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We report here that RUFY4, a newly characterized member of the ‘RUN and FYVE domain-containing’ family of proteins previously associated with autophagy enhancement, is highly expressed in alveolar macrophages (AM). We show that RUFY4 interacts with mitochondria upon stimulation by microbial-associated molecular patterns of AM and dendritic cells. RUFY4 interaction with mitochondria and other organelles is dependent on a previously uncharacterized OmpH domain located immediately upstream of its C-terminal FYVE domain. Further, we demonstrate that rufy4 messenger RNA can be translated from an alternative translation initiation codon, giving rise to a N-terminally truncated form of the molecule lacking most of its RUN domain and with enhanced potential for its interaction with mitochondria. Our observations point towards a role of RUFY4 in selective mitochondria clearance in activated phagocytes.
Background: Using data from the COHERE collaboration, we investigated whether primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) might be withheld in all patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with suppressed plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA (≤400 copies/mL), irrespective of CD4 count.
Methods: We implemented an established causal inference approach whereby observational data are used to emulate a randomized trial. Patients taking PcP prophylaxis were eligible for the emulated trial if their CD4 count was ≤200 cells/µL in line with existing recommendations. We compared the following 2 strategies for stopping prophylaxis: (1) when CD4 count was >200 cells/µL for >3 months or (2) when the patient was virologically suppressed (2 consecutive HIV RNA ≤400 copies/mL). Patients were artificially censored if they did not comply with these stopping rules. We estimated the risk of primary PcP in patients on ART, using the hazard ratio (HR) to compare the stopping strategies by fitting a pooled logistic model, including inverse probability weights to adjust for the selection bias introduced by the artificial censoring.
Results: A total of 4813 patients (10 324 person-years) complied with eligibility conditions for the emulated trial. With primary PcP diagnosis as an endpoint, the adjusted HR (aHR) indicated a slightly lower, but not statistically significant, different risk for the strategy based on viral suppression alone compared with the existing guidelines (aHR, .8; 95% confidence interval, .6–1.1; P = .2).
Conclusions: This study suggests that primary PcP prophylaxis might be safely withheld in confirmed virologically suppressed patients on ART, regardless of their CD4 count.
We report a case of a 2-day-old neonate with bilious vomiting and abdominal distension. A small bowel obstruction with ileal perforation due to a misplaced clamping of the umbilical cord was apparent before laparotomy. This complication was a sequala after clamping the cord too close to the abdominal wall in a case where there was a hernia into the cord with intestinal content. A herniation of abdominal contents due to an omphalocele minor or a hernia must be taken into consideration during the inspection of the umbilical cord before clamping.
Complexome profiling (CP) is a powerful tool for systematic investigation of protein interactors that has been primarily applied to study the composition and dynamics of mitochondrial protein complexes. Here, we further optimised this method to extend its application to survey mitochondrial DNA- and RNA-interacting protein complexes. We established that high-resolution clear native gel electrophoresis (hrCNE) is a better alternative to preserve DNA- and RNA-protein interactions that are otherwise disrupted when samples are separated by the widely used blue native gel electrophoresis (BNE). In combination with enzymatic digestion of DNA, our CP approach improved the identification of a wide range of protein interactors of the mitochondrial gene expression system without compromising the detection of other multi-protein complexes. The utility of this approach was particularly demonstrated by analysing the complexome changes in human mitochondria with impaired gene expression after transient, chemically-induced mtDNA depletion. Effects of RNase on mitochondrial protein complexes were also evaluated and discussed. Overall, our adaptations significantly improved the identification of mitochondrial DNA- and RNA-protein interactions by CP, thereby unlocking the comprehensive analysis of a near-complete mitochondrial complexome in a single experiment.
The antibody-drug conjugate polatuzumab vedotin (pola) has recently been approved in combination with bendamustine and rituximab (pola-BR) for patients with refractory or relapsed (r/r) large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). To investigate the efficacy of pola-BR in a real-world setting, we retrospectively analyzed 105 patients with LBCL who were treated in 26 German centers under the national compassionate use program. Fifty-four patients received pola as a salvage treatment and 51 patients were treated with pola with the intention to bridge to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy (n = 41) or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (n = 10). Notably, patients in the salvage and bridging cohort had received a median of 3 prior treatment lines. In the salvage cohort, the best overall response rate was 48.1%. The 6-month progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) was 27.7% and 49.6%, respectively. In the bridging cohort, 51.2% of patients could be successfully bridged with pola to the intended CAR T-cell therapy. The combination of pola bridging and successful CAR T-cell therapy resulted in a 6-month OS of 77.9% calculated from pola initiation. Pola vedotin-rituximab without a chemotherapy backbone demonstrated encouraging overall response rates up to 40%, highlighting both an appropriate alternative for patients unsuitable for chemotherapy and a new treatment option for bridging before leukapheresis in patients intended for CAR T-cell therapy. Furthermore, 7 of 12 patients with previous failure of CAR T-cell therapy responded to a pola-containing regimen. These findings suggest that pola may serve as effective salvage and bridging treatment of r/r LBCL patients.
Background:
Specialised palliative home-care supports patients with life-limiting diseases in their familiar surroundings. The number of palliative care teams and patients being cared for is increasing worldwide. To assess and improve quality, it is needed to understand, how specialised palliative home-care can be provided successfully. For this purpose we examined the views of all involved stakeholders.
Aim:
To identify the issues that patients, their relatives and involved health professionals view as important in ensuring the success of specialised palliative home-care.
Design:
We used a qualitative design based on participant observations, interviews and focus groups following the principles of a Grounded Theory approach.
Setting/participants:
All specialised palliative home-care teams (n = 22) caring for adults in Hesse, Germany, participated. We conducted participant observations (n = 5), and interviewed patients (n = 14), relatives (n = 14) and health professionals working in or collaborating with specialised palliative home-care (n = 30). We also conducted focus groups (n = 4) with health professionals including a member check.
Results:
Successful specialised palliative home-care needs to treat complex symptoms, and provide comprehensive care including organisation of care, involving relatives and addressing issues of death and dying. Sense of security for patients and relatives is key to enable care at home. Care delivery preferences include a focus on the quality of relationships, respect for individuality and the facilitation of self-determination.
Conclusions:
Consideration of the identified key issues can help to ensure successful specialised palliative home-care. Knowledge of these should also be considered when researching and assessing quality of care.
Trial registration:
German Clinical Trials Register DRKS-ID: DRKS00012421; http://www.germanctr.de.
The discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and their associated proteins (Cas) has revolutionized the field of genome and epigenome editing. A number of new methods have been developed to precisely control the function and activity of Cas proteins, including fusion proteins and small-molecule modulators. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) represent a new concept using the ubiquitin-proteasome system to degrade a protein of interest, highlighting the significance of chemically induced protein-E3 ligase interaction in drug discovery. Here, we engineered Cas proteins (Cas9, dCas9, Cas12, and Cas13) by inserting a Phe-Cys-Pro-Phe (FCPF) amino acid sequence (known as the π-clamp system) and demonstrate that the modified CasFCPF proteins can be (1) labeled in live cells by perfluoroaromatics carrying the fluorescein or (2) degraded by a perfluoroaromatics-functionalized PROTAC (PROTAC-FCPF). A proteome-wide analysis of PROTAC-FCPF-mediated Cas9FCPF protein degradation revealed a high target specificity, suggesting a wide range of applications of perfluoroaromatics-induced proximity in the regulation of stability, activity, and functionality of any FCPF-tagging protein.
Objectives: An increasing number of treatment-determining biomarkers has been identified in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and molecular testing is recommended to enable optimal individualized treatment. However, data on implementation of these recommendations in the “real-world” setting are scarce. This study presents comprehensive details on the frequency, methodology and results of biomarker testing of advanced NSCLC in Germany.
