570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (2083)
- Doctoral Thesis (730)
- Preprint (215)
- Part of Periodical (78)
- Book (16)
- Conference Proceeding (12)
- Part of a Book (10)
- Periodical (3)
- Report (2)
- Working Paper (2)
Language
- English (3153) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (3153)
Keywords
- RNA (20)
- aging (20)
- SARS-CoV-2 (19)
- inflammation (18)
- Biochemistry (16)
- Podospora anserina (16)
- mitochondria (16)
- taxonomy (16)
- Biodiversity (15)
- Cell biology (15)
- NMR (15)
- NMR spectroscopy (15)
- autophagy (15)
- Mitochondria (13)
- ubiquitination (13)
- X-ray crystallography (12)
- Bioenergetics (11)
- structural biology (11)
- Cryoelectron microscopy (10)
- biodiversity (10)
- conservation (10)
- Apoptosis (9)
- Research article (9)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (9)
- phylogeny (9)
- Cancer (8)
- Haloferax volcanii (8)
- Inflammation (8)
- Membrane proteins (8)
- apoptosis (8)
- membrane proteins (8)
- reactive oxygen species (8)
- Archaea (7)
- Biogeography (7)
- Evolution (7)
- Membrane Proteins (7)
- climate change (7)
- hippocampus (7)
- morphology (7)
- oxidative stress (7)
- Biophysical chemistry (6)
- C. elegans (6)
- Cyanobacteria (6)
- E2 enzyme (6)
- Microbiology (6)
- Optogenetics (6)
- Oxidative stress (6)
- Phylogeny (6)
- TRACT (6)
- exotic (6)
- functional traits (6)
- fungi (6)
- gene expression (6)
- global change (6)
- invasion (6)
- new species (6)
- oligomerization (6)
- rna (6)
- signal transduction (6)
- temperature (6)
- Acinetobacter baumannii (5)
- Bacterial structural biology (5)
- Basidiomycota (5)
- Biodiversität (5)
- Biophysics and structural biology (5)
- COVID-19 (5)
- COVID19-NMR (5)
- Conservation biology (5)
- DNA (5)
- Ecology (5)
- Enzyme mechanisms (5)
- Fungi (5)
- Mass spectrometry (5)
- Metabolic engineering (5)
- Photorhabdus (5)
- Protein Structure (5)
- Proteins (5)
- Solution-state NMR (5)
- Streptomyces hydrogenans (5)
- Thermophile (5)
- adaptation (5)
- alien species (5)
- angiogenesis (5)
- antibiotic resistance (5)
- archaea (5)
- bioenergetics (5)
- biogeography (5)
- biological invasions (5)
- cancer (5)
- cell death (5)
- drug discovery (5)
- ecosystem services (5)
- endothelial cells (5)
- fluorescence (5)
- invasive species (5)
- mass spectrometry (5)
- membrane protein (5)
- mice (5)
- microRNA (5)
- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (5)
- p63 (5)
- protein degradation (5)
- quality control (5)
- synaptic plasticity (5)
- ABC Transporter (4)
- ABC transporter (4)
- Acetogenesis (4)
- Adhesion (4)
- Aging (4)
- Alien species (4)
- Alzheimer’s disease (4)
- Ascomycota (4)
- Autophagy (4)
- Biosecurity (4)
- Biosynthesis (4)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (4)
- Cellular microbiology (4)
- Climate change (4)
- Community ecology (4)
- Computational models (4)
- Cortex (4)
- DNA-PAINT (4)
- Electron Transfer (4)
- Genetics (4)
- Hippocampus (4)
- ISGylation (4)
- Image processing (4)
- Immunology (4)
- Invasive species (4)
- Metabolism (4)
- Mitophagy (4)
- Molecular biology (4)
- NADPH oxidase (4)
- Natural products (4)
- Photosynthesis (4)
- Plants (4)
- Protein Translocation (4)
- Proteine (4)
- Proteomics (4)
- Solution NMR spectroscopy (4)
- Solution NMR-spectroscopy (4)
- Synechococcus (4)
- West Africa (4)
- Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (4)
- Yeast (4)
- alternative splicing (4)
- bacteria (4)
- bioinformatics (4)
- biophysics (4)
- cGMP (4)
- desiccation (4)
- dispersal (4)
- evolution (4)
- homeostasis (4)
- impact (4)
- land use (4)
- long non-coding RNA (4)
- mTOR (4)
- macrophage (4)
- mammals (4)
- management (4)
- microglia (4)
- migration (4)
- molecular dynamics (4)
- mouse (4)
- nature conservation (4)
- neurodegeneration (4)
- phosphorylation (4)
- polyploidy (4)
- proteasome (4)
- protein folding (4)
- protein structure (4)
- proteins (4)
- proteomics (4)
- rat (4)
- reptiles (4)
- rhodesain (4)
- ribosome (4)
- savanna (4)
- speciation (4)
- species richness (4)
- stress (4)
- tumor microenvironment (4)
- ubiquitin (4)
- yeast (4)
- 5-lipoxygenase (3)
- 5′-UTR (3)
- ABC transporters (3)
- ATPases (3)
- Acetogen (3)
- Alien (3)
- Angiogenesis (3)
