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A growing body of experimental syntactic research has revealed substantial variation in the magnitude of island effects, not only across languages but also across different grammatical constructions. Adopting a well-established experimental design, the present study examines island effects in Spanish using a speeded acceptability judgment task. To quantify variation across grammatical constructions, we tested extraction from four different types of structure (subjects, complex noun phrases, adjuncts and interrogative clauses). The results of Bayesian mixed effects modelling showed that the size of island effects varied between constructions, such that there was clear evidence of subject, adjunct and interrogative island effects, but not of complex noun phrase island effects. We also failed to find evidence that island effects were modulated by participants’ working memory capacity as measured by an operation span task. To account for our results, we suggest that variability in island effects across constructions may be due to the interaction of syntactic, semantic-pragmatic and processing factors, which may affect island types differentially due to their idiosyncratic properties.
Ascribing to the premise that film festivals are crucial to the production of cultural memory, this article explores different parameters through which festivals shape our reception of films. In its focus on the Asian American film festival CAAMFest, the article reveals that festivals are part of a complex network of actors whose different agendas influence the narratives produced around the film, direct its role as memory object and encourage memories to travel. What is more, it shows that festival locations—from the city in which a festival takes place to the concrete venue in which a film is screened—play a significant role in shaping our experience and understanding of films. Finally, it establishes that festivals create frames for their films, constructed through and circulated by the various festival media and live performances at the festival events. Bringing together film festival studies and memory studies, the article makes use of an interdisciplinary approach with which to explore the film festival phenomenon, thus shedding light on the complex dynamics of acts of framing, locations and networks of actors shaping the festival’s memory production. It also draws attention to the understudied phenomenon of Asian American film festivals, showing how such a festival may actively engage in constructing and performing a minority group’s collective identity and memory.
This introduction outlines new developments in the field of cultural and media memory studies in the wake of the transcultural turn. It pays specific attention to the twofold dynamics of memory’s travel and locatedness. While in recent memory studies discourse there has been a tendency to see travel as the inspiration for innovative research, locatedness has become associated with old-fashioned, bounded approaches. Rather than reproduce the positive charging of travel and negative charging of locatedness, this special issue aims to emphasise the complexity of memory dynamics resulting from the interaction of the two poles and to make visible that the production, (re)mediation, and reception of the past in the present is constituted by both travel and locatedness.
Rebecca Walkowitz’s observation that contemporary novels tend to be “born translated” involves the notion that they equally tend to be “born in motion”; they are often already, conceptually, on the road to faraway readers during their moments of conception. A first, more narrowly defined objective of my essay is to examine the narrative strategies used in Dave Eggers’s What Is the What (2007) and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Half of a Yellow Sun (2007) that facilitate and respond to this dimension of motion in particular travels of memory. In a broader scope, this analysis will be embedded into an appraisal of the potentials of recent theorizing both in narratology (i.e. the study of narrative) and in memory studies to understand the dynamics at play in the reception of far-travelled narrative memory media. It is a central proposition of this essay that the two research fields share an amplitude of common concerns with regard to questions of reception and should therefore be brought into a close dialogue. The present study explores how some of these intersections between narratology and memory studies can be approached through the notions of “distance” and “proximity.”
Language use before and after Stonewall: a corpus-based study of gay men’s pre-Stonewall narratives
(2019)
This study presents a contrastive corpus linguistic analysis of language use before and after Stonewall. It uses theoretical insights on normativity from the field of language and sexuality to investigate how the shifting normativities associated with the Stonewall Riots (1969) – widely considered the central event of gay liberation in the Western world – have shaped our conceptualization of sexuality as it surfaces in language use. Drawing on two corpora of gay men’s pre-Stonewall narratives dating from two time periods (before and after Stonewall, called PRE and POST), the analysis combines quantitative (keyword analysis, collocation analysis) and qualitative (concordance analysis) corpus linguistic methods to examine discursive shifts as evident from narrators’ language use. The study identifies the terms homosexual and normal as central contrastive labels in PRE, and gay and straight as corresponding terms in POST. Other discursive shifts detected are from sexual desire/practices to identity (and vice versa), from an individualistic to a community-based conceptualization of sexuality, and from unquestioned heteronormativity and gender binarism to a weakening of such dominant discourses. The findings are discussed in relation to the desire-identity shift, which is traditionally assumed to have taken place at the end of the 19th century, and shed new light on Stonewall as a central event for the development of an identity-based conceptualization of sexuality as we know it today.
Der Mensch ist ein emotionales Tier: Gefühle beeinflussen jedes menschliche Verhalten – auch jenes von Wissenschaftler/innen. Meist wird diese Emotionalität im Dienst wissenschaftlicher Objektivität vermieden oder unterdrückt. Dabei hat sie entscheidenden Anteil an Erkenntnisprozessen sowohl in der Generierung von Daten als auch in deren Interpretation und in der Präsentation von Wissensbeständen. Dies gilt ganz besonders für die Primatologie, gerade dort, wo mit unseren nächsten Artverwandten, den anderen Affen, im Feld geforscht wird. Primatologische Erkenntnisse wiederum affizieren ein großes Publikum und können deswegen leicht popularisiert werden. - Diese Open-Access-Publikation untersucht anhand primatologischer Forschungsmemoiren die Form und Funktion von Emotionen, Affekten und Gefühlen in der Feldforschung, die Affektpoetik und Emotionsregime der Primatologie sowie die Rolle, welche Fiktionen für die Reflexion des Verhältnisses von Mensch, Affe und Affekt spielen. Sie stellt damit die Frage nach der Rolle von Emotionalität in der Primatologie als Frage nach den epistemischen, poetologischen und politischen Grundlagen einer gegenwärtigen Leitwissenschaft der Anthropologie.