Patients and methods: This analysis included 3,717 patients with advanced NSCLC (2,921 non-squamous; 796 squamous), recruited into the CRISP registry at start of systemic therapy by 150 German sites between December 2015 and June 2019. Evaluated were the molecular biomarkers EGFR, ALK, ROS1, BRAF, KRAS, MET, TP53, RET, HER2, as well as expression of PD-L1.
Results: In total, 90.5 % of the patients were tested for biomarkers. Testing rates were 92.2 % (non-squamous), 70.7 % (squamous) and increased from 83.2 % in 2015/16 to 94.2% in 2019. Overall testing rates for EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF were 72.5 %, 74.5 %, 66.1 %, and 53.0 %, respectively (non-squamous). Testing rates for PD-L1 expression were 64.5 % (non-squamous), and 58.5 % (squamous). The most common testing methods were immunohistochemistry (68.5 % non-squamous, 58.3 % squamous), and next-generation sequencing (38.7 % non-squamous, 14.4 % squamous). Reasons for not testing were insufficient tumor material or lack of guideline recommendations (squamous). No alteration was found in 37.8 % (non-squamous), and 57.9 % (squamous), respectively. Most common alterations in non-squamous tumors (all patients/all patients tested for the respective biomarker): KRAS (17.3 %/39.2 %), TP53 (14.1 %/51.4 %), and EGFR (11.0 %/15.1 %); in squamous tumors: TP53 (7.0 %/69.1 %), MET (1.5 %/11.1 %), and EGFR (1.1 %/4.4 %). Median PFS (non-squamous) was 8.7 months (95 % CI 7.4–10.4) with druggable EGFR mutation, and 8.0 months (95 % CI 3.9–9.2) with druggable ALK alterations.
Conclusion: Testing rates in Germany are high nationwide and acceptable in international comparison, but still leave out a significant portion of patients, who could potentially benefit. Thus, specific measures are needed to increase implementation.
Human lymph nodes play a central part of immune defense against infection agents and tumor cells. Lymphoid follicles are compartments of the lymph node which are spherical, mainly filled with B cells. B cells are cellular components of the adaptive immune systems. In the course of a specific immune response, lymphoid follicles pass different morphological differentiation stages. The morphology and the spatial distribution of lymphoid follicles can be sometimes associated to a particular causative agent and development stage of a disease. We report our new approach for the automatic detection of follicular regions in histological whole slide images of tissue sections immuno-stained with actin. The method is divided in two phases: (1) shock filter-based detection of transition points and (2) segmentation of follicular regions. Follicular regions in 10 whole slide images were manually annotated by visual inspection, and sample surveys were conducted by an expert pathologist. The results of our method were validated by comparing with the manual annotation. On average, we could achieve a Zijbendos similarity index of 0.71, with a standard deviation of 0.07.
Consciousness transiently fades away during deep sleep, more stably under anesthesia, and sometimes permanently due to brain injury. The development of an index to quantify the level of consciousness across these different states is regarded as a key problem both in basic and clinical neuroscience. We argue that this problem is ill-defined since such an index would not exhaust all the relevant information about a given state of consciousness. While the level of consciousness can be taken to describe the actual brain state, a complete characterization should also include its potential behavior against external perturbations. We developed and analyzed whole-brain computational models to show that the stability of conscious states provides information complementary to their similarity to conscious wakefulness. Our work leads to a novel methodological framework to sort out different brain states by their stability and reversibility, and illustrates its usefulness to dissociate between physiological (sleep), pathological (brain-injured patients), and pharmacologically-induced (anesthesia) loss of consciousness.
Mental imagery provides an essential simulation tool for remembering the past and planning the future, with its strength affecting both cognition and mental health. Research suggests that neural activity spanning prefrontal, parietal, temporal, and visual areas supports the generation of mental images. Exactly how this network controls the strength of visual imagery remains unknown. Here, brain imaging and transcranial magnetic phosphene data show that lower resting activity and excitability levels in early visual cortex (V1-V3) predict stronger sensory imagery. Further, electrically decreasing visual cortex excitability using tDCS increases imagery strength, demonstrating a causative role of visual cortex excitability in controlling visual imagery. Together, these data suggest a neurophysiological mechanism of cortical excitability involved in controlling the strength of mental images.
Mental imagery provides an essential simulation tool for remembering the past and planning the future, with its strength affecting both cognition and mental health. Research suggests that neural activity spanning prefrontal, parietal, temporal, and visual areas supports the generation of mental images. Exactly how this network controls the strength of visual imagery remains unknown. Here, brain imaging and transcranial magnetic phosphene data show that lower resting activity and excitability levels in early visual cortex (V1-V3) predict stronger sensory imagery. Electrically decreasing visual cortex excitability using tDCS increases imagery strength, demonstrating a causative role of visual cortex excitability in controlling visual imagery. These data suggest a neurophysiological mechanism of cortical excitability involved in controlling the strength of mental images.
Purpose: Molecular diagnostics including next generation gene sequencing are increasingly used to determine options for individualized therapies in brain tumor patients. We aimed to evaluate the decision-making process of molecular targeted therapies and analyze data on tolerability as well as signals for efficacy.
Methods: Via retrospective analysis, we identified primary brain tumor patients who were treated off-label with a targeted therapy at the University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University. We analyzed which types of molecular alterations were utilized to guide molecular off-label therapies and the diagnostic procedures for their assessment during the period from 2008 to 2021. Data on tolerability and outcomes were collected.
Results: 413 off-label therapies were identified with an increasing annual number for the interval after 2016. 37 interventions (9%) were targeted therapies based on molecular markers. Glioma and meningioma were the most frequent entities treated with molecular matched targeted therapies. Rare entities comprised e.g. medulloblastoma and papillary craniopharyngeoma. Molecular targeted approaches included checkpoint inhibitors, inhibitors of mTOR, FGFR, ALK, MET, ROS1, PIK3CA, CDK4/6, BRAF/MEK and PARP. Responses in the first follow-up MRI were partial response (13.5%), stable disease (29.7%) and progressive disease (46.0%). There were no new safety signals. Adverse events with fatal outcome (CTCAE grade 5) were not observed. Only, two patients discontinued treatment due to side effects. Median progression-free and overall survival were 9.1/18 months in patients with at least stable disease, and 1.8/3.6 months in those with progressive disease at the first follow-up MRI.
Conclusion: A broad range of actionable alterations was targeted with available molecular therapeutics.
However, efficacy was largely observed in entities with paradigmatic oncogenic drivers, in particular with BRAF mutations. Further research on biomarker-informed molecular matched therapies is urgently necessary.
Das akut-auf-chronische Leberversagen (ACLF) entsteht durch eine akute Dekompensation einer vorbestehenden Leberzirrhose mit begleitendem Multiorganversagen und ist durch eine sehr hohe Kurzzeitmortalität gekennzeichnet. Die Kriterien der European Association for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EASL-CLIF) definieren in diesem Zusammenhang ein Lungenversagen als Abfall des Horovitz-Quotienten unter 200mmHg oder als Abfall des Quotienten aus SpO2/FiO2 unter 214. Während Lungenfunktionsstörungen als unabhängiger Risikofaktor für Mortalität bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose belegt sind, wurde die Bedeutung von mechanischer Beatmung und Lungenversagen bisher nicht isoliert untersucht. Ziel der Studie ist die Rolle von mechanischer Beatmung und Lungenversagen im ACLF zu analysieren und eine mögliche Unterinterpretation in den etablierten prädiktiven Modellen zu evaluieren.
