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Wir haben Aussagen über das Eigenwertspektrum der freien Schwingungegleichung für einen Hohlraum B gesucht, welche unabhängig von der Gestalt des Hohlraumes nur von Gestaltparametern abhängen, die als Integrale über B bzw. über dessen Oberfläche ... Eigenschaften von ganz B darstellen, ohne die lokale Struktur der Oberfläche ... zu enthalten. An drei Testkörpern sehr verschiedener Gestalt (die Gestaltparameter waren ebenfalls verschieden), nämlich Würfel, Kugel und Zylinder, haben wir die Hypothese bestätigt, daß der mittlere Verlauf der Größen "Anzahl N und Summe E aller Eigenwerte unterhalb einer willkürlich vorgegebenen Schranke ER" in Abhängigkeit von der Wahl dieser Schranke i.w. gestaltunabhängig ist. Für den Quader lassen sich im Falle asymptotisch großer ER explizite Ausdrücke für N und E angeben, die für alle drei Testkörper nicht nur den mittleren Verlauf von N und E bei kleinen (endlichen) ER in zweiter Näherung (in Potenzen von Ef exp -1/2) richtig wiedergaben, sondern auch als numerische Näherung dss mittleren Verlaufs von N bzw. E brauchbar waren (relative Kleinheit des Restgliedes). Die mathematische Vermutung, daß sich für aS, große Ef eben diese expliziten Ausdrücke für N bzw. E' als gestaltunabhängig erweisen, soll in einer weiteren Arbeit behandelt werden. Das Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist überall dort anwendbar, wo Eigenschaften des Spektrums der freien Schwingungsgleichung mit Randbedingungen benötigt werden, die sich aus N. bzw. E ableiten lassen; also vor allem in der Akustik (Zahl der Obertöne eines Hohlraumes unterhalb einer vorgegebenen Frequenz), in der Theorie der Hohlleiter usw. In dieser Arbeit haben wir die Anwendung auf ein einfaches Atomkernmodell betrachtet, das Fermigas-Modell. Es beschreibt den Kern als freies ideales in einem Hohlraum von Kerngestalt befindliches Fermigas. Dann bedeutet N die Teilchenzahl und E die Gesamtenergie des Systems. Ef ist die Fermigrenzenergie und es ist (Ef exp 3/2 /6*Pi*Pi) die Sättigungsdichte im Innern des Systems. Der Koeffizient des zweiten Termes des expliziten (aS.) Ausdrucks für E kann dann als Oberflächenspannung gedeutet werden. Die spezifische Hodell-Oberflächenspannung läßt sich in Abhängigkeit von dem Gestaltparametern und der Siittigungsdichte des Atomkernes schreiben. Nach Einsetzen der empirischen Werte erhalten wir numerisch einen Wert, der nur um 20% vom empirisch aus der v. Weizsäckerformel bekannten Wert für die spez. Oberflächenspannung abwich, obgleich das Modell nur eine äußerst einfache Näherung der Kernstruktur sein kann. Daher gelangten wir zu der Überzeugung, daß der Oberflächenanteil der Bindungsenergie wesentlich ein kinetischer Effekt ist.
The rotation-vibration model and the hydrodynamic dipole-oscillation model are unified. A coupling between the dipole oscillations and the quadrupole vibrations is introduced in the adiabatic approximation. The dipole oscillations act as a "driving force" for the quadrupole vibrations and stabilize the intrinsic nucleus in a nonaxially symmetric equilibrium shape. The higher dipole resonance splits into two peaks separated by about 1.5-2 MeV. On top of the several giant resonances occur bands due to rotations and vibrations of the intrinsic nucleus. The dipole operator is established in terms of the collective coordinates and the γ-absorption cross section is derived. For the most important 1- levels the relative dipole excitation is estimated. It is found that some of the dipole strength of the higher giant resonance states is shared with those states in which one surface vibration quantum is excited in addition to the giant resonance.
The energies of, and transition probabilities involving, the ground-state rotation bands of Os186, Os188, and Os190 are compared with a diagonalized rotation-vibration theory in which vibrations are considered to three phonon order. Agreement even in the Os transition region is found to be excellent. The theory appears to be particularly successful in predicting two phonon states in Os190.