"Che tempo, che tempo": Geology and Environment in Max Frisch’s 'Der Mensch erscheint im Holozän'
(2016)
Critical readings of Frisch’s Der Mensch erscheint im Holozän [Man in the Holocene] have tended to read its heterogeneous and inter-medial form as a code for the mental disintegration of its protagonist. This paper argues instead that this feature can be seen as a poetological engagement with geological and climatic timescales. Due to its hybrid form, the incorporation of a multiplicity of textual fragments and pictorial representations, the text undermines both conventional definitions of narrative and representations of nature. Holozän’s non-linear structure establishes an aesthetic of slowness that ushers in an awareness of the utterly different time schemes of geological and climatic processes. Furthermore, the importance of the material features, such as an interplay between text and image and the disconnected, paratactical arrangement of sentences mirrors the novel’s focus on natural phenomena. Frisch’s narrative establishes a poetics that tries to reach beyond the confinements of an anthropocentric perspective and thereby subverts the borders between culture and environment.
In this article we present experimental findings on the acceptability of different argument orders in the German middle field. Our study pursues two goals: First, to evaluate a number of surface constraints on German argument order that have been proposed in the literature, and second, to shed new light on how gradient constraints jointly determine sentence acceptability. In four experiments, we investigated the impact of surface constraints relating to animacy, thematic roles, definiteness and case. While we are able to confirm an influence of most constraints under investigation, the resulting constraint hierarchy does not coincide with any hierarchy put forward so far in the literature, to the best of our knowledge. With regard to gradience, our results can be accounted for either by an OT variant incorporating a notion of markedness, or by a fully quantified model using constraint weights. For the latter, however, we provide evidence against uniform penalties associated with constraint violations.
Does linguistic rhythm matter to syntax, and if so, what kinds of syntactic decisions are susceptible to rhythm? By means of two recall-based sentence production experiments and two corpus studies – one on spoken and one on written language – we investigated whether linguistic rhythm affects the choice between introduced and un-introduced complement clauses in German. Apart from the presence or absence of the complementiser dass (‘that’), these two sentence types differ with respect to the position of the tensed verb (verb-final/verb-second). Against our predictions, that were based on previously reported rhythmic effects on the use of the optional complementiser that in English, the experiments fail to obtain compelling evidence for rhythmic/prosodic influences on the structure of complement clauses in German. An overview of pertinent studies showing rhythmic influences on syntactic encoding suggests these effects to be generally restricted to syntactic domains smaller than a clause. We assume that, in the course of language production, initially, clause level syntactic projections are specified; their specification is in fact the prerequisite for phonological encoding to start. Consequently, prosodic effects may only touch upon the lower level categories that are to be integrated into the clausal projection, but not upon the syntactic makeup of the higher order projection itself.
This paper investigates the interpretation of overt and null subject pronouns in the heritage language (European Portuguese, EP) of Portuguese heritage bilinguals (children and teenagers) in Germany and Andorra with German (Ger) and Spanish/Catalan (Span/Cat) as environmental languages and compares it to the outcomes of age-matched monolingual Portuguese children and monolingual adults. The results of an offline sentence interpretation task show that all groups of speakers differentiate between overt and null subjects. They are also sensitive to the syntactic context (intrasentential vs. intersentential) and the directionality of the anaphoric relation (anaphoric vs. cataphoric), although to different degrees. We argue that the interpretation of differences between monolingual and bilingual speakers needs to take into account these different syntactic contexts of pronominal resolution in order to gain a better understanding of the role of language-internal factors and cross-linguistic influence (CLI). With respect to the latter, the comparison between the Ger-EP and the Span/Cat-EP groups reveals no differences between these populations and shows that for the speakers’ knowledge of anaphora resolution in EP it is not decisive whether the contact language is a null subject language or not (confirming thus the results in Sorace et al. 2009).
In this paper, I investigate the suppletion patterns that are found in languages that make a clusivity distinction. I will show that in the triple 1SG-1EXCL-1INCL, ABA patterns do not arise, consonant with other work on suppletion patterns (Bobaljik 2012, Smith et al. 2016). That is, it is not possible for the exclusive pronoun to supplete on its own whilst the singular and inclusive share a common base. All other patterns are attested. I will argue that the lack of ABA patterns supports the view that the inclusive is the most marked category in this set (Noyer 1992, Siewierska 2004, Cysouw 2003, a.o.), and propose that there is a containment relation such that the feature set that makes up the inclusive properly contains the features that form the exclusive, following the reasoning laid out in Bobaljik (2012). I further consider the makeup of person features, and argue that the lack of ABA patterns in clusivity suggest that clusivity features are privative, rather than binary ('cf'. Harbour 2016).
Despite a large body of research, the linguistic nature of exhaustivity in single wh-questions is unresolved. Moreover, little empirical evidence exists as to which related structures pattern with bare wh-questions regarding exhaustivity. This paper explores the felicity of various exhaustivity violations in unembedded single bare wh-questions in German and compares them to related structures. In two novel felicity judgment experiments, a total of 441 participants rated exhaustive as well as non-exhaustive plural and non-exhaustive singleton answers to wh-questions or statements in a questionnaire. Answers were based on picture stimuli depicting individuals performing various actions. The felicity of non-exhaustive answers was compared across four main test conditions: bare wh-questions (wer ‘who’), wh-questions with a lexical exhaustivity marker (wer alles ‘who all’), plural definite descriptions contained in a restrictive relative clause (e.g., “the people who are fishing in the garden”), and the scalar quantifier “some” (e.g., “some people who are fishing in the garden”).
