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Institute
- Medizin (5137) (remove)
Spezialwissen für SCALE
(2024)
Volker Zickermann und Eric Helfrich sind bei der Exzellenzcluster-Initiative SCALE (Subcellular Architecture of Life) dabei und werden dort ihre Expertise einbringen. Das Spezialgebiet des einen ist ein Proteinkomplex in den Mitochondrien, den Kraftwerken der Zelle. Der andere sucht schwerpunktmäßig bisher unbekannte Naturstoffe, die die Basis für neue Antibiotika sein könnten.
Herzforschung meets KI
(2024)
Moderne Methoden der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) spielen in der Wissenschaft eine immer größere Rolle. Wie Forscher des Exzellenzclusters Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI) KI in der Herzbildgebung nutzen, zeigte Professor Eike Nagel im Rahmen der Bürgeruniversität der Goethe-Universität. Er leitet das Institut für experimentelle und translationale kardiovaskuläre Bildgebung am Fachbereich Medizin und forscht an der Entwicklung verbesserter Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Mit dem Ziel, seine Forschung für alle Menschen zugänglich und verständlicher zu machen, lud Prof. Nagel interessierte Bürger*innen am 10. Mai in sein Institut ein.
Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt den Vergleich zweier Geräte - „Endotrust MiFusion TLS 2“ und „Medtronic LigaSure Maryland System“ - zur endoskopischen Entnahme der Arteria radialis (RA) zur Verwendung als Bypass-Gefäß in der Herzchirurgie.
Grundsätzlich kommen in der Bypass-Chirurgie zur Herstellung eines Free-Grafts am Herzen neben der Verwendung der Thoraxarterien die Vena Saphena Magna (VSM) sowie die RA in Frage. In den aktuellen europäischen Leitlinien zur Behandlung von hochgradigen Stenosen wird die Verwendung der RA empfohlen („Class 1 Level B“-Empfehlung).
Die Frage, ob die RA für den Einsatz als Bypass-Gefäß offen oder endoskopisch entnommen werden sollte, ist in der Literatur weiterhin umstritten. In den aktuellen Leitlinien zur Behandlung von koronaren Herzkrankheiten wird aufgrund dieser insoweit uneindeutigen Studienlage keine Empfehlung ausgesprochen. Trotzdem ist die endoskopische Entnahme der RA im klinischen Alltag mittlerweile etabliert. Im Kontext dieser uneindeutigen Studienlage einerseits und der praktischen Bedeutung endoskopischer Entnahme andererseits ist es Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit, durch einen Gerätevergleich einen Beitrag zur Optimierung der endoskopischen Operationstechnik zu leisten. Es soll zudem aufgezeigt werden, inwieweit die endoskopische Entnahme der RA ein sicheres und effizientes Verfahren darstellt.
In der Literatur zum Vergleich von Operationstechniken zur Entnahme von Bypass-Gefäßen werden häufig histologische Untersuchungen angewendet. Diese ermöglichen eine zeitnahe Beurteilung der Qualität des entnommenen Grafts. Das ist auch in dieser Arbeit der wesentliche Grund dafür, dass die histologische Beurteilung der Qualität der RA als primärer Endpunkt angewendet wird. In Anlehnung an die Literatur wurde die strukturelle Integrität des Endothels und der Elastica interna beurteilt. Die histologische Beurteilung erfolgte nach Immunfluoreszenz-Bearbeitung der Proben.
Im Einklang mit der bestehenden Literatur zur Frage, ob die RA offen oder endoskopisch entnommen werden sollte, wurde in dieser Studie als sekundäre Endpunkte Kriterien bezüglich der Sicherheit und Effizienz der Entnahme verwendet. Dies betrifft das Auftreten von intra- und postoperativen Komplikationen, insbesondere im Hinblick auf neurologische Beeinträchtigungen am operierten Arm, sowie die Entnahmedauer und den operativen Aufwand zur Blutstillung.
Die in dieser Arbeit behandelte Studie wurde als prospektive, 1:1 randomisierte Studie mit zwei Gruppen mit jeweils 50 Patienten durchgeführt. Alle Operationen erfolgten im Zeitraum Januar 2017 bis Juli 2017 im Herzzentrum der Kerckhoff-Klinik Bad Nauheim.
Bezüglich der Resultate des Gerätevergleichs zeigte sich ein eindeutiges Ergebnis. Sämtliche Beurteilungskriterien, bei denen signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Gruppen aufgetreten sind, u.a. Integrität der Elastica interna, Entnahmedauer, Vorkommen von Residualblutungen, Auftreten von sensorischen Störungen fallen zugunsten des LigaSure-Systems aus.
Dabei ist unserer Meinung nach der wichtigste Einzelaspekt, dass die histologisch ermittelte Integrität der Elastica interna als Indikator für die Qualität des entnommen Grafts in der LigaSure-Gruppe signifikant besser war als in der MiFusion-Gruppe. Dagegen konnten aus der histologischen Untersuchung des Endothels keine klaren Rückschlüsse gezogen werden. Insofern besteht Unsicherheit, ob die Schädigung der Endothelschicht durch die Entnahme selbst oder durch die anschließende Präparierung der entnommenen Proben verursacht wurde.
Bezüglich der sekundären Endpunkte zeigten sich für die Mifusion-Patientengruppe im Vergleich zu anderen Studien zur endoskopischen Entnahme der RA zufriedenstellende bis gute und für die LigaSure Gruppe gute bis sehr gute Ergebnisse. Unabhängig vom verwendeten Gerät kann diese Studie deshalb als eine Bestätigung bisheriger Studien zur Vorteilhaftigkeit der endoskopischen RA-Entnahme angesehen werden. Letztlich fehlt jedoch weiterhin der Nachweis, dass eine endoskopische Entnahme unbedenklich im Hinblick auf den langfristigen kardiologischen Outcome ist. Dies bleibt zukünftiger Forschung vorbehalten.
Darüber hinaus trägt die Studie dazu bei, das klinische Erfahrungswissen über operationstechnische Details bei der Entnahme der Radialarterie zu erweitern und somit die Akzeptanz für die Verwendung der Radialarterie als Bypass-Gefäß in der koronaren Herzchirurgie zu verbessern.
Zehn Jahre Mitmenschlichkeit
(2024)
Das Glioblastom ist eine tödliche maligne Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems. Etablierte Therapiekonzepte resultieren in einer Fünfjahresüberlebensrate von fünf Prozent. Die derart infauste Prognose wird unter anderem bedingt durch die Heterogenität des Tumors. Insbesondere einer Population stammzellartiger Zellen wird die Verantwortung für Resistenz und Rekurrenz des Glioblastoms zugesprochen. Die genuine Plastizität des Glioblastoms mit entsprechender Fähigkeit zur Änderungen tumorweiter Expressionsprofile und Ausbildung einzigartiger funktioneller Fähigkeiten kann ohne gezielte Beeinträchtigung von stammzellartigen Zellen womöglich nicht ausreichend überwunden werden. Als Urheber kritischer Eigenschaften erscheint die erfolgreiche Elimination dieser Population innerhalb des Glioblastoms notwendig um nachhaltige Therapieerfolge zu erzielen. Mögliche Strategien der Elimination stammzellartiger Zellen setzen an Differenzierung und Ausbeutung stammzelltypischer Signalwege zur Modulation dieser Zellen an. Hierdurch sollen zentrale Fähigkeiten der Population stammzellartiger Zellen, wie Selbsterneuerung, Resistenz gegenüber Strahlen- und Chemotherapie und erneute Formation heterogener Tumore, überwunden werden.
