließlich in der Druckverteilung ist eine signifikante Variabilität hinsichtlich des OS rechts bei Stuhl 2 vorhanden (p≤0,001). Die Sitzposition der Probanden ist symmetrisch. Die Symmetrie bezieht sich sowohl auf den Schulter-, WS- und Beckenbereich, als auch auf die Druckverhältnisse im Gesäßbereich.
In der vorliegenden Studie konnte belegt werden, dass gepolsterte und breite Sitzoberflächen mit gleichmäßiger Druckverteilung und gleichzeitig hohem Komfort einhergehen. Im Hinblick auf das Musizieren über einen längeren Zeitraum ist das Vorhandensein eines hohen Komforts für den Orchestermusiker von Bedeutung. Diese Erkenntnisse sind bei der Weiterentwicklung von ergonomischen Stühlen zu berücksichtigen. Eine Analyse der Schulter- und Rumpfmuskulatur und Messung des Beckenwinkels ist in weiteren Studien zusätzlich erforderlich, um zu erforschen, inwieweit die Stühle die Fehlfunktionen des Bewegungsapparates beeinflussen.
Die Therapie langstreckiger Knochendefekte stellt auch weiterhin eine große Herausforderung dar. Dies beruht unter anderem darauf, dass der therapeutische Goldstandard - die Verwendung von autogener Knochensubstanz aus dem Beckenkamm - neben der begrenzten Verfügbarkeit vor allem Komplikationen im Bereich der Entnahmestelle mit sich bringen kann. Es wurde bisher aber noch kein durchschlagendes Ergebnis in der Entwicklung neuer Scaffolds zum Einsatz bei langstreckigen Knochendefekten erreicht. Dies kann eine Vielzahl an Ursachen haben, die sich von der verwendeten Ausgangssubstanz, bis hin zum verwendeten Design erstrecken können. Neben dem Ausgangsmaterial spielen vor
allem die Formgebung und physikalische Eigenschaften, wie Porosität und Mikroarchitektur, eine wichtige Rolle.
Ein aktueller Ansatz zur Nutzung als alternatives Knochenersatzmaterial ist das Knochen-Tissue-Engineering. Hierbei werden körpereigene, knochen-regenerative Zellen mit einem dreidimensionalen Gerüststoff (Knochenersatzmaterial oder -scaffold) kombiniert und in den Knochendefekt implantiert. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Fokus auf die Designentwicklung eines neuen Kochenersatz-Scaffolds gelegt. Nach Vorbild schon vorgestellter Knochenersatzdesigns und unter Berücksichtigung einer Grundstruktur, die auch Phasen der Knochenheilung wie die Frakturhämatomausbreitung und initiale Nährstoffversorgung einbeziehen sollte, wurden mehrere Designs (Raster, Tempel, Zwiebel) entwickelt. Mithilfe des additiv extrusionsbasierten Schmelzschichtverfahrens (Fused Filament Fabrication) wurden die in Computer-Aided Design entworfenen Scaffolds realisiert.
Dieser Ansatz beinhaltet, unter Verwendung des resorbierbaren und biokompatiblen Trägerpolymers Polylaktat, mehrstufige Designs, die kleine biologisch funktionelle Einheiten in eine tragende, kompressionsfeste Rahmenstruktur einbetten. Hierdurch entsteht einerseits die nötige mechanische Belastbarkeit und andererseits eine offene Architektur mit Poren, die Diffusion von Sauerstoff und
Nährstoffen in die inneren Bereiche des Implantats ermöglicht. Es wurden verschiedene Designs entwickelt, gedruckt und mechanisch sowie in vitro in den Kernbereichen Zelladhäsion, Zellaktivität und osteogene Differenzierung nach Besiedelung mit Saos-2-Zellen charakterisiert.
Ein weiterer Entwicklungsschritt stellte das Einführen eines neuartigen, innerhalb der Designs kompatiblen Baukastensystems dar. Hierdurch wird nicht nur die Anpassbarkeit an den Knochendefekt verbessert, es sind auch weitere Funktionen ergänzbar und die unterschiedlichen Designs untereinander kombinierbar.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertationsarbeit dienen als Basis für einen völlig neuen Ansatz von Knochenersatzmaterialien mit positiven biologischen sowie biophysikalischen Eigenschaften.
Background & Aims: HBV genotype G (HBV/G) is mainly found in co-infections with other HBV genotypes and was identified as an independent risk factor for liver fibrosis. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence of HBV/G co-infections in healthy European HBV carriers and to characterize the crosstalk of HBV/G with other genotypes.
Methods: A total of 560 European HBV carriers were tested via HBV/G-specific PCR for HBV/G co-infections. Quasispecies distribution was analysed via deep sequencing, and the clinical phenotype was characterized regarding qHBsAg-/HBV-DNA levels and frequent mutations. Replicative capacity and expression of HBsAg/core was studied in hepatoma cells co-expressing HBV/G with either HBV/A, HBV/D or HBV/E using bicistronic vectors.
Results: Although no HBV/G co-infection was found by routine genotyping PCR, HBV/G was detected by specific PCR in 4%-8% of patients infected with either HBV/A or HBV/E but only infrequently in other genotypes. In contrast to HBV/E, HBV/G was found as the quasispecies major variant in co-infections with HBV/A. No differences in the clinical phenotype were observed for HBV/G co-infections. In vitro RNA and DNA levels were comparable among all genotypes, but expression and release of HBsAg was reduced in co-expression of HBV/G with HBV/E. In co-expression with HBV/A and HBV/E expression of HBV/G-specific core was enhanced while core expression from the corresponding genotype was markedly diminished.
Conclusions: HBV/G co-infections are common in European inactive carriers with HBV/A and HBV/E infection, but sufficient detection depends strongly on the assay. HBV/G regulated core expression might play a critical role for survival of HBV/G in co-infections.
Background: A link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been widely demonstrated. In this study, we used neuroimaging to investigate the connectivity traits that may contribute to the comorbidity of these disorders.
Methods: The study included an AUD group (N = 18), an ADHD group (N = 17), a group with AUD + ADHD comorbidity (N = 12) and a control group (N = 18). We used resting-state functional connectivity in a seed-based approach in the default mode networks, the dorsal attention network, and the salience network.
Results: Within the default mode networks, all affected groups shared greater connectivity toward the temporal gyrus when compared to the control group. Regarding the dorsal attention network, the Brodmann area 6 presented greater connectivity for each affected group in comparison with the control group, displaying the strongest aberrations in the AUD + ADHD group. In the salience network, the prefrontal cortex showed decreased connectivity in each affected group compared to the control group.
Conclusions: Despite the small and unequal sample sizes, our findings show evidence of common neurobiological alterations in AUD and ADHD, supporting the hypothesis that ADHD could be a risk factor for the development of AUD. The results highlight the importance of an early ADHD diagnosis and treatment to reduce the risk of a subsequent AUD.
Verletzungen der Fingerkuppen stellen einen häufigen Grund für die Vorstellung in der Notaufnahme dar. Während viele Verletzungen konservativ behandelt werden können, benötigen einige Patienten eine operative Versorgung. Dabei kommen verschiedene operative Verfahren zur Anwendung, darunter eine Fingerkuppenrekonstruktion mit einer neurovaskulären Insel-Lappenplastik.
Ziel der neurovaskulären Insel-Lappenplastik ist die Wiederherstellung einer taktil sensiblen und wieder belastungsfähigen Fingerkuppe ohne ein Längendefizit des Fingers.
In der vorliegenden Studie wurden Langzeit-Behandlungsergebnisse mit einer mittleren Nachuntersuchungsdauer von 105 Monaten bei 28 Patienten mit 29 durch neurovaskuläre Insel-Lappenplastiken rekonstruierten Fingerkuppen in der Berufsgenossenschaftlichen Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main erfasst. Die untersuchten Patienten hatten zum Zeitpunkt der Verletzung ein Durchschnittsalter von 38,4 Jahren. Es handelte sich überwiegend um männliche und berufstätige Patienten.
Es wurden nur Fingerkuppenverletzungen mit freiliegenden Knochen (Allen-Klassifikation Zone III und IV) operativ versorgt. In unserer Studie traten am häufigsten die Verletzungen am Mittelfinger, Zeigefinger und Ringfinger auf. Die Mehrheit der Fingerkuppenverletzungen geschah in Folge eines Arbeitsunfalls, die Arbeitsunfähigkeitsdauer betrug ca. 6,1 Wochen. Die maximale Größe eines neurovaskulären Insel-Lappen lag bei 6 x 3,5 cm.
Alle Patienten waren mit den Behandlungsergebnissen anhand der numerischen Rating-Skala und des DASH Fragebogens bezüglich Funktionalität sowie dem ästhetischen Outcome zufrieden und würden sich wieder operieren lassen.
Die Sensibilität konnte anhand der Zwei-Punkte-Diskrimination sowie Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament-Testes als gut bewertet werden und normale physiologische Werte erreichen. Die Narbe war überwiegend weich und in der Mehrheit der Fälle entsprach sie anhand der Vancouver Scar Scale Werte annähend der normalen Haut. Zwei Drittel der Patienten gaben keine Schmerzen in Ruhe an. Die Hälfte der Patienten gaben Schmerzen unter Belastung anhand der numerischen Rating-Scala an.
Trotz der hohen Anzahl von Krallennagelbildungen in 56,5 % und einer Differenz der Nagellänge bzw. Form waren alle Patienten mit dem Erhalt des Nagels zufrieden und haben dies subjektiv nicht als störend empfunden.