We employ a novel methodological approach to improve the interpretability of statistical differences between experimental conditions by using the statistical measure of Minimal Important Difference (MID). Our results from estimated MIDs reveal that adults’ felicity judgments of non-exhaustive plural answers to bare wh-questions pattern with those to wer alles-questions and to plural definite descriptions: exhaustivity violations in the bare wh, the wer alles and the plural definite conditions were rated as less felicitous than exhaustivity violations in the some-condition.
This paper investigates multi-valuation, i.e. cases where one probe agrees with multiple goals thus obtaining multiple feature values. Focusing on number agreement, I look at the cross-linguistic patterns on multi-valued Ns in the nominal Right Node Raising construction (Nominal RNR) reported in Belyaev et al. (2015); Harizanov & Gribanova (2015); Shen (2016) as well as multi-valued Ts in TP RNR construction reported in Yatabe (2003); Grosz (2009; 2015); Kluck (2009). I show that three types of languages are attested: languages like Serbo-Croatian that show singular marking on both multi-valued Ns and Ts, languages like Russian that show plural marking on both multi-valued Ns and Ts, and languages like English that show singular marking on multi-valued Ns and plural marking on multi-valued Ts. No language is attested that shows plural marking on multi-valued Ns and singular marking on multi-valued Ts. I use this 3/4 pattern to argue that multi-valuation shows the effect of the Agreement Hierarchy discussed by Corbett (1979; 2006) among others.
German free relative constructions allow for case requirement mismatches under two types of circumstances. The first is when the case required in the embedded clause is more complex (NOM < ACC < GEN < DAT) than the case required in the main clause, and the relative pronoun takes the form of the embedded clause case. The second type of circumstance is when the form that corresponds to the two required cases is syncretic. I propose an analysis that combines Caha’s (2009) case hierarchy in Nanosyntax with Van Riemsdijk’s (2006a) concept of Grafting. By placing case features as separate heads in the syntax, a less complex case can be Grafted into a different clause, explaining the first type of circumstance. The second type makes reference to the fact that syncretic forms are inserted via the same lexical entry (Superset Principle). A cross-linguistic comparison shows that it is language-specific whether a more complex case requirement in the main or embedded clause causes non-matching non-syncretic free relatives to be grammatical. For all languages it holds that the relative pronoun appears in the most complex case required, which provides additional evidence for case being complex and more complex cases being able to license less complex cases.
This essay discusses the current Europeanization of national museums in different European countries and considers it against the background of media theories and feminist epistemologies. Taking the example of the European Solidarity Centre Gdansk, the Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin and the Musée des civilisations de l’Europe et de la Méditerranée Marseille, it suggests two approaches to the dynamics of travel and locatedness in the museum. Firstly, using the concept of what I call “Europoeic media” this essay shows how “Europe” as a travelling memory is shaped by and in media. Secondly, I argue that the locatedness both of memories and the memory researcher are not detrimental but instead produce “situated knowledges”. Thus, in combining media-sensitivity and standpoint-reflexivity, the paper proposes new ways of taking into account the travels and locatedness of both memories and memory research.
Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert, wie mithilfe von Unterrichtsvideographien die Reflexionskompetenz angehender Englischlehrkräfte bereits in der ersten Ausbildungsphase angebahnt und geschult werden kann. Er geht von der Annahme aus, dass praktizierenden Lehrkräften häufig die Gelegenheiten oder auch die Kompetenzen zur systematischen Reflexion fehlen (vgl. Kittel & Rollett, 2017) und diese bereits vorher grundgelegt werden müssen. Anhand von zwei Seminarbeispielen aus der Englischdidaktik, welche sich auf die disziplinspezifischen Heterogenitätsdimensionen Mehrsprachigkeit (vgl. u.a. Elsner & Wildemann, 2012; Niesen, 2018) und Transkulturalität (vgl. u.a. Viebrock, 2018; Kreft, 2019a, 2019b) beziehen, werden praktische Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten bzw. die wechselseitige Integration theoretischer Konzepte und unterrichtlicher Handlungen/Interaktionen illustriert. Die vorgestellten Aufgabenformate beziehen sich auf die kasuistische Fallarbeit (nach Lindow & Münch, 2014) sowie auf VierSchritt-Analysen (nach Santagata & Guarino, 2011). Als grundlegende Struktur für die Entwicklung von Reflexionskompetenz in videobasierten Lernsettings wird eine adaptierte Fassung des Modells von Aeppli und Lötscher (2016) mit den Verfahrensschritten „Erleben“, „Erkennen“, „Darstellen“, „Analysieren“ und „Alternative Szenarien entwickeln“ verwendet. Es zeigt sich, dass die gewählte Vorgehensweise Studierende in die Lage versetzt, die konzeptionelle und unterrichtspraktische Bedeutung von sprachlicher und kultureller Heterogenität im Englischunterricht zu erkennen und, in einem weiteren Schritt, Möglichkeiten zur Förderung von transkulturalitäts- bzw. mehrsprachigkeits-sensitivem Handeln zu identifizieren und somit ihre Reflexionskompetenzen zu schulen.