Zentrale zelluläre Prozesse, welche zum Erhalt des stammzellartigen Zustandes dieser Zellen beitragen, sind unter anderem der Hedgehog- und Notch-Signalweg. Einer Beeinträchtigung dieser Signalwege wohnt womöglich die Fähigkeit der effektiven Modulation zentraler Eigenschaften stammzellartiger Zellen inne. Neben diesen Signalwegen gibt es eine Reihe weiterer Prozesse, welchen eine Urheberschaft an der Resistenz der Zellen zugesprochen wird. Hierzu zählt beispielweise der Prozess der Autophagie. Die Autophagie ist ein hochkonservierter zellulärer Mechanismus zur Selbsterneuerung durch Selbstdegradation fehlerhafter zellulärer Komponenten. Gleichzeitig kann die Autophagie durch eine Überaktivität zu einem spezifischen, autophagischen Zelltod beitragen. Die Modulation dieses Dualismus kann in einer Vielzahl von Tumoren, so auch im Glioblastom, das Schicksal einer tumorfördernden Autophagie in eine antitumorale Autophagie ändern.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde erstmalig eine Modulation zentraler Eigenschaften stammzellartiger Zellen durch die Beeinflussung ihrer zellulären Prozesse mittels kombinierter Therapie durch Arsentrioxid oder GANT und (-)-Gossypol gezeigt. Arsentrioxid wirkt unspezifisch unter anderem als Inhibitor von Notch- und Hedgehog-Signalweg. Diese Inhibition wurde auch in den untersuchten Zellen nachgewiesen und führte zu einer Reduktion von stammzelltypischen Markerproteinen und Fähigkeiten der Tumorgenese in -vitro und ex -vivo, sowie zur Sensitivierung gegenüber strahleninduzierten Schäden. Gegenüber einer spezifischen Hedgehog-Inhibition durch eine GANT-vermittelte Bindung an Gli-Transkriptionsfaktoren zeigten sich deutliche Vorteile der dualen Inhibition durch Arsentrioxid hinsichtlich der genannten Eigenschaften. Die Kombination der Substanzen mit dem pan-Bcl-Inhibitor (-)-Gossypol führte zu einer synergistischen Steigerung der antitumoralen Effekte. (-)-Gossypol wird in Gliomzellen insbesondere mit der Modulation der autophagischen Maschinerie und Auslösung eines autophagischen Zelltodes in Verbindung gebracht. Die Ergebnisse weisen parallele Signalweginteraktionen mit effektiver Modulation des DNA-Damage-Response-Systems durch die Reduktion des Proteins CHEK als kausalen Mechanismus des Synergismus der Substanzen aus.
Die beobachteten Änderungen der typischen Eigenschaften stammzellartiger Zellen durch die Therapie mit Arsentrioxid und (-)-Gossypol implizieren lohnende Folgeuntersuchungen zur weiteren Evaluation dieser Effekte in -vivo, um zukünftig translationale Ableitungen zu erlauben. Die Heterogenität des Glioblastoms und seine genuine Plastizität lassen sich womöglich erfolgreich durch multiple Eingriffe in unterschiedliche zelluläre Prozesse, hierunter Notch- und Hedgehog-Signaling, modulieren. Hierdurch könnten zentrale Eigenschaften des Glioblastoms eventuell effektiv verändert und Resistenz sowie Rekurrenz überwunden werden.
Motivation DNA CpG methylation (CpGm) has proven to be a crucial epigenetic factor in the gene regulatory system. Assessment of DNA CpG methylation values via whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) is, however, computationally extremely demanding.
Results We present FAst MEthylation calling (FAME), the first approach to quantify CpGm values directly from bulk or single-cell WGBS reads without intermediate output files. FAME is very fast but as accurate as standard methods, which first produce BS alignment files before computing CpGm values. We present experiments on bulk and single-cell bisulfite datasets in which we show that data analysis can be significantly sped-up and help addressing the current WGBS analysis bottleneck for large-scale datasets without compromising accuracy.
Availability An implementation of FAME is open source and licensed under GPL-3.0 at https://github.com/FischerJo/FAME.
Complexome profiling (CP) is a powerful tool for systematic investigation of protein interactors that has been primarily applied to study the composition and dynamics of mitochondrial protein complexes. Here, we further optimised this method to extend its application to survey mitochondrial DNA- and RNA-interacting protein complexes. We established that high-resolution clear native gel electrophoresis (hrCNE) is a better alternative to preserve DNA- and RNA-protein interactions that are otherwise disrupted when samples are separated by the widely used blue native gel electrophoresis (BNE). In combination with enzymatic digestion of DNA, our CP approach improved the identification of a wide range of protein interactors of the mitochondrial gene expression system without compromising the detection of other multi-protein complexes. The utility of this approach was particularly demonstrated by analysing the complexome changes in human mitochondria with impaired gene expression after transient, chemically-induced mtDNA depletion. Effects of RNase on mitochondrial protein complexes were also evaluated and discussed. Overall, our adaptations significantly improved the identification of mitochondrial DNA- and RNA-protein interactions by CP, thereby unlocking the comprehensive analysis of a near-complete mitochondrial complexome in a single experiment.
Einleitung: Frailty (engl. für Gebrechlichkeit) bezeichnet eine mit hohem Alter zunehmende Verschlechterung des körperlichen und kognitiven Zustandes von Individuen, woraufhin der Körper nicht mehr in der Lage ist, adäquat auf äußere und innere Stressoren zu reagieren. Frailty ist mit einer erhöhten Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsrate sowie längerer Krankenhausverweildauer und erhöhter postoperativer Komplikationsrate verbunden und stellt folglich einen chirurgischen Risikofaktor dar.
Problemstellung: Die Relevanz eines strukturierten Frailty Assessments in der präoperativen Risikostratifizierung führte zur Indikationsstellung, diverse validierte Risk Assessment Tools auf ihre prädiktive Vorhersagekraft bezüglich des Auftretens von postoperativen Komplikationen und postoperativer Sterbewahrscheinlichkeit zu untersuchen.
Methoden: In die vorliegende Studie wurden Patienten, die in dem Zeitraum vom 01.09.2018 und 31.01.2019 in der allgemeinchirurgischen Ambulanz vorstellig waren und einen allgemeinchirurgischen Eingriff erhielten, aufgenommen. Mittels Fragebögen wurden die Scores „Risk Analysis Index“, „Edmonton Frail Scale“ sowie „Charlson Comorbidity Index“ präoperativ erhoben und retrospektiv mit Daten aus der digitalen Patientenakte zusammengeführt. Endpunkte waren die 90-Tages- Mortalität sowie das Auftreten von schweren postoperativen Komplikationen ab Clavien Dindo Grad 3b. Die Analyse erfolgte in SPSS mittels Chi-Quadrat Test, t- Test und ROC-Kurven Analysen.
Ergebnisse: Das durchschnittliche Alter der Studienkohorte lag bei 56 ± 15.9 Jahren und der Anteil männlicher Patienten überwog mit 59.2% (n=282).
Die Fragebögen wurden 739 Patienten vorlegt und 476 Patienten konnten in die Datenanalyse eingeschlossen werden. Die 90-Tages-Mortalität lag bei 2.7% (n=13) und 9% (n=43) erlitten schwere postoperative Komplikationen ab Clavien-Dindo Grad IIIb. Die Einteilung nach der ASA-Klassifikation (p=0.024), maligne Diagnosen -7-(p<0.001) und Majorkomplikationen (p<0.001) stellten präoperative Risikofaktoren für postoperative 90-Tage-Mortalität dar. Von den Risk Assessment Scores zeigte lediglich der Risk Analysis Index eine signifikante Korrelation auf (p=0.013). Ein mittels ROC-Analyse ermittelter Cut-Off Wert von 23 klassifizierte 166 (34.9%) Patienten als frail, die mit 69% Sensitivität und 66% Spezifität (AUC=0.735) ein erhöhtes Risiko für postoperatives Versterben innerhalb von 90 Tagen aufwiesen (p=0.008). Risikofaktoren für das Auftreten schwerer postoperativer Komplikationen waren die ASA-Klassifikation (p=0.041), längere Krankenhausverweildauer (p<0.001) und maligne Diagnosen (p<0.001). Der Charlson Comorbidity Index (p=0.031) und RAI-C Werte ≥ 23 (p<0.001) korrelierten signifikant mit Majorkomplikationen. Das Alter ab 65 Jahren stellte mit 77 % Spezifität und 69 % Sensitivität ebenfalls einen prädiktiven Risikofaktor für postoperative Mortalität dar (AUC=0,787).
Schlussfolgerung: Mithilfe validierter Risk Assessment Tools ist es möglich Patienten, die ein erhöhtes Risiko für postoperative negative Ereignisse aufweisen, bereits präoperativ zu erkennen. Dies ermöglicht eine bessere Beurteilung der chirurgischen Indikationsstellung sowie das rechtzeitige Ergreifen von risikominimierenden Maßnahmen. Es ist notwendig die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit künftig mit risikominimierenden Maßnahmen zu verknüpfen und zu untersuchen, ob die Implementierung der Risk Assessment Tools zu verbesserten postoperativen Ergebnissen führt, wenn modifizierbare Faktoren verbessert werden.
Bilateral simultaneous cochlear implantation is a safe method of hearing rehabilitation in adults
(2023)
Purpose: Bilateral cochlear implantation is an effective treatment for patients with bilateral profound hearing loss. In contrast to children, adults mostly choose a sequential surgery. This study addresses whether simultaneous bilateral CI is associated with higher rates of complications compared to sequential implantation.
Methods: 169 bilateral CI surgeries were analyzed retrospectively. 34 of the patients were implanted simultaneously (group 1), whereas 135 patients were implanted sequentially (group 2). The duration of surgery, the incidence of minor and major complications and the duration of hospitalization of both groups were compared.