Als besonders beeinträchtigend wurde eine Kälteempfindlichkeit von 48,3 % Patienten beschrieben.
Der Mittelwert der Fingerkraft im Schlüsselgriff mit Hilfe des Pinch-Gauge zwischen Daumen und den vier Fingerspitzen im Wechsel wurde bei fast allen Messungen an den gesunden Fingern gering größer gemessen ohne eine statistisch signifikante Differenz. Die Messung der Handkraft mittels Jamar-Dynamometer ergab ein Defizit von 8,8 % (Vergleich betroffene zur gesunden Hand).
Bei drei von 24 Patienten hat sich eine Beugekontraktur im Interphalangealgelenk von 5°, 15°, 20° und bei einem von 22 Patienten im distalen Interphalangealgelenk von 10° gebildet. Zum Nachuntersuchungszeitpunkt wurden durch die Untersucherin ein Hoffmann-Tinel- Zeichen in 24,1 % und Druckschmerz in 17,2 % im Bereich der verletzten Fingerkuppe festgestellt. Subjektiv empfand kein Patient diese Symptome als störend und alle berufstätigen Patienten konnten ihre vor dem Unfall ausgeübte Tätigkeit wieder aufnehmen. Diese Studie konnte belegen, dass die Defektdeckung der Fingerkuppenverletzungen mit Hilfe von neurovaskulären Insel-Lappenplastiken ein sehr gutes ästhetisches und funktionelles Ergebnis mit einer fast identischen Hautqualität erzielt. Mit dieser Methode konnte eine Wiederherstellung des Weichteilgewebes der sensiblen Fingerkuppe auch bei großflächigen Defekten der Fingerkuppe erreicht werden. Die subjektive Patientenzufriedenheit mit dieser Rekonstruktionsmethode ist hoch.
Fokale idiopathische Dystonien stellen die häufigste Dystonieform im Erwachse-nenalter dar. Die Pathophysiologie dieser Erkrankungsgruppe ist weitestgehend unverstanden, wobei die Basalganglien, der Thalamus und das Cerebellum eine zentrale Rolle in der Genese dystoner Bewegungen zu spielen scheinen. Unklar ist, ob Patienten mit fokaler idiopathischer Dystonie mikrostrukturelle Verände-rungen in den oben genannten Arealen aufweisen, die das Störungsbild bedingen könnten.
In dieser Arbeit wurde mittels Methoden der quantitativen Magnetresonanztomographie (qMRT) der Versuch unternommen, Änderungen von Struktur und Eigenschaften des Hirngewebes bei idiopathischen Dystonien im Vergleich zu einer gesunden Kontrollkohorte zu identifizieren. Vorangegangen bildgebende Studien erbrachten bislang widersprüchliche Ergebnisse. Insbesondere der Frage nach möglichen Veränderungen des Eisengehaltes sollte mittels Messung der T2*-Re-laxationszeit nachgegangen werden. Weiterhin wurden Areale der motorischen Kontrolle (Basalganglien, Thalamus, Cerebellum und zerebraler Kortex) auf mög-liche Volumenveränderungen untersucht.
Insgesamt wurden 30 Patienten mit fokaler idiopathischer Dystonie sowie 30 alters- und geschlechtsgematchte Kontrollprobanden mittels multimodaler qMRT untersucht und Parameterkarten für die T1- und T2/T2*-Relaxationszeiten sowie der Protonendichte berechnet. Die Parameterkarten wurden sowohl voxelweise als auch regionenbasiert mit der Frage nach Dystonie-spezifischen Veränderungen statistisch ausgewertet. Zusätzlich erfolgte eine Subgruppenanalyse der ge-nannten Parameter von 17 Patienten mit zervikaler Dystonie im Vergleich zu ei-ner verkleinerten Kontrollgruppe.
Für keinen der untersuchten qMRT-Parameter konnte in der voxelweisen oder der regionenbasierten Analyse signifikante Gruppenunterschiede zwischen Patienten mit fokaler idiopathischer Dystonie und gesunden Kontrollprobanden nachgewiesen werden (p ≥ 0,05). Auch unterschieden sich die untersuchten Hirnregionen nicht hinsichtlich ihres Volumens (p ≥ 0,31). Ebenfalls ausschließlich negative Ergebnisse ergab die Subgruppenanalyse für Patienten mit zervikaler Dystonie (Gewebeparameter p ≥ 0,05, Volumen p ≥ 0,21).
Somit fanden sich entgegen der ursprünglichen Hypothese keine mittels qMRT detektierbaren krankheitsspezifischen mikrostrukturellen Gewebeveränderungen bei Patienten mit fokaler idiopathischer Dystonie. Unter Berücksichtigung der me-thodischen Limitationen und der kleinen Fallzahl ergaben sich keine Hinweise auf Dystonie-assoziierte neurodegenerative Prozesse, erhöhte Eisenablagerungen, Demyelinisierung oder Veränderungen des Wassergehaltes. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sind kompatibel mit der Sichtweise, dass idiopathische Dystonien am ehesten aufgrund einer reinen neurofunktionellen Netzwerkstörung der Ba-salganglien und deren kortikalen sowie cerebellären Projektionsareale entstehen. Hierbei ist zu berücksichtigen, dass sehr kleine, feingewebliche Veränderungen, die unterhalb des Auflösungsvermögens der hier verwendeten Bildge-bungsmethode liegen, nicht sicher ausgeschlossen werden können. Weitere quantitativ histologische Untersuchungen in Kombination mit quantitativ bildgebenden Verfahren werden benötigt, um die Pathophysiologie dieser Erkrankungsgruppe besser verstehen zu können.
Many proteins have been found to operate in a complex with various biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or lipids. Protein complexes can be transient, stable or dynamic and their association is controlled under variable cellular conditions. Complexome profiling is a recently developed mass spectrometry-based method that combines mild separation techniques, native gel electrophoresis, and density gradient centrifugation with quantitative mass spectrometry to generate inventories of protein assemblies within a cell or subcellular fraction. This review summarizes applications of complexome profiling with respect to assembly ranging from single subunits to large macromolecular complexes, as well as their stability, and remodeling in health and disease.
It is well known that lifestyle changes can alter several physiological functions in the human body. For exercise and diet, these effects are used sensibly in basic therapies, as in cardiovascular diseases. However, the physiological changes induced by exercise and a modified diet also have the capacity to influence the efficacy and toxicity of several drugs, mainly by affecting different pharmacokinetic mechanisms. This pharmacological plasticity is not clinically relevant in all cases but might play an important role in altering the effects of very common drugs, particularly drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. Therefore, with this review, we provide insights into possible food–drug and exercise–drug interactions to sharpen awareness of the potential occurrence of such effects.
Background: Estimating prognosis of periodontally affected teeth at the beginning of supportive periodontal care (SPC) is an important component for further treatment planning. This study aimed to evaluate tooth loss (TL) during 10 years of SPC in periodontally compromised patients and to identify tooth-related factors affecting TL.
Methods: Patients were re-examined 120 ± 12 months after accomplishment of active periodontal therapy. TL was defined as primary outcome variable and tooth-related factors (abutment status, furcation involvement [FI], tooth mobility, mean periodontal probing depth [PD], and clinical attachment level [CAL] at beginning of SPC, and initial bone loss [BL]) were estimated based on an adjusted regression analyses model.
Results: Ninety-seven patients (51 females and 46 males; mean age, 65.3 ± 11 years) lost 119 of 2,323 teeth (overall TL [OTL]: 0.12 teeth/patient/y) during 10 years of SPC. Forty of these teeth (33.6%) were lost for periodontal reasons (TLP; 0.04 teeth/patient/y). Significantly more teeth were lost due to other reasons (P <0.0001). TLP (OTL) only occurred in 5.9% (14.7%) of all teeth, when BL was at least 80%. Use as abutment tooth, FI degree III, tooth mobility degrees I and II, mean PD, and CAL positively correlated with OTL (P <0.05). For TLP, FI and tooth mobility degree III as well as mean CAL were identified as tooth-related prognostic factors (P <0.05).
Conclusions: During 10 years of SPC, most of the teeth (93.4%) of periodontally compromised patients were retained, showing the positive effect of a well-established treatment concept. Well-known tooth-related prognostic factors were confirmed.
The prevalence of peri-implant diseases around subcrestally placed implants: a cross-sectional study
(2021)
Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis or periimplantitis for subcrestally placed implants (1–3 mm) on the short-, medium- and long term.
Material and Methods: Two hundred patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study that were treated and screened during regular maintenance visits at one university center. A total of 657 implants were evaluated. Peri-implant health and diseases were assessed according to predefined case definitions. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the correlation with local and systemic factors.
Results: After a median function time of 9.36 ± 6.44 years (range: 1–26 years), the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis was 66.5% and 15.0%, at the patient level, corresponding to 62.6% and 7.5%, at the implant level, respectively. Peri-implantitis was significantly associated with patients’ history of periodontitis (odds ratio, OR 5.33).
Conclusion: Peri-implant diseases were a common finding around subcrestally placed implants.
Over the past years, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies revolutionized the possibilities in a broad range of application areas. Also in the field of forensic genetics, NGS continuously gained in importance and attentiveness. A significant number of sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) in the young is due to heritable arrhythmia syndromes emphasizing the need of examining the genetic basis in these cases also with regard to the identification of relatives and/or patients being at risk. As a result, high-throughput methods became of increasing value in molecular autopsy investigations enabling the analysis of a broad spectrum of genes.