L'osservazione secondo la quale lo scarto come oggetto di ricerca sia allo stesso tempo un effetto della sua ricerca è ciò che l'articolo traccia in tre studi sulla spazzatura: Rubbish! di William Rathje e Cullen Murphy, Un mondo usa e getta di Guido Viale e Das Miill-System di Volker Grassmuck e Christian Unverzagt. Questi tre studi esemplificano tre modi di presentare lo scarto: esplorazione, problema e ricie/aggio. Guardarli come argomenti scientifici ci permette di discutere di ciò che è considerato scarto ponendo domande di presentazione testuale e, allo stesso tempo, di chiedere quali conseguenze abbia la presentazione per il concetto scientifico dello scarto.
This paper offers a description and account of the patterns of 'ex-situ' focus in Dagbani. We show that there are two syntactic strategies for creating 'ex-situ' focus in the language, one involving A’-movement to the left periphery, and the second involving base generation in the left periphery combined with coreference to a resumptive pronoun. Furthermore, we argue that subjects are difficult to move from Spec,TP to Spec,CP in the left-periphery because of 'anti-locality', which creates a tension when trying to focus subjects, which are required to derivationally fill the specifier of both positions. We further show that what looks to be a two-way distinction between the behaviour of subjects and non-subjects in the language is in fact a three-way distinction between subjects that are focussed to a local left-periphery, subjects that are focussed to a non-local left-periphery, and non-subjects. These distinctions arise due to there being two methods for Dagbani to resolve the antilocality problem of subject movement, and so local subjects solve the problem differently to non-local subjects.
Vom Terror : [Szene aus einer Montage-Fassung des Dramenfragments "Moloch" von Friedrich Hebbel]
(2004)
Szene aus einer Montage-Fassung des Dramenfragments "Moloch" von Friedrich Hebbel. Die Szene steht als Einschub zwischen dem Ersten und Zweiten Akt der Tragödie, als eine Art Interludium. Im Laufe des Stückes wechselt die Perspektive mehrmals zwischen den Schauplätzen Germanischer Wald und Rom, dem Zentrum des Imperiums. Geplant ist eine Aufführung der Gesamtbearbeitung an der Volksbühne Berlin, voraussichtlich Ende 2004.
Am anderen Ende derWelt, in einem argentinischen Städtchen im Bundesstaat Buenos Aires, versetzten die epochalen Ereignisse in Europa nach dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs den Bürger Dinko Šakić in Entzücken. Fünfzig Jahre nachdem er aus seiner Heimat geflüchtet war, führten die tektonischen Umwälzungen nach dem Ende des Kommunismus und der europäischen Teilung sogar zur staatlichen Verselbständigung seiner einstigen Heimat Kroatien – zu einer jahrzehntelang nicht einmal im Traum denkbaren Entwicklung. Dinko Šakić setzte sich daraufhin öffentlich für seine frühere Heimat ein. Es fiel ihm gar nicht ein, dass ihn seine Vergangenheit einholen könnte. Wahrscheinlich weil er "ein gutes Gewissen" hatte, ein von ihm gern benutzter Ausdruck, oder weil er in der jungen Republik Kroatien eine Art Fortsetzung jenes Staatsgebildes sah, dem er in seiner Jugend "gedient" hatte (auch ein beliebter Ausdruck Šakićs). In der größten lateinamerikanischen Kroatengemeinde in Argentinien gab es wahrscheinlich nichts, was ihn zur Vorsicht hätte mahnen können. Er schien die Öffentlichkeit geradezu gesucht, womöglich sogar eine Anerkennung erwartet zu haben. Bei einem Empfang zu Ehren des kroatischen Präsidenten während dessen Staatsbesuchs in Argentinien wurde Šakić von Journalisten beobachtet, wie er Tudjman nicht von der Seite weichen wollte, was diesen sichtlich irritierte und zu Hause für Empörung sorgte. Šakić, der sich selbst bei mehreren Gelegenheiten als glühenden kroatischen Nationalisten schilderte, weshalb er schon als Jugendlicher Anhänger der Ustascha-Organisation geworden sei, ahnte offensichtlich nicht, dass seine Art der Heimatliebe dort Entsetzen hervorrufen würde. ...
Einmal zu einer Zeit, als der Krieg sich in Bosnien-Herzegowina fortzusetzen begann, bekam ich von einer deutschenWochenzeitung den Auftrag, einen Beitrag über das Profil des Krieg führenden jugoslawischen Personals zu schreiben. Was sind das für Offiziere, die auf Zivilbevölkerung, Städte, Kirchen, Moscheen schießen lassen, ganze Dörfer platt machen und Gegenden entvölkern – muss man sich gefragt haben. Während meiner Jugend war ich vielen Kindern und Jugendlichen begegnet, die aus Offiziersfamilien kamen, und kannte so auch eine Menge Geschichten mit Elementen, die mir als charakteristisch für diese besondere Mentalität erschienen. Aber die Idee, aus solchen erinnerten Erfahrungen so etwas wie ein Täterprofil zu skizzieren, gab ich bald auf. Obwohl es dabei eindeutige Hinweise gab – so war ich mit der Leidenserfahrung einer Schulkameradin vertraut, deren brutaler Vater nach dem Kasernenregiment zu Hause herrschte –, stand keine brauchbare Mentalitätsforschung zusätzlich zur Verfügung, die die eigene Beobachtung hätte untermauern können. Das andere unüberwindbare Problem war, dass es sich bei dieser Gruppe fast ausnahmslos um Serben handelte und eine Generalisierung Gefahr gelaufen wäre, als ethnizistisch einseitig missverstanden zu werden. ...