Results: In group 1, the total operating room time was significantly shorter. The incidences of minor and major surgical complications showed no statistically significant differences. A fatal non-surgical complication in group 1 was particularly extensively reappraised without evidence of a causal relationship to the chosen mode of care. The duration of hospitalization was 0.7 days longer than in unilateral implantation but 2.8 days shorter than the combined two hospital stays in group 2.
Conclusion: In the synopsis of all considered complications and complication-relevant factors, equivalence of simultaneous and sequential cochlear implantation in adults in terms of safety was found. However, potential side effects related to longer surgical time in simultaneous surgery must be considered individually. Careful patient selection with special consideration to existing comorbidities and preoperative anesthesiologic evaluation is essential.
Protein post-translational modification with ubiquitin (Ub) is a versatile signal regulating almost all aspects of cell biology, and an increasing range of diseases is associated with impaired Ub modification. In this light, the Ub system offers an attractive, yet underexplored route to the development of novel targeted treatments. A promising strategy for small molecule intervention is posed by the final components of the enzymatic ubiquitination cascade, E3 ligases, as they determine the specificity of the protein ubiquitination pathway. Here, we present UbSRhodol, an autoimmolative Ub-based probe, which upon E3 processing liberates the pro-fluorescent dye, amenable to profile the E3 transthiolation activity for recombinant and in cell-extract E3 ligases. UbSRhodol enabled detection of changes in transthiolation efficacy evoked by enzyme key point mutations or conformational changes, and offers an excellent assay reagent amenable to a high-throughput screening setup allowing the identification of small molecules modulating E3 activity.
Hintergrund: Epilepsie bezeichnet eine Erkrankung, welche durch eine anhaltende Prädisposition für Symptome, die im Zusammenhang mit einer ungewöhnlich starken oder synchronisierten elektrischen Aktivität des Gehirns auftreten (=epileptischer Anfall) charakterisiert ist. Mutationen in dem Gen DEPDC5 (Dishevelled, Egl-10 and Pleckstrin (DEP) domain-containing protein 5) sind mit fokalen Epilepsien assoziiert und führen in Tiermodellen und humanen Modellen zu einer Überaktivierung des mTOR-Signalweges. Auf neuromorphologischer Ebene zeigt sich die mTOR-Überaktivierung durch eine Vergrößerung des Zelldurchmessers und einer zunehmenden Verästelung der Neuriten. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die morphologischen Auswirkungen der DEPDC5-assoziierten mTOR-Überaktivierung in der SH-SY5Y-Neuroblastomzelllinie zu untersuchen. Dadurch soll eine Einschätzung getroffen werden, ob das im Zusammenhang mit neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen bereits gut etablierte SH-SY5Y-Zellmodell auch bei der Untersuchung epilepsieassoziierter Pathomechanismen zum Einsatz kommen kann.
Methoden: Unter Einsatz der CRISPR/Cas9-Methode wurden Knockout(KO)-Mutationen in Exon 2 und Exon 3 des DEPDC5-Gens erzeugt und diese mittels Sanger-Sequenzierung bestätigt. Danach wurden die Knockouts auf RNA- und Proteinebene, durch Real-time-RT-PCR und Western Blot validiert. Die bestätigten homozygoten DEPDC5-KO-Zelllinen wurden anschließend mittels Western Blot auf eine mTOR-Überaktivierung untersucht. Zuletzt erfolgte die neuromorphologische Validierung des DEPDC5-KO. Die Zellgröße proliferierender SH-SY5Y wurden mittels Durchflusszytometrie (FACS) untersucht. Zudem bestimmten wir die neuronale Architektur differenzierter SH-SY5Y unter Einsatz der Sholl-Analyse.
Ergebnisse: Es konnten vier unabhängige DEPDC5-KO-SH-SY5Y-Zelllinien mit homozygoten Indel-Mutationen und vorzeitigem Stoppcodon in Exon 3 generiert werden. Die erwartete Reduktion an DEPDC5-mRNA konnte mittels Real-time 10 RT-PCR nicht festgestellt werden. Die Abwesenheit des Proteins konnte durch Western Blot aber gezeigt werden. Funktionell konnte für alle Zelllinien eine mTOR-Überaktivierung mittels Western Blot nachgewiesen werden. Dabei konnte phosphoryliertes AKT (AKT serine/threonine kinase 1) als stabilster Marker etabliert werden. Auf neuromorphologischer Ebene ließ sich ein Trend in Richtung vergrößertem Zelldurchmesser bei verlängertem Auswachsen der Neuriten feststellen, wobei sich für das Modell Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Klonen ergaben.
Diskussion: In dieser Studie gelang es erstmals, den Zusammenhang zwischen DEPDC5-KO und einer mTOR-Überaktivierung in der onkogenen SH-SY5Y-Zelllinie zu replizieren. Das verlängerte Auswachsen der Neuriten, bei jedoch gleichbleibender Anzahl peripherer Verästelungen, stellt dabei einen neuen Befund dar und könnte durch die frühe neuronale Entwicklungsstufe des SH-SY5Y-Zellmodells erklärt werden. Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit lässt sich sagen, dass das robuste und kostengünstige SH-SY5Y-Zellmodell insbesondere für high-throughput Methoden und Screeningassays ein geeignetes Modell ist. Durch die Kombination mit reiferen Zellmodellen, wie beispielsweise iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells), könnte der Phänotyp eines DEPDC5-KO und anderer mTOR-assoziierter Epilepsien, möglichst umfassend in-vitro dargestellt werden.
Investigators in the cognitive neurosciences have turned to Big Data to address persistent replication and reliability issues by increasing sample sizes, statistical power, and representativeness of data. While there is tremendous potential to advance science through open data sharing, these efforts unveil a host of new questions about how to integrate data arising from distinct sources and instruments. We focus on the most frequently assessed area of cognition - memory testing - and demonstrate a process for reliable data harmonization across three common measures. We aggregated raw data from 53 studies from around the world which measured at least one of three distinct verbal learning tasks, totaling N = 10,505 healthy and brain-injured individuals. A mega analysis was conducted using empirical bayes harmonization to isolate and remove site effects, followed by linear models which adjusted for common covariates. After corrections, a continuous item response theory (IRT) model estimated each individual subject’s latent verbal learning ability while accounting for item difficulties. Harmonization significantly reduced inter-site variance by 37% while preserving covariate effects. The effects of age, sex, and education on scores were found to be highly consistent across memory tests. IRT methods for equating scores across AVLTs agreed with held-out data of dually-administered tests, and these tools are made available for free online. This work demonstrates that large-scale data sharing and harmonization initiatives can offer opportunities to address reproducibility and integration challenges across the behavioral sciences.
Pericytes are capillary-associated mural cells involved in the maintenance and the stability of the vascular network. This thesis aims to investigate the role of pericytes in the heart in the context of ageing and disease. We highlight the malignant effects of the remodelling in the heart and stress the focus on the role of cardiac pericytes in this context. We show that ageing reduces pericyte coverage and that myocardial infarction (MI) causes an activation of these cells. Single-nuclei and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of murine hearts further revealed that the expression of the Regulator of G-protein signalling 5 (Rgs5) is reduced in cardiac pericytes both in ageing and transiently at day 1 and day 3 after MI. The loss of RGS5 in pericytes drives an entropic state of these mural cells characterized by morphological changes, excessive extracellular deposition and enhanced Gaq mediated GPCR signalling. The deletion of RGS5 in pericytes causes cardiac systolic dysfunction, induces myocardial fibrosis, and drives the activation of cardiac fibroblasts in a TGFb-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results describe the importance of pericytes maintaining cardiac homeostasis, identify RGS5 as a key regulator of this process and propose pericytes as crucial mediators of cardiac fibrosis and possible therapeutic targets to prevent cardiovascular disease.
Das Harnblasenkarzinom ist einer der häufigsten Tumoren weltweit. Insbesondere die muskelinvasiven Tumoren haben eine schlechte Prognose und stellen sich morphologisch sehr unterschiedlich dar. Diese Heterogenität wird bislang bei Therapieentscheidungen nicht beachtet. Um Patienten zukünftig individuell auf den vorliegenden Subtyp des muskelinvasiven Harnblasenkarzinoms (MIBC, muscle invasive bladder cancer) behandeln zu können und dadurch unnötige Belastungen durch Chemotherapien vermeiden zu können, ist eine einfache und kostengünstige Diagnostik erforderlich. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den Einsatz bestimmter immunhistochemischer Färbungen als ein mögliches diagnostisches Routineverfahren zur Bestimmung der vorliegenden Subtypen auszutesten. Hierzu wurde die Expression von „luminalen“ und „basalen“ Proteinen mit histologischen Subtypen des MIBCs korreliert. In einem zweiten Schritt wurde der Einfluss auf das Überleben mit und ohne adjuvante Chemotherapie untersucht.