Most standard protocols are optimized for high-quality samples and frequently not directly applicable to challenging forensic sample material. In the present study, we intended to examine a comprehensive gene panel associated with SCD and inherited arrhythmogenic disorders. We compared three different hybridization-based library preparation technologies in order to implement a suitable NGS workflow for heterogeneous, forensic as well as diagnostic sample material.
The results obtained indicated, that the Illumina technologies Nextera DNA Flex and TruSeq were compatible with samples exhibiting varying levels of degradation. In comparison, the TruSight method also resulted in good sequencing data, but seemed to be more dependent on DNA integrity. The preparation protocols evaluated in our study are not restricted to molecular autopsy investigations and might be helpful for and transferrable to further forensic research applications.
Interactions of drugs with the classical epigenetic mechanism of DNA methylation or histone modification are increasingly being elucidated mechanistically and used to develop novel classes of epigenetic therapeutics. A data science approach is used to synthesize current knowledge on the pharmacological implications of epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Computer-aided knowledge discovery for epigenetic implications of current approved or investigational drugs was performed by querying information from multiple publicly available gold-standard sources to (i) identify enzymes involved in classical epigenetic processes, (ii) screen original biomedical scientific publications including bibliometric analyses, (iii) identify drugs that interact with epigenetic enzymes, including their additional non-epigenetic targets, and (iv) analyze computational functional genomics of drugs with epigenetic interactions. PubMed database search yielded 3051 hits on epigenetics and drugs, starting in 1992 and peaking in 2016. Annual citations increased to a plateau in 2000 and show a downward trend since 2008. Approved and investigational drugs in the DrugBank database included 122 compounds that interacted with 68 unique epigenetic enzymes. Additional molecular functions modulated by these drugs included other enzyme interactions, whereas modulation of ion channels or G-protein-coupled receptors were underrepresented. Epigenetic interactions included (i) drug-induced modulation of DNA methylation, (ii) drug-induced modulation of histone conformations, and (iii) epigenetic modulation of drug effects by interference with pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Interactions of epigenetic molecular functions and drugs are mutual. Recent research activities on the discovery and development of novel epigenetic therapeutics have passed successfully, whereas epigenetic effects of non-epigenetic drugs or epigenetically induced changes in the targets of common drugs have not yet received the necessary systematic attention in the context of pharmacological plasticity.
Epoxides and diols of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are bioactive and can influence processes such as tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Studies with inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in animals overexpressing cytochrome P450 enzymes or following the systemic administration of specific epoxides revealed a markedly increased incidence of tumor metastases. To determine whether PUFA epoxides increased metastases in a model of spontaneous breast cancer, sEH-/- mice were crossed onto the polyoma middle T oncogene (PyMT) background. We found that the deletion of the sEH accelerated the growth of primary tumors and increased both the tumor macrophage count and angiogenesis. There were small differences in the epoxide/diol content of tumors, particularly in epoxyoctadecamonoenic acid versus dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, and marked changes in the expression of proteins linked with cell proliferation and metabolism. However, there was no consequence of sEH inhibition on the formation of metastases in the lymph node or lung. Taken together, our results confirm previous reports of increased tumor growth in animals lacking sEH but fail to substantiate reports of enhanced lymph node or pulmonary metastases.
Objectives: Bladder neck contracture (BNC) is a bothersome complication following endoscopic treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The objective of our study was to give a more realistic insight into contemporary endoscopic BNC treatment and to evaluate and identify risk factors associated with inferior outcome. Material and Methods: We identified patients who underwent transurethral treatment for BNC secondary to previous endoscopic therapy for BPH between March 2009 and October 2016. Patients with vesico-urethral anastomotic stenosis after radical prostatectomy were excluded. Digital charts were reviewed for re-admissions and re-visits at our institutions and patients were contacted personally for follow-up. Our non-validated questionnaire assessed previous urologic therapies (including radiotherapy, endoscopic, and open surgery), time to eventual further therapy in case of BNC recurrence, and the modality of recurrence management. Results: Of 60 patients, 49 (82%) and 11 (18%) underwent transurethral bladder neck resection and incision, respectively. Initial BPH therapy was transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in 54 (90%) and holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) in six (10%) patients. Median time from prior therapy was 8.5 (IQR 5.3–14) months and differed significantly in those with (6.5 months; IQR 4–10) and those without BNC recurrence (10 months; IQR 6–20; p = 0.046). Thirty-three patients (55%) underwent initial endoscopic treatment, and 27 (45%) repeated endoscopic treatment for BNC. In initially-treated patients, time since BPH surgery differed significantly between those with a recurrence (median 7.5 months; IQR 6–9) compared to those treated successfully (median 12 months; IQR 9–25; p = 0.01). In patients with repeated treatment, median time from prior BNC therapy did not differ between those with (4.5 months; IQR 2–12) and those without a recurrence (6 months; IQR 6–10; p = 0.6). Overall, BNC treatment was successful in 32 patients (53%). The observed success rate of BNC treatment was significantly higher after HoLEP compared to TURP (100% vs. 48%; p = 0.026). Type of BNC treatment, number of BNC treatment, and age at surgery did not influence the outcome. Conclusions: A longer time interval between previous BPH therapy and subsequent BNC incidence seems to favorably affect treatment success of endoscopic BNC treatment, and transurethral resection and incision appear equally effective. Granted the relatively small sample size, BNC treatment success seems to be higher after HoLEP compared to TURP, which warrants validation in larger cohorts.
Purpose: To stratify differences in visual semantic and quantitative imaging features in intensive care patients with nonspecific mastoid effusions versus patients with acute mastoiditis (AM) requiring surgical treatment. Methods: We included 48 patients (male, 28; female, 20; mean age, 59.5 ± 18.1 years) with mastoid opacification (AM, n = 24; control, n = 24) who underwent clinically indicated cerebral CT between 12/2007 and 07/2018 in this retrospective study. Semantic features described the extend and asymmetry of mastoid and middle-ear cavity opacification and complications like erosive changes. Minimum, maximum and mean Hounsfield unit (HU) values were obtained as quantitative features. We analyzed the features employing univariate testing. Results: Compared to intensive care patients, AM patients revealed asymmetric mastoid or middle-ear cavity opacification (likelihood-ratio (LR) < 0.001). Applying a dedicated threshold of the extent of opacification, AM patients reached significance levels of LR = 0.042 and 0.002 for mastoid and middle-ear cavity opacification. AM cases showed higher maximum and mean HU values (p = 0.009, p = 0.024). Conclusions: We revealed that the extent and asymmetry of mastoid and middle-ear cavity opacification differs significantly between AM patients and intensive care patients. Multicenter research is needed to expand our cohort and possibly pave the way to build a non-invasive predictive model for AM in the future.
Correct cellular function is ensured by a complex network of proteins and enzymes, regulating protein synthesis and degradation. This protein network, maintaining the so-called protein homeostasis, regulates those processes on multiple levels, producing new or degrading old proteins to cope with changing intra- and extracellular environments. Disturbance of this tightly regulated machinery can have severe effects on the cell and can lead to a variety of pathologies on organism level. Diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration and infections are associated with causative or consequent alterations in protein homeostasis. To understand the pathologies of these diseases, it is therefore critical to examine how perturbations of protein homeostasis affect cellular pathways and physiology. In the recent years, analysis of protein homeostasis networks has resulted in the development of novel therapeutic approaches. However, for many factors it remains unclear how the cell is affected, if they are disturbed. Protein synthesis and degradation represent immediate responses of the cell to changes and need to be studied in the right timeframe, making them difficult to access by common methodology. In this work we developed a new mass spectrometry (MS) based method to study protein synthesis and degradation on a system-wide scale. Multiplexed enhanced protein dynamic (mePROD) MS was developed, overcoming these limitations by special sample mixing and novel data analysis protocols. MePROD thereby enables the measurement of rapid and transient (e.g. minutes) changes in protein synthesis of thousands of proteins. During responses of the cell to stressors (e.g. protein misfolding, oxidation or infection), two major pathways regulate the protein synthesis: the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Both pathways have been connected with various diseases in the past and are common therapy targets. Although both pathways target protein synthesis in stress responses, the set of targets regulated by these pathways was believed to differ. Through the new mePROD MS method we could measure a comprehensive comparison of both pathways for the first time, revealing comparable system-wide patterns of regulation between the two pathways. This changed the current view on the regulation elicited by these pathways and furthermore represents a useful resource for the whole field of research. We could further develop the mePROD method and decrease MS measurement time needed to obtain an in-depth dataset. Through implementation of logic based instrument methods, it was possible to enhance the number of measured proteins by approximately three-fold within the same measurement time.
The dynamics of protein synthesis and degradation are frequently modulated by pathogens infecting the cell to promote pathogen replication. At the same time, the cell counteracts the infection by modulating protein dynamics as well. To develop useful therapy approaches to fight infections, it therefore is necessary to understand the complex changes within the host cell during infections on a system-wide scale. In 2019, a novel coronavirus spread around the world, causing a world-wide health-crisis. To better understand this novel virus and its infection of the host cell we conducted a study applying the mePROD methodology and classical proteomics to characterize the dynamic changes during the infection course in vitro. We discovered that the infection remodeled a diverse set of host cell pathways (e.g. mRNA splicing, glycolysis, DNA synthesis and protein homeostasis) and thereby showed possible targets for antiviral therapy. By targeted inhibition of these pathways, we could observe that these pathways indeed are necessary for SARS-CoV-2 replication and their inhibition could reduce viral load in the cells. Another experimental approach focused on the dynamic changes of protein modification, namely phosphorylation, after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Here, we could show the very important participation of growth factor signaling pathways in viral proliferation. Both studies together revealed critical pathways that are needed for the viral proliferation and hence are promising candidates for further therapies. Subsequent targeting of these pathways by either already approved drugs (Ribavirin and Sorafenib) or drugs in clinical trials (2-deoxyglucose, Pladienolide-B, NMS-873, Pictilisib, Omipalisib, RO5126766 and Lonafarnib) could block viral replication in vitro and suggests important clinical approaches targeting SARS-COV-2 infection.