Wissenschaftliche Literatur über Serbien zählt im Westen zur Mangelware. Auf dem Büchermarkt überwogen bis vor kurzem geschichtliche Abrisse von Journalisten und dilettierenden Historikern. Montenegro ist ein noch seltenerer Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Geschichtsschreibung. Daher weckt ein Sammelband zur Gesellschafts-, Kultur-, Politik- und Staatsgeschichte, der von einem wissenschaftlichen Institut und ausgewiesenen Kennern der serbischen Geschichte herausgegeben wurde, hohe Erwartungen. ...
Ist die Welt sichtbarer geworden? Der Blick in die Bücher am Rande der Gutenberggalaxis bestätigt die Zunahme des Visuellen. Da ist vom photographischen und televisionären Vordringen der Bilder in unserer Alltagswelt die Rede, von der Wiederkehr der Bilder – auch im Recht. Das Recht und das Bild scheinen nach einer Zeit des bildscheuen Logozentrismus zunehmend Allianzen einzugehen. Die Indizien reichen von dem Skandal um Abu Ghraib bis hin zu den Schwierigkeiten, die wir mit Begriffen wie Person, Staat und Verfassung haben und die mit zunehmender Unschärfe vermehrt als Bild für etwas anderes rezipiert werden. Sollen wir also an die These von der Bilderflut glauben? ...
Das rhetorische Ensemble
(2006)
Auf dem Tisch liegt die zweite Auflage von Systemdenken und Systembegriff in der Jurisprudenz (1968) von Claus-Wilhelm Canaris, erschienen Berlin 1983. Die schriftliche Fassung basiert auf einem rhetorischen und mündlichen Ereignis, seinem Habilitationsvortrag. Spuren davon finden sich noch im Text. Das gilt für die Spuren, die Rhetorik immer schon in nicht-mündlichen Texten wie der Schrift hinterlassen hat, also etwa in den Kompositionsregeln und den Regeln des Umgangs mit Figuren und Stil. Die rhetorische Spur findet sich darüber hinaus an herausragenden Stellen in den kurzen Hinweisen und Adressen, die scheinbar außerhalb der eigentlichen Schrift selber stehen. In einem Fall findet sich z. B. in Kursivschrift eine Widmung an den verehrten Lehrer Karl Larenz, in einem anderen erinnert der Autor daran, dass der Vortrag am 20. Juli gehalten wurde. Es sind kurze und knappe Hinweise auf denMoment, an dem ein Jurist eigenständig, zu seinem autonomen System wird und eine eigene Lehrbefugnis erhält. Sie sind noch rhetorisch, weil sie in ihrem Aufspüren von Referenzen an den Lehrer und an historische Daten vollziehen und reflektieren, was sich in solchen Augenblicken geziemt. Sie begegnen einem an der Schwelle des Textes – also kurz bevor man sich auf die sachliche Ordnung des Textes einlässt. An der Schwelle wird die letzte Gelegenheit ergriffen, dem Text eine genealogische Adresse zu verleihen. Es sind (um selbst rhetorisch zu werden) letzte Tankstellen vor der Autobahn. Sie markieren keine Systembrüche, sie markieren den Eingang in den Text, der sich in einer rhetorischen Transmission positioniert. In der Architektur der Argumentationsführung sind diese Stellen der Bogen, der durchschritten wird, unmittelbar bevor die Lektüre beginnt – oder mit denen die Lektüre beginnt. Das hängt schon davon ab, wie man Rhetorik vom System abgrenzt. ...
Die Rede vom Tod Gottes ist eine Denkfigur, die bei Theoretikern und Philosophen wie Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger und Jean Paul behandelt wurde. Die philosophischen Theorien der letzten zwei Jahrhunderte waren entweder von der Dominanz oder der Verdrängung dieses Gedankens geprägt. Durch Maurice Blanchot erhielt dieser Gedanke Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts eine Reflexion, welche die vorangegangenen Überlegungen aufnahm, bestätigte und im nächsten Schritt verwarf. Die Fragestellung, ob der Tod Gottes gedacht werden kann, wurde in Maurice Blanchots Werken wie von einem Echo aufgenommen, wiederholt und weitergeschrieben. Hierzu breiten sich seine Überlegungen in seinem theoretischen und literarischen Werk aus. Vor allem der Roman Le Très-Haut und der nahezu gleichzeitig erschienene Essay La littérature et le droit à la mort zeigen Blanchots Umgang mit dieser Fragestellung. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht in den philosophischen, philologischen und literarischen Texten Blanchots die Unmöglichkeit, den Tod Gottes zu denken, und versucht zu zeigen, inwiefern der Gedanke vom Tod Gottes auf ein sprachliches Problem stoßen muss. Hierzu werden die Texte jener Philosophen, die laut Blanchot den Tod Gottes zu denken versuchten, skizziert, um ihren Einfluss auf Blanchots Denken zu verdeutlichen und zu zeigen, inwiefern Blanchot den Tod Gottes anders gedacht hat. Bei der Lektüre von Maurice Blanchots Roman Le Très-Haut rücken auch der Roman Die Dämonen von Dostojewski, das Romanfragment Das Schloß von Franz Kafka und das Drama Les Mouches von Jean-Paul Sartre in den Blick der Arbeit. Diese Werke teilen unterschiedliche Motive mit Le Très-Haut, sodass sie zum Vergleich herangezogen werden, um zu verdeutlichen, inwiefern Maurice Blanchot den Gedanken vom Tod Gottes umgedacht und revolutioniert hat, und welche Konsequenzen für die Sprache und die Literatur dadurch gezogen werden müssen. ...