Es wurden Daten aus 775 Hospitalisationen mit intensivmedizinischer Behandlung am Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt von insgesamt 498 Patienten mit Leberzirrhose im Zeitraum März 2015 bis Juli 2019 retrospektiv erfasst und ausgewertet. ACLF und Organversagen wurden gemäß EASL-CLIF Kriterien definiert. Es erfolgte die statistische Analyse verschiedener Kohorten, wobei ACLF-Patienten mittels Propensity Score hinsichtlich CLIF-C ACLF Score und Geschlecht gematcht und anhand der pulmonalen Beeinträchtigung in eine dreiarmige Testkohorte bestehend aus 49 Patienten mit Lungenversagen, 49 Patienten mit Schutzintubation und 49 Patienten ohne pulmonale Beeinträchtigung aufgeteilt wurden.
216 Patienten zeigten ein ACLF bei Aufnahme, 121 wurden mechanisch beatmet und 68 hatten ein Lungenversagen. In der gematchten Kohorte (n=147) konnten Lungenversagen (HR 3,0) und mechanische Beatmung (HR 1,7) als unabhängige Risikofaktoren für eine hohe 28-Tage-Mortalität identifiziert werden. Der CLIF-C ACLF Score konnte als bestes Modell für die Vorhersage der Kurzzeitmortalität bestätigt werden (AUROC 0,81), zeigte allerdingt deutliche Schwächen in der Subkohorte der Patienten mit Lungenversagen (AUROC 0,49) und mechanischer Beatmung (AUROC 0,68). Eine Kalibrierung des CLIF-C ACLF Scores für diese beiden Risikofaktoren liefert auch in der Gesamtkohorte aller zirrhotischer Patienten eine signifikant verbesserte prädiktive Performance (AUROC 0,87; p=0,001).
Mechanische Beatmung und Lungenversagen sind im Rahmen eines ACLF mit einer erhöhten Kurzzeitmortalität assoziiert und nur ungenügend in den etablierten Prädiktionsmodellen abgebildet. Die Kalibrierung des CLIF-C ACLF Scores für diese Risikofaktoren führt zu einer verbesserten Vorhersagegenauigkeit.
The new variant of concern (VOC) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Omicron (B.1.1.529), is genetically very different from other VOCs. We compared Omicron with the preceding VOC Delta (B.1.617.2) and the wildtype strain (B.1) with respect to their interactions with the antiviral type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) response in infected cells. Our data indicate that Omicron has gained an elevated capability to suppress IFN-beta induction upon infection and to better withstand the antiviral state imposed by exogenously added IFN-alpha.
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is currently causing a large number of infections in many countries. A number of antiviral agents are approved or in clinical testing for the treatment of COVID-19. Despite the high number of mutations in the Omicron variant, we here show that Omicron isolates display similar sensitivity to eight of the most important anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs and drug candidates (including remdesivir, molnupiravir, and PF-07321332, the active compound in paxlovid), which is of timely relevance for the treatment of the increasing number of Omicron patients. Most importantly, we also found that the Omicron variant displays a reduced capability of antagonising the host cell interferon response. This provides a potential mechanistic explanation for the clinically observed reduced pathogenicity of Omicron variant viruses compared to Delta variant viruses.
Recently, we have shown that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus isolates are less effective at inhibiting the host cell interferon response than Delta viruses. Here, we present further evidence that reduced interferon-antagonising activity explains at least in part why Omicron variant infections are inherently less severe than infections with other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Most importantly, we here also show that Omicron variant viruses display enhanced sensitivity to interferon treatment, which makes interferons promising therapy candidates for Omicron patients, in particular in combination with other antiviral agents.
Motivation DNA CpG methylation (CpGm) has proven to be a crucial epigenetic factor in the gene regulatory system. Assessment of DNA CpG methylation values via whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) is, however, computationally extremely demanding.
Results We present FAst MEthylation calling (FAME), the first approach to quantify CpGm values directly from bulk or single-cell WGBS reads without intermediate output files. FAME is very fast but as accurate as standard methods, which first produce BS alignment files before computing CpGm values. We present experiments on bulk and single-cell bisulfite datasets in which we show that data analysis can be significantly sped-up and help addressing the current WGBS analysis bottleneck for large-scale datasets without compromising accuracy.
Availability An implementation of FAME is open source and licensed under GPL-3.0 at https://github.com/FischerJo/FAME.
Multiplex families with a high prevalence of a psychiatric disorder are often examined to identify rare genetic variants with large effect sizes. In the present study, we analysed whether the risk for bipolar disorder (BD) in BD multiplex families is influenced by common genetic variants. Furthermore, we investigated whether this risk is conferred mainly by BD-specific risk variants or by variants also associated with the susceptibility to schizophrenia or major depression. In total, 395 individuals from 33 Andalusian BD multiplex families as well as 438 subjects from an independent, sporadic BD case-control cohort were analysed. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for BD, schizophrenia, and major depression were calculated and compared between the cohorts. Both the familial BD cases and unaffected family members had significantly higher PRS for all three psychiatric disorders than the independent controls, suggesting a high baseline risk for several psychiatric disorders in the families. Moreover, familial BD cases showed significantly higher BD PRS than unaffected family members and sporadic BD cases. A plausible hypothesis is that, in multiplex families with a general increase in risk for psychiatric disease, BD development is attributable to a high burden of common variants that confer a specific risk for BD. The present analyses, therefore, demonstrated that common genetic risk variants for psychiatric disorders are likely to contribute to the high incidence of affective psychiatric disorders in the multiplex families. The PRS explained only part of the observed phenotypic variance and rare variants might have also contributed to disease development.
Investigators in the cognitive neurosciences have turned to Big Data to address persistent replication and reliability issues by increasing sample sizes, statistical power, and representativeness of data. While there is tremendous potential to advance science through open data sharing, these efforts unveil a host of new questions about how to integrate data arising from distinct sources and instruments. We focus on the most frequently assessed area of cognition - memory testing - and demonstrate a process for reliable data harmonization across three common measures. We aggregated raw data from 53 studies from around the world which measured at least one of three distinct verbal learning tasks, totaling N = 10,505 healthy and brain-injured individuals. A mega analysis was conducted using empirical bayes harmonization to isolate and remove site effects, followed by linear models which adjusted for common covariates. After corrections, a continuous item response theory (IRT) model estimated each individual subject’s latent verbal learning ability while accounting for item difficulties. Harmonization significantly reduced inter-site variance by 37% while preserving covariate effects. The effects of age, sex, and education on scores were found to be highly consistent across memory tests. IRT methods for equating scores across AVLTs agreed with held-out data of dually-administered tests, and these tools are made available for free online. This work demonstrates that large-scale data sharing and harmonization initiatives can offer opportunities to address reproducibility and integration challenges across the behavioral sciences.
Mapping cortical brain asymmetry in 17,141 healthy individuals worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium
(2017)
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the Xchromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87×10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53×10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen kognitiver Emotionsregulation, positivem Aufmerksamkeitsbias und Resilienz
(2022)
Das Verständnis von Faktoren, die die Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Stress fördern, ist entscheidend für die Entwicklung von Stresspräventionsprogrammen und für die Verbesserung der Behandlung stressbedingter Störungen. Zum einen war es Ziel der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit, den Einfluss der kognitiven Emotionsregulation (ER) auf die psychische Gesundheit zu untersuchen und bereits vorhandene Ergebnisse zum Einfluss der Emotionsregulation auf die Resilienz zu replizieren. Es wird zunehmend anerkannt, dass die meisten psychiatrischen Erkrankungen mit Emotionsdysregulation einhergehen und dass klinische Interventionen davon profitieren, wenn sie auf einem empirischen Verständnis der Emotionsprozesse beruhen.
Der Hauptfokus lag zudem darauf, zu untersuchen, ob es einen Zusammenhang zwischen Resilienz und einem Aufmerksamkeitsbias auf positive Informationen, einen Positivitätsbias, gibt.