Es wurden insgesamt 181 Tissue-Microarray-Spots analysiert. Alle histologischen Patientenproben sowie klinischen Daten stammten aus dem Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main. Aus den entsprechenden Gewebeblöcken wurden Stanzen zur Erstellung eines Tissue-Microarrays (TMAs) entnommen. Diese wurden konventionell angeschnitten und histologisch mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin (H/E) sowie immunhistochemisch mit Cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), Cytokeratin 20 (CK20), Glutamyl Aminotransferase-Untereinheit A bindendem Protein 3 (GATA3), Tumorsuppressor- protein p53 und Synaptophysin (SYNAPT) gefärbt.
Anhand der H/E-Schnitte wurden die vorliegenden histologischen Subtypen lichtmikroskopisch bestimmt und es folgte eine statistische Auswertung der Färbeergebnisse. Die deskriptive statistische Analyse zeigte insbesondere für die beiden Färbungen CK5/6 und GATA3 signifikante Ergebnisse. Deshalb wurden in einem zweiten Schritt alle Fälle der Studienkohorte den bekannten vier Gruppen: CK5/6 positiv, GATA3 positiv, doppelt positiv und doppelt negativ zugeordnet und näher untersucht. Es folgte eine Überlebensanalyse nach Kaplan Meier Schätzer sowie uni- und multivariate Analysen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine Assoziation der Expression von CK5/6 mit einer squamösen Differenzierung (96%) und eine Assoziation der Expression von GATA3 mit einer mikropapillären Differenzierung (100%). Die adjuvante Chemotherapie ging mit einem Überlebensvorteil (HR 0,15 95%KI 0,1-0,3; p<0,001) der Patienten mit MIBC einher. Immunhistochemisch doppelt negative Patienten mit MIBC wiesen ein verringertes Gesamtüberleben auf (HR 4,96; 95%KI 1,6-15,6; p=0,006); in der Gruppe der doppelt negativen MIBCs fanden sich fünf verschiedene histologische Subtypen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die immunhistochemische Klassifizierung des MIBCs mit histologischen Subtypen assoziiert ist und dabei helfen kann, Fälle in der pathologischen Routine in „luminal“ und „basal“ zu unterteilen. Jedoch ist ein auf zwei Markern basierendes Klassifizierungssystem nicht ausreichend, um die Heterogenität des MIBCs abzubilden und die Basis für Therapieentscheidungen zu bilden.
Graph data is an omnipresent way to represent information in machine learning. Especially, in neuroscience research, data from Diffusion-Tensor Imaging (DTI) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is commonly represented as graphs. Exploiting the graph structure of these modalities using graph-specific machine learning applications is currently hampered by the lack of easy-to-use software. PHOTONAI Graph aims to close the gap between domain experts of machine learning, graph experts and neuroscientists. Leveraging the rapid machine learning model development features of the Python machine learning API PHOTONAI, PHOTONAI Graph enables the design, optimization, and evaluation of reliable graph machine learning models for practitioners. As such, it provides easy access to custom graph machine learning pipelines including, hyperparameter optimization and algorithm evaluation ensuring reproducibility and valid performance estimates. Integrating established algorithms such as graph neural networks, graph embeddings and graph kernels, it allows researchers without significant coding experience to build and optimize complex graph machine learning models within a few lines of code. We showcase the versatility of this toolbox by building pipelines for both resting–state fMRI and DTI data in the hope that it will increase the adoption of graph-specific machine learning algorithms in neuroscience research.
Endothelial tip cells are essential for VEGF-induced angiogenesis, but underlying mechanisms are elusive. Endothelial-specific deletion of EVL, a member of the mammalian Ena/VASP protein family, reduced the expression of the tip cell marker protein endothelial cell specific molecule-1 (Esm1) and compromised the radial sprouting of the vascular plexus in the postnatal mouse retina. The latter effects could at least partly be attributed to reduced VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) internalization and signaling but the underlying mechanisms(s) are not fully understood. In the present study, we revealed that the expression of the long non-coding RNA H19 was significantly reduced in endothelial cells from postnatal EVL-/- mice and in siRNA-transfected human endothelial cells under hypoxic conditions. H19 was recently shown to promote VEGF expression and bioavailability via Esm1 and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Similar to EVL-/- mice, the radial outgrowth of the vascular plexus was significantly delayed in the postnatal retina of H19-/- mice. In summary, our data suggests that loss of EVL not only impairs VEGFR2 internalition and downstream signaling, but also impairs VEGF expression and bioavailability in the hypoxic retina via downregulation of lncRNA H19.
Bei THS handelt sich um einen operativen Eingriff der Neurochirurgie, bei dem Impulse in tiefere Hirnstrukturen appliziert werden, ohne diese zu beschädigen. Die THS stellt eine etablierte Behandlungsoption bei Bewegungsstörungen von Morbus Parkinson, essentiellem Tremor und Dystonie dar. Zugleich besteht ein zunehmendes Interesse an weiteren Anwendungsmöglichkeiten für neurologische und psychiatrische Erkrankungen. Insoweit wird von einem weiterwachsenden Therapieverfahren in der Neurochirurgie auszugehen sein.
Die bislang implantierten THS-Systeme sind nicht bzw. nur eingeschränkt MRT-fähig.
Aufgrund der in den letzten Jahren zu beobachtenden steigenden Anzahl an Bildgebungen, insbesondere bei MRT-Untersuchungen, stellt sich hier die Frage nach dem Umgang mit einem bildgebenden Verfahren und der Notwendigkeit MRT-fähiger THS-Systeme für das Patientenkollektiv.
Hierzu wurde in der vorliegenden Dissertation analysiert, wie viele der mit THS versorgten Patienten überhaupt ein MRT - nach erfolgreicher Implantation - benötigt haben und zu welchen Konsequenzen dies gegebenenfalls geführt hat.
Die in diesem Zusammenhang retrospektiv gesammelten Patientendaten stammen sowohl aus dem digitalen Patientensystem als auch aus telefonischen Interviews mit Patienten, die seit mindestens 12 Monaten ein THS-System implantiert bekommen haben. Es wurde erfasst, bei wem und aus welchem Grund eine CT- oder MRT-Untersuchung stattgefunden hat. Zusätzlich sind diese Daten von einem unabhängigen Neurologen dahingehend beurteilt worden, ob ein MRT anstatt eines CTs sinnvoller gewesen wäre.
Bei 28 der 54 hier teilnehmenden Patienten ist mindestens eine Bildgebung im Rahmen einer CT- oder MRT-Untersuchung erfolgt. In 16 Fällen ist dabei bei 14 dieser Patienten die Frage aufgekommen, ob ein MRT durchgeführt werden solle. In diesem Zusammenhang sind letztlich sieben MRT-Untersuchungen an sieben Patienten durchgeführt worden, drei kraniale MRT-Untersuchungen und vier Wirbelsäulen MRT-Untersuchungen.
In sieben Fällen bei sechs Patienten hätte der unabhängige Neurologe zu einer MRT-Untersuchung anstatt der durchgeführten CT-Untersuchung geraten.
Von den durchgeführten MRT-Untersuchungen haben alle kranialen sowie zwei Wirbelsäulen MRT-Untersuchungen zu einer konservativen Therapie geführt. Zu einer operativen Therapie haben zwei der durchgeführten Wirbelsäulen MRT-Untersuchungen geführt. Während der in diesem Patientenkollektiv durchgeführten MRT-Untersuchungen ist es zu keiner kritischen Situationen oder Folgeschäden gekommen. Aus Gründen der Patientensicherheit wird trotzdem empfohlen, soweit möglich, bei Patienten mit einem THS-Implantat eine CT-Untersuchung durchzuführen.
Aus den dieser Arbeit zu Grunde liegenden Daten lässt sich konstatieren, dass der Einsatz MRT-fähiger THS-Geräte nicht zwingend geboten ist, dies insbesondere bei jüngeren Patienten jedoch durchaus in Betracht gezogen werden sollte.
Die Multiple Sklerose (MS) ist die häufigste nicht-traumatische, autoimmun-vermittelte Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS), welche vor allem bei jüngeren Patienten mit Invalidisierung und anhaltenden neurologischen Defiziten einhergehen kann.