Development of treatment strategies of chronic inflammatory disorders relies on on-going progress in drug discovery approaches and related molecular biologics. This study presents a gene reporter-based approach of phenotypic screening for anti-inflammatory compounds in the context of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
CEBPD gene, used as the target gene for the screening readout, encodes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBPδ) transcription factor (TF). Structural and regulatory characteristics of CEBPD gene as well as function of C/EBPδ TF in the context of inflammation satisfied assay requirements. C/EBPδ TF acts as a key regula-tor of inflammatory gene transcription in macrophages (Mϕ) and is observed to con-tribute to disease development in both a rodent model of RA and RA patient biopsies.
Despite well-described pro-inflammatory effects of C/EBPδ TF, it functions as a cell context-specific signal integrator showing also an anti-inflammatory activity. Conse-quently, both activation and inhibition of CEBPD alike may display a desired anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study was to develop a high-throughput screening assay for
CEBPD-modulating compounds and confirm hit compounds’ anti-inflammatory effects via gene expression analysis.
Generation and characterization of a multi-gene-reporter cassette 1.0 encoding enzy-matic secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene reporter was a priority during the assay development. Chemiluminescent SEAP assay demonstrating high assay sensitivi-ty, broad linear range, high reproducibility and repeatability was chosen to monitor activity of the defined CEBPD promoter (CEBPD::SEAP). PMA-differentiated and M1-polarized THP-1-derived Mϕ stably expressing multi-gene-reporter cassette 1.0 were used as the assay’s cellular system. mRNA expression of both reporter CEBPD::SEAP and endogenous CEBPD mirrored each other in response to a LPS and IFN-g-triggered inflammatory stimulus (M1 treatment), even though the defined CEBPD promoter re-gion, utilized in the assay, contained only the most proximal and known regulatory se-quences. SEAP chemiluminescence in the reporter cells´ supernatant reliably correlat-ed with the M1 treatment-induced CEBPD::SEAP gene expression. The final screening protocol was developed for semi-automatic screening in the 384-well format.
In total, 2054 compounds from LOPAC®1280 and ENZO®774 libraries were screened twice
using the enzymatic SEAP readout with subsequent analysis of 18 selected compounds: nine with the highest and nine with the lowest signals, further characterized by qPCR. Gene expression levels of endogenous CEBPD, CEBPD::SEAP reporter as well as, IL-6,
IL-1β, and CCL2 as inflammatory markers were quantified. qPCR assays failed to corre-late to SEAP readout in 15 compounds within three standard deviations (SDs) from sol-vent control: nine low signal and six high signal compounds. Demonstrating both assay sensitivity and specificity, a correlation between qPCR gene expression and SEAP readout was observed for three hit compounds with signals above three SDs: BET inhib-itors (BETi) GSK 1210151A and Ro 11-1464 as well as an HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) vori-nostat. The control compound trichostatin A (TSA) that reproducibly upregulated SEAP readout is also an HDAC inhibitor with a similar structure to vorinostat and was there-fore included in the anti-inflammatory phenotype analysis.
The observed suppression of IL-6, IL-1ß, and CCL2 gene expression by hit compounds suggested their anti-inflammatory effect in THP-1 reporter Mϕ. mRNA expression of
IL-6 and CCL2 was suppressed by HDACi and BETi at both 4 and 24 hours, while BETi reduced IL-1β mRNA expression 24 hour time point. BETi significantly upregulated gene expression of both reporter CEBPD::SEAP and endogenous CEBPD, 4 hours after M1 treatment. At the same time point, HDACi completely abolished the mRNA expres-sion of the endogenous CEBPD, while simultaneously upregulating mRNA expression of the reporter CEBPD::SEAP. The use of the most proximal 300 base pairs region of en-dogenous CEBPD promoter, making the upstream regulatory elements unavailable in the assay, may account for differential expression levels of SEAP and C/EBPδ TF. This observation corroborated the need to include a longer and more extensive CEBPD´s gene regulatory area. Thus, an improved multi-gene-reporter cassette 2.0 was gener-ated to be used on the basis of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) covering CE-BPD´s genomic area of about 200,000 base pairs.
The generated screening assay is flexible, reliable, and sensitive displaying potential for drug discovery and drug repurposing. The pharmacological modulation of CEBPD gene expression, first reported for GSK 1210151A, Ro 11-1464, and vorinostat, contrib-utes to the understanding of inflammatory responses in Mϕ and may have RA thera-peutic applications.
Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients with neurodegenerative diseases in the LEOSS cohort
(2021)
The impact of preexisting neurodegenerative diseases on superimposed SARS-CoV-2 infections remains controversial. Here we examined the course and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD) or dementia compared to matched controls without neurodegenerative diseases in the LEOSS (Lean European Open Survey on SARS-CoV-2-infected patients) cohort, a large-scale prospective multicenter cohort study...
Die Ätiologie der Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen (ASS) ist in genetischen Risikofaktoren sowie der Interaktion von genetischen und biologisch wirksamen Umweltrisikofaktoren begründet. ASS werden aufgrund von Verhaltensmerkmalen, nämlich bleibend eingeschränkter sozialer Kommunikation, sowie durch stereotypes Verhalten, sensorische und Sonderinteressen diagnostiziert. Hinsichtlich des genetischen Hintergrundes besteht eine hohe genetische Heterogenität, d. h., die genetischen Ursachen sind vielfältig und individuell oft sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Allerdings konvergieren diese Ursachen in bestimmten biologischen Mechanismen und überlappenden biologischen Endstrecken, deren Veränderung sehr wahrscheinlich den autismusspezifischen Verhaltensmerkmalen zugrunde liegt. Die vorliegende, selektive Literaturübersicht summiert die genetischen Befunde und fokusiert sich insbesondere auf Mechanismen und Endstrecken, die aufgrund der neueren Forschung immer besser charakterisiert werden. Der Artikel schließt mit Hinweisen zur klinischen Relevanz der aktuellen Befunde sowie offenen Fragen der translationalen Forschung.
COPD and asthma are two distinct but sometimes overlapping diseases exhibiting varying degrees and types of inflammation on different stages of the disease. Although several biomarkers are defined to estimate the inflammatory endotype and stages in these diseases, there is still a need for new markers and potential therapeutic targets. We investigated the levels of a phytohormone, abscisic acid (ABA) and its receptor, LANCL2, in COPD patients and asthmatics. In addition, PPAR-γ that is activated by ABA in a ligand-binding domain-independent manner was also included in the study. In this study, we correlated ABA with COPD-propagating factors to define the possible role of ABA, in terms of immune regulation, inflammation, and disease stages. We collected blood from 101 COPD patients, 52 asthmatics, and 57 controls. Bronchoscopy was performed on five COPD patients and 29 controls. We employed (i) liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and HPLC to determine the ABA and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase levels, respectively; (ii) real-time PCR to quantify the gene expression of LANCL2 and PPAR-γ; (iii) Flow cytometry to quantify adipocytokines; and (iv) immunoturbidimetry and ELISA to measure CRP and cytokines, respectively. Finally, a multinomial regression model was used to predict the probability of using ABA as a biomarker. Blood ABA levels were significantly reduced in COPD patients and asthmatics compared to age- and gender-matched normal controls. However, PPAR-γ was elevated in COPD patients. Intriguingly, ABA was positively correlated with immune-regulatory factors and was negatively correlated with inflammatory markers, in COPD. Of note, ABA was increased in advanced COPD stages. We thereby conclude that ABA might be involved in regulation of COPD pathogenesis and might be regarded as a potential biomarker for COPD stages.
Chronische Herzinsuffizienz ist eine der führenden Todesursachen im Rahmen kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen und ist mit einer hohen Anzahl an Komorbiditäten assoziiert. Unter anderem führt Herzinsuffizienz zu Veränderungen des Immunsystems, welche denen der Immunoseneszenz ähneln. Als einflussreiche Modulatoren ganzer molekularbiologischer Regelkreise sind microRNAs in den letzten Jahren zunehmend in den Fokus gerückt. Diese nicht-kodierenden, kurzen RNA-Einzelstränge können die Genexpression von vielen Zielgenen durch spezifisches Binden der jeweiligen mRNA Transkripte kontrollieren. Aufgrund zum Teil gewebe-, zelltyp- und prozess-spezifischer Expression können microRNAs auch als mögliche Biomarker für spezifische klinische Fragestellungen dienen.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Expression von immunmodulatorischen microRNAs im peripheren Blut (PB) von jungen und gealterten gesunden Probanden (y/h bzw. o/h) sowie Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz (CHF) untersucht. Dabei wurde ein Bezug auf Immunoseneszenz bzw. die Auswirkung von CHF auf das Immunsystem hergestellt. Im Rahmen dessen wurden Leukozyten-, insbesondere Lymphozyten-Subpopulationen analysiert.