In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Stichprobe psychisch gesunder Teilnehmer (n=229) im Alter von 18 bis 55 Jahren herangezogen, denen Bilder aus dem „International Affective Picture System“ präsentiert wurden. Dabei bekamen sie die Anweisung, negative Emotionen zu Fotos durch kognitives Umbewerten oder Distanzieren herunterzuregulieren. Die Reaktionszeiten sowie die Erregungsbewertungen wurden für die Bedingungen Neubewertung, Distanzieren, negatives passives Betrachten sowie neutrales passives Betrachten erhoben. Zudem wurde die Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrung gegenüber positiven und negativen Reizen mithilfe einer Visual Dot-Probe Aufgabe untersucht. Gemessen wurden die Reaktionszeiten der Studienteilnehmer bei Reaktionen auf einen Stimulus, der auf die Präsentation emotionaler Gesichter folgt, im Vergleich zu Reaktionen auf einen Stimulus, der an die Stelle von neutralen Gesichtern rückt. Hieraus wurden Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen abgeleitet.
Die anschließende Datenanalyse und statistische Auswertung konnten zeigen, dass die Neubewertung im Vergleich zum passiven Betrachten der negativen Bilder eine längere Reaktionszeit aufweist, was darauf hinweist, dass die kognitive Emotionsregulation möglicherweise anstrengendere kognitive Kontrollprozesse aktiviert. Hinsichtlich des Zusammenhangs mit der Resilienz konnte eine signifikante positive Korrelation der Reaktionszeitdifferenzen der Emotionsregulationsstrategien Distanzieren und Neubewerten mit dem Resilienz-Score beobachtet werden.
Bei den Erregungsbewertungen der Emotionsregulation zeigte sich weder ein signifikanter Effekt der Bedingung noch ein Zusammenhang mit dem Resilienz-Score.
Die Ergebnisse der Visual Dot-Probe zeigten, dass es keine Unterschiede in den Reaktionszeiten nach der Präsentation des neutralen sowie des emotionalen Stimulus gab. Auch zeigten sich keine Zusammenhänge mit der Resilienz.
Der erwartete Zusammenhang zwischen Resilienz und einem Aufmerksamkeitsbias auf positive Informationen konnte in den Ergebnissen nicht gefunden werden. In den vorliegenden Daten zeigte sich hingegen eine signifikante negative Korrelation der Fähigkeit der kognitiven Neubewertung mit der Höhe des negativen Aufmerksamkeits Bias-Scores.
Somit liefert die vorliegende Arbeit einen Hinweis darauf, dass Personen mit einem hohen Maß an Emotionsregulationskapazitäten eine höhere Aufmerksamkeitslenkung weg von emotional negativen Stimuli aufweisen.
Bezüglich der Anwendung auf klinische Stichproben besteht noch Raum zu
analysieren, ob es sich um ein stabiles Phänomen handelt, das auf diese übertragen werden kann.
Der Nutzen von DJ-Kathetern ist unverzichtbar für die moderne Urologie. Sie sind essenziell, um bei einer Vielzahl von Erkrankungen einen adäquaten Harnabfluss und dementsprechend eine gute Nierenfunktion gewährleisten zu können. Dabei können sie für eine temporäre oder dauerhafte Schienung genutzt werden. Als einliegende Fremdkörper können sie, insbesondere bei langfristiger Nutzung, leicht durch Bakterien und Pilze kolonisiert werden und beherbergen somit ein erhöhtes Risiko für Harnwegsinfekte.
Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist folglich, durch das Auffinden von protektiven oder prädisponierenden Faktoren für die Entwicklung von fieberhaften Harnwegsinfekten in der Zukunft Mortalität, Resistenzbildung und Kosten sowohl bei DJ-Katheter-Dauerversorgung als auch generell senken zu können. Zusätzlich soll untersucht werden, ob verschiedene Antibiotika-Regime einen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung postoperativer, fieberhafter Harnwegsinfekte haben.
Um dies feststellen zu können, wurden in dieser Studie 100 Patientinnen und Patienten eingeschlossen, die von 2013 bis 2018 in der Klinik für Urologie des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt zum DJ-Wechsel bei DJ-Katheter-Dauerversorgung vorstellig wurden. Anschließend wurden verschiedene Faktoren untersucht, die das Risiko für das Auftreten von fieberhaften Harnwegsinfekten oder die Entwicklung von Resistenzen in Krankheitserregern erhöhen oder reduzieren könnten.
Hierzu wurden insgesamt 950 DJ-Katheter-assoziierte Eingriffe (Einlage, Wechsel, Entfernung) analysiert. Der individuelle Beobachtungszeitraum betrug durchschnittlich 2,9 Jahre mit durchschnittlich 7 DJ-Katheter-Wechsel.
Gegenüber der Normalbevölkerung wies die Studienpopulation, am ehesten durch die einliegenden DJ-Katheter, eine deutlich erhöhte Prävalenz von Harnwegsinfekten auf (18,53% vs. 2,5%). Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein höheres Patientenalter mit einem gering erhöhten Risiko für die Ausbildung von resistenten Keimen im Urin korreliert (p=0,0121; OR 1,0395; KI 1,0096-1,0731 (univariate Analyse), p=0,0030; OR 1,0618 KI 1,0226-1,1077 (multivariate Analyse)). Dies korrelierte jedoch nicht mit einem erhöhten Risiko für fieberhafte Harnwegsinfekte. Darüber hinaus konnte festgestellt werden, dass die operative Manipulation unter empirischer oder testgerechter, antibiotischer Therapie nicht mit einem hohen Risiko für die Entstehung fieberhafter Harnwegsinfekte einhergeht. In den analysierten Daten fanden sich insgesamt zu wenige fieberhafte Infekte (n=72; 7,58%), um das Ziel begünstigender oder protektiver Faktoren für die Entstehung von fieberhaften Harnwegsinfekten adäquat zu untersuchen. Aus dem gleichen Grund konnten aus den Daten auch keine Hinweise für das optimale Antibiotika-Regime abgeleitet werden. In fast 70% der untersuchten Fälle wurde eine periinterventionelle single-shot Antibiose angewendet, weswegen diese als Infektionsprophylaxe einen adäquaten Schutz darzustellen scheint.
Generell kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass die DJ-Katheter-Dauerversorgung, trotz der möglichen mikrobiellen Besiedlung mit eventuellen Komplikationen wie Bakteriurie oder systemischen Infektionen, ein sicheres Verfahren ist. Manipulationen oder operativer Wechsel der DJ-Katheter stellen, trotz Präsenz der Keime, keine riskanten Manöver dar, sofern diese adäquat und unter entsprechender, antibiotischer Therapie durchgeführt werden.
Weitere, noch größere und insbesondere prospektive, randomisierte Studien sind zu empfehlen und könnten die Ergebnisse weiter bestätigen und erweitern, vor allem in Bezug auf die Überlegenheit verschiedener antibiotischer Regime in der Vermeidung einer Resistenzbildung.
Although vaccination campaigns are currently being rolled out to prevent coronavirus disease (COVID-19), antivirals will remain an important adjunct to vaccination. Antivirals against coronaviruses do not exist, hence global drug repurposing efforts have been carried out to identify agents that may provide clinical benefit to patients with COVID-19. Itraconazole, an antifungal agent, has been reported to have activity against animal coronaviruses. Using cell-based phenotypic assays, the in vitro antiviral activity of itraconazole and 17-OH itraconazole was assessed against clinical isolates from a German and Belgian patient infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Itraconazole demonstrated antiviral activity in human Caco-2 cells (EC50 = 2.3 µM; 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay). Similarly, its primary metabolite, 17-OH itraconazole, showed inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 activity (EC50 = 3.6 µM). Remdesivir inhibited viral replication with an EC50 = 0.4 µM. Itraconazole and 17-OH itraconazole resulted in a viral yield reduction in vitro of approximately 2-log10 and approximately 1-log10, as measured in both Caco-2 cells and VeroE6-eGFP cells, respectively. The viral yield reduction brought about by remdesivir or GS-441524 (parent nucleoside of the antiviral prodrug remdesivir; positive control) was more pronounced, with an approximately 3-log10 drop and >4-log10 drop in Caco-2 cells and VeroE6-eGFP cells, respectively. Itraconazole and 17-OH itraconazole exert in vitro low micromolar activity against SARS-CoV-2. Despite the in vitro antiviral activity, itraconazole did not result in a beneficial effect in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in a clinical study (EudraCT Number: 2020-001243-15).