Im Rahmen eines optimalen Therapiekonzepts wurden deshalb immer neuere und potentere Medikamente eingeführt. Mit den Sphingosin-1-Phosphat-Rezeptor-1 (S1P1) -Agonisten Fingolimod und Siponimod sind seit mehreren Jahren Medikamente auf dem Markt deren Wirksamkeit bewiesen, jedoch die genauen Wirkprinzipien noch nicht vollends verstanden sind. Angenommen wurde bisher eine Lymphozytendepletion aufgrund einer Hemmung der Lymphozyteninfiltation ins ZNS über den ubiquitär exprimierten, G-protein gekoppelten S1P1-Rezeptor. Neben Wirksamkeiten im Bereich des Immunsystems spielt der S1P1-Rezeptor und sein natürliches Substrat, das S1P, in vielen essenziellen Bereichen eine entscheidende Rolle, unter anderem in der Ausbildung und Reifung des vaskulären Systems in der Embryogenese.
Die genaue Untersuchung des S1P1-Signalwegs in-vivo gestaltete sich deshalb erschwert, da S1P1-Knock-Out-Mäuse einen letalen Phänotyp ausbilden. Jedoch deuten immer mehr Untersuchungen auch auf eine direkte S1P1-Rezeptor-vermittelte Wirksamkeit von Fingolimod auf Zellen des ZNS hin, somit eine Wirkung über die bisher bekannte Lymphozytenaffektion hinaus. Eine genaue Darstellung der im ZNS-beteiligten Zellen und ihrer S1P1-Aktivität gelang bisher auf zellulärer Ebene nicht.
Mit dem in dieser Arbeit genutzten Mausmodell der genmodifizierten S1P1-Signaling-Maus sollte erstmals eine lokoregionale und zelluläre Untersuchung der am S1P1-Signalweg beteiligten Zellen im Rahmen von physiologischen und experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis (EAE)-Bedingungen im ZNS erfolgen. Hierbei entspricht die EAE weitgehend einem tierexperimentellen Korrelat der menschlichen MS. Bei Aktivierung eines S1P1-Rezeptors bei der S1P1-Signaling-Maus erfolgt durch eine gekoppelte Signalkaskade eine konsekutive Expression eines Histonproteins, welches an ein grün-fluoreszierendes Protein gekoppelt ist. Es resultiert eine grüne Fluoreszenz des Zellkerns der betroffenen Zelle. Bei der Kontroll-Maus findet sich keine Kopplung zwischen Rezeptor und im Zellkern befindlicher Proteine.
Hierbei konnte mit Hilfe von Immunhistochemie sowie der quantitativen Methode der Durchflusszytometrie ein S1P1-Signaling in peripheren Organen wie beispielweise der im Rahmen der MS bedeutsamen Milz nachgewiesen werden. Dadurch eröffnen sich Einblicke in Migrationsverhalten und Zusammensetzung der Lymphozyten-Subtypen und deren S1P1-Signaling im Rahmen von physiologischen Bedingungen und unter EAE-Bedingungen.
Die Darstellung des S1P1-Signalings im ZNS, als Hauptmanifestationsort der MS, gelang unter Zuhilfenahme der EAE mit dem genmodifizierten Mausmodell jedoch nicht. Da sich keine Unterschiede in der GFP-Expression zwischen der Signaling-Maus und der heterozygoten Kontroll-Maus zeigen, sind keinerlei Rückschlüsse auf ein echtes S1P1-Signaling möglich. Es zeigen sich zwar deutliche Expressionsunterschiede des GFP im Vergleich erkrankter und gesunder Versuchstiere, Rückschlüsse auf eine echte S1P1-Aktivität konnten jedoch nicht getroffen werden.
Zusammenfassend eignet sich das hier genutzte Mausmodell der genmodifizierten S1P1-Maus zur Untersuchung peripherer Organe und ihrem S1P1-Signaling, z.B. zur Untersuchung kardiovaskulärer Fragestellungen oder zur dezidierteren Veranschaulichung peripher lymphatischer Prozesse.
Zur Untersuchung ZNS-eigener Zellen sowie zur Beantwortung der Frage, ob und wie sie über den S1P1-Rezeptor agieren, bedarf es jedoch noch der Entwicklung eines geeigneteren Tiermodells.
Die bereits erprobte Möglichkeit der Biolumineszenz zeigte in vorherigen Untersuchungen zwar eine S1P1-Aktivität in-vivo, jedoch sind hier keinerlei Untersuchungen auf zellulärer Basis möglich, sodass mit dem aktuellen Stand der Forschung ein direkter Nachweis der S1P1-Aktivität auf zellulärer Ebene im ZNS nicht möglich ist.
Omicron is the evolutionarily most distinct severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant of concern (VOC) to date. We report that Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection in BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals resulted in strong neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and previous SARS-CoV-2 VOCs but not against the Omicron sublineages BA.4 and BA.5. BA.1 breakthrough infection induced a robust recall response, primarily expanding memory B (BMEM) cells against epitopes shared broadly among variants, rather than inducing BA.1-specific B cells. The vaccination-imprinted BMEM cell pool had sufficient plasticity to be remodeled by heterologous SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein exposure. Whereas selective amplification of BMEM cells recognizing shared epitopes allows for effective neutralization of most variants that evade previously established immunity, susceptibility to escape by variants that acquire alterations at hitherto conserved sites may be heightened.
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is currently causing a large number of infections in many countries. A number of antiviral agents are approved or in clinical testing for the treatment of COVID-19. Despite the high number of mutations in the Omicron variant, we here show that Omicron isolates display similar sensitivity to eight of the most important anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs and drug candidates (including remdesivir, molnupiravir, and PF-07321332, the active compound in paxlovid), which is of timely relevance for the treatment of the increasing number of Omicron patients. Most importantly, we also found that the Omicron variant displays a reduced capability of antagonising the host cell interferon response. This provides a potential mechanistic explanation for the clinically observed reduced pathogenicity of Omicron variant viruses compared to Delta variant viruses.
Recently, we have shown that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus isolates are less effective at inhibiting the host cell interferon response than Delta viruses. Here, we present further evidence that reduced interferon-antagonising activity explains at least in part why Omicron variant infections are inherently less severe than infections with other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Most importantly, we here also show that Omicron variant viruses display enhanced sensitivity to interferon treatment, which makes interferons promising therapy candidates for Omicron patients, in particular in combination with other antiviral agents.
Characteristics of critical incident reporting systems in primary care: an international survey
(2022)
Aim: The aim of the study was to support the development of future critical incident reporting systems (CIRS) in primary care by collecting information on existing systems. Our focus was on processes used to report and analyse incidents, as well as strategies used to overcome difficulties.
Methods: Based on literature from throughout the world, we identified existing CIRS in primary care. We developed a questionnaire and sent it to operators of a purposeful sample of 17 CIRS in primary care. We used cross-case analysis to compare the answers and pinpoint important similarities and differences in the CIRS in our sample.
Results: Ten CIRS operators filled out the questionnaire, and 9 systems met the inclusion criteria. The sample of CIRS came from 8 different countries and was rather heterogeneous. The reporting systems invited a broad range of professions to report, with some also including reports by patients. In most cases, reporting was voluntary and conducted via an online reporting form. Reports were analysed locally, centrally, or both. The various CIRS used interesting ideas to deal with barriers. Some, for example, used confidential reporting modes as a compromise between anonymity and the need for follow-up investigations, whereas others used smartphone applications and call centres to speed up the reporting process.
Conclusion: We found multiple CIRS that have operated in primary care for many years, have received a high number of reports and were largely developed in accordance with recommendations found in literature. Although primary care in Germany differs from other countries, these CIRS could serve as an inspiration for CIRS in German primary care.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a neoplastic disease of an early myeloid precursor cell in hematopoiesis. It leads to the accumulation of monoclonal cells in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood, showing a differentiation block and deregulated self-renewal. Frequently, the leukemic cells exhibit genetic aberrations with reciprocal chromosomal translocations. These translocations induce the formation of a fusion protein, that can lead to new cellular functions and a transformation into a leukemic cell. Common chromosomal translocation in AML are t(8;21) or t(15;17), which cause the formation of the fusion proteins AML1/ETO and PML/RARα and determine the leukemic phenotype of the AML.
The translocation t(6;9) leads to the formation of the fusion protein DEK/CAN and is of special interest, because of its association with mostly young patients and a very aggressive course of the disease. The fusion product induces leukemia in a small subset of hematopoietic stem cells, but its mechanism of leukemogenesis is greatly unknown.
The intention of this work was to characterize the DEK/CAN-induced AML on a molecular genetic level to gain a deeper understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Therefore, gene expression analysis with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray analysis was performed.
