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Extreme convective precipitation events are among the most severe hazards in central Europe and are expected to intensify under global warming. However, the degree of intensification and the underlying processes are still uncertain. In this thesis, recent advances in continuous, radar-based precipitation monitoring and convection-permitting climate modeling are used to investigate Lagrangian properties of convective rain cells such as precipitation intensity, cell area, and precipitation sum and their relationship to large-scale, environmental conditions.
Firstly, convective precipitation objects are tracked in a gauge-adjusted radar-data set and the properties of these cells are related to large-scale environmental variables to investigate the observed super-Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) scaling of convective extreme precipitation. The Lagrangian precipitation sum of convective cells increases with dew point temperature at rates well above the CC-rate with increasing rates for higher dew point temperatures. These varying, high rates are caused by a covarying increase of CAPE with dew point temperature as well as the effect of high vertical wind shear causing an increase in cell area and thus precipitation sum. At the same time, cells move faster at high vertical wind shear so that Eulerian scaling rates are lower than Lagrangian but still above the CC-rate. The results show that wind shear and static instability need to be taken into account when transferring precipitation scaling under current climate conditions to future conditions. Secondly, the representation of convective cell properties in the convection-permitting climate model COSMO-CLM is evaluated. The model can simulate the observed frequency distributions of cell properties such as lifetime, area, mean and maximum intensity, and precipitation sum. The increase of area and intensity with lifetime is also well captured despite an underestimation of the intensity of the most severe cells. Furthermore, the model can represent the temperature scaling of intensity, area, and precipitation sum but fails to simulate the observed increase of lifetime. Thus, the model is suitable to study climatologies of convective storms in Germany. Thirdly, two COSMO-CLM projections at the end of the century under emission scenario RCP8.5 were investigated. While the number of convective cells and their lifetime remain approximately constant compared to present conditions, intensity and area increase strongly. The relative increase of intensity and area is largest for the highest percentiles meaning that extreme events intensify the most. The characteristic afternoon maximum of convective precipitation is damped, and shifted to later times of day which leads to an increase of nighttime precipitation in the future. Scaling rates of cell properties with dew point temperature are nearly identical in present and future in the simulation driven by the EC-Earth model which means that the upper limit of cell properties like intensity, area, and precipitation sum could be predicted from near-surface dew point temperature. However, this result could not be reproduced by the simulation driven by MIROC5 and needs further investigation.
Diamant hat besondere physikalische und optische Eigenschaften sowie eine starke Resistenz gegenüber Strahlenschädigung. Diese Eigenschaften ermöglichen eine vielfältige Anwendung von Diamant in Wissenschaft und Technik, wie zum Beispiel als Sensormaterial in Strahlungsdetektoren.
Kubisches Zirconiumdioxid (ZrO2) wird aufgrund seiner mechanisch und optisch ähnlichen Eigenschaften unter anderem an Stelle von Diamant eingesetzt. Es ist ebenfalls ein geeignetes Material für viele technische Anwendungen und wird durch seine Strahlenresistenz in Strahlungsumgebungen verwendet. Da beide Materialien in diesem Anwendungsbereich hoher energetischer Strahlung ausgesetzt sind, sind Reaktionen auf die Bestrahlung wie etwa strukturelle Veränderungen oder die Änderungen von Materialeigenschaften von großem Interesse.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Morphologie, Struktur und physikalischen Eigenschaften von Diamant und Yttriumoxid-stabilisiertem kubischem ZrO2 nach der Bestrahlung mit 14 MeV Au-Ionen und 1.6 GeV Au-Ionen untersucht. Die durch die Bestrahlung verursachten Veränderungen der Oberflächen und der bestrahlten Volumina wurden mit diversen komplementären analytischen Methoden charakterisiert, bewertet und für die verschiedenen Materialien und Ionenenergien verglichen.
Mittels Röntgenfluoreszenzmessungen wurde die Verteilung und Menge an implantiertem Au semi-quantitativ ermittelt. Die Oberflächen der Proben wurden mit optischer Mikroskopie, Rasterkraftmikroskopie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Röntgenreflektometrie und Elektronenrückstreubeugung untersucht. Strukturelle Veränderungen wurden mit Raman-Spektroskopie analysiert. Der elektrische Widerstand, die Dichte, die Härte sowie das Ätzverhalten der bestrahlten Proben wurden ermittelt und geben Auskunft über die Änderung physikalischer Eigenschaften der Materialien.