Hierzu wurden Probanden in die drei folgenden Gruppen eingeschlossen: Patienten mit CHF (n=18, durchschnittliches Alter 64 Jahre), alters-korrelierte gesunde Probanden (n=13, durchschnittliches Alter 64 Jahre) sowie junge gesunde Probanden (n=30, durchschnittliches Alter 25 Jahre). Neben der Erhebung der klinischen Daten wurde peripheres Blut zur Bestimmung der microRNA-Expressionslevels sowie für durchflusszytometrische Analysen der Leukozytenpopulationen gewonnen.
In den Expressionsanalysen konnte eine alters- und herzinsuffizienz-abhängige Dysregulation einzelner microRNAs beobachtet werden. Insbesondere Mitglieder der miR-181-Familie, spezifisch miR-181a und miR-181c, waren im Alter niedriger exprimiert, zudem war die Expression von miR-181c bei Vorliegen einer CHF deutlicher reduziert. Des Weiteren zeigte sich eine altersabhängige erhöhte Expression von miR-34a, wobei das Vorliegen von CHF keine Auswirkung auf die Expression zeigte. Bei den microRNAs miR-146a und miR-223 konnte keine signifikante alters- oder CHF-abhängige Regulation nachgewiesen werden. Lediglich zeigte bei der miR-155 zeigte sich eine signifikante Reduktion bei Vorliegen einer CHF im Vergleich o/h Probanden.
In Hinblick auf die Leukozytenpopulationen im peripheren Blut wiesen Patienten mit CHF höhere Zahlen an Leukozyten auf, alle miR-181 Mitglieder zeigten hierbei eine inverse Korrelation. Dagegen stellte sich in Hinblick auf die Zusammensetzung der Leukozyten-Subpopulationen eine Reduktion der Lymphozytenfraktion im Alter dar, besonders bei Patienten mit CHF. Insbesondere zeigte sich eine altersabhängige Abnahme der B-Lymphozytenpopulation, wobei auch hier das Vorliegen einer CHF diesen Effekt verstärkte. Die Expression miR-181a und miR-181c sowie miR-146a und miR-223 korrelierte positiv mit dem Anteil der B-Lymphozyten. Innerhalb der B-Zellen zeigte sich eine alters- und CHF-abhängige Reduktion der naïven B-Zellen, welche positiv mit der Expression von miR-181c, miR-146a und miR-223 korrelierte. Die beobachteten Veränderungen der B-Zell-Subpopulationen zeigten sich insbesondere bei CHF Patienten mit ischämischer Ursache im Vergleich zur dilatativen Kardiomyopathie.
Bei den untersuchten T-Lymphozyten-Subpopulationen zeigte sich eine altersabhängiger Abfall bei den zytotoxischen T-Zellen. Das Vorliegen einer CHF verstärkte diesen Effekt. Die beobachteten Veränderungen der T-Zell-Subpopulation korrelierten nicht mit der Expression der untersuchten microRNAs.
Im Gegensatz zu den lymphoiden Subpopulationen zeigte sich ein Anstieg der neutrophilen Granulozyten und der Monozyten im Alter, es stellte sich jeweils eine negative Korrelation mit der Expression von miR-181 Transkripten sowie miR-155, miR-146a und miR-223 dar.
Zusammenfassend zeigten sich signifikant erniedrigte Expressionslevels von miR-181c im Alter, was mit Immunoseneszenz-bedingten Veränderungen des peripheren Bluts einherging. Diese Veränderungen zeigten sich zusätzlich verstärkt bei Patienten mit CHF. Zukünftig könnten miR-181c Expressionslevel in peripherem Blut als Biomarker für die Immunfunktionen bei CHF Patienten dienen und in Hinblick auf eine mögliche prospektive Information evaluiert werden.
Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that CF (Cystic Fibrosis) prognosis is dependent of three major parameters: FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Pressure in one second), BMI (Body Mass Index) and need of intravenous antibiotic therapy. The CF centres of Frankfurt, Germany, and Moscow, Russia, care for cystic fibrosis patients. We decided to investigate and compare both centers from 1990 to 2015. No comparable study has been published so far.
Method: German patient data was collected from the national cystic fibrosis database “Muko.web”. Missing values were extracted from the Hospital Information System. Russian patient data were taken directly from the medical records in Moscow. In a descriptive statistical analysis with Bias and R Studio the values were compared.
Result: A total of 428 patients from Moscow (217 male, 211 female; 348 (81,3%) were P. aeruginosa positive) and 159 patients from Frankfurt (92 male, 67 female; 137 (86,2%) with P. aeruginosa positive) were compared with regard to P. aeruginosa positivity, BMI, FEV1 and need of intravenous antibiotic therapy. CF patients in Moscow stratified by age groups had lower BMI than CF patients in Frankfurt (age 16-18: p=0,003; age 19-22: p=0,004; age 23-29: p<0,001; age 30-35: p<0,001; age 36-66: p=0,024). In a matching pairs analysis including 100 patients from Frankfurt and 100 patients from Moscow for the year 2015 FEV1 was significantly lower in Moscow patients (p<0,001).
Conclusion: BMI, FEV1 and need of intravenous therapy have significant impact on survival and on quality of life of CF patients. A lower BMI and a lower FEV1 result in a worse survival and determine the prognosis. This study showed a significant difference in prognostic parameters between Frankfurt and Moscow in the crosssectional analysis for the year 2015. A further study should evaluate this difference to show whether this difference will be found over a longer period of time.
Die Sicherstellung der hausärztlichen Versorgung ist vor allem im ländlichen Raum mit regional unterschiedlich starker Ausprägung zunehmend gefährdet. Ein wesentlicher Grund liegt in der stetig sinkenden Zahl an hausärztlich tätigen Ärzten/innen. Ursächlich hierfür sind einerseits die hohen „Bruttoabgänge“ von Hausärzten/innen, zumeist aufgrund altersbedingten Ausscheidens, und einem andererseits eklatanten Nachwuchsproblem.
Um dieser problematischen Entwicklung entgegenzuwirken, kommt der Gewinnung hausärztlichen Nachwuchses eine Schlüsselrolle zu. In Flächenländern wie Australien, Kanada oder den USA, die ähnlichen Herausforderungen schon seit längerer Zeit gegenüberstehen, existieren seit den 1970er Jahren universitäre Schwerpunktprogramme, die die Allgemeinmedizin bereits in der medizinischen Ausbildung fördern. Breit angelegte Evaluationsstudien zeigen dabei, dass die Teilnahme an longitudinalen Längsschnittcurricula einen positiven Effekt auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit hat, nach Abschluss des Studiums eine Weiterbildung im Fach Allgemeinmedizin aufzunehmen und sich darüber hinaus hausärztlich (im ländlichen Raum) niederzulassen.
Unter der Annahme, dass eine allgemeinmedizinische Schwerpunktsetzung im Studium das Interesse am selbigen Fach erhöht und darüber hinaus eine hausärztliche Karriereplanung positiv beeinflusst, soll die hier vorliegende Promotionsarbeit folgende Forschungsfrage beantworten: Wie kann ein longitudinales, fachbereichsweites Lehrangebot konzeptionell gestaltet werden, welches es Medizinstudierenden ermöglicht, Allgemeinmedizin im ländlichen Raum kennenzulernen?
Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung wurde ein triangulierender Forschungsansatz gewählt, der aus mehreren Arbeitsschritten besteht: 1. Erarbeitung einer Übersichtarbeit bestehend aus einer Literaturrecherche und der Kontaktaufnahme zu hiesigen Experten, 2. schriftliche und telefonische Befragung aller medizinischen Fakultäten Deutschlands 3. webbasierte Befragung von Medizinstudierenden der Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, 4. konzeptionelle Entwicklung und Implementierung eines universitären Schwerpunktprogramms zur Förderung der Allgemeinmedizin in ländlichen Regionen auf Basis der in Schritt eins bis drei gewonnen Ergebnisse.
Mittels der verschiedenen methodischen Entwicklungsschritte konnte im Zeitraum von 2015 bis 2016 das longitudinale Schwerpunktprogramm „Landpartie 2.0“ konzeptionell entwickelt und ab dem Wintersemester 2016/2017 in das Medizinstudium der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, implementiert werden.
Das entwickelte Lehrangebote richtet sich pro Jahr in der Regel an bis zu 15 Studierende ab dem klinischen Studienabschnitt. Im Kern beinhaltet das mehrsemestrige Angebot wiederkehrende Praxisphasen in ausgewählten und geschulten Hausarztpraxen in ländlichen Regionen. Begleitet werden die Praktika von vor- und nachbereitenden Seminaren an der Universität, dem Kurs Allgemeinmedizin in einer ländlichen Hausarztpraxis und einem jährlichen Tagesausflug zu innovativen Gesundheitsmodellen. Seit Einführung des Programms konnten 62 Studierende in die „Landpartie 2.0“ aufgenommen werden.
Erste Evaluationsergebnisse belegen eine sehr hohe Zufriedenheit mit den einzelnen Programmbestandteilen unter den Teilnehmenden. Langfristig sollen darüber hinaus in einer Verbleibstudie Effekte auf die Motivation für eine hausärztliche Tätigkeit (auf dem Land) sowie Karriereverläufe abgebildet werden.
Insgesamt erwies sich das gewählte methodische Vorgehen als zielführend. Mittels der einzelnen Entwicklungsschritte konnte ein abgestimmtes, umfassendes und den wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen berücksichtigendes Längsschnittcurriculum am Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, erfolgreich konzeptioniert und implementiert werden.