This publication's objective is to serve as the documentation of a graduate student symposium with the same name held in July 2017. The goal of the symposium was to discuss problems in current film culture with a focus on filmic heritage and innovative projects in the field of film education. Think Film! is a compilation of most of the talks given at the symposium. As quite often conferences or workshops are not documented, the goal of the publication is on the one hand to preserve the results for other scholars, as well as to make them accessible for the general public, and on the other hand to give the panelists a designated space to present their research.
The authors discuss questions of film heritage and digitization, funding, film festivals, film museums and local film culture with a focus on the conditions in Germany, Czech Republic and India as well as relate their findings to the changes film and media studies have undergone in recent years.
Wir konnten unseren eigenen Weg gehen, jeder von uns hatte am Ende ein anderes Ergebnis und es war keines falsch. Das macht für mich die Qualität beim Lernen aus, dass mir genug Platz für meine Gedanken gegeben wird und ich ernst genommen werde. […] Dieses Gefühl ist bis heute nicht verloren gegangen und der Gedanke, wie es sein könnte, hilft mir, aus mir raus zukommen und andere zu motivieren, das ebenfalls zu tun, um auch um mich herum anregende Gespräche zu führen, die an die während der Akademie geführten heranreichen. (Feedback einer Teilnehmerin der HSAKA-M 2018)
Bildung durch Wissenschaft im Sinne des Forschenden Lernens ist ein zentrales Thema schulischer Bildung und findet beispielsweise im Konzept Kultur.Forscher! eine didaktische, schulische Umsetzung und wird vom Wissenschaftsrat als Leitgedanke ebenfalls für Universitäten mit dem Ziel empfohlen, Studium und Lehre deutlicher an der Forschung auszurichten.
Der Wandel von Perspektiven, Deutungen, Methoden und Themen bestimmt den wissenschaftlichen Fortschritt. Deshalb zerbricht die Vorstellung sicheren Wissens über die Generationen hinweg, so dass sich die Vergangenheit in den historisch arbeitenden Kulturwissenschaften in immer neuen Methodenwenden verändert. Der moderne Mut, Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler aktiv in die Subjektivität ihrer Perspektivierungen einzubauen, bringt die steuernde Macht des Erkenntnisinteresses und seiner Veränderungen vermehrt zur Geltung. Dabei geraten selbst traditionelle Kontrollinstanzen der historisch-kritischen Hermeneutik in die Debatte. Während heute die einen das Vetorecht der Quellen beschwören, stellen andere die beständig verformende Kraft des Gedächtnisses und damit die Relativität punktueller schriftlicher Fixierungen heraus. ...
Aquesta tesi doctoral estudia la construcció de la notícia sobre esdeveniments del procés polític català en els mitjans de comunicació escrits alemanys. El període d’anàlisi s’estèn del 2010 al 2015, quan el procés ha passat de la societat civil a l’agenda política catalana i s’ha internacionalitzat. En aquest context, l’opinió publicada alemanya es considera un referent.
La tesi analitza dotze fets clau a partir d’una doble metodologia, quantitativa i qualitativa. Es duu a terme una anàlisi d’Agenda i de Frames, també s’aplica una Anàlisi del Discurs i es complementa la recerca amb entrevistes a periodistes i polítics. La metodologia ha estat provada i validada per set analistes germanòfons.
Els resultats de la recerca, exposats a més en quaranta-nou taules i figures, mostren l’establiment de l’agenda i els enquadraments dels temes i actors del procés català, la relació entre discurs, poder i legitimació, així com la construcció de l’opinió publicada alemanya.
Understanding a sentence and integrating it into the discourse depends upon the identification of its focus, which, in spoken German, is marked by accentuation. In the case of written language, which lacks explicit cues to accent, readers have to draw on other kinds of information to determine the focus. We study the joint or interactive effects of two kinds of information that have no direct representation in print but have each been shown to be influential in the reader's text comprehension: (i) the (low-level) rhythmic-prosodic structure that is based on the distribution of lexically stressed syllables, and (ii) the (high-level) discourse context that is grounded in the memory of previous linguistic content. Systematically manipulating these factors, we examine the way readers resolve a syntactic ambiguity involving the scopally ambiguous focus operator auch (engl. “too”) in both oral (Experiment 1) and silent reading (Experiment 2). The results of both experiments attest that discourse context and local linguistic rhythm conspire to guide the syntactic and, concomitantly, the focus-structural analysis of ambiguous sentences. We argue that reading comprehension requires the (implicit) assignment of accents according to the focus structure and that, by establishing a prominence profile, the implicit prosodic rhythm directly affects accent assignment.
This paper compares the production of different types of direct objects by Portuguese–German and Polish–German bilingual school-aged children in their heritage languages (HLs), Polish and European Portuguese (EP). Given that the two target languages display identical options of object realization, our main research question is whether the two HLs develop in a similar way in bilingual children. More precisely, we aim at investigating whether bilingual children acquiring Polish and EP are sensitive to accessibility and animacy when realizing a direct object in their HL. The results of a production experiment show that this is indeed the case and that the two groups of bilinguals do not differ from each other, although they may overgeneralize null objects or full noun phrases to some extent. We conclude that the bilingual acquisition of object realization is guided by the relevant properties in the target languages and is not influenced by the contact language, German.
This thesis revolves around the development of a new critical approach to contemporary anglophone postcolonial literature in the form of a concept of ‘corporate ingression.’ This term denotes a globally recurring process of biopolitical (re)structuring of a community by corporate power and its extended cultural influence on society.