Complexome profiling is an emerging ‘omics’ approach that systematically interrogates the composition of protein complexes (the complexome) of a sample, by combining biochemical separation of native protein complexes with mass-spectrometry based quantitation proteomics. The resulting fractionation profiles hold comprehensive information on the abundance and composition of the complexome, and have a high potential for reuse by experimental and computational researchers. However, the lack of a central resource that provides access to these data, reported with adequate descriptions and an analysis tool, has limited their reuse. Therefore, we established the ComplexomE profiling DAta Resource (CEDAR, www3.cmbi.umcn.nl/cedar/), an openly accessible database for depositing and exploring mass spectrometry data from complexome profiling studies. Compatibility and reusability of the data is ensured by a standardized data and reporting format containing the “minimum information required for a complexome profiling experiment” (MIACE). The data can be accessed through a user-friendly web interface, as well as programmatically using the REST API portal. Additionally, all complexome profiles available on CEDAR can be inspected directly on the website with the profile viewer tool that allows the detection of correlated profiles and inference of potential complexes. In conclusion, CEDAR is a unique, growing and invaluable resource for the study of protein complex composition and dynamics across biological systems.
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and psoriasis (Ps), represent autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders, as well as conditions that have an overlap of both categories. Understanding the underlying pathogeneses, making diagnoses, and choosing individualized treatments remain challenging due to heterogeneous disease phenotypes and the lack of reliable biomarkers that drive the treatment choice. In this review, we provide an overview of the low-molecular-weight metabolites that might be employed as biomarkers for various applications, e.g., early diagnosis, disease activity monitoring, and treatment-response prediction, in RA, PsA, and Ps. The literature was evaluated, and putative biomarkers in different matrices were identified, categorized, and summarized. While some of these candidate biomarkers appeared to be disease-specific, others were shared across multiple IMIDs, indicating common underlying disease mechanisms. However, there is still a long way to go for their application in a routine clinical setting. We propose that studies integrating omics analyses of large patient cohorts from different IMIDs should be performed to further elucidate their pathomechanisms and treatment options. This could lead to the identification and validation of biomarkers that might be applied in the context of precision medicine to improve the clinical outcomes of these IMID patients.
Background: Berotralstat (BCX7353) is an oral, once-daily inhibitor of plasma kallikrein in development for the prophylaxis of hereditary angioedema (HAE) attacks.
Objective: Our aim was to determine the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of berotralstat in patients with HAE over a 24-week treatment period (the phase 3 APeX-2 trial).
Methods: APeX-2 was a double-blind, parallel-group study that randomized patients at 40 sites in 11 countries 1:1:1 to receive once-daily berotralstat in a dose of 110 mg or 150 mg or placebo (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03485911). Patients aged 12 years or older with HAE due to C1 inhibitor deficiency and at least 2 investigator-confirmed HAE attacks in the first 56 days of a prospective run-in period were eligible. The primary efficacy end point was the rate of investigator-confirmed HAE attacks during the 24-week treatment period.
Results: A total of 121 patients were randomized; 120 of them received at least 1 dose of the study drug (n = 41, 40, and 39 in the 110-mg dose of berotralstat, 150-mg of dose berotralstat, and placebo groups, respectively). Berotralstat demonstrated a significant reduction in attack rate at both 110 mg (1.65 attacks per month; P = .024) and 150 mg (1.31 attacks per month; P < .001) relative to placebo (2.35 attacks per month). The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events that occurred more with berotralstat than with placebo were abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and back pain. No drug-related serious treatment-emergent adverse events occurred.
Conclusion: Both the 110-mg and 150-mg doses of berotralstat reduced HAE attack rates compared with placebo and were safe and generally well tolerated. The most favorable benefit-to-risk profile was observed at a dose of 150 mg per day.
Although chest radiograph (CXR) is commonly used in diagnosing pediatric community acquired pneumonia (pCAP), limited data on interobserver agreement among radiologists exist. PedCAPNETZ is a prospective, observational, and multicenter study on pCAP. N = 233 CXR from patients with clinical diagnosis of pCAP were retrieved and n = 12 CXR without pathological findings were added. All CXR were interpreted by a radiologist at the site of recruitment and by two external, blinded pediatric radiologists. To evaluate interobserver agreement, the reporting of presence or absence of pCAP in CXR was analyzed, and prevalence and bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) statistical testing was applied. Overall, n = 190 (82%) of CXR were confirmed as pCAP by two external pediatric radiologists. Compared with patients with pCAP negative CXR, patients with CXR-confirmed pCAP displayed higher C-reactive protein levels and a longer duration of symptoms before enrollment (p < .007). Further parameters, that is, age, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation showed no significant difference. The interobserver agreement between the onsite radiologists and each of the two independent pediatric radiologists for the presence of pCAP was poor to fair (69%; PABAK = 0.39% and 76%; PABAK = 0.53, respectively). The concordance between the external radiologists was fair (81%; PABAK = 0.62). With regard to typical CXR findings for pCAP, chance corrected interrater agreement was highest for pleural effusions, infiltrates, and consolidations and lowest for interstitial patterns and peribronchial thickening. Our data show a poor interobserver agreement in the CXR-based diagnosis of pCAP and emphasized the need for harmonized interpretation standards.
The heterogeneity and complexity of glycosylation hinder the depth of site-specific glycoproteomics analysis. High-field asymmetric-waveform ion-mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) has been shown to improve the scope of bottom-up proteomics. The benefits of FAIMS for quantitative N-glycoproteomics have not been investigated yet. In this work, we optimized FAIMS settings for N-glycopeptide identification, with or without the tandem mass tag (TMT) label. The optimized FAIMS approach significantly increased the identification of site-specific N-glycopeptides derived from the purified immunoglobulin M (IgM) protein or human lymphoma cells. We explored in detail the changes in FAIMS mobility caused by N-glycopeptides with different characteristics, including TMT labeling, charge state, glycan type, peptide sequence, glycan size, and precursor m/z. Importantly, FAIMS also improved multiplexed N-glycopeptide quantification, both with the standard MS2 acquisition method and with our recently developed Glyco-SPS-MS3 method. The combination of FAIMS and Glyco-SPS-MS3 methods provided the highest quantitative accuracy and precision. Our results demonstrate the advantages of FAIMS for improved mass spectrometry-based qualitative and quantitative N-glycoproteomics.
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is essential for the production of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the building block of glycosaminoglycans, thus playing a crucial role in cartilage anabolism. Although O-GlcNAcylation represents a protective regulatory mechanism in cellular processes, it has been associated with degenerative diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). The present study focuses on HBP-related processes as potential therapeutic targets after cartilage trauma. Human cartilage explants were traumatized and treated with GlcNAc or glucosamine sulfate (GS); PUGNAc, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase; or azaserine (AZA), an inhibitor of GFAT-1. After 7 days, cell viability and gene expression analysis of anabolic and catabolic markers, as well as HBP-related enzymes, were performed. Moreover, expression of catabolic enzymes and type II collagen (COL2) biosynthesis were determined. Proteoglycan content was assessed after 14 days. Cartilage trauma led to a dysbalanced expression of different HBP-related enzymes, comparable to the situation in highly degenerated tissue. While GlcNAc and PUGNAc resulted in significant cell protection after trauma, only PUGNAc increased COL2 biosynthesis. Moreover, PUGNAc and both glucosamine derivatives had anti-catabolic effects. In contrast, AZA increased catabolic processes. Overall, “fueling” the HBP by means of glucosamine derivatives or inhibition of deglycosylation turned out as cells and chondroprotectives after cartilage trauma.