To detect DEK/CAN in different cell lines by PCR and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), specific primers and probes were designed, and a standardized workflow was established. Emphasis was placed on the optimization of RNA isolation, DNase treatment, cDNA synthesis with following PCR and qPCR, which enabled the detection of the fusion product DEK/CAN in the cell lines 32B, Phoenix and FKH-1. To quantify the fusion product DEK/CAN, the method of qPCR with absolute and relative quantification was used. Absolute quantification enabled the calculation of an exact copy number of the fusion transcript DEK/CAN with a detection limit of 50 copies/µl at a sensitivity of 10-6, which is of importance in determining the minimal residual disease (MRD) of patients with DEK/CAN-positive AML. MRD detection by qPCR is a highly sensitive diagnostic method to identify leukemic cells, even in low cell counts. This enables a thorough evaluation of the treatment response and allows an early detection of changes in the MRD level as part of the remission control.
Additionally, a microarray gene expression analysis was performed to identify alterations in relevant target genes and associated signaling pathways in DEK/CAN-positive cells.
Because of DEK/CAN’s potential to induce leukemia in a subset of hematopoietic stem cells, Sca+/Lin- cells of the bone marrow of C57Bl/6 mice were used and transfected with the gene products DEK/CAN and PML/RARα. Microarray analysis led to the identification of 16 different genes of interest, which demonstrated significant alterations of gene expression in DEK/CAN-positive cells. They were validated and quantified with TaqMan assay assisted qPCR. The elevated expression of the transcription factors TRIM25, HIF1α and ATF2, in DEK/CAN-positive cells, indicated an altered transcription factor activity and interaction with DNA in the nucleus. The localization of DEK/CAN in the nucleus emphasizes this assumption. Also, the upregulated expression of the nuclear export receptor XPO1 suggested changes in nuclear transport processes and impaired export activity in DEK/CAN-positive cells.
Furthermore, the results demonstrated changes of gene expression in genes that are involved in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. PTPRC, the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type C, functions as a direct inhibitor of JAKs (Janus Kinases) and STATs (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and their associated signaling pathway.
It was shown that the gene expression of PTPRC was significantly reduced in DEK/CAN-positive cells. This allowed the assumption, that the reduced expression of PTPRC led to a loss of inhibition and thus a consecutive hyperactivation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. This hypothesis was supported by an independent activation of PIM1, a target gene of STAT5 and the activation of LMO2, a direct target gene of JAK2. In addition, the transmembrane receptor CSF1R, which is directly involved in STAT activation, also showed an upregulation in gene expression.
The results of this work show an activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in DEK/CAN-positive cells, which may be a key mechanism in DEK/CAN-induced leukemogenesis.
Considering treatment options in the future, the addition of targeted therapy, such as pan-JAK inhibitors, to the standard therapy, could be a chance to improve the overall survival rate and the prognosis of t(6;9)-positive AML.
Purpose: Molecular diagnostics including next generation gene sequencing are increasingly used to determine options for individualized therapies in brain tumor patients. We aimed to evaluate the decision-making process of molecular targeted therapies and analyze data on tolerability as well as signals for efficacy.
Methods: Via retrospective analysis, we identified primary brain tumor patients who were treated off-label with a targeted therapy at the University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University. We analyzed which types of molecular alterations were utilized to guide molecular off-label therapies and the diagnostic procedures for their assessment during the period from 2008 to 2021. Data on tolerability and outcomes were collected.
Results: 413 off-label therapies were identified with an increasing annual number for the interval after 2016. 37 interventions (9%) were targeted therapies based on molecular markers. Glioma and meningioma were the most frequent entities treated with molecular matched targeted therapies. Rare entities comprised e.g. medulloblastoma and papillary craniopharyngeoma. Molecular targeted approaches included checkpoint inhibitors, inhibitors of mTOR, FGFR, ALK, MET, ROS1, PIK3CA, CDK4/6, BRAF/MEK and PARP. Responses in the first follow-up MRI were partial response (13.5%), stable disease (29.7%) and progressive disease (46.0%). There were no new safety signals. Adverse events with fatal outcome (CTCAE grade 5) were not observed. Only, two patients discontinued treatment due to side effects. Median progression-free and overall survival were 9.1/18 months in patients with at least stable disease, and 1.8/3.6 months in those with progressive disease at the first follow-up MRI.
Conclusion: A broad range of actionable alterations was targeted with available molecular therapeutics.
However, efficacy was largely observed in entities with paradigmatic oncogenic drivers, in particular with BRAF mutations. Further research on biomarker-informed molecular matched therapies is urgently necessary.
Das akut-auf-chronische Leberversagen (ACLF) entsteht durch eine akute Dekompensation einer vorbestehenden Leberzirrhose mit begleitendem Multiorganversagen und ist durch eine sehr hohe Kurzzeitmortalität gekennzeichnet. Die Kriterien der European Association for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EASL-CLIF) definieren in diesem Zusammenhang ein Lungenversagen als Abfall des Horovitz-Quotienten unter 200mmHg oder als Abfall des Quotienten aus SpO2/FiO2 unter 214. Während Lungenfunktionsstörungen als unabhängiger Risikofaktor für Mortalität bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose belegt sind, wurde die Bedeutung von mechanischer Beatmung und Lungenversagen bisher nicht isoliert untersucht. Ziel der Studie ist die Rolle von mechanischer Beatmung und Lungenversagen im ACLF zu analysieren und eine mögliche Unterinterpretation in den etablierten prädiktiven Modellen zu evaluieren.
Es wurden Daten aus 775 Hospitalisationen mit intensivmedizinischer Behandlung am Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt von insgesamt 498 Patienten mit Leberzirrhose im Zeitraum März 2015 bis Juli 2019 retrospektiv erfasst und ausgewertet. ACLF und Organversagen wurden gemäß EASL-CLIF Kriterien definiert. Es erfolgte die statistische Analyse verschiedener Kohorten, wobei ACLF-Patienten mittels Propensity Score hinsichtlich CLIF-C ACLF Score und Geschlecht gematcht und anhand der pulmonalen Beeinträchtigung in eine dreiarmige Testkohorte bestehend aus 49 Patienten mit Lungenversagen, 49 Patienten mit Schutzintubation und 49 Patienten ohne pulmonale Beeinträchtigung aufgeteilt wurden.
216 Patienten zeigten ein ACLF bei Aufnahme, 121 wurden mechanisch beatmet und 68 hatten ein Lungenversagen. In der gematchten Kohorte (n=147) konnten Lungenversagen (HR 3,0) und mechanische Beatmung (HR 1,7) als unabhängige Risikofaktoren für eine hohe 28-Tage-Mortalität identifiziert werden. Der CLIF-C ACLF Score konnte als bestes Modell für die Vorhersage der Kurzzeitmortalität bestätigt werden (AUROC 0,81), zeigte allerdingt deutliche Schwächen in der Subkohorte der Patienten mit Lungenversagen (AUROC 0,49) und mechanischer Beatmung (AUROC 0,68). Eine Kalibrierung des CLIF-C ACLF Scores für diese beiden Risikofaktoren liefert auch in der Gesamtkohorte aller zirrhotischer Patienten eine signifikant verbesserte prädiktive Performance (AUROC 0,87; p=0,001).
Mechanische Beatmung und Lungenversagen sind im Rahmen eines ACLF mit einer erhöhten Kurzzeitmortalität assoziiert und nur ungenügend in den etablierten Prädiktionsmodellen abgebildet. Die Kalibrierung des CLIF-C ACLF Scores für diese Risikofaktoren führt zu einer verbesserten Vorhersagegenauigkeit.