Through an analysis of contemporary engagements with similarly explored events over time and space in the form of three novels (Helon Habila’s Oil on Water, Lauren Beukes’ Moxyland and David Mitchell’s The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet), this thesis explores the relevance of the concept of corporate ingression as a new approach to such imaginative works. By reading these texts closely, with and against the grain, I enter into dialogue with their discussion of corporate power as the major structural influence in the societies they explore. I also show that a comparative analysis of these texts reveals similarities between the exploration of the period of early colonialism as acted out by the various trade corporations in existence and contemporary forms of corporate dominance. This research thus concerns various contexts and explorations of corporate power and explores the concept of recurring forms of corporate ingression as a new perspective within literary postcolonial and globalisation studies.
Oil on Water (2010) as a political novel explores the complex intricacies of communities structured around corporate power and presents a full account of the stakeholders that are influenced by or connected to the Niger Delta’s oil industry. Moxyland (2008) as a futuristic cyberpunk novel nuances the destruction implied in Oil on Water as a major factor of corporate ingression by exploring corporate power’s potential for constructive influence over a community. The Thousand Autumns (2010) as a historical novel explores an instance of corporate ingression in which the Dutch East India Company in Japan, despite its significant cultural influence, is subordinate to the host state to its activity. Corporate power is explored as a fallible construction that can be controlled by a strong regime as well as benefited from.
Despite the geographic and temporal distance between the three cases, and despite their exploration of widely differing industries, circumstances and levels of success, the common factors remain recognisable. Critical analysis shows that the contrasts between especially the constructive and destructive corporate activity in the three texts is of great interest, as it highlights the potential of corporate power both for construction and destruction of value. This research also shows how each novel actively resists a binary ethical narrative, instead presenting a set of complex power dynamics within the respective communities.
With this research I show that reading corporate ingression both significantly informs the reading of various postcolonial texts, while also showing that the analysis of these texts reveals that a conventional postcolonial binary approach is insufficient to account for what these works describe and investigate. The concept of a process of corporate ingression as a new perspective on literary explorations of historical, contemporary or futuristic forms of corporate power is thus shown to be a relevant addition to current postcolonial literary scholarship.
This paper describes work on the morphological and syntactic annotation of Sumerian cuneiform as a model for low resource languages in general. Cuneiform texts are invaluable sources for the study of history, languages, economy, and cultures of Ancient Mesopotamia and its surrounding regions. Assyriology, the discipline dedicated to their study, has vast research potential, but lacks the modern means for computational processing and analysis. Our project, Machine Translation and Automated Analysis of Cuneiform Languages, aims to fill this gap by bringing together corpus data, lexical data, linguistic annotations and object metadata. The project’s main goal is to build a pipeline for machine translation and annotation of Sumerian Ur III administrative texts. The rich and structured data is then to be made accessible in the form of (Linguistic) Linked Open Data (LLOD), which should open them to a larger research community. Our contribution is two-fold: in terms of language technology, our work represents the first attempt to develop an integrative infrastructure for the annotation of morphology and syntax on the basis of RDF technologies and LLOD resources. With respect to Assyriology, we work towards producing the first syntactically annotated corpus of Sumerian.
Nominal modification in language production: Extraposition of prepositional phrases in german
(2019)
In my dissertation, I investigate the phenomenon of extraposition of PP out of NP in German in language production. Four production experiments, using the method of production of memory, and three experiments testing the acceptability of extraposition were conducted. In extraposition, a constituent is realized in a position to the right of what would be considered the canonical position. A special case is extraposition out of a nominal phrase (NP), in which a constituent is moved out of NP to the end of the utterance. The example in (1a) illustrates the canonical version, in which a prepositional phrase (PP) is adjacent to its head noun. In (1b) the PP is extraposed out of NP to the right edge of the sentence.
(1) a. Gestern hat eine Frau mit einer lauten, schrillen Stimme angerufen.
b. Gestern hat eine Frau angerufen mit einer lauten, schrillen Stimme.
There are two main aspects to consider: the length of the extraposed constituent (the PP), and the length of the intervening material. Experiment 1 investigated the influence of constituent length on extraposition. The hypothesis is that longer and more complex constituents are harder to produce and are therefore produced towards the end of the utterance. In the experiment, PPs of three different lengths (2-3, 5-6, 9-11 words) had to be reproduced in either adjacent or extraposed position. As to the length of the intervening material, the hypothesis is that sentences with more intervening material between head noun and extraposed PP will tend to be reproduced with the PP in adjacent position to the head noun. In order to test this hypothesis, the length of the intervening material (1, 2 and 4 words) was manipulated in Experiment 2. The same material was used in an acceptability experiment, using the method of magnitude estimation (Experiment 5).
Previous studies found that extraposition is preferred over verbal material only, thus Experiment 3 investigated the influence of different lengths of purely verbal intervening material. Experiment 4 was concerned with the differences between PP and RC extraposition in production.
Experiment 6 and 7 used Likert scales to assess the acceptability of extraposition. Experiment 6 investigated whether the acceptability of extraposition is influenced by the definiteness status of the NP out of which is extraposed and if a soft constraint for definiteness can be found for PP extraposition in German. Experiment 7 asked if the inner structure of the extraposed constituent (PP only vs. PP+RC) influences its acceptability. An extraposed PP that includes an RC should be "heavier" than a PP without an RC, since the number of phrasal nodes is higher. If indeed heavier constituents are realized at the end of an utterance, the acceptability of an extraposed PP that includes an RC should be higher than that of an extraposed PP without one.