Aufgrund einer Vielzahl an Patienten mit sekundären Lebertumoren sind aus medizinischen oder technischen Gründen nicht operabel sind, erfahren alternative lokalablative Behandlungsformen in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten zunehmende Verbreitung.
Das Ziel der hier vorliegenden Studie ist es, das Therapieansprechen und die Sicherheit von Mikrowellen- (MWA) und Radiofrequenzablation (RFA) von Lebermetastasen in einer randomisierten Studie zu bestimmen und prospektiv zu vergleichen.
Es unterzogen sich 50 Patienten (27 Frauen, 23 Männer, mittleres Alter 62,8 Jahre) einer CT-gesteuerten perkutanen thermischen Ablation von 50 Lebermetastasen. Davon erhielten 26 Patienten eine MWA und 24 Patienten eine Behandlung mit RFA. Das kolorektale Karzinom war in 54 % der Fälle ein Primärtumor, das Mammakarzinom in 20 %, das Pankreaskarzinom und das Gallenblasenkarzinom jeweils in 6 %, der Ovarialtumor in 4 %, das Ösophaguskarzinom und andere Tumorentitäten jeweils in 2 % der Fälle. Die Lage der Lebermetastasen und die morphologische Veränderung der Läsionen in Größe, Volumen, nekrotischem Bereich, Diffusion und ADC-Wert wurden durch Magnetresonanztomo-graphie (MRT) bewertet. Die erste MRT-Kontrolle erfolgte vor der Behandlung mit thermischer Ablation. Das Follow-up beinhaltet MRT-Kontrollen 24 Stunden nach der Ablation und 4 Kontrolluntersuchungen im Abstand von 3 Monaten innerhalb von einem Jahr.
50 Läsionen mit einem mittleren Durchmesser von 1,63 cm (Range: 0,6 - 3,7 cm; MWA 1,72 cm, RFA 1,53 cm) wurden mit thermischer Ablation behandelt. Die lokale Rezidivrate innerhalb eines Jahres betrug für beide Versuchsarme 4 % (2/50), 0 % (0/26) in der MWA-Gruppe und 8,3 % (2/24) in der RFA-Gruppe. Die Rate für neu entstandene maligne Formationen, die sich an einem anderen Ort als die behandelte Läsion befanden, betrug in beiden Gruppen etwa 38 % (19/50), in der MWA-Gruppe 38,4 % und in der RFA-Gruppe 37,5 %. Die Sterblichkeitsrate für diese Studie betrug 14,0 %. 15,4 % der Patienten im Behandlungsarm der MWA-Gruppe und 12,5 % im RFA-Behandlungsarm verstarben im Rahmen dieser Studie. Es konnten keine größeren Komplikationen festgestellt werden.
Zusammenfassend zeigt die MIRA-Studie zur thermischen Ablation von Lebermetastasen keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Mortalität, malignen Neubildungen oder Komplikationsraten zwischen MWA und RFA. Die Studie stellt fest, dass die thermische Behandlung mit MWA im Rahmen des 1-Jahres-Follow-ups größere Volumina im Ablationsgebiet und eine gering höhere Mortalität hervorruft, wobei man die höhere Pankreaskarzinomrate in diesem Studienzweig berücksichtigen sollte. Im RFA-Studienarm wurden hingegen 2 Lokalrezidive erfasst.
Vor dem Hintergrund der hier vorliegenden Ergebnisse und in Zusammenschau mit der aktuellen Literatur sind beide thermischen Verfahren mehrheitlich sicher durchführbare und effektive Methoden zur Behandlung von Patienten mit nicht operablen sekundären Lebermalignomen. Unterschiede zeigen sich in den physikalischen, technischen Voraussetzungen und damit in der Größe der erzeugten Ablations- und Nekrosezonen. Diese spielen vorrangig in der Behandlung von großen und gefäß- sowie gallengangsnahen Läsionen eine differenzierte Rolle. Die Größe und die Heterogenität des Patientenkollektivs in Bezug auf Tumorentität, die unterschiedlichen Vorbehandlungen sowie der Nachbeobachtungszeit-raum von nur 12 Monaten mindern die Aussagekraft der Studie. Um die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zu stützen, sollten weitere Untersuchungen mit einem größe-ren Patientenkollektiv folgen, beispielsweise in Form einer multizentrischen Studie, in welcher differenzierter bezüglich Tumorentität und Vorbehandlungen unterteilt wird.
Characteristics of critical incident reporting systems in primary care: an international survey
(2022)
Aim: The aim of the study was to support the development of future critical incident reporting systems (CIRS) in primary care by collecting information on existing systems. Our focus was on processes used to report and analyse incidents, as well as strategies used to overcome difficulties.
Methods: Based on literature from throughout the world, we identified existing CIRS in primary care. We developed a questionnaire and sent it to operators of a purposeful sample of 17 CIRS in primary care. We used cross-case analysis to compare the answers and pinpoint important similarities and differences in the CIRS in our sample.
Results: Ten CIRS operators filled out the questionnaire, and 9 systems met the inclusion criteria. The sample of CIRS came from 8 different countries and was rather heterogeneous. The reporting systems invited a broad range of professions to report, with some also including reports by patients. In most cases, reporting was voluntary and conducted via an online reporting form. Reports were analysed locally, centrally, or both. The various CIRS used interesting ideas to deal with barriers. Some, for example, used confidential reporting modes as a compromise between anonymity and the need for follow-up investigations, whereas others used smartphone applications and call centres to speed up the reporting process.
Conclusion: We found multiple CIRS that have operated in primary care for many years, have received a high number of reports and were largely developed in accordance with recommendations found in literature. Although primary care in Germany differs from other countries, these CIRS could serve as an inspiration for CIRS in German primary care.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a neoplastic disease of an early myeloid precursor cell in hematopoiesis. It leads to the accumulation of monoclonal cells in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood, showing a differentiation block and deregulated self-renewal. Frequently, the leukemic cells exhibit genetic aberrations with reciprocal chromosomal translocations. These translocations induce the formation of a fusion protein, that can lead to new cellular functions and a transformation into a leukemic cell. Common chromosomal translocation in AML are t(8;21) or t(15;17), which cause the formation of the fusion proteins AML1/ETO and PML/RARα and determine the leukemic phenotype of the AML.
The translocation t(6;9) leads to the formation of the fusion protein DEK/CAN and is of special interest, because of its association with mostly young patients and a very aggressive course of the disease. The fusion product induces leukemia in a small subset of hematopoietic stem cells, but its mechanism of leukemogenesis is greatly unknown.
The intention of this work was to characterize the DEK/CAN-induced AML on a molecular genetic level to gain a deeper understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Therefore, gene expression analysis with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray analysis was performed.
To detect DEK/CAN in different cell lines by PCR and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), specific primers and probes were designed, and a standardized workflow was established. Emphasis was placed on the optimization of RNA isolation, DNase treatment, cDNA synthesis with following PCR and qPCR, which enabled the detection of the fusion product DEK/CAN in the cell lines 32B, Phoenix and FKH-1. To quantify the fusion product DEK/CAN, the method of qPCR with absolute and relative quantification was used. Absolute quantification enabled the calculation of an exact copy number of the fusion transcript DEK/CAN with a detection limit of 50 copies/µl at a sensitivity of 10-6, which is of importance in determining the minimal residual disease (MRD) of patients with DEK/CAN-positive AML. MRD detection by qPCR is a highly sensitive diagnostic method to identify leukemic cells, even in low cell counts. This enables a thorough evaluation of the treatment response and allows an early detection of changes in the MRD level as part of the remission control.
Additionally, a microarray gene expression analysis was performed to identify alterations in relevant target genes and associated signaling pathways in DEK/CAN-positive cells.