- Antigen Processing (3)
- Arabidopsis (3)
- Atomic force microscopy (3)
- Bacteria (3)
- Biocatalysis (3)
- Biochemie (3)
- Biohydrogen (3)
- Canary Islands (3)
- Carotenoids (3)
- Cell cycle (3)
- Chromatin (3)
- Comparative genomics (3)
- Computational biophysics (3)
- Computational chemistry (3)
- Covid19-NMR (3)
- Crustacea (3)
- Cryo-electron microscopy (3)
- Downy mildew (3)
- Drought (3)
- E. coli (3)
- EGFR (3)
- EPR (3)
- Embryos (3)
- Endothelial cells (3)
- Endothelium (3)
- Entomology (3)
- Europe (3)
- G-quadruplexes (3)
- High-throughput screening (3)
- Hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (3)
- Hydrogenase (3)
- Immunologie (3)
- Ixodes ricinus (3)
- Kinetics (3)
- LILBID-MS (3)
- LTP (3)
- Light-sheet microscopy (3)
- Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition (3)
- Lymantria dispar (3)
- MHC (3)
- MICOS (3)
- Marine Diatoms (3)
- Membrane Transport (3)
- Metalloenzymes (3)
- Microplastic (3)
- Migration (3)
- Modification (3)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3)
- NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (3)
- NMR-Spektroskopie (3)
- Naturschutz (3)
- Neuroscience (3)
- Non-coding RNA (3)
- Non-structural protein (3)
- Oomycetes (3)
- Oxidoreductases (3)
- PROTAC (3)
- Parkinson’s disease (3)
- Permeation and transport (3)
- Phosphorylation (3)
- Photooxidation (3)
- Photosynthese (3)
- Photosystem II (3)
- Pigmentation (3)
- Polymers (3)
- Protein folding (3)
- Proteinfaltung (3)
- RNA processing (3)
- RNA sequencing (3)
- Rhabdomyosarcoma (3)
- Saccharomyces (3)
- Sensory processing (3)
- Signaling (3)
- Southern Ocean (3)
- Species distribution modelling (3)
- Structural biology (3)
- Synapses (3)
- Taxonomy (3)
- Thermoanaerobacter kivui (3)
- Thermophiles (3)
- Thermus thermophilus (3)
- Tools and resources (3)
- Transcriptome (3)
- Transcriptomics (3)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (3)
- Transport (3)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (3)
- Ubiquitination (3)
- Wood–Ljungdahl pathway (3)
- XIAP (3)
- Xenorhabdus (3)
- Yarrowia lipolytica (3)
- Zea mays (3)
- acetyl-CoA (3)
- actin (3)
- adult neurogenesis (3)
- allostery (3)
- amphibians (3)
- amplicon sequencing (3)
- amyloid precursor protein (3)
- antigen presentation (3)
- base pairing (3)
- bats (3)
- biochemistry (3)
- biofilm (3)
- biological invasion (3)
- biosynthesis (3)
- cardiolipin (3)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (3)
- cell biology (3)
- cell migration (3)
- colonisation (3)
- community ecology (3)
- compatible solutes (3)
- cristae (3)
- cryo-EM (3)
- decision making (3)
- decomposition (3)
- development (3)
- drug design (3)
- dynamics (3)
- extracellular matrix (3)
- fermentation (3)
- genomics (3)
- histone modifications (3)
- host specificity (3)
- hydrogen storage (3)
- hypoxia (3)
- iCLIP (3)
- introduction (3)
- kinetics (3)
- mRNA (3)
- macrophage polarization (3)
- membrane protein complex (3)
- membrane transport (3)
- metabolism (3)
- microbiome (3)
- mitophagy (3)
- molecular phylogenetics (3)
- monitoring (3)
- morphogenesis (3)
- natural products (3)
- new taxa (3)
- nomenclature (3)
- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (3)
- pain (3)
- pathway (3)
- pest risk mapping (3)
- photochemistry (3)
- photosynthesis (3)
- phylogenomics (3)
- polyketide synthase (3)
- protein synthesis (3)
- receptor (3)
- regulation (3)
- respiratory chain (3)
- rhodopsin (3)
- runs of homozygosity (3)
- saprotrophic (3)
- single-particle tracking (3)
- small protein (3)
- solid-state NMR (3)
- species distribution model (3)
- structure elucidation (3)
- structure–activity relationships (3)
- systematics (3)
- systems biology (3)
- transcription (3)
- uncertainty (3)
- zebrafish (3)
- 14CO2 Fixation (2)
- 20β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (2)
- 3D reconstruction and image processing (2)
- 6-shogaol (2)
- A. thaliana (2)
- ABC-Transporter (2)
- ADAM15 (2)
- AF4 (2)
- AJAP1 (2)
- AMPA receptors (2)
- ATP (2)
- Acetobacterium woodii (2)
- Acetogenic bacteria (2)
- Acinetobacter (2)
- Acridine Orange (2)
- Adaptation (2)
- Aesculus hippocastanum (2)
- African Sleeping Sickness (2)
- Afrique de l'Ouest (2)
- Aloe (2)