The results of the production experiments show that sentences are mostly reproduced in their original linear sequence, which suggests that extraposed position seems to be just as canonical as adjacent position, especially when extraposition takes place over verbal material only. With regard to constituent length, in extraposed position long PPs are shortened less often, supporting the hypothesis that longer and more complex constituents tend to be produced at the end of the utterance. Recency effects were found for intervening material as participants dropped intervening material rather than change syntactic position of constituents. The length and type of the intervening material is important with respect to how much intervening material is acceptable. Verb clusters were not shortened in sentences with extraposed PPs, however, 1⁄3 of adverbs and 1⁄2 of PP adverbials including a lexical NP were shortened to „verb only“. Extraposed PPs are more often reproduced in adjacent position than adjacent PPs are reproduced in extraposed position. However, the position of RCs is more often changed from adjacent to extraposed than from extraposed to adjacent.
While producing extraposed PPs seems not to be any more difficult than producing adjacent ones, adjacent constituents are consistently rated higher than extraposed constituents in grammaticality judgment tasks. This is in line with findings of Konieczny (2000) on German RC extraposition. The number of phrasal nodes, as suggested by Rickford et al. (1995), did not have an influence on the acceptability of extraposition, while the length of the constituent, measured in words, seems to play a role. Definiteness had no effect on adjacent PPs, but when the PP was extraposed, sentences with an indefinite antecedent were rated higher than sentences with a definite antecedent. This suggests that there is a "soft constraint" for definiteness with regard to PP extraposition out of NP in German.
Variation in enclitic possessive constructions in Southern Italian dialects: a syntactic analysis
(2019)
This thesis investigates enclitic possessive constructions (EPCs) that are a widespread and frequently used construction among Southern Italian dialects (SIDs). In general, EPCs display the structure N-EP where the N is a (singular) kinship noun and the EP the enclitic possessive directly attached to the kinship noun. However, there is a huge variation among SIDs as well as within the system of a specific dialect. The aim of the present work is twofold. The empirical part contributes new data to this topic as well as a detailed and organized overview of (micro-) variational observations from data of different sources including for example the linguistic maps of the AIS (Atlante Italo-Svizzero). The main aspects of variation are (a) the presence or absence of an obligatory article (D – N-EP vs. N-EP), (b) the possibility of plural kinship noun-EPCs and (c) the compatibility of a specific person-EP with a specific kinship noun within a dialect. Based on the empirical findings, the syntactic part proposes a syntactic analysis for EPCs focusing on the following research questions: 1) In some dialects, singular kinship noun-EPCs display an obligatory article with the 3SG.EP. What is the reason for this article-based person split (1st and 2nd vs. 3rd)? And further, how are both structures, with and without an article, represented in the syntax, i.e. in DP and PossP? 2) In some dialects, plural kinship nouns are allowed to occur in EPCs, and in others, they are disallowed. With respect to this dichotomy, what is the role of NumP? 3) Kinship nouns are relational and express inalienability. How can this property be captured in the syntax? I argue that the article-based person split is due to the deictic properties of the possessor-persons, meaning that 1SG.EPs and 2SG.EPs need to be bound by the speaker’s coordinates in the left periphery of the clause, whereas 3SG.EPs do not. As a consequence, 1SG and 2SG EPCs move to the highest position, i.e. to D°, and 3SG EPCs can stay lower in the structure, i.e. in Poss°. Based on this dichotomy, I argue that both D° and Poss° can host EPCs. In order to capture the (im)possibility of plural kinship nouns-EPCs, I argue that NumP, as a parametrised position, can block or allow further movement of the kinship noun to Poss° (and to D°). With respect to the relational nature of kinship nouns I propose that they are base-generated within the complement position of a relator phrase (RP), and EPs in Poss°. In order to derive EPCs, the kinship nouns must move out of their position. The kinship noun lands in NumP, the position where further movement is probably blocked. If further movement is allowed, the kinship noun merges to the left of the EP, resulting in a complete EPC in Poss°. The last leg of the movement to D° depends on the presence of absence of an obligatory article. The phenomenon of EPCs displays a huge variation among SIDs and needs to be investigated from different perspectives and different linguistic areas. The present work contributes to the puzzle of EPCs new data and a syntactic analysis.
Der Schriftsteller Georg Büchner gilt bis heute als ein glühender Revolutionär und unerbittlicher Kämpfer für Wahrheit und Gerechtigkeit: Seine Texte thematisieren formal und inhaltlich gesellschaftliche Konflikte, die zeitlos erscheinen und doch ihre Gegenwart genau in den Blick nehmen. An der Goethe-Universität forscht der Germanist Prof. Roland Borgards zu Büchner.
Talking about emotion and sharing emotional experiences is a key component of human interaction. Specifically, individuals often consider the reactions of other people when evaluating the meaning and impact of an emotional stimulus. It has not yet been investigated, however, how emotional arousal ratings and physiological responses elicited by affective stimuli are influenced by the rating of an interaction partner. In the present study, pairs of participants were asked to rate and communicate the degree of their emotional arousal while viewing affective pictures. Strikingly, participants adjusted their arousal ratings to match up with their interaction partner. In anticipation of the affective picture, the interaction partner’s arousal ratings correlated positively with activity in anterior insula and prefrontal cortex. During picture presentation, social influence was reflected in the ventral striatum, that is, activity in the ventral striatum correlated negatively with the interaction partner’s ratings. Results of the study show that emotional alignment through the influence of another person’s communicated experience has to be considered as a complex phenomenon integrating different components including emotion anticipation and conformity.