Because of DEK/CAN’s potential to induce leukemia in a subset of hematopoietic stem cells, Sca+/Lin- cells of the bone marrow of C57Bl/6 mice were used and transfected with the gene products DEK/CAN and PML/RARα. Microarray analysis led to the identification of 16 different genes of interest, which demonstrated significant alterations of gene expression in DEK/CAN-positive cells. They were validated and quantified with TaqMan assay assisted qPCR. The elevated expression of the transcription factors TRIM25, HIF1α and ATF2, in DEK/CAN-positive cells, indicated an altered transcription factor activity and interaction with DNA in the nucleus. The localization of DEK/CAN in the nucleus emphasizes this assumption. Also, the upregulated expression of the nuclear export receptor XPO1 suggested changes in nuclear transport processes and impaired export activity in DEK/CAN-positive cells.
Furthermore, the results demonstrated changes of gene expression in genes that are involved in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. PTPRC, the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type C, functions as a direct inhibitor of JAKs (Janus Kinases) and STATs (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and their associated signaling pathway.
It was shown that the gene expression of PTPRC was significantly reduced in DEK/CAN-positive cells. This allowed the assumption, that the reduced expression of PTPRC led to a loss of inhibition and thus a consecutive hyperactivation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. This hypothesis was supported by an independent activation of PIM1, a target gene of STAT5 and the activation of LMO2, a direct target gene of JAK2. In addition, the transmembrane receptor CSF1R, which is directly involved in STAT activation, also showed an upregulation in gene expression.
The results of this work show an activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in DEK/CAN-positive cells, which may be a key mechanism in DEK/CAN-induced leukemogenesis.
Considering treatment options in the future, the addition of targeted therapy, such as pan-JAK inhibitors, to the standard therapy, could be a chance to improve the overall survival rate and the prognosis of t(6;9)-positive AML.
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is increasingly used in older myelofibrosis (MF) patients, but its risk/benefit ratio compared to non-transplant approaches has not been evaluated in this population. We analyzed the outcomes of allo-HCT in 556 MF patients aged ≥65 years from the EBMT registry, and determined the excess mortality over the matched general population of MF patients ≥65 years managed with allo-HCT (n = 556) or conventional drug treatment (n = 176). The non-transplant cohort included patients with intermediate-2 or high risk DIPSS from the Spanish Myelofibrosis Registry. After a median follow-up of 3.4 years, the estimated 5-year survival rate, non-relapse mortality (NRM), and relapse incidence after transplantation was 40%, 37%, and 25%, respectively. Busulfan-based conditioning was associated with decreased mortality (HR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–0.9) whereas the recipient CMV+/donor CMV- combination (HR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2–2.4) and the JAK2 mutated genotype (HR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1–3.5) predicted higher mortality. Busulfan-based conditioning correlated with improved survival due to less NRM, despite its higher relapse rate when compared with melphalan-based regimens. Excess mortality was higher in transplanted patients than in the non-HCT cohort in the first year of follow-up (ratio: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.13–2.80), whereas the opposite occurred between the fourth and eighth follow-up years (ratio: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.18–0.53). Comparing the excess mortality of the two treatments, male patients seemed to benefit more than females from allo-HCT, mainly due to their worse prognosis with non-transplant approaches. These findings could potentially enhance counseling and treatment decision-making in elderly transplant-eligible MF patients.
Implementing an automated monitoring process in a digital, longitudinal observational cohort study
(2021)
Background: Clinical data collection requires correct and complete data sets in order to perform correct statistical analysis and draw valid conclusions. While in randomized clinical trials much effort concentrates on data monitoring, this is rarely the case in observational studies- due to high numbers of cases and often-restricted resources. We have developed a valid and cost-effective monitoring tool, which can substantially contribute to an increased data quality in observational research.
Methods: An automated digital monitoring system for cohort studies developed by the German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) was tested within the disease register RABBIT-SpA, a longitudinal observational study including patients with axial spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Physicians and patients complete electronic case report forms (eCRF) twice a year for up to 10 years. Automatic plausibility checks were implemented to verify all data after entry into the eCRF. To identify conflicts that cannot be found by this approach, all possible conflicts were compiled into a catalog. This “conflict catalog” was used to create queries, which are displayed as part of the eCRF. The proportion of queried eCRFs and responses were analyzed by descriptive methods. For the analysis of responses, the type of conflict was assigned to either a single conflict only (affecting individual items) or a conflict that required the entire eCRF to be queried.
Results: Data from 1883 patients was analyzed. A total of n = 3145 eCRFs submitted between baseline (T0) and T3 (12 months) had conflicts (40–64%). Fifty-six to 100% of the queries regarding eCRFs that were completely missing were answered. A mean of 1.4 to 2.4 single conflicts occurred per eCRF, of which 59–69% were answered. The most common missing values were CRP, ESR, Schober’s test, data on systemic glucocorticoid therapy, and presence of enthesitis.
Conclusion: Providing high data quality in large observational cohort studies is a major challenge, which requires careful monitoring. An automated monitoring process was successfully implemented and well accepted by the study centers. Two thirds of the queries were answered with new data. While conventional manual monitoring is resource-intensive and may itself create new sources of errors, automated processes are a convenient way to augment data quality.
Background: Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing is central to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) etiology. As early cognitive alterations in AD are strongly correlated to abnormal information processing due to increasing synaptic impairment, it is crucial to characterize how peptides generated through APP cleavage modulate synapse function. We previously described a novel APP processing pathway producing η-secretase-derived peptides (Aη) and revealed that Aη–α, the longest form of Aη produced by η-secretase and α-secretase cleavage, impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) ex vivo and neuronal activity in vivo.
Methods: With the intention of going beyond this initial observation, we performed a comprehensive analysis to further characterize the effects of both Aη-α and the shorter Aη-β peptide on hippocampus function using ex vivo field electrophysiology, in vivo multiphoton calcium imaging, and in vivo electrophysiology.
Results: We demonstrate that both synthetic peptides acutely impair LTP at low nanomolar concentrations ex vivo and reveal the N-terminus to be a primary site of activity. We further show that Aη-β, like Aη–α, inhibits neuronal activity in vivo and provide confirmation of LTP impairment by Aη–α in vivo.
Conclusions: These results provide novel insights into the functional role of the recently discovered η-secretase-derived products and suggest that Aη peptides represent important, pathophysiologically relevant, modulators of hippocampal network activity, with profound implications for APP-targeting therapeutic strategies in AD.
Der Forschung von Kardiologen wie etwa Joseph C. Wu, Professor an der kalifornischen Stanford-Universität, ist es zu verdanken, dass die Sterblichkeit nach einem Herzinfarkt von ehemals 15 Prozent auf nur noch 2 bis 3 Prozent gesunken ist. Auf Einladung der Friedrich-Merz-Stiftungsgastprofessur besuchte Wu, Präsident der »American Heart Association« und derzeit einer der prominentesten Herz-Forscher, für eine Woche die Goethe-Universität, um sich sowohl mit Forschenden als auch mit Studierenden auszutauschen. In einem Bürgergespräch stellte er sich außerdem den Fragen der Frankfurter Bevölkerung, unter anderem zusammen mit Stefanie Dimmeler, Sprecherin des »Deutschen Zentrums für Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen« und Leiterin des Exzellenzclusters »Cardio-Pulmonary Institute«.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is still associated with high morbidity and mortality incidence rates, and also bears an elevated risk of subsequent chronic kidney disease. Although the kidney has a remarkable capacity for regeneration after injury and may recover completely depending on the type of renal lesions, the options for clinical intervention are restricted to fluid management and extracorporeal kidney support. The development of novel therapies to prevent AKI, to improve renal regeneration capacity after AKI, and to preserve renal function is urgently needed. The Special Issue covers research articles that investigated the molecular mechanisms of inflammation and injury during different renal pathologies, renal regeneration, diagnostics using new biomarkers, and the effects of different stimuli like medication or bacterial components on isolated renal cells or in vivo models. The Special Issue contains important reviews that consider the current knowledge of cell death and regeneration, inflammation, and the molecular mechanisms of kidney diseases. In addition, the potential of cell-based therapy approaches that use mesenchymal stromal/stem cells or their derivates is summarized. This edition is complemented by reviews that deal with the current data situation on other specific topics like diabetes and diabetic nephropathy or new therapeutic targets.