The unified model and the collective giant-dipole-resonance model are unified. The resulting energy spectrum and the transition probabilities are derived. A new approximate selection rule involving the symmetry of the γ vibrations is established. It is verified that the main observable features in the photon-absorption cross section are not influenced by the odd particle, despite the considerably richer spectrum of states as compared to even-even nuclei.
In heavy nuclei the damping of the giant resonance is due to thermalization of the energy rather than to direct emission of particles; the latter process is strongly inhibited by the angular-momentum barrier. The thermalization proceeds via inelastic collisions leading from the particle-hole state to two-particle-two-hole states. In heavy nuclei, several hundred such states are available at the energy of the giant dipole resonance. The rather large width of the giant resonance arises from the addition of many small partial widths of channels leading to the different two-particle-two-hole states. Both the density of the two-particle-two-hole states and the mean value of the interaction matrix elements between the particle-hole and two-particle-two-hole states are evaluated in a simplified square-well shell model. In a given nucleus the energy dependence of the widths is determined mainly by the density of states; the A dependence is determined mainly by the size of the matrix elements. For A ~ 200, we find 0.5 <= Γ <=2.5 MeV. The uncertainty in this value comes mostly from the uncertainty in the strength of the interaction. Representing the energy dependence of the width by a power law we find for the exponent the value ~ 1.8.
A method is developed for the calculation of resonant nuclear states which preserves as many features of the shell model as possible. It is an extension of the R-matrix theory. The necessary formulas are derived and a detailed description of the computational procedure is given. The method is valid up to the two-particle emission threshold. With the assumption of consecutive decay of the nucleus, the two-particle emission process can also be described. The treatment is antisymmetrized in all particles.
A method is proposed by which the eigenstates and the eigenvalues of the S matrix, i.e., the eigenchannels, can be directly computed from the nuclear problem, for example, from the shell model. The calculation of all cross sections, viz., partial and total cross sections, is then exceedingly simple. The characteristics of the eigenchannels are described and the relation with other reaction theories is briefly discussed.
The theory of Raman scattering is extended to include electric-quadrupole radiation. The results obtained are used to compute the elastic and Raman scattering cross sections of heavy deformed nuclei. The dipole and quadrupole resonances are described by a previously developed theory which includes surface vibrations and rotations. The computed cross sections are compared with experimental data for all those nuclei where both absorption and scattering cross sections are available. Some discrepances still exist in certain details; however, the over-all agreement between theory and experiment is very good.
The modes and frequencies of the giant quadrupole resonance of heavy deformed nuclei have been calculated. The quadrupole operator is computed and the absorption cross section is derived. The quadrupole sum rule is discussed, and the relevant oscillator strengths have been evaluated for various orientations of the nucleus. The giant quadrupole resonances have energies between 20 and 25 MeV. The total absorption cross section is about 20% of the giant dipole absorption cross section. Of particular interest is the occurrence of the quadrupole mode which is sensitive to the nuclear radius in a direction of approximately θ=(1/4)π from the symmetry axis. This may give information on the details of the nuclear shape.
In a collective treatment the energies of the giant resonances are given by the boundary conditions at the nuclear surface, which is subject to vibration in spherical nuclei. The general form of the coupling between these two collective motions is given by angular-momentum and parity conservation. The coupling constants are completely determined within the hydrodynamical model. In the present treatment the influence of the surface vibrations on the total photon-absorption cross section is calculated. It turns out that in most of the spherical nuclei this interaction leads to a pronounced structure in the cross section. The agreement with the experiments in medium-heavy nuclei is striking; many of the experimental characteristics are reproduced by the present calculations. In some nuclei, however, there seem to be indications of single-particle excitations which are not yet contained in this work.
The surface tension sigma and the surface density thickness t of nuclear matter have been calculated in the Fermi-gas model, the nucleons moving in a self-made shell model potential with a realistic slope and velocity dependence ( parameters alpha and beta ). One gets the experimental values for sigma and t with alpha and beta agreeing with earlier data.