- Alternative splicing (2)
- Amino Acid Pools (2)
- Anaerobes (2)
- Angiogenese (2)
- Anthropocene (2)
- Antibiotic Resistance (2)
- Antimicrobial resistance (2)
- Arzneimitteldesign (2)
- Asphodelaceae (2)
- BIOfid (2)
- Babesia divergens (2)
- Babesia microti (2)
- Bacterial physiology (2)
- Baltic Sea (2)
- Bartonella henselae (2)
- Basidiomycetes (2)
- Bavaria (2)
- Begriff (2)
- Benthos (2)
- Bioaccumulation (2)
- Biofuel (2)
- Biological control (2)
- Biological invasions (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Biomarkers (2)
- Biophysics (2)
- Biotechnology (2)
- Birds (2)
- Bleaching Herbicides (2)
- Blutgefäßsystem (2)
- Breast cancer (2)
- Brownian dynamics simulation (2)
- CXCR4 (2)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (2)
- Calliphoridae (2)
- Cameraria ohridella (2)
- Carbohydrates (2)
- Carbon capture (2)
- Cell Biology (2)
- Cell Surface Receptor (2)
- Cell death and immune response (2)
- Cell migration (2)
- Cell signalling (2)
- Cellular Immune Response (2)
- Central America (2)
- Central Europe (2)
- Cezanne (2)
- Chemical tools (2)
- Chemistry (2)
- Chlorophyll (2)
- Chloroplast (2)
- Climate (2)
- Coenzyme A (2)
- Coevolution (2)
- Coleoptera (2)
- Complexome profiling (2)
- Computational biology and bioinformatics (2)
- Connectomics (2)
- Consolidation (2)
- Crude oil (2)
- Cryo-em (2)
- Cryoelectron tomography (2)
- Crystal Structure (2)
- Crystallography (2)
- Cytochrome Oxidase (2)
- DNA Transformation (2)
- DNA transporter (2)
- DNA uptake (2)
- DYRK1A (2)
- Depth (2)
- Desiccation resistance (2)
- Development (2)
- Developmental biology (2)
- Dicarboxylic acids (2)
- Dioscorea (2)
- Diseases (2)
- Dispersal (2)
- Dopamine (2)
- Drug discovery (2)
- E3 ligase (2)
- EPR spectroscopy (2)
- ER (2)
- ER stress (2)
- ERAD (2)
- Ecological modelling (2)
- Ecosystem services (2)
- Ecotoxicogenomics (2)
- Ecotoxicology (2)
- Electroencephalography – EEG (2)
- Electron Bifurcation (2)
- Electron Transport (2)
- Electron transport chain (2)
- Electrophysiology (2)
- Endocrine disruption (2)
- Endoplasmic reticulum (2)
- Endothelin (2)
- Energy Conservation (2)
- Energy Metabolism (2)
- Energy conservation (2)
- Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) (2)
- Environmental sciences (2)
- Enzym (2)
- Enzyme Induction (2)
- Enzyme Mechanisms (2)
- Escherichia coli (2)
- Exotic species (2)
- F1Fo-ATP-synthase (2)
- Fagus sylvatica (2)
- Flavoproteins (2)
- Fluoreszenz (2)
- Formate dehydrogenase (2)
- Freshwater (2)
- Fusarium (2)
- G protein-coupled receptors (2)
- G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (2)
- G-Quadruplex (2)
- G-protein coupled receptor (2)
- G-protein-coupled receptors (2)
- GABARAP (2)
- GC-MS (2)
- GEMs (2)
- GPCR (2)
- GRIP1 (2)
- Gene Regulation (2)
- Gene expression (2)
- Gene regulation (2)
- Gene therapy (2)
- Generic Impact Scoring System (GISS) (2)
- Genetic engineering (2)
- Genetic variation (2)
- Glyptapanteles liparidis (2)
- Golgi (2)
- HCV (2)
- HLA class I (2)
- Heart (2)
- Heme (2)
- Heterologe Genexpression (2)
- Homology (2)
- Host-parasite interaction (2)
- Hydrogen production (2)
- Hydrogen storage (2)
- Hypoxia (2)
- IAPs (2)
- ISGlyation (2)
- ITS (2)
- Infectious diseases (2)
- Innate Immunity (2)
- Innate immunity (2)
- Insects (2)
- Integrin (2)
- Interleukin (2)
- Ion transport (2)
- Iron-Sulfur Protein (2)
- Ischemia (2)
- Kinase (2)
- Kinetik (2)
- Kristallographie (2)
- LC3 (2)
- LINE-1 (2)
- Land cover (2)
- Licht-Sammel-Komplex (2)
- Light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy (2)
- Lipid peroxidation (2)
- Lymphocytes (2)
- Lysozyme (2)
- MET (2)
- MET receptor (2)
- MLL (2)
- Macrotermes (2)
- Magnetische Kernresonanz (2)
- Malpighiales (2)
- MaxEnt (2)
- Mechanisms of disease (2)
- Medicinal chemistry (2)
- Mediterranean (2)
- Membrane (2)
- Membrane Biogenesis (2)
- Membrane Protein (2)
- Membrane biophysics (2)
- Membrane fusion (2)
- Membrane protein (2)
- Membranes (2)
- Membranproteine (2)
- Metabolic Engineering (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 (2)
- Microbial ecology (2)
- Mitochondrial Transport (2)
- Mitosis (2)
- Model (2)
- Molecular dynamics simulation (2)
- Molecular neuroscience (2)