Autophagy is the highly conserved catabolic process, which enables the survival of a cell under unfavorable environmental conditions. In a constantly changing environment, cells must be capable of dynamically oscillating between anabolism and catabolism in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. In this context, the activity of the mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) is of major importance. As a central signaling node, it directly controls the process of macroautophagy and thus cellular metabolism. Thereby, the control of mTORC1 is equally crucial as the regulation of cellular homeostasis itself, whereby particular importance is attributed to amino acid sensory proteins. In this review, we describe the recent findings of macroautophagy and mTORC1 regulation by upstream amino acid stimuli in different subcellular localizations. We highlight in detail which proteins of the sensor complexes play a specific role in this regulation and point out additional non-canonical functions, e.g. in the regulation of macroautophagy, which have received little attention so far.
Systematic protein localization and protein-protein interaction studies to characterize specific protein functions are most effectively performed using tag-based assays. Ideally, protein tags are introduced into a gene of interest by homologous recombination to ensure expression from endogenous control elements. However, inefficient homologous recombination makes this approach difficult in mammalian cells. Although gene targeting efficiency by homologous recombination increased dramatically with the development of designer endonuclease systems such as CRISPR/Cas9 capable of inducing DNA double-strand breaks with unprecedented accuracy, the strategies still require synthesis or cloning of homology templates for every single gene. Recent developments have shown that endogenous protein tagging can be achieved efficiently in a homology independent manner. Hence, combinations between CRISPR/Cas9 and generic tag-donor plasmids have been used successfully for targeted gene modifications in mammalian cells. Here, we developed a tool kit comprising a CRISPR/Cas9 expression vector with several EGFP encoding plasmids that should enable tagging of almost every protein expressed in mammalian cells. By performing protein-protein interaction and subcellular localization studies of mTORC1 signal transduction pathway-related proteins expressed in HEK293T cells, we show that tagged proteins faithfully reflect the behavior of their native counterparts under physiological conditions.
Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Für Menschen mit Depression gestaltet sich der Zugang zu adäquater Versorgung oft schwierig. Sie müssen sich in einer äußerst komplexen Versorgungslandschaft mit vielen Behandlungsoptionen und verschiedenen Anlaufstellen orientieren, sind aber aufgrund der Depressionssymptome teilweise nicht in der Lage, sich selbst aktiv um ihre Behandlung zu kümmern. Für Frauen der ersten Einwanderergeneration konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese zwar mindestens ebenso häufig an Depression erkranken wie Menschen ohne Migrationshintergrund, aber nicht im gleichen Maße an Versorgungsangeboten teilhaben wie die restliche Bevölkerung. Ziel ist es daher, mehr darüber zu erfahren, wie Migrantinnen den Zugang zu Versorgung bei Depression erleben und welche Schwierigkeiten und Verbesserungswünsche sie haben. Es sollen konkrete Ansatzpunkte zur Verbesserung der Versorgung aufgezeigt werden.
Methodisches Vorgehen: Es wurden zwölf teilstrukturierte qualitative Einzelinterviews mit Migrantinnen der ersten Einwanderergeneration geführt, die aufgrund von Depression in Deutschland behandelt wurden. Die Auswertung der Interviews erfolgte mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse.
Ergebnisse: Die Teilnehmerinnen beschreiben zahlreiche Unsicherheiten und Ängste beim Versorgungszugang, den sie als zu schwierig, kompliziert und langwierig erleben. Konkrete Schwierigkeiten sind fehlendes Wissen zu Depressionssymptomen und Behandlungsoptionen, der Umgang mit Stigmatisierung und Vorurteilen, mangelnde Behandlungskoordination und Beratung insbesondere beim Zugang zu ambulanter Psychotherapie, lange Wartezeiten sowie Verständigungsschwierigkeiten. Die Teilnehmerinnen wünschen sich bessere Beratung und Informationsmöglichkeiten zu geeigneten Behandlungsoptionen, niedrigschwelligere Behandlungsangebote, sprachliche Unterstützung insbesondere zu Beginn der Behandlung sowie Aufklärungskampagnen zum Thema Depression für die breite Öffentlichkeit.
Diskussion: Beim Versorgungszugang von Migrantinnen mit Depression besteht Verbesserungsbedarf. Die beschriebenen Schwierigkeiten und Wünsche sollten bei der Planung von Versorgungsangeboten und bei der Behandlung stärker berücksichtigt werden. Konkrete Ansatzpunkte für eine bessere Versorgung sind entstigmatisierende, öffentlichkeitswirksame Informationskampagnen zu den Symptomen und der Behandlung von Depression sowie muttersprachliche Informationsmaterialien für Patientinnen und Patienten zu Depression, den Versorgungsangeboten und den relevanten Grundlagen des Gesundheits- und Sozialsystems. Auch sprachliche Unterstützung im Einzelfall, etwa durch professionelle Sprachmittlerdienste, sollte bei Bedarf ermöglicht werden. Darüberhinaus sind individuelle Unterstützungsangebote bei der Behandlungskoordination und beim Zugang zu ambulanter Psychotherapie nötig sowie mehr Aufmerksamkeit und Einfühlungsvermögen der Behandlerinnen und Behandler für individuell bestehende Vorbehalte und Ängste von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund.
Decoding brain states on the intrinsic manifold of human brain dynamics across wakefulness and sleep
(2021)
Current state-of-the-art functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers remarkable imaging quality and resolution, yet, the intrinsic dimensionality of brain dynamics in different states (wakefulness, light and deep sleep) remains unknown. Here we present a method to reveal the low dimensional intrinsic manifold underlying human brain dynamics, which is invariant of the high dimensional spatio-temporal representation of the neuroimaging technology. By applying this intrinsic manifold framework to fMRI data acquired in wakefulness and sleep, we reveal the nonlinear differences between wakefulness and three different sleep stages, and successfully decode these different brain states with a mean accuracy across participants of 96%. Remarkably, a further group analysis shows that the intrinsic manifolds of all participants share a common topology. Overall, our results reveal the intrinsic manifold underlying the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain activity and demonstrate how this manifold enables the decoding of different brain states such as wakefulness and various sleep stages.
Hintergrund: In den vergangenen 10 Jahren wurden an verschiedenen Epilepsiezentren in Deutschland (Bochum, Erlangen, Greifswald, Berlin Brandenburg, Frankfurt Rhein-Main) Projekte entwickelt, die sich mit telemedizinischen Arzt-zu-Arzt-Anwendungen im Bereich der Epilepsieversorgung beschäftigen.
Ziel der Arbeit: Im Folgenden wird ein Überblick über die aktuell laufenden telemedizinischen Projekte in der Epilepsieversorgung in Deutschland gegeben.
Material und Methoden: Die Verantwortlichen der einzelnen Projekte stellen ihr Projekt anhand einer vorgegebenen Struktur dar.
Ergebnisse und Diskussion: In allen Projekten konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine technische Lösung für die telemedizinische Arzt-zu-Arzt Anwendung im Bereich Epileptologie geschaffen werden kann. Die dargestellten Projekte unterscheiden sich zum Teil hinsichtlich des Zieles und der Umsetzung, zum Teil zeigen sich Übereinstimmungen. Perspektivisches Ziel ist es, aus den Erfahrungen der einzelnen Projekte eine gemeinsame Strategie zur Förderung epileptologischer Telemedizin und ihrer Überführung in die Regelversorgung zu entwickeln.