Diamant und kubisches ZrO2 reagieren sehr unterschiedlich auf die Bestrahlung mit Au-Ionen gleicher Energien und Fluenzen. Die Diamantproben zeigen nach der Bestrahlung mit 14 MeV Au-Ionen deutliche Veränderungen und Schädigungen der Oberfläche sowie des bestrahlten Volumens. Es wird eine Änderung der Struktur, der Dichte, der Härte, des elektrischen Widerstands sowie des Ätzverhaltens der Proben beobachtet, was auf die Amorphisierung von Diamant zurückgeführt wird. Kubisches ZrO2 ist deutlich strahlungsresistenter gegenüber der Bestrahlung mit 14 MeV Au-Ionen. Es werden keine signifikanten strukturellen Änderungen im getesteten Fluenzbereich beobachtet.
Die mit 1.6 GeV Au-Ionen bestrahlten Diamanten zeigen nur geringe Schädigungen und keine deutliche Änderung der Struktur oder der physikalischen Eigenschaften. Die kubischen ZrO2 Proben sind als Folge der Bestrahlung mit 1.6 GeV Au-Ionen zerbrochen, was auf hohe interne Spannung durch Defektbildung zurückgeführt wird.
In this survey paper, we present a multiscale post-processing method in exploration. Based on a physically relevant mollifier technique involving the elasto-oscillatory Cauchy–Navier equation, we mathematically describe the extractable information within 3D geological models obtained by migration as is commonly used for geophysical exploration purposes. More explicitly, the developed multiscale approach extracts and visualizes structural features inherently available in signature bands of certain geological formations such as aquifers, salt domes etc. by specifying suitable wavelet bands.
Geochemical investigations on biogenic carbonates are commonly conducted to reconstruct the environmental conditions of the past. However, different carbonate producers incorporate elements to varying degrees, due to biological vital effects. Detecting and quantifying these effects is crucial to produce reliable reconstructions. These paleoreconstructions are of great importance to evaluate the consequences of our recent climate change and identify control mechanisms on the distribution of endangered species such as Desmophyllum pertusum. In chapter three we tested Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Na/Ca ratios on this species, among other coldwater scleractinians, to test if they provide reliable proxy information. The results reveal no apparent control of Mg/Ca or Sr/Ca ratios through seawater temperature, salinity or pH. Na/Ca ratios appear to be partly controlled by the seawater temperature, which is also true for other aragonitic organisms such as warm-water corals and the bivalve Mytilus edulis. However, a large variability complicates possible reconstructions by means of Na/Ca. In addition, we explore different models to explain the apparent temperature effect on Na/Ca ratios based on temperature sensitive Na and Ca pumping enzymes.
The bivalve Acesta excavata is commonly found in cold-water coral reefs among the North Atlantic, together with D. pertusum. Multiple linear regression analysis, presented in chapter four, indicates that up to 79% of the elemental variability in Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Na/Ca is explainable with temperature and salinity as independent predictor variables. Vital effects, for instance growth rate effects, are evident and make paleoreconstructions not feasible. Furthermore, organic material embedded in the shell, as well as possible stress effects can drastically change the elemental composition. Removal of these organic matrices from bulk samples for LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometer) measurements by means of oxidative cleaning is not possible, but Na/Ca ratios decrease after this cleaning. This is presumably an effect of leaching and not caused by the removal of organic matrices.
Interesting biogeochemical relations were found in the parasitic foraminifera H. sarcophaga. We report Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Na/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios measured in H. sarcophaga from two different host species (A. excavata and D. pertusum) in chapter five. Sr/Ca ratios are significantly higher in foraminifera that lived on D. pertusum. This could indicate that dissolved host material is utilized in shell calcification of H. sarcophaga, given the naturally higher strontium concentration in the aragonite of D. pertusum. Mn/Ca ratios are highest in foraminifera that lived on A. excavata but did not fully penetrate the host’s shell. Most likely, this represents a juvenile stadium of the foraminifera during which it feeds on the organic
periostracum of the bivalve, which is enriched in Mn and Fe. The isotopic compositions are similarly affected, both δ18O and δ13C values are significantly lower in foraminifera that lived 23on D. pertusum compared to specimen that lived on A. excavata. Again, this might represent the uptake of dissolved host material or different pH regimes in the calcifying fluid of the hosts (bivalve < 8, coral > 8) that control the extent of hydration/hydroxylation reactions. Temperature reconstructions are possible using stable oxygen isotopes on this foraminifera species; however, the results are only reliable if the foraminifera lived on A. excavata. Samples of H. sarcophaga from D. pertusum would lead to overestimations of the seawater temperature due to the lower δ18O values.
Apart from biological vital effects, storage and preservation methods can significantly change the geochemical composition of different marine biogenic carbonates. In chapter six this is presented on the example of ethanol preservation, a common technique to allow extended storage of biogenic samples. The investigation reveals a significant decrease of Mg/Ca and Na/Ca ratios even after only 45 days storage in ultrapure ethanol. Sr/Ca ratios on the other hand are not influenced.