- Molekulardesign (2)
- Molekülstruktur (2)
- Morphogenesis (2)
- Multianalyte detection (2)
- Multidrug Transporters (2)
- Multiphoton microscopy (2)
- NADH-Dehydrogenase <Ubichinon> (2)
- NASH (2)
- NS3 (2)
- NS5A (2)
- Na+ transport (2)
- NanoBRET (2)
- Neotropis (2)
- Neural circuits (2)
- Neuronal Differentiation (2)
- Neuronale Plastizität (2)
- Neurons (2)
- Non-REM sleep (2)
- Non-invasive sampling (2)
- Operons (2)
- PBPK (2)
- PELDOR (2)
- PI3K (2)
- Pantothenate (2)
- Parasitic infection (2)
- Parkinson disease (2)
- Peptides and proteins (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Petri net (2)
- Pflanzenphysiologie (2)
- Photodynamic Effect (2)
- Photosynthetic Reaction Center (2)
- Phycocyanin-Free Lamellae (2)
- Phylogenetics (2)
- Plastics (2)
- Polyporales (2)
- Positive selection (2)
- Potamopyrgus antipodarum (2)
- Prion (2)
- Prionprotein (2)
- Promoter (2)
- Proteasome (2)
- Protein Domains (2)
- Protein drugability (2)
- Protein translation (2)
- Protein-Protein Interactions (2)
- Proteostasis (2)
- Pseudomonas (2)
- Psychology (2)
- Quinones (2)
- RNA helicase (2)
- RNA stability (2)
- RNA structure (2)
- RNA-binding protein (2)
- RNA-binding proteins (2)
- RND (2)
- RNS (2)
- Radiotherapy (2)
- Reactive oxygen species (2)
- Redoxin (2)
- Respiratory chain (2)
- Risk assessment (2)
- S. cerevisiae (2)
- S1P receptors (2)
- SL1 (2)
- SNP (2)
- SRSF3 (2)
- SRSF7 (2)
- Salinity (2)
- Secondary metabolism (2)
- Secondary metabolites (2)
- Secretin (2)
- Senescence (2)
- Sensitivity (2)
- Signal Transduction (2)
- Single molecule force spectroscopy (2)
- Singlet Oxygen (2)
- Small molecules (2)
- Solanum lycopersicum (2)
- Sowjetunion (2)
- Spectroscopy (2)
- Statistical distributions (2)
- Stress response (2)
- Strukturaufklärung (2)
- Sulfolobus solfataricus (2)
- Symbiosis (2)
- Synaptic transmission (2)
- Synchron Cultures (2)
- Synthesis gas (2)
- Systematics (2)
- Target validation (2)
- Terpenes (2)
- Testosterone (2)
- Thaumatotibia leucotreta (2)
- Thermus (2)
- TolC (2)
- Toxicity (2)
- Transcription factors (2)
- Translation (2)
- Transporters (2)
- Triatominae (2)
- Tribolium castaneum (2)
- Trypanosoma brucei (2)
- UBA5 (2)
- UFM1 (2)
- UV-B Stress (2)
- Ubiquitin (2)
- Ubiquitin Ligase (2)
- Ustilaginomycotina (2)
- Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft (2)
- Vernadskij, Vladimir Ivanovič (2)
- WAF (2)
- Westafrika (2)
- Wirkstoff-Rezeptor-Bindung (2)
- Wirtspflanzen (2)
- X-ray Crystallography (2)
- Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (2)
- Zebrafish (2)
- Zingiber officinale Roscoe (2)
- acetogen (2)
- acetogenic bacteria (2)
- acetogens (2)
- acetylcholine (2)
- additive manufacturing (2)
- adenine (2)
- ageing (2)
- alien (2)
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (2)
- ankyrin (2)
- antibacterial activity (2)
- antibiotics (2)
- antigen processing (2)
- aroma (2)
- artificial intelligence (2)
- atherosclerosis (2)
- auditory cortex (2)
- autoinhibition (2)
- binding sites (2)
- biodiversity conservation (2)
- biodiversity protection (2)
- biodiversity research (2)
- biological control (2)
- biosecurity (2)
- biotic resistance (2)
- bladder cancer (2)
- cAMP (2)
- carbon capture (2)
- cardiovascular disease (2)
- cell-free expression (2)
- channelrhodopsin (2)
- checklist (2)
- cholesterol (2)
- chondrocytes (2)
- click chemistry (2)
- climate (2)
- color (2)
- community assembly (2)
- comparative genomics (2)
- computational chemistry (2)
- computational modeling (2)
- connectedness to nature (2)
- connection to nature (2)
- conservation funding (2)
- conservation planning (2)
- cost (2)
- cox2 (2)
- cryo-electron microscopy (2)
- crystal structure (2)
- curcumin (2)
- data science (2)
- deletion mutant (2)
- demography (2)
- dentate gyrus (2)
- deubiquitinase (DUB) (2)
- diabetic nephropathy (2)
- diversity (2)
- docking domains (2)
- dorsal root ganglia (2)
- drug resistance (2)
- economy (2)
- eicosanoid (2)
- electron cryo-microscopy (2)
- electron cryo-tomography (2)
- electrophysiology (2)
- elevational gradient (2)
- endocrine disruption (2)
- endocrine disruptor (2)
- endothelial cell (2)
- energy (2)
- entropy (2)
- environmental DNA (2)
- environmental behavior (2)