Current research on medical biomaterials have shown that the physical and chemical characteristics of biomaterials determine the body inflammatory cellular reaction after their implantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the individual effects of the physical characteristics over the initial biomaterial-cellular interaction and the inflammatory cellular reaction. For this purpose, an equine-derived collagen hemostatic sponge (E-CHS) was modified by pressing and evaluated using ex vivo, in vitro and in vivo methods.
The E-CHS was pressed by applying constant pressure (6.47± 0.85 N) for 2 min using a sterile stainless-steel cylinder and cut in segments of 1cm2. Subsequently, E-CHS and the pressed equine-derived collagen hemostatic sponge (P-E-CHS) were studied as two independent biomaterials and compared to a control group (CG).
A blood concentrate containing inflammatory cells known as platelet rich fibrin (PRF) was used to mimic the initial biomaterial-cell interaction and to measure the absorption coefficient of the biomaterials to liquid PRF (iPAC). Additionally, the biomaterials were cultivated together with PRF for 3 and 6 days to measure the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-8). The results were obtained through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and histological methods. PRF cultivated without biomaterials served as the CG. Additionally, the biomaterials were evaluated in vivo using a subcutaneous model in Wistar rats and compared to sham operated animals (CG) representing physiologic wound healing. After 3, 15 and 30 days, the explanted samples were evaluated using histochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining using the following markers: CD68 (pan macrophages), CCR7 (pro-inflammatory macrophages, M1), CD206 (pro-wound healing macrophages, M2) and α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA; vessel identification).
After the mixture of liquid PRF with both biomaterials for 15 minutes, the ex vivo results showed that E-CHS was penetrated by cells, whereas P-E-CHS was cell-occlusive. Additionally, P-E-CHS induced a higher release of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to liquid PRF alone (CG) and E-CHS after 3 days (P< 0.05). Although the biomaterial was pressed, the difference of the iPAC value did not show statistical differences. In vivo, the CG induced at day 3 a higher inflammatory response compared to the experimental groups (EG) (P< 0.05). The intergroup comparison showed that P-E-CHS induced a higher presence of macrophages (CD68+/CC7+) compared to E-CHS at day 3 (P< 0.05). Only CD68+/CCR7+ mononuclear cells (MNCs) were observed without multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs). After 15 days, the presence of macrophages (CD68+ P<0.01 /CCR7+ P<0.001 /CD206+ P<0.05) reduced considerably in the CG. On the contrary, the inflammatory response increased in the EGs (CD68+/CCR7+). The intergroup comparison showed that this increment was statistically significant when comparing E-CHS and P-E-CHS to the CG at day 15 (P<0.01 and P< 0.05 respectively). At this time point, a reduced number of MNGCs were observed in the EGs. In the CG no MNGCs were observed. Furthermore, E-CHS showed a faster degradation rate and was fully invaded by cells and vessels formed in its interior region. On the other hand, P-E-CHS remained occlusive to cell penetration and vessels were formed only in the periphery. After 30 days, the cellular reaction shifted to a higher number of M2 macrophages (CD260+) in all groups and a reduced presence of CD68+ and CCR7+ MNCs. Both biomaterials degraded and only small fragments were found in the implantation bed surrounded by MNGCs (CCR7+).
These results are of high clinical relevance and show that changes in biomaterial properties have a significant impact on their interaction with the body. They also serve as insight into the possibility to develop versatile biomaterials with different applications. For example, E-CHs can be applied to support hemostasis in a bleeding alveolar socket and P-E-CHs by being cell occlusive and having a delayed degradation rate can be applied for guided bone and tissue regeneration.
Background: To compare severe infectious complication rates after transrectal prostate biopsies between cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones for antibiotic monoprophylaxis.
Material and Methods: In the multi-institutional cohort, between November 2014 and July 2020 patients received either cefotaxime (single dose intravenously), cefpodoxime (multiple doses orally) or fluoroquinolones (multiple-doses orally or single dose intravenously) for transrectal prostate biopsy prophylaxis. Data were prospectively acquired and retrospectively analyzed. Severe infectious complications were evaluated within 30 days after biopsy. Logistic regression models predicted biopsy-related infectious complications according to antibiotic prophylaxis, application type and patient- and procedure-related risk factors.
Results: Of 793 patients, 132 (16.6%) received a single dose of intravenous cefotaxime and were compared to 119 (15%) who received multiple doses of oral cefpodoxime and 542 (68.3%) who received fluoroquinolones as monoprophylaxis. The overall incidence of severe infectious complications was 1.0% (n=8). No significant differences were observed between the three compared groups (0.8% vs. 0.8% vs. 1.1%, p=0.9). The overall rate of urosepsis was 0.3% and did not significantly differ between the three compared groups as well.
Conclusion: Monoprophylaxis with third generation cephalosporins was efficient in preventing severe infectious complications after prostate biopsy. Single intravenous dose of cefotaxime and multiday regimen of oral cefpodoxime showed a low incidence of infectious complications <1%. No differences were observed in comparison to fluoroquinolones.
Context: Despite overwhelming evidence for endovascular therapy in anterior circulation ischemic stroke due to large-vessel occlusion, data regarding the treatment of acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) are still equivocal. The BASICS trial failed to show an advantage of endovascular therapy (EVT) over best medical treatment (BMT). In contrast, data from the recently published BASILAR registry showed a better outcome in patients receiving EVT.
Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of EVT plus BMT vs. BMT alone in acute BAO.
Methods: We analyzed the clinical course and short-term outcomes of patients with radiologically confirmed BAO dichotomized by BMT plus EVT or BMT only as documented in a state-wide prospective registry of consecutive patients hospitalized due to acute stroke. The primary endpoint was a favorable functional outcome (mRS 0–3) at hospital discharge assessed as common odds ratio using binary logistic regression. Secondary subgroup analyses and propensity score matching were added. Safety outcomes included mortality, the rate of intracerebral hemorrhages, and complications during hospitalization.
Results: We included 403 patients with acute BAO (2017–2019). A total of 270 patients (67%) were treated with BMT plus EVT and 133 patients (33%) were treated with BMT only. A favorable outcome (mRS 0–3) was observed in 33.8% of the BMT and 26.7% of the BMT plus EVT group [OR.770, CI (0.50–1.2)]. Subgroup analyses for patients with a NIHSS score > 10 at admission to the hospital revealed a benefit from EVT [OR 3.05, CI (1.03–9.01)].
Conclusions: In this prospective, quasi population-based registry of patients hospitalized with acute BAO, BMT plus EVT was not superior to BMT alone. Nevertheless, our results suggest that severely affected BAO patients are more likely to benefit from EVT.
Purpose: Jejunoileal atresia (JIA) is a rare disease. We aimed to determine the overall incidence of this malformation and associated malformations in a national cohort. Furthermore, we compared the treatment results of this cohort with the current literature.
Methods: Data from the major health insurance company, which covers ∼30% of the German population, were analyzed. All patients with ICD-10-Code Q41.1-9 (atresia of jejunum, ileum, other parts and not designated parts of the small bowel) who underwent any surgical procedure for small bowel were analyzed in a 10-year period between 2007 and 2016.
Results: A total of 435 patients were included in the study. The incidence was 2.1 per 10,000 live births. The male:female ratio was 1:2. Sixty-four percent were premature, 21% had associated cardiac anomalies, 16% had abdominal wall defects, 7% had urogenital malformations, and 7% had cystic fibrosis. Sixty percent of all patients with jejunoileal atresia, 57% of patients with accompanying abdominal wall defects and 72% of patients with associated cystic fibrosis required ostomy as the initial procedure. In 25% of all patients, only one intestinal operation was coded. In 39% of patients, two operations were coded. Twelve percent of all patients required feeding gastrostomy or jejunostomy. Sixteen percent of all patients presented with liver-related complications, i.e., cholestasis or liver insufficiency. Six patients underwent an intestinal lengthening procedure (2 Bianchi, 4 STEP). In five patients, initial lengthening was performed within 1 year after the first intestinal operation. Mortality until 1 year after initial surgery was 5%. Of those who died, 88% were premature, 34% had cardiac anomalies and 16% had abdominal wall defects. None had cystic fibrosis. Patients with ostomy significantly more often needed operative central venous line or operative feeding tube. Short bowel was coded significantly more often in these patients.
Conclusion: Patients with JIA present with low mortality. The rate of ostomies is higher than in literature. To give clinical recommendations for the initial surgical approach, further clinical research is needed.
Objective: Vertigo is a common side effect of cochlear implant (CI) treatment. This prospective study examines the incidence of postoperative vertigo over time and aims to analyze influencing factors such as electrode design and insertion angle (IA).
Study Design and Setting: This is a prospective study which has been conducted at a tertiary referral center (academic hospital).
Patients: A total of 29 adults were enrolled and received a unilateral CI using one of six different electrode carriers, which were categorized into “structure-preserving” (I), “potentially structure-preserving” (II), and “not structure-preserving” (III).
Intervention: Subjective vertigo was assessed by questionnaires at five different time-points before up to 6 months after surgery. The participants were divided into four groups depending on the time of the presence of vertigo before and after surgery. Preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively, a comprehensive vertigo diagnosis consisting of Romberg test, Unterberger test, subjective visual vertical, optokinetic test, video head impulse test, and caloric irrigation test was performed. In addition, the IA was determined, and the patients were divided in two groups (<430°; ≥430°).
Main Outcome Measures: The incidence of vertigo after CI surgery (group 1) was reported, as well as the correlation of subjective vertigo with electrode array categories (I–III) and IA.
