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"Das beseufze ich oft ..." : antiker Papyrus neu gefunden: Sapphos lyrische Klage über das Alter
(2007)
Die Gedichte der Sappho, die um 600 v. Chr. auf der Insel Lesbos lebte, stehen am Anfang der griechischen und damit der europäischen Literaturgeschichte; nur wenige ältere Texte sind erhalten, darunter allerdings die beiden großen Epen Homers, die Ilias und die Odyssee, auf die sich auch Sappho in ihrer Poesie häufiger bezieht. Unter den wenigen Dichterinnen der Antike ist Sappho ohne Zweifel die berühmteste: Schon das Altertum pries sie wegen der Eindringlichkeit ihrer oft homoerotisch gefärbten Dichtung als »zehnte Muse« oder schlichtweg als »Wunderding. « Trotzdem hat es die Überlieferung nicht gut mit ihr gemeint. Denn von den insgesamt neun Büchern, in denen man in der Antike ihre Gedichte las, sind heute nur noch kümmerliche Reste erhalten. Wir verdanken sie zum einen späteren Autoren, die Verse der Sappho in ihren Schriften zitiert haben. Zum anderen enthalten Fetzen von antiken Papyri, die systematische Ausgrabungen seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts vor allem in Ägypten ans Licht gebracht haben, auch Fragmente aus Sapphos Poesie.
Auf nur 25 Seiten schuf Tacitus gegen Ende des 1. Jahrhunderts »Germania« und damit auch das Volk der Germanen, das so gar nicht existierte. In der Antike lebten auf diesem Territorium völlig unabhängig voneinander vielerlei Stämme. Warum zeichnete Tacitus das positive Bild eines unverdorbenen, kampfeslustigen Naturvolks? Wollte er damit den dekadenten Römern einen Spiegel vorhalten? Wollte er vor den starken Gegnern im fremden Norden warnen, gegen die die Römer nicht wieder zu Felde ziehen sollten?
Sentences with doubly center-embedded relative clauses in which a verb phrase (VP) is missing are sometimes perceived as grammatical, thus giving rise to an illusion of grammaticality. In this paper, we provide a new account of why missing-VP sentences, which are both complex and ungrammatical, lead to an illusion of grammaticality, the so-called missing-VP effect. We propose that the missing-VP effect in particular, and processing difficulties with multiply center-embedded clauses more generally, are best understood as resulting from interference during cue-based retrieval. When processing a sentence with double center-embedding, a retrieval error due to interference can cause the verb of an embedded clause to be erroneously attached into a higher clause. This can lead to an illusion of grammaticality in the case of missing-VP sentences and to processing complexity in the case of complete sentences with double center-embedding. Evidence for an interference account of the missing-VP effect comes from experiments that have investigated the missing-VP effect in German using a speeded grammaticality judgments procedure. We review this evidence and then present two new experiments that show that the missing-VP effect can be found in German also with less restricting procedures. One experiment was a questionnaire study which required grammaticality judgments from participants without imposing any time constraints. The second experiment used a self-paced reading procedure and did not require any judgments. Both experiments confirm the prior findings of missing-VP effects in German and also show that the missing-VP effect is subject to a primacy effect as known from the memory literature. Based on this evidence, we argue that an account of missing-VP effects in terms of interference during cue-based retrieval is superior to accounts in terms of limited memory resources or in terms of experience with embedded structures.
We tested the hypothesis that phonosemantic iconicity––i.e., a motivated resonance of sound and meaning––might not only be found on the level of individual words or entire texts, but also in word combinations such that the meaning of a target word is iconically expressed, or highlighted, in the phonetic properties of its immediate verbal context. To this end, we extracted single lines from German poems that all include a word designating high or low dominance, such as large or small, strong or weak, etc. Based on insights from previous studies, we expected to find more vowels with a relatively short distance between the first two formants (low formant dispersion) in the immediate context of words expressing high physical or social dominance than in the context of words expressing low dominance. Our findings support this hypothesis, suggesting that neighboring words can form iconic dyads in which the meaning of one word is sound-iconically reflected in the phonetic properties of adjacent words. The construct of a contiguity-based phono-semantic iconicity opens many venues for future research well beyond lines extracted from poems.