- environmental knowledge (2)
- epidermis (2)
- erythrocyte (2)
- evolutionary biology (2)
- exosomes (2)
- exotic species (2)
- extracellular vesicles (2)
- extremophile (2)
- faunal survey (2)
- fibrosis (2)
- fitness (2)
- fluorine (2)
- forest management (2)
- functional (2)
- gamma oscillations (2)
- gene conversion (2)
- gene therapy (2)
- genetic diversity (2)
- genetic engineering (2)
- genetic variability (2)
- glucose (2)
- habitat tradition (2)
- heart (2)
- heat stress (2)
- helix (snails) (2)
- hemolysis (2)
- herpetofauna (2)
- high temperature (2)
- high throughput (2)
- histamine (2)
- human (2)
- hybridization (2)
- hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (2)
- immunology (2)
- in vitro (2)
- inhibitor (2)
- innate immunity (2)
- intrinsically disordered protein (2)
- invasion biology (2)
- ion channel (2)
- isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) (2)
- isotope labeling (2)
- leukodystrophy (2)
- lichens (2)
- lifespan (2)
- ligand binding (2)
- lipid metabolism (2)
- lipidomics (2)
- long-term potentiation (2)
- longevity (2)
- low-dose effects (2)
- lymphocytes (2)
- mTORC1 (2)
- machine learning (2)
- machine-learning (2)
- maladaptation (2)
- malaria (2)
- mannitol (2)
- membrane (2)
- membrane fluidity (2)
- membrane structure (2)
- metabarcoding (2)
- metabolomics (2)
- metals (2)
- metastasis (2)
- methyltransferase (2)
- miRNA (2)
- microbial rhodopsin (2)
- microsatellites (2)
- microscopy (2)
- microtubule-targeting agents (2)
- mitogen-activated protein kinase (2)
- modelling (2)
- molecular machines (2)
- molecular modeling (2)
- molecular phylogeny (2)
- molecular systematics (2)
- monocytes (2)
- movement (2)
- multienzyme (2)
- multiple sclerosis (2)
- mushroom (2)
- mycorrhiza (2)
- neuropathy (2)
- neuroscience (2)
- nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (2)
- nitric oxide (2)
- nociception (2)
- non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (2)
- non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (2)
- non-structural proteins (2)
- nuclear receptor (2)
- oligomerisation (2)
- oligonucleotides (2)
- open access (2)
- optogenetics (2)
- orthology (2)
- oxidative phosphorylation (2)
- parasitoid (2)
- pathways (2)
- peptide-loading complex (2)
- peroxisomes (2)
- phagocytosis (2)
- photocycle (2)
- plasmid copy number (2)
- polymers (2)
- population genetics (2)
- population genomics (2)
- population structure (2)
- post-2020 biodiversity targets (2)
- pre-mRNA (2)
- predation (2)
- prefrontal cortex (2)
- presenilin-1 (2)
- presynaptic active zone (2)
- prioritisation (2)
- programmed cell death (2)
- propagule pressure (2)
- prostaglandin (2)
- protein assembly (2)
- protein evolution (2)
- protein phosphorylation (2)
- protein targeting (2)
- protein turnover (2)
- protein-protein interaction (2)
- proteolysis systems (2)
- proteostasis (2)
- pseudouridylation (2)
- quorum sensing (2)
- receptor tyrosine kinase (2)
- reductases (2)
- resistance (2)
- resistance mutation (2)
- respiratory complex I (2)
- retrovirus (2)
- review (2)
- risk (2)
- risk assessment (2)
- roots (2)
- sRNA (2)
- salinity (2)
- senescence (2)
- serine protease (NS3-4A) (2)
- single-molecule FRET (2)
- single-molecule localization microscopy (2)
- small proteins (2)
- smut fungi (2)
- snoRNA (2)
- soluble epoxide hydrolase (2)
- species diversity (2)
- spinal cord (2)
- stakeholder (2)
- strategic site selection (2)
- stroke (2)
- structure determination (2)
- subtomogram averaging (2)
- swarming (2)
- symbiosis (2)
- synapse (2)
- synaptic scaling (2)
- tRNA splicing (2)
- tetracycline (2)
- text mining (2)
- thrombin (2)
- thromboxane (2)
- tissue engineering (2)
- tourism (2)
- trafficking (2)
- transcription factors (2)
- transcriptional regulation (2)
- transcriptome (2)
- transdisciplinarity (2)
- translation initiation (2)
- trophic interactions (2)
- vascular endothelial cells (2)
- vasculogenesis (2)
- virtual screening (2)
- virulence factor (2)
- virus (2)
- viruses (2)
- visual cortex (2)
- von Willebrand factor (2)
- zymogen (2)
- µ-protein (2)
- Ökologie (2)
- (lyso)phospholipids (1)
- 1 new taxon (1)
- 1,2,3-Triazoles (1)
- 1,4-naphthoquinone (1)
- 1-octanol (1)