Besides temperature, salinity and pH further environmental parameters are important such as nutrient availability, especially for the distribution of cold-water corals. In chapter seven we extend the investigations on A. excavata by including the elemental ratios Ba/Ca, Mn/Ca and P/Ca. We expected P/Ca to be helpful in the otherwise difficult process of dentifying growth increments. Based on our observations we had to refute this theory. P/Ca ratios are not systematically enriched in the vicinity of growth lines. Instead, we found a regular sequence of peaks of Ba/Ca, P/Ca and Mn/Ca. This sequence as well as the peaks in general are potentially caused by equential blooms of different algae, diatoms and other planktonic organisms ...
As part of two drilling campaigns of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP), several geophysical borehole measurements were carried out by the Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics (LIAG) in two lakes. The acquired data was used to answer stratigraphic and paleoclimatic research questions, including the establishment of robust age-depth models and the construction of continuous lithological profiles.
Lake Towuti is located on Sulawesi (Indonesia), within the "Indo-Pacific Warm Pool" (IPWP), a globally important region for atmospheric heat and moisture budgets. The lake exists for approximately one million years, but its exact age is uncertain. We present the first agedepth model for the approximately 100 m continuous sediment sequence from the central part of the lake. The basis for this model is the magnetic susceptibility measured in the borehole and a tephra layer with an age of about 797 ka at 72 m depth. Our age-depth model is inferred from cyclostratigraphic analysis of borehole data and covers a period from 903 ± 11 to 131 ± 67 ka. We suggest that orbital eccentricity and/or changes between global cold and warm periods are responsible for hydroclimatic changes in the IPWP, that these changes affect sedimentation processes in Lake Towuti, and that we can measure and observe this effect in the sediment properties today. Additionally, we created a continuous artificial lithological profile from a series of different borehole data using cluster analysis. This provides information from parts of the borehole where no sediment is available due to core loss.
Lake Ohrid is 1.36 million years old and is located on the Balkan Peninsula on the border between Albania and North Macedonia. The primary hole 'DEEP' in the central part of the lake has been the subject of several investigations, but information about sediments of the marginal locations 'Pestani' and 'Cerava' have not been published yet. In our study, we use natural gamma radiation (GR) measured in the borehole to generate an age-depth model for DEEP. This is performed using the correlation of GR to the global LR04 reference record of Lisiecki and Raymo (2005).
The age information is then transferred via prominent seismic marker horizons to the other two sites, Pestani and Cerava, where it provides the first age-control points for the construction of age-depth models from correlation of GR to LR04. The generated age-depth models are tested using cyclostratigraphic methods, but the limits of this approach are revealed. At DEEP, sedimentation rates (SR) from the cyclostratigraphic method and the correlative approach differ by 2.8 %, at Pestani this difference is 16.7 %, and at Cerava the quality of the data does not allow a reliable evaluation of SR using the cyclostratigraphic approach. We used cluster analysis to construct artificial lithological profiles at all three sites and integrated them into the respective age-depth models. This enables us to determine which sediment types were deposited at what time, and we recognize the change between warm and cold periods in the sediment properties at all three locations. The analyses in this study were all performed on borehole and seismic data and thus do not involve sediment core data. Especially at Pestani and Cerava, new insights into the sedimentological history of Lake Ohrid could be obtained.
In the last part we discuss the occurrence of the half-precession (HP) signal in the European region during the last one million years. The focus is on Lake Ohrid, but a range of other proxies, from the eastern Mediterranean, across the European continent, up to Greenland are analyzed in regards to HP. Applying filters, we focus on the frequency range with a period of 13-8.5 ka and only HP remains in the records. We use correlative methods to determine the clarity of the HP signal in proxies distributed across the European realm. Additionally, we determined the development of HP over time. The HP signal is clearest in the southeast and decreases toward the north. It is further more pronounced in interglacial periods and in the younger part (<621 ka) of most proxies. We suggest that there are mechanisms that transmit the HP signal from its origin near the equator to higher latitudes via different processes. In this context, for instance, the African monsoon, the Nile River and the Mediterranean outflow via the Strait of Gibraltar can be important factors.