Resting state fMRI has been employed to identify alterations in functional connectivity within or between brain regions following acute and chronic exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component in cannabis. Most studies focused a priori on a limited number of local brain areas or circuits, without considering the impact of cannabis on whole-brain network organization. The present study attempted to identify changes in the whole-brain human functional connectome as assessed with ultra-high field (7T) resting state scans of cannabis users (N = 26) during placebo and following vaporization of cannabis. Two distinct data-driven methodologies, i.e. network-based statistics (NBS) and connICA, were used to identify changes in functional connectomes associated with acute cannabis intoxication and history of cannabis use. Both methodologies revealed a broad state of hyperconnectivity within the entire range of major brain networks in chronic cannabis users compared to occasional cannabis users, which might be reflective of an adaptive network reorganization following prolonged cannabis exposure. The connICA methodology also extracted a distinct spatial connectivity pattern of hypoconnectivity involving the dorsal attention, limbic, subcortical and cerebellum networks and of hyperconnectivity between the default mode and ventral attention network, that was associated with the feeling of subjective high during THC intoxication. Whole-brain network approaches identified spatial patterns in functional brain connectomes that distinguished acute from chronic cannabis use, and offer an important utility for probing the interplay between short and long-term alterations in functional brain dynamics when progressing from occasional to chronic use of cannabis.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common tumor entities worldwide and a common cause of cancer-associated death. Colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) thereby constitute a severe life-limiting factor. The therapy of CRLM presents a major challenge and surgical resection as well as systemic chemotherapy remain the first-line treatment options. Over the years several locoregional, vascular- and image-based treatments offered by interventional radiologists have emerged when conventional therapies fail, or metastases recurrence occurs. Among such options is the conventional/traditional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) by local injection of a combination of chemotherapeutic- and embolic-agents. A similar treatment is the more recent irinotecan-loaded drug-eluting beads TACE (DEBIRI-TACE), which are administered using the same approach. Numerous studies have shown that these different types of chemoembolization can be applied in different clinical settings safely. Furthermore, such treatments can also be combined with other local or systemic therapies. Unfortunately, due to the incoherent patient populations of studies investigating TACE in CRLM, critics state that the definite evidence supporting positive patient outcomes is still lacking. In the following article we review studies on conventional and DEBIRI-TACE. Although highly dependent on the clinical setting, prior therapies and generally the study population, cTACE and DEBIRI-TACE show comparable results. We present the most representative studies on the different chemoembolization procedures and compare the results. Although there is compelling evidence for both approaches, further studies are necessary to determine which patients profit most from these therapies. In conclusion, we determine TACE to be a viable option in CRLM in different clinical settings. Nevertheless, a multidisciplinary approach is desired to offer patients the best possible care.
Low platelet count predicts reduced survival in potentially resectable hepatocellular carcinoma
(2022)
The prognostic role of platelet count in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear, and in fact both thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis are reported as predictors of unfavourable outcomes. This study aimed to clarify the prognostic value of preoperative platelet count in potentially resectable HCC. We retrospectively reviewed 128 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC at a tertiary academic centre (2007–2019). Patient data were modelled by regression analysis, and platelet count was treated as a continuous variable. 89 patients had BCLC 0/A tumours and 39 had BCLC B tumours. Platelet count was higher in patients with larger tumours and lower in patients with higher MELD scores, advanced fibrosis, and portal hypertension (p < 0.001 for all listed variables). After adjusting for BCLC stage and tumour diameter, low platelet count associated with reduced overall survival (hazard ratio 1.25 per 50/nL decrease in platelet count, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.53, p = 0.034) and increased perioperative mortality (odds ratio 1.96 per 50/nL decrease in platelet count, 95% CI 1.19–3.53, p = 0.014). Overall, low platelet count correlates with increased liver disease severity, inferior survival, and excess perioperative mortality in resectable HCC. These insights might be applied in clinical practice to better select patients for resection.
Aufgrund einer Vielzahl an Patienten mit sekundären Lebertumoren sind aus medizinischen oder technischen Gründen nicht operabel sind, erfahren alternative lokalablative Behandlungsformen in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten zunehmende Verbreitung.
Das Ziel der hier vorliegenden Studie ist es, das Therapieansprechen und die Sicherheit von Mikrowellen- (MWA) und Radiofrequenzablation (RFA) von Lebermetastasen in einer randomisierten Studie zu bestimmen und prospektiv zu vergleichen.
Es unterzogen sich 50 Patienten (27 Frauen, 23 Männer, mittleres Alter 62,8 Jahre) einer CT-gesteuerten perkutanen thermischen Ablation von 50 Lebermetastasen. Davon erhielten 26 Patienten eine MWA und 24 Patienten eine Behandlung mit RFA. Das kolorektale Karzinom war in 54 % der Fälle ein Primärtumor, das Mammakarzinom in 20 %, das Pankreaskarzinom und das Gallenblasenkarzinom jeweils in 6 %, der Ovarialtumor in 4 %, das Ösophaguskarzinom und andere Tumorentitäten jeweils in 2 % der Fälle. Die Lage der Lebermetastasen und die morphologische Veränderung der Läsionen in Größe, Volumen, nekrotischem Bereich, Diffusion und ADC-Wert wurden durch Magnetresonanztomo-graphie (MRT) bewertet. Die erste MRT-Kontrolle erfolgte vor der Behandlung mit thermischer Ablation. Das Follow-up beinhaltet MRT-Kontrollen 24 Stunden nach der Ablation und 4 Kontrolluntersuchungen im Abstand von 3 Monaten innerhalb von einem Jahr.
50 Läsionen mit einem mittleren Durchmesser von 1,63 cm (Range: 0,6 - 3,7 cm; MWA 1,72 cm, RFA 1,53 cm) wurden mit thermischer Ablation behandelt. Die lokale Rezidivrate innerhalb eines Jahres betrug für beide Versuchsarme 4 % (2/50), 0 % (0/26) in der MWA-Gruppe und 8,3 % (2/24) in der RFA-Gruppe. Die Rate für neu entstandene maligne Formationen, die sich an einem anderen Ort als die behandelte Läsion befanden, betrug in beiden Gruppen etwa 38 % (19/50), in der MWA-Gruppe 38,4 % und in der RFA-Gruppe 37,5 %. Die Sterblichkeitsrate für diese Studie betrug 14,0 %. 15,4 % der Patienten im Behandlungsarm der MWA-Gruppe und 12,5 % im RFA-Behandlungsarm verstarben im Rahmen dieser Studie. Es konnten keine größeren Komplikationen festgestellt werden.
Zusammenfassend zeigt die MIRA-Studie zur thermischen Ablation von Lebermetastasen keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Mortalität, malignen Neubildungen oder Komplikationsraten zwischen MWA und RFA. Die Studie stellt fest, dass die thermische Behandlung mit MWA im Rahmen des 1-Jahres-Follow-ups größere Volumina im Ablationsgebiet und eine gering höhere Mortalität hervorruft, wobei man die höhere Pankreaskarzinomrate in diesem Studienzweig berücksichtigen sollte. Im RFA-Studienarm wurden hingegen 2 Lokalrezidive erfasst.
Vor dem Hintergrund der hier vorliegenden Ergebnisse und in Zusammenschau mit der aktuellen Literatur sind beide thermischen Verfahren mehrheitlich sicher durchführbare und effektive Methoden zur Behandlung von Patienten mit nicht operablen sekundären Lebermalignomen. Unterschiede zeigen sich in den physikalischen, technischen Voraussetzungen und damit in der Größe der erzeugten Ablations- und Nekrosezonen. Diese spielen vorrangig in der Behandlung von großen und gefäß- sowie gallengangsnahen Läsionen eine differenzierte Rolle. Die Größe und die Heterogenität des Patientenkollektivs in Bezug auf Tumorentität, die unterschiedlichen Vorbehandlungen sowie der Nachbeobachtungszeit-raum von nur 12 Monaten mindern die Aussagekraft der Studie. Um die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zu stützen, sollten weitere Untersuchungen mit einem größe-ren Patientenkollektiv folgen, beispielsweise in Form einer multizentrischen Studie, in welcher differenzierter bezüglich Tumorentität und Vorbehandlungen unterteilt wird.
Das Corona-Update Frankfurt
(2022)
Seit Beginn der Coronapandemie haben die vier Arbeitsgruppen am Institut für Medizinische Virologie ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte innerhalb kürzester Zeit verlagert. Sie haben wichtige Erkenntnisse zu Teststrategien, Impfschutz und Therapieansätzen gewonnen. Dieser Weg wird durch Förderung des Landes Hessen weiter ausgebaut. Eine Bestandsaufnahme.
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and psoriasis (Ps), represent autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders, as well as conditions that have an overlap of both categories. Understanding the underlying pathogeneses, making diagnoses, and choosing individualized treatments remain challenging due to heterogeneous disease phenotypes and the lack of reliable biomarkers that drive the treatment choice. In this review, we provide an overview of the low-molecular-weight metabolites that might be employed as biomarkers for various applications, e.g., early diagnosis, disease activity monitoring, and treatment-response prediction, in RA, PsA, and Ps. The literature was evaluated, and putative biomarkers in different matrices were identified, categorized, and summarized. While some of these candidate biomarkers appeared to be disease-specific, others were shared across multiple IMIDs, indicating common underlying disease mechanisms. However, there is still a long way to go for their application in a routine clinical setting. We propose that studies integrating omics analyses of large patient cohorts from different IMIDs should be performed to further elucidate their pathomechanisms and treatment options. This could lead to the identification and validation of biomarkers that might be applied in the context of precision medicine to improve the clinical outcomes of these IMID patients.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen kognitiver Emotionsregulation, positivem Aufmerksamkeitsbias und Resilienz
(2022)
Das Verständnis von Faktoren, die die Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Stress fördern, ist entscheidend für die Entwicklung von Stresspräventionsprogrammen und für die Verbesserung der Behandlung stressbedingter Störungen. Zum einen war es Ziel der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit, den Einfluss der kognitiven Emotionsregulation (ER) auf die psychische Gesundheit zu untersuchen und bereits vorhandene Ergebnisse zum Einfluss der Emotionsregulation auf die Resilienz zu replizieren. Es wird zunehmend anerkannt, dass die meisten psychiatrischen Erkrankungen mit Emotionsdysregulation einhergehen und dass klinische Interventionen davon profitieren, wenn sie auf einem empirischen Verständnis der Emotionsprozesse beruhen.