- 14C- and 15N-Assimilation (1)
- 14C-Labeled Terpenoids (1)
- 15N-Labelled Amino Acids (1)
- 16S barcodes (1)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 17a-ethinylestradiol (1)
- 18S rRNA gene (1)
- 19F (1)
- 19F NMR shifts for fluoroarenes (1)
- 1H NMR; Conformational Properties (1)
- 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (1)
- 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol (1)
- 2-Oxoglutarate oxygenases (1)
- 2-aminobenzimidazole (1)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose (1)
- 20 β-Activity (1)
- 2D NMR spectroscopy (1)
- 2cpsdummy′-O-ribose-methylation (1)
- 2′,3′-cGAMP (1)
- 2′-O-methylation (1)
- 3' UTR (1)
- 3,17 β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (1)
- 3,4-DCA; biotransformation (1)
- 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (1)
- 3-MA (1)
- 3-alkylphenols (1)
- 3C protease(3Cpro) (1)
- 3D EM (1)
- 3D cell culture (1)
- 3D culture (1)
- 3D image analysis (1)
- 3T3-L1 mouse fibroblasts (1)
- 3′UTR length (1)
- 4,4’-dihydroxy-nostoxanthin (1)
- 4,4’-diketo-nostoxanthin (1)
- 4-Methoxyzimtaldehyd (1)
- 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCA) (1)
- 5'-UTR (1)
- 5-Hydroxyaloin A (1)
- 5-Lipoxygenase (1)
- 5-lipoxygenase; (1)
- 5_SL4 (1)
- 6-Methylsalicylic acid decarboxylase (1)
- 6-Methylsalicylic acid synthase (1)
- 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (1)
- 9-aminoacridine (1)
- A498 cells (1)
- AAA+ disaggregase (1)
- ABC proteins, ribosome recycling (1)
- ABE fermentation (1)
- ABR (1)
- ACE inhibitor (1)
- ACPM (1)
- AChE (1)
- AChE inhibition (1)
- AD patients (1)
- ADAR (1)
- ADCD (1)
- ADP (1)
- AEC syndrome (1)
- AF4–MLL (1)
- AFLP (1)
- AGMO (1)
- ALE (1)
- AML – acute myeloid leukemia (1)
- AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) (1)
- AMPK (1)
- AMPK, nuclear receptors, PPAR, LXR, fatty acid oxidation, ABCA1, human macrophages (1)
- ANOSIM (1)
- APA (1)
- APM (1)
- AT1 receptor antagonist (1)
- ATG24 (1)
- ATG4 (1)
- ATG8 (1)
- ATM (1)
- ATM-ATR (1)
- ATP binding (1)
- ATP synthase (1)
- ATP synthesis (1)
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter (ABC) (1)
- ATP-citrate lyase (1)
- ATPase (1)
- Ab initio calculations (1)
- Abies alba (1)
- Absolute quantification (1)
- Absorption Spectra (1)
- Absorption modeling (1)
- Abundance (1)
- Accessory olfactory system (1)
- Acclimatisation Societies (1)
- Acetobacterium (1)
- Acetogenic metabolism (1)
- Acetyl-CoA (1)
- Acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (1)
- Acid ceramiase (1)
- Acid transporters (1)
- Acidic Amino Acids (1)
- Ackerschmalwand (1)
- Acoustic signals (1)
- Actin-bindende Proteine (1)
- Action potentials (1)
- Activation markers (1)
- Active Particles (1)
- Activity-silent (1)
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (1)
- Acute inflammation (1)
- Acute leukemia, chromosomal translocation, MLL, KMT2A, AF4-MLL, reciprocal fusion protein, MLL-r leukemia, (1)
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (1)
- Acute toxicity (1)
- Adaptive dynamics (1)
- Adaptive management (1)
- Adeno associated virus (1)
- Adenosine (1)
- Adherence junctions (1)
- Advanced treatment technologies (1)
- Aedes (1)
- Aedes aegypti (1)
- Aedes albopictus (1)
- Aeroplysinin-1 (1)
- Aerosol (1)
- Affinity Chromatography (1)
- Affinity Labeling (1)
- Africa (1)
- Afrika (1)
- Agapetes (1)
- Agaricales (1)
- Agaricomycotina (1)
- Agarics (1)
- Agent-based Model (1)
- Agent-based modeling (1)
- Aging Phenomenon (1)
- Agonist selection (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Agroecology (1)
- Agyriales (1)
- Aichi targets (1)
- Aiolochroia crassa (1)
- Air Pollutants (1)
- Akt-mTOR signaling (1)
- Akute lymphoblastische Leukämie (1)
- Alburnoides bipunctatus (1)
- Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 (1)
- Alcohol (1)
- Alcohol dehydrogenase (1)
- Alcohols (1)
- Aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (1)
- Aleyrodidae (1)
- Algen (1)
- Alien flora (1)
- Alien trees (1)
- Alignment <Biochemie> (1)
- Alkylation of RNA (1)
- Allergenic species (1)
- Allergie (1)
- Allergy (1)
- Allochromatium vinosum (1)
- Alphaproteobacteria (1)
- Alternate hydrophobicity (1)
- Alterung (1)
- Altitudinal (1)