The endemic argan tree (Argania spinosa) populations in South Morocco are highly degraded due to overbrowsing, illegal firewood extraction and the expansion of intensive agriculture. Bare areas between the isolated trees increase due to limited regrowth, but show lower soil quality than their neighbouring tree areas. Hypothetically, spatial differences of soil quality of the intertree area should result from translocation of litter or soil particles (by runoff and erosion or wind drift) from canopy-covered areas to the intertree areas. 385 soil samples were taken around the tree from the trunk along the tree drip line (within and outside the tree area) as well as the intertree area between two trees in four directions (upslope, downslope and in both directions parallel to the slope) and analysed for soil moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, percolation stability, total nitrogen content, content of soil organic carbon and C/N ratio. 74 tension-disc infiltrometer experiments were performed near the tree drip line, within and outside the tree area, to measure the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. We found that the tree influence on its surrounding intertree area is limited, with e.g., Corg- & N-content decreasing significantly from tree trunk to tree drip line. However, intertree areas near the tree drip line differed significantly from intertree areas between two trees, yet only with a small effect. Trends for spatial patterns could be found in eastern and downslope directions due to wind drift and slope wash. Soil moisture was highest in the north due to shade from the midday sun, the influence extended to the intertree areas. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity also showed significant differences between areas within and outside the tree area near the tree drip line. Although only limited influence of the tree on its intertree area was found, the spatial pattern around the tree suggests that reforestation measures should be aimed around tree shelters in northern or eastern directions with higher soil moistures, N- or Corg-content to ensure seedling survival.
Metal artifacts from the Paleometal Epoch (ca. 1100 BC–400 AD) of the Primorye (Russian Far East) have shed new light on the introduction of the earliest bronzes into the Pacific coastal areas of prehistoric Eurasia. However, little is known about raw material circulation and the role of metal in the context of inter-regional exchange. This paper investigates 12 copper artifacts from major Paleometal settlements using alloy composition, trace elements, and lead isotopes to explore the metal sources and distribution networks. The results suggest that most objects are made of a copper-tin alloy, but some have arsenic as a significant minor element . Geologically, copper is unlikely to have come from local ore sources, but rather from the Liaoxi corridor and Liaodong Peninsula in Northeast China. This may indicate an inland route of metal trade across Northeast China or alternately, a coastal route via the northern Korean Peninsula. Archaeologically, the combined study of artifact typology and chemistry indicates two possible origins for the metal: the Upper Xiajiadian culture in Northeast China and Slab Grave culture in Mongolia/Transbaikal. Remarkably, the connection with Upper Xiajiadian communities parallels the transport route along which millet agriculture spread from Northeast China to the Primorye during the Neolithic.
Community trait assembly in highly diverse tropical rainforests is still poorly understood. Based on more than a decade of field measurements in a biodiversity hotspot of southern Ecuador, we implemented plant trait variation and improved soil organic matter dynamics in a widely used dynamic vegetation model (the Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator, LPJ-GUESS) to explore the main drivers of community assembly along an elevational gradient. In the model used here (LPJ-GUESS-NTD, where NTD stands for nutrient-trait dynamics), each plant individual can possess different trait combinations, and the community trait composition emerges via ecological sorting. Further model developments include plant growth limitation by phosphorous (P) and mycorrhizal nutrient uptake. The new model version reproduced the main observed community trait shift and related vegetation processes along the elevational gradient, but only if nutrient limitations to plant growth were activated. In turn, when traits were fixed, low productivity communities emerged due to reduced nutrient-use efficiency. Mycorrhizal nutrient uptake, when deactivated, reduced net primary production (NPP) by 61–72% along the gradient. Our results strongly suggest that the elevational temperature gradient drives community assembly and ecosystem functioning indirectly through its effect on soil nutrient dynamics and vegetation traits. This illustrates the importance of considering these processes to yield realistic model predictions.
Plant community biomass production is co-dependent on climatic and edaphic factors that are often covarying and non-independent. Disentangling how these factors act in isolation is challenging, especially along large climatic gradients that can mask soil effects. As anthropogenic pressure increasingly alters local climate and soil resource supply unevenly across landscapes, our ability to predict concurrent changes in plant community processes requires clearer understandings of independent and interactive effects of climate and soil. To address this, we developed a multispecies phytometer (i.e., standardized plant community) for separating key drivers underlying plant productivity across gradients. Phytometers were composed of three globally cosmopolitan herbaceous perennials, Dactylis glomerata, Plantago lanceolata, and Trifolium pratense. In 2017, we grew phytometer communities in 18 sites across a pan-European aridity gradient in local site soils and a standardized substrate and compared biomass production. Standard substrate phytometers succeeded in providing a standardized climate biomass response independent of local soil effects. This allowed us to factor out climate effects in local soil phytometers, establishing that nitrogen availability did not predict biomass production, while phosphorus availability exerted a strong, positive effect independent of climate. Additionally, we identified a negative relationship between biomass production and potassium and magnesium availability. Species-specific biomass responses to the environment in the climate-corrected biomass were asynchronous, demonstrating the importance of species interactions in vegetation responses to global change. Biomass production was co-limited by climatic and soil drivers, with each species experiencing its own unique set of co-limitations. Our study demonstrates the potential of phytometers for disentangling effects of climate and soil on plant biomass production and suggests an increasing role of P limitation in the temperate regions of Europe.