Der Hauptfokus lag zudem darauf, zu untersuchen, ob es einen Zusammenhang zwischen Resilienz und einem Aufmerksamkeitsbias auf positive Informationen, einen Positivitätsbias, gibt.
In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Stichprobe psychisch gesunder Teilnehmer (n=229) im Alter von 18 bis 55 Jahren herangezogen, denen Bilder aus dem „International Affective Picture System“ präsentiert wurden. Dabei bekamen sie die Anweisung, negative Emotionen zu Fotos durch kognitives Umbewerten oder Distanzieren herunterzuregulieren. Die Reaktionszeiten sowie die Erregungsbewertungen wurden für die Bedingungen Neubewertung, Distanzieren, negatives passives Betrachten sowie neutrales passives Betrachten erhoben. Zudem wurde die Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrung gegenüber positiven und negativen Reizen mithilfe einer Visual Dot-Probe Aufgabe untersucht. Gemessen wurden die Reaktionszeiten der Studienteilnehmer bei Reaktionen auf einen Stimulus, der auf die Präsentation emotionaler Gesichter folgt, im Vergleich zu Reaktionen auf einen Stimulus, der an die Stelle von neutralen Gesichtern rückt. Hieraus wurden Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen abgeleitet.
Die anschließende Datenanalyse und statistische Auswertung konnten zeigen, dass die Neubewertung im Vergleich zum passiven Betrachten der negativen Bilder eine längere Reaktionszeit aufweist, was darauf hinweist, dass die kognitive Emotionsregulation möglicherweise anstrengendere kognitive Kontrollprozesse aktiviert. Hinsichtlich des Zusammenhangs mit der Resilienz konnte eine signifikante positive Korrelation der Reaktionszeitdifferenzen der Emotionsregulationsstrategien Distanzieren und Neubewerten mit dem Resilienz-Score beobachtet werden.
Bei den Erregungsbewertungen der Emotionsregulation zeigte sich weder ein signifikanter Effekt der Bedingung noch ein Zusammenhang mit dem Resilienz-Score.
Die Ergebnisse der Visual Dot-Probe zeigten, dass es keine Unterschiede in den Reaktionszeiten nach der Präsentation des neutralen sowie des emotionalen Stimulus gab. Auch zeigten sich keine Zusammenhänge mit der Resilienz.
Der erwartete Zusammenhang zwischen Resilienz und einem Aufmerksamkeitsbias auf positive Informationen konnte in den Ergebnissen nicht gefunden werden. In den vorliegenden Daten zeigte sich hingegen eine signifikante negative Korrelation der Fähigkeit der kognitiven Neubewertung mit der Höhe des negativen Aufmerksamkeits Bias-Scores.
Somit liefert die vorliegende Arbeit einen Hinweis darauf, dass Personen mit einem hohen Maß an Emotionsregulationskapazitäten eine höhere Aufmerksamkeitslenkung weg von emotional negativen Stimuli aufweisen.
Bezüglich der Anwendung auf klinische Stichproben besteht noch Raum zu
analysieren, ob es sich um ein stabiles Phänomen handelt, das auf diese übertragen werden kann.
Der Nutzen von DJ-Kathetern ist unverzichtbar für die moderne Urologie. Sie sind essenziell, um bei einer Vielzahl von Erkrankungen einen adäquaten Harnabfluss und dementsprechend eine gute Nierenfunktion gewährleisten zu können. Dabei können sie für eine temporäre oder dauerhafte Schienung genutzt werden. Als einliegende Fremdkörper können sie, insbesondere bei langfristiger Nutzung, leicht durch Bakterien und Pilze kolonisiert werden und beherbergen somit ein erhöhtes Risiko für Harnwegsinfekte.
Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist folglich, durch das Auffinden von protektiven oder prädisponierenden Faktoren für die Entwicklung von fieberhaften Harnwegsinfekten in der Zukunft Mortalität, Resistenzbildung und Kosten sowohl bei DJ-Katheter-Dauerversorgung als auch generell senken zu können. Zusätzlich soll untersucht werden, ob verschiedene Antibiotika-Regime einen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung postoperativer, fieberhafter Harnwegsinfekte haben.
Um dies feststellen zu können, wurden in dieser Studie 100 Patientinnen und Patienten eingeschlossen, die von 2013 bis 2018 in der Klinik für Urologie des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt zum DJ-Wechsel bei DJ-Katheter-Dauerversorgung vorstellig wurden. Anschließend wurden verschiedene Faktoren untersucht, die das Risiko für das Auftreten von fieberhaften Harnwegsinfekten oder die Entwicklung von Resistenzen in Krankheitserregern erhöhen oder reduzieren könnten.
Hierzu wurden insgesamt 950 DJ-Katheter-assoziierte Eingriffe (Einlage, Wechsel, Entfernung) analysiert. Der individuelle Beobachtungszeitraum betrug durchschnittlich 2,9 Jahre mit durchschnittlich 7 DJ-Katheter-Wechsel.
Gegenüber der Normalbevölkerung wies die Studienpopulation, am ehesten durch die einliegenden DJ-Katheter, eine deutlich erhöhte Prävalenz von Harnwegsinfekten auf (18,53% vs. 2,5%). Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein höheres Patientenalter mit einem gering erhöhten Risiko für die Ausbildung von resistenten Keimen im Urin korreliert (p=0,0121; OR 1,0395; KI 1,0096-1,0731 (univariate Analyse), p=0,0030; OR 1,0618 KI 1,0226-1,1077 (multivariate Analyse)). Dies korrelierte jedoch nicht mit einem erhöhten Risiko für fieberhafte Harnwegsinfekte. Darüber hinaus konnte festgestellt werden, dass die operative Manipulation unter empirischer oder testgerechter, antibiotischer Therapie nicht mit einem hohen Risiko für die Entstehung fieberhafter Harnwegsinfekte einhergeht. In den analysierten Daten fanden sich insgesamt zu wenige fieberhafte Infekte (n=72; 7,58%), um das Ziel begünstigender oder protektiver Faktoren für die Entstehung von fieberhaften Harnwegsinfekten adäquat zu untersuchen. Aus dem gleichen Grund konnten aus den Daten auch keine Hinweise für das optimale Antibiotika-Regime abgeleitet werden. In fast 70% der untersuchten Fälle wurde eine periinterventionelle single-shot Antibiose angewendet, weswegen diese als Infektionsprophylaxe einen adäquaten Schutz darzustellen scheint.
Generell kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass die DJ-Katheter-Dauerversorgung, trotz der möglichen mikrobiellen Besiedlung mit eventuellen Komplikationen wie Bakteriurie oder systemischen Infektionen, ein sicheres Verfahren ist. Manipulationen oder operativer Wechsel der DJ-Katheter stellen, trotz Präsenz der Keime, keine riskanten Manöver dar, sofern diese adäquat und unter entsprechender, antibiotischer Therapie durchgeführt werden.
Weitere, noch größere und insbesondere prospektive, randomisierte Studien sind zu empfehlen und könnten die Ergebnisse weiter bestätigen und erweitern, vor allem in Bezug auf die Überlegenheit verschiedener antibiotischer Regime in der Vermeidung einer Resistenzbildung.
Der Forschung von Kardiologen wie etwa Joseph C. Wu, Professor an der kalifornischen Stanford-Universität, ist es zu verdanken, dass die Sterblichkeit nach einem Herzinfarkt von ehemals 15 Prozent auf nur noch 2 bis 3 Prozent gesunken ist. Auf Einladung der Friedrich-Merz-Stiftungsgastprofessur besuchte Wu, Präsident der »American Heart Association« und derzeit einer der prominentesten Herz-Forscher, für eine Woche die Goethe-Universität, um sich sowohl mit Forschenden als auch mit Studierenden auszutauschen. In einem Bürgergespräch stellte er sich außerdem den Fragen der Frankfurter Bevölkerung, unter anderem zusammen mit Stefanie Dimmeler, Sprecherin des »Deutschen Zentrums für Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen« und Leiterin des Exzellenzclusters »Cardio-Pulmonary Institute«.