- Alu elements (1)
- Alveolar macrophages (1)
- Alzheimer's disease (1)
- Ameisen (1)
- Ameisenpflanzen (1)
- Amino Acids (1)
- Amino acid pattern (1)
- Aminosäurensequenz (1)
- Ammonium Chloride (1)
- Amphibian (1)
- Amphipod (1)
- Amphisphaeriales (1)
- Amyloid proteins (1)
- Anabaena flos-aquae (1)
- Anacystis (1)
- Anaerobic bacteria (1)
- Anamorphic fungi (1)
- Anandamide (1)
- Androgen (1)
- Androst-4-en-3,17-dione (1)
- Animal Behavior (1)
- Animal flight (1)
- Animal physiology (1)
- Animal replacement (1)
- Animal sociality (1)
- Anion Transport System (1)
- Anion and Zwitterion Transport (1)
- Anisakidae (1)
- Anisotropy (1)
- Annotation (1)
- Annual density fluctuation (1)
- Antarctic marine sponges (1)
- Antarctic parasites (1)
- Antarctica (1)
- Anthraquinones (1)
- Anthropozän (1)
- Anti-inflammatory (1)
- Anti-viral activity (1)
- Antibiotics and Metabolite Export (1)
- Antigen carrier (1)
- Antigen processing and presentation (1)
- Antigens (1)
- Antigens/Peptides/Epitopes (1)
- Antioxidants (1)
- Antisense RNA (1)
- Antisense agents (1)
- Antiviral activity (1)
- Ants (1)
- Aphanomyces astaci (1)
- Aphis fabae (1)
- Aphodiinae (1)
- Apical Vesicular Transport (1)
- Apis mellifera (1)
- ApoER2 (1)
- Apoptose (1)
- Applied microbiology (1)
- Apriona germari (1)
- Apterygota (1)
- Aquaporin (1)
- Aquilegia (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana metabolism (1)
- Arabinogalactan-proteins (1)
- Aradidae (1)
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1)
- Arc protein (1)
- Archaebacterial Lipids (1)
- Archebacterial Lipids (1)
- Arginine (1)
- Armadillo repeat protein (1)
- Aromatase (1)
- Arten-Umwelt-Beziehung (1)
- Artendiversität (1)
- Arthropod (1)
- Artificial feeding bioassays (1)
- Aspergillus (1)
- Aspergillus nidulans (1)
- Assignment (1)
- Assimilation of 15N-Nitrate (1)
- Astaxanthin Synthase (1)
- Asymmetrie Reconstitution (1)
- Atakora mountain chain (1)
- Atg8 (1)
- Atlantic forest (1)
- Atrazine (1)
- Attention (1)
- Auditory midbrain (1)
- Aufreinigung (1)
- Aurora kinases (1)
- Ausbreitung (1)
- Australian weed risk assessment (1)
- Autecology (1)
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (1)
- Autism Spectrum disorder (1)
- Autoimmune vasculopathy (1)
- Autoinducer-2 (1)
- Autologous biomaterial (1)
- Automated sRNA analysis (1)
- Automobile Exhaust (1)
- Autophagic cell death (1)
- Avian Clock gene (1)
- Axonal tracing (1)
- Axoninitialsegment (1)
- Axons (1)
- Azide (1)
- B-Lymphozyt (1)
- B-cell lymphoma (1)
- B. subtilis (1)
- BACE1 (1)
- BC central coast (1)
- BDNF (1)
- BET inhibitor (1)
- BET proteins (1)
- BH3 mimetics (1)
- BMP signaling (1)
- BMR (1)
- BPTI (1)
- BRAF (1)
- BRCAl (1)
- BRG1 (1)
- Babesia venatorum (1)
- Bacillariaphyceae (1)
- Bacillus (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Background expression (1)
- Backscattering (1)
- Bacterial Metabolism (1)
- Bacterial Protein Kinases (1)
- Bacterial Protein Phosphatases (1)
- Bacterial Signal Transduction (1)
- Bacterial abundance (1)
- Bacterial genes (1)
- Bacterial genetics (1)
- Bacteriology (1)
- Bacteriophages (1)
- BadA, (1)
- Bahawalnagar (1)
- Baleen whales (1)
- Baltic glaciation (1)
- Band 3 Protein (1)
- Bartonella adhesin A (1)
- Bartonella grahamii (1)
- Bartonella schoenbuchensis (1)
- Base Catalysis (1)
- Baseline toxicity (1)
- Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (1)
- Bats (1)
- Batten disease (1)
- Bayes-Lernen (1)
- Bcl-2 (1)
- Bean plataspid (1)
- Beauveria (1)
- Behavior (1)
- Behaviour (1)
- Behavioural ecology (1)
- Bemisia tabaci (1)
- Benin (1)
- Benthic environment (1)
- Bestandsstruktur (1)
- Bestäuberanlockung (1)
- Beta-diversity (1)
- Beta-sheet (1)
- Bevorratung (1)
- Bidirectional connections (1)
- Big Data (1)
- Biglycan (1)
- Binding kinetic (1)
- BioFrankfurt (1)
- BioID (1)
- Bioacoustics (1)
- Biochemical simulations (1)
- Biochemistry and chemical biology (1)
- Biodiversity asset (1)
- Biodiversity conservation (1)
- Biodiversity loss (1)
- Biodiversity tools and pipelines (1)
- Bioenergetics/Electron Transfer Complex (1)
- Bioengineering (1)
- Bioequivalence (1)
- Bioethanol (1)
- Biofuels (1)
- Biogeochemie (1)
- Biogeocoenosis (1)
- Biogeographical comparisons (1)