Results: Among the participants, 45.8% experienced new vertigo after implantation. Based on the questionnaire data, a vestibular origin was suspected in 72.7%. The results did not show a significant correlation with subjective vertigo for any of the performed tests. In group 1 with postoperative vertigo, 18% of patients showed conspicuous results in a quantitative analysis of caloric irrigation test despite the fact that the category I or II electrodes were implanted, which are suitable for structure preservation. Average IA was 404° for the overall group and 409° for group 1. There was no statistically significant correlation between IA and perceived vertigo.
Conclusions: Though vertigo after CI surgery seems to be a common complication, the test battery used here could not objectify the symptoms. Further studies should clarify whether this is due to the multifactorial cause of vertigo or to the lack of sensitivity of the tests currently in use. The proof of reduced probability for vertigo when using atraumatic electrode carrier was not successful, nor was the proof of a negative influence of the insertion depth.
Cellular therapy has entered the daily clinical life with the approval of CAR T cell therapeutics and dendritic cell (DCs) vaccines in the US and the EU. In addition, numerous other adoptive cellular products, including natural killer (NK) cells, are currently evaluated in early phase I/ II clinical trials for the treatment of cancer patients. Despite these promising accomplishments, various challenges remain to be mastered in order to ensure sustained therapeutic success. These include the identification of strategies by which tumor cells escape the immune system or establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). As part of the innate immune system, DCs and NK cells are both present within the TME of various tumor entities. While NK cells are well known for their intrinsic anti-tumor activity by their cytotoxicity capacities and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the role of DCs within the TME is a double-edged sword as different DC subsets have been described with either tumor-promoting or -inhibiting characteristics. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the interaction of DCs and NK cells under physiological conditions and within the TME. One focus is the crosstalk of various DC subsets with NK cells and their impact on the progression or inhibition of tumor growth. In addition, we will provide suggestions to overcome the immunosuppressive outcome of the interaction of DCs and NK cells within the TME.
Despite good clinical functional outcome, deficits in gait biomechanics exist 2 years after total hip replacement surgery. The aims of this research were (1) to group patients showing similar gait adaptations to hip osteoarthritis and (2) to investigate the effect of the surgical treatment on gait kinematics and external joint moments. In a secondary analysis, gait data of 51 patients with unilateral hip osteoarthritis were analyzed. A k-means cluster analysis was performed on scores derived via a principal component analysis of the gait kinematics. Preoperative and postoperative datasets were statistically tested between clusters and 46 healthy controls. The first three principal components incorporated hip flexion/extension, pelvic tilt, foot progression angle and thorax tilt. Two clusters were discriminated best by the peak hip extension during terminal stance. Both clusters deviated from healthy controls in spatio-temporal, kinematic and kinetic parameters. The cluster with less hip extension deviated significantly more. The clusters improved postoperatively but differences to healthy controls were still present one year after surgery. A poor preoperative gait pattern in patients with unilateral hip osteoarthritis is associated with worse gait kinematics after total hip replacement. Further research should focus on the identification of patients who can benefit from an adapted or individualized rehabilitation program.
Cannabinoid drugs are registered for postoperative nausea and emesis, Tourette syndrome and tumor-related anorexia, but are also used for spasticity and pain relief, among other conditions. Clinical studies for spasmolysis have been equivocal and even conclusions from meta-analyses were not consistent. This may be due to uncertainty in diagnostic criteria as well as a lack of direct spasmolytic activity (direct causality). In this review we used the Hill criteria to investigate whether a temporal association is causal or spurious. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed to identify all clinical trials of cannabinoids for spasticity. Studies were evaluated for dose dependency and time association; all studies together were analyzed for reproducibility, coherence, analogy and mechanistic consistency. A Funnel plot was done for all studies to identify selection or publication bias. Results: Twenty-seven studies were included in this meta-analysis. The spasmolytic activity (effect strength) was weak, with a nonsignificant small effect in most studies and a large effect only in a few studies (“enriched” studies, low patient numbers). No dose dependency was seen and plotting effect size vs. daily dose resulted in a slope of 0.004. Most studies titrated the cannabinoid to the optimum dose, e.g., 20 mg/d THC. The effect decreased with longer treatment duration (3–4 months). The spasmolytic effect is consistent for different European countries but not always within a country, nor is the effect specific for an etiology (multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, others). For other criteria like plausibility, coherence or analogous effects, no data exist to support or refute them. In most studies, adverse effects were frequently reported indicating a therapeutic effect only at high doses with relevant side effects. Conclusions: Current data do not support a specific spasmolytic effect; a general decrease in CNS activity analogous to benzodiazepines appears more likely. Whether individual patients or specific subgroups benefit from cannabinoids is unclear. Further studies should compare cannabinoids with other, nonspecific spasmolytic drugs like benzodiazepines.
Background: Reduction of the Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) degrading enzyme S1P lyase 1 (SGPL1) initiates colorectal cancer progression with parallel loss of colon function in mice. We aimed to investigate the effect of SGPL1 knockout on the stem cell niche in these mice.
Methods: We performed immunohistochemical and multi-fluorescence imaging on tissue sections of wildtype and SGPL1 knockout colons under disease conditions. Furthermore, we generated SGPL1 knockout DLD-1 cells (SGPL1−/−M.Ex1) using CRISPR/Cas9 and characterized cell cycle and AKT signaling pathway via Western blot, immunofluorescence, and FACS analysis.
Results: SGPL1 knockout mice were absent of anti-Ki-67 staining in the stem cell niche under disease conditions. This was accompanied by an increase of the negative cell cycle regulator FOXO3 and attenuation of CDK2 activity. SGPL1−/−M.Ex1 cells show a similar FOXO3 increase but no arrest of proliferation, although we found a suppression of the PDK1/AKT signaling pathway, a prolonged G1-phase, and reduced stem cell markers.
Conclusions: While already established colon cancer cells find escape mechanisms from cell cycle arrest, in vivo SGPL1 knockout in the colon stem cell niche during progression of colorectal cancer can contribute to cell cycle quiescence. Thus, we propose a new function of the S1P lyase 1 in stemness.
Introduction: Mental disorders such as depression are common, and an estimated 264 million people are affected by them throughout the world. In recent years, studies on digital health interventions to treat mental disorders have shown evidence of their efficacy, and interest in using them has increased as a result. In the primary care setting, depression and anxiety are the two most frequently diagnosed and treated mental disorders. When they do not refer them to specialists, primary care professionals such as general practitioners treat patients with mental disorders themselves but have insufficient time to treat them adequately. Furthermore, there is a shortage of psychotherapists and those that exist have long waiting lists for an appointment. The purpose of this mixed methods systematic review is to explore the attitudes of primary care professionals towards the use of digital health interventions in the treatment of patients with mental disorders. Their attitudes will provide an indication whether digital mental health interventions can effectively complement standard care in the primary care setting.
Methods and analysis: We searched for qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies published in English, German, Spanish, Russian, French and Dutch after January 2010 for inclusion in the review. The included studies must involve digital mental health interventions conducted via computer and/or mobile devices in the primary care setting. The search was conducted in July 2020 in the following electronic bibliographic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science Core Collection. Two reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts and full texts and extract data. We will use the ‘Integrated methodology’ framework to combine both quantitative and qualitative data.
Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval is not required. We will disseminate the results of the mixed methods systematic review in a peer-reviewed journal and scientific conferences.
Objectives: Inadequate oral hygiene still leads to many serious diseases all over the world. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze scientific research in the field of oral health in order to be able to comprehend their relevant subject areas, research connections, or developments. Methods: This study aimed to assess the global publication output on oral hygiene to create a world map that provides background information on key players, trends, and incentives of research. For this purpose, established bibliometric parameters were combined with state-of-the-art visualization techniques. Results: This study shows the actual key players of research on oral hygiene in high-income economies with only marginal participation from lower economies. This still corresponds to the current burden situations, but they are more and more shifting to the disadvantage of the low-income countries. There is a clear North–South and West–East gradient, with the USA and the Western European nations being the most publishing nations on oral hygiene. As an emerging country, Brazil plays a role in the research. Conclusions: The scientific power players were concentrated in high-income countries. However, the changing epidemiological situation requires a different scientific approach to oral hygiene. This requires an expansion of the international network to meet the demands of future global oral health burdens, which are mainly related to oral hygiene.
Regeneration of large bone defects is a major objective in trauma surgery. Bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMC)-supported bone healing was shown to be efficient after immobilization on a scaffold. We hypothesized that fibrous demineralized bone matrix (DBM) in various forms with BMCs is superior to granular DBM. A total of 65 male SD rats were assigned to five treatment groups: syngenic cancellous bone (SCB), fibrous demineralized bone matrix (f-DBM), fibrous demineralized bone matrix densely packed (f-DBM 120%), DBM granules (GDBM) and DBM granules 5% calcium phosphate (GDBM5%Ca2+). BMCs from donor rats were combined with different scaffolds and placed into 5 mm femoral bone defects. After 8 weeks, bone mineral density (BMD), biomechanical stability and histology were assessed. Similar biomechanical properties of f-DBM and SCB defects were observed. Similar bone and cartilage formation was found in all groups, but a significantly bigger residual defect size was found in GDBM. High bone healing scores were found in f-DBM (25) and SCB (25). The application of DBM in fiber form combined with the application of BMCs shows promising results comparable to the gold standard, syngenic cancellous bone. Denser packing of fibers or higher amount of calcium phosphate has no positive effect.
While the importance of the iron-load of lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2) in promoting tumor progression is widely appreciated, underlying molecular mechanisms largely remain elusive. Considering its role as an iron-transporter, we aimed at clarifying iron-loaded, holo-Lcn-2 (hLcn-2)-dependent signaling pathways in affecting renal cancer cell viability. Applying RNA sequencing analysis in renal CAKI1 tumor cells to explore highly upregulated molecular signatures in response to hLcn-2, we identified a cluster of genes (SLC7A11, GCLM, GLS), which are implicated in regulating ferroptosis. Indeed, hLcn-2-stimulated cells are protected from erastin-induced ferroptosis. We also noticed a rapid increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) with subsequent activation of the antioxidant Nrf2 pathway. However, knocking down Nrf2 by siRNA was not sufficient to induce erastin-dependent ferroptotic cell death in hLcn-2-stimulated tumor cells. In contrast, preventing oxidative stress through N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) supplementation was still able to induce erastin-dependent ferroptotic cell death in hLcn-2-stimulated tumor cells. Besides an oxidative stress response, we noticed activation of the integrated stress response (ISR), shown by enhanced phosphorylation of eIF-2α and induction of ATF4 after hLcn-2 addition. ATF4 knockdown as well as inhibition of the ISR sensitized hLcn-2-treated renal tumor cells to ferroptosis, thus linking the ISR to pro-tumor characteristics of hLcn-2. Our study provides mechanistic details to better understand tumor pro-survival pathways initiated by iron-loaded Lcn-2.
Background: The impact of MRI-lesion targeted (TB) and systematic biopsy (SB) Gleason score (GS) as a predictor for final pathological GS still remains unclear. Methods: All patients with TB + SB, and subsequent radical prostatectomy (RP) between 01/2014-12/2020 were analyzed. Rank correlation coefficient predicted concordance with pathological GS for patients’ TB and SB GS, as well as for the combined effect of SB + TB. Results: Of 159 eligible patients, 77% were biopsy naïve. For SB taken in addition to TB, a Spearman’s correlation of +0.33 was observed regarding final GS. Rates of concordance, upgrading, and downgrading were 37.1, 37.1 and 25.8%, respectively. For TB, a +0.52 correlation was computed regarding final GS. Rates of concordance, upgrading and downgrading for TB biopsy GS were 45.9, 33.3, and 20.8%, respectively. For the combination of SB + TB, a correlation of +0.59 was observed. Rates of concordance, upgrading and downgrading were 49.7, 15.1 and 35.2%, respectively. The combined effect of SB + TB resulted in a lower upgrading rate, relative to TB and SB (both p < 0.001), but a higher downgrading rate, relative to TB (p < 0.01). Conclusions: GS obtained from TB provided higher concordance and lower upgrading and downgrading rates, relative to SB GS with regard to final pathology. The combined effect of SB + TB led to the highest concordance rate and the lowest upgrading rate.
Efferocytosis is critical for tissue homeostasis, as its deregulation is associated with several autoimmune pathologies. While engulfing apoptotic cells, phagocytes activate transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) or liver X receptors (LXR) that orchestrate metabolic, phagocytic, and inflammatory responses towards the ingested material. Coordination of these transcription factors in efferocytotic human macrophages is not fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the transcriptional profile of macrophages following the uptake of apoptotic Jurkat T cells using RNA-seq analysis. Results indicated upregulation of PPAR and LXR pathways but downregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) target genes. Pharmacological inhibition and RNA interference pointed to LXR and PPARδ as relevant transcriptional regulators, while PPARγ did not substantially contribute to gene regulation. Mechanistically, lysosomal digestion and lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) were required for PPAR and LXR activation, while PPARδ activation also demanded an active lysosomal phospholipase A2 (PLA2G15). Pharmacological interference with LXR signaling attenuated ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux from efferocytotic macrophages, but suppression of inflammatory responses following efferocytosis occurred independently of LXR and PPARδ. These data provide mechanistic details on LXR and PPARδ activation in efferocytotic human macrophages.
Oxaliplatin is a third-generation platinum-based anticancer drug that is widely used as first-line treatment for colorectal carcinoma. Patients treated with oxaliplatin develop an acute peripheral pain several hours after treatment, mostly characterized by cold allodynia as well as a long-term chronic neuropathy. These two phenomena seem to be causally connected. However, the underlying mechanisms that trigger the acute peripheral pain are still poorly understood. Here we show that the activity of the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel but not the activity of any other member of the TRP channel family is transiently increased 1 h after oxaliplatin treatment and decreased 24 h after oxaliplatin treatment. Mechanistically, this is connected with activation of the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway and depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) after oxaliplatin treatment. Inhibition of the PLC pathway can reverse the decreased TRPM8 activity as well as the decreased PIP2-concentrations after oxaliplatin treatment. In summary, these results point out transient changes in TRPM8 activity early after oxaliplatin treatment and a later occurring TRPM8 channel desensitization in primary sensory neurons. These mechanisms may explain the transient cold allodynia after oxaliplatin treatment and highlight an important role of TRPM8 in oxaliplatin-induced acute and neuropathic pain.
NADH:ubiquinone-oxidoreductase (complex I) is the largest membrane protein complex of the respiratory chain. Complex I couples electron transfer to vectorial proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The L shaped structure of complex I is divided into a membrane arm and a matrix arm. Fourteen central subunits are conserved throughout species, while some 30 accessory subunits are typically found in eukaryotes. Complex I dysfunction is associated with mutations in the nuclear and mitochondrial genome, resulting in a broad spectrum of neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases. Accessory subunit NDUFS4 in the matrix arm is a hot spot for mutations causing Leigh or Leigh-like syndrome. In this review, we focus on accessory subunits of the matrix arm and discuss recent reports on the function of accessory subunit NDUFS4 and its interplay with NDUFS6, NDUFA12, and assembly factor NDUFAF2 in complex I assembly.
Sprouting of surviving axons is one of the major reorganization mechanisms of the injured brain contributing to a partial restoration of function. Of note, sprouting is maturation as well as age-dependent and strong in juvenile brains, moderate in adult and weak in aged brains. We have established a model system of complex organotypic tissue cultures to study sprouting in the dentate gyrus following entorhinal denervation. Entorhinal denervation performed after 2 weeks postnatally resulted in a robust, rapid, and very extensive sprouting response of commissural/associational fibers, which could be visualized using calretinin as an axonal marker. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of maturation on this form of sprouting and compared cultures denervated at 2 weeks postnatally with cultures denervated at 4 weeks postnatally. Calretinin immunofluorescence labeling as well as time-lapse imaging of virally-labeled (AAV2- hSyn1-GFP) commissural axons was employed to study the sprouting response in aged cultures. Compared to the young cultures commissural/associational sprouting was attenuated and showed a pattern similar to the one following entorhinal denervation in adult animals in vivo. We conclude that a maturation-dependent attenuation of sprouting occurs also in vitro, which now offers the chance to study, understand and influence maturation-dependent differences in brain repair in these culture preparations.
OXA-48-like carbapenemases are among the most frequent carbapenemases in Gram-negative Enterobacterales worldwide with the highest prevalence in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. Here, we investigated the so far uncharacterized carbapenemase OXA-484 from a clinical E. coli isolate belonging to the high-risk clone ST410 regarding antibiotic resistance pattern, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and genetic support. OXA-484 differs by the amino acid substitution 214G compared to the most closely related variants OXA-181 (214R) and OXA-232 (214S). The blaOXA–484 was carried on a self-transmissible 51.5 kb IncX3 plasmid (pOXA-484) showing high sequence similarity with plasmids harboring blaOXA–181. Intraspecies and intergenus HGT of pOXA-484 to different recipients occurred at low frequencies of 1.4 × 10–7 to 2.1 × 10–6. OXA-484 increased MICs of temocillin and carbapenems similar to OXA-232 and OXA-244, but lower compared with OXA-48 and OXA-181. Hence, OXA-484 combines properties of OXA-181-like plasmid support and transferability as well as β-lactamase activity of OXA-232.
SUMO : glue or solvent for phase-separated ribonucleoprotein complexes and molecular condensates?
(2021)
Spatial organization of cellular processes in membranous or membrane-less organelles (MLOs, alias molecular condensates) is a key concept for compartmentalizing biochemical pathways. Prime examples of MLOs are the nucleolus, PML nuclear bodies, nuclear splicing speckles or cytosolic stress granules. They all represent distinct sub- cellular structures typically enriched in intrinsically disordered proteins and/or RNA and are formed in a process driven by liquid-liquid phase separation. Several MLOs are critically involved in proteostasis and their formation, disassembly and composition are highly sensitive to proteotoxic insults. Changes in the dynamics of MLOs are a major driver of cell dysfunction and disease. There is growing evidence that post-translational modifications are critically involved in controlling the dynamics and composition of MLOs and recent evidence supports an important role of the ubiquitin-like SUMO system in regulating both the assembly and disassembly of these structures. Here we will review our current understanding of SUMO function in MLO dynamics under both normal and pathological conditions.
NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is the first enzyme complex of the respiratory chain. Complex I is a redox-driven proton pump that contributes to the proton motive force that drives ATP synthase. The structure of complex I has been analyzed by x-ray crystallography and electron cryo-microscopy and is now well-described. The ubiquinone (Q) reduction site of complex I is buried in the peripheral arm and a tunnel-like structure is thought to provide access for the hydrophobic substrate from the membrane. Several intermediate binding positions for Q in the tunnel were identified in molecular simulations. Structural data showed the binding of native Q molecules and short chain analogs and inhibitors in the access pathway and in the Q reduction site, respectively. We here review the current knowledge on the interaction of complex I with Q and discuss recent hypothetical models for the coupling mechanism.