- Biogeographical representativeness (1)
- Biogeographie (1)
- Biogeography of disease (1)
- Biological Activity (1)
- Biological Sciences (1)
- Biological physics (1)
- Biological techniques (1)
- Biologie (1)
- Biomass monitoring (1)
- Biomaterials – proteins (1)
- Biomechanik (1)
- Biomedical informatics (1)
- Biomonitoring (1)
- Biophysical Chemistry (1)
- Biophysik (1)
- Biopolymers in vivo (1)
- Bioprocess automation (1)
- Biopysikalische Chemie (1)
- Bioreactor (1)
- Biorecognition strategies (1)
- Biosphäre (1)
- Biotechnologie (1)
- Biotest (1)
- Biotic homogenization (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Biotin (1)
- Biotransformation (1)
- Biowaiver (1)
- Biozönose (1)
- Bird flight (1)
- Bis-azido-NAD+ Analog (1)
- Bisphenol A (1)
- Biting midges (1)
- Black Lipid Membrane (1)
- Black mildews (1)
- Blastocysts (1)
- Blech- und Metallwarenindustrie (1)
- Blinatumomab (1)
- Blood sampling (1)
- Blut (1)
- Blutgefäß (1)
- Blütenduftsoff (1)
- Blütensignale (1)
- Bodenkrusten (1)
- Body burden (1)
- Bogert’s rule (1)
- Bolivia (1)
- Bombus vestalis (1)
- Borrelia (1)
- Bos taurus (1)
- Boswelliasäuren (1)
- Botanik (1)
- Bovidae (1)
- Bovine liver catalase (1)
- Brachiopoda (1)
- Brachiozoa (1)
- Bradyrhizobium (1)
- Brain (1)
- Brain DNA methylation (1)
- Brain-stimulus synchrony (1)
- Brassica napus (1)
- Broken symmetry (1)
- Brudenell River (1)
- Brush Border Formation (1)
- Brustkrebs (1)
- Bryozoa (1)
- Buchenwald (1)
- Buchenwälder (1)
- Buddleja davidii (1)
- Buparlisib (1)
- Buprestidae (1)
- Burkina Faso (1)
- Business strategy in drug development (1)
- Butanol (1)
- Butyrate (1)
- C-mannosylation (1)
- C-reactive protein (1)
- C. grani (1)
- C. radiatus (1)
- C. wailesii (1)
- C19orf70 (1)
- CABG (1)
- CAI-1 (1)
- CAKUT (1)
- CAR-immunotherapy (1)
- CAZy (1)
- CBD (1)
- CCR5 (1)
- CD19 (1)
- CD4 binding site (1)
- CD69 expression (1)
- CDC-42 (1)
- CDK-cyclin axis (1)
- CENP-E (1)
- CEP-1 (1)
- CEST (1)
- CFIm (1)
- CHIP (1)
- CHO cells (1)
- CIDNP (1)
- CLIMEX (1)
- CLP protease (1)
- CLPXP protease (1)
- CNS cancer (1)
- CNV 16p11.2 (1)
- CO2 capture (1)
- CO2 enrichment (1)
- CO2 reduction (1)
- CO2-Anreicherung (1)
- CPE (1)
- CPVT (1)
- CRBN (1)
- CRE-dependent transcription (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 gene conversion (1)
- CRISPR/Cas (1)
- CSO (1)
- CTGF (1)
- CUE domain (1)
- CXCL12 (1)
- CXCL13 (1)
- CXCR5 (1)
- CYP110 (1)
- CaChR1 (1)
- CaMPARI (1)
- Caffeate Respiration (1)
- Calathea (1)
- Calcification (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calcium activated potassium channels (1)
- Calcium calmodulin kinase (1)
- Calcium-aktivierte (1)
- Callistemon (1)
- Calmodulin (1)
- Calosoma sycophanta (1)
- Calstabin2/FKBP12.6 (1)
- Cambio global (1)
- Canada (1)
- Cancer cell migration (1)
- Cancer genomics (1)
- Cancer microenvironment (1)
- Cancer stem cells (1)
- Candida (1)
- Canis lupus (1)
- Canis lupus familiaris (1)
- Canopy height model (1)
- Cantheridin (1)
- Caprylic acid (1)
- Capsule Synthesis (1)
- Carbohydrate active enzymes (1)
- Carbon cycling (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Carboxylic acid reductase (1)
- Cardiac infarction (1)
- Cardiac regeneration (1)
- Cardiovascular disease (1)
- Carnivores (1)
- Carotene Isomerase (1)
- Carotenoid Desaturation (1)
- Carotid injury (1)
- Carpathians (1)
- Carrier-Proteine (1)
- Cartilage (1)
- Cartilage Biology (1)
- Cas9 inhibitor (1)
- Caspase-8 (1)
- Castor bean tick (1)
- Catalase (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Cation Proton Antiporter (1)
- Cation/proton antiport (1)
- Caudate nucleus (1)
- Cdc6; Cdc25; Cdc27-Cdc20/CdhI (1)
- Cell Adhesion (1)
- Cell Death (1)
- Cell Death Program (1)
- Cell Migration (1)
- Cell Motility (1)
- Cell Signaling (1)
- Cell Wall (1)
- Cell adhesion (1)
- Cell assembly (1)
- Cell cortex (1)
- Cell death (1)
- Cell differentiation (1)
- Cell division (1)
- Cell motility (1)
- Cell proliferation (1)
- Cell staining (1)
- Cell-free Protein Synthesis (1)
- Cell-free synthetic biology (1)
- Cellular neuroscience (1)
- Cellular suicide switch (1)
- Cellulase (1)
- Cellulase gene expression (1)
- Cellulases (1)
- Central Germany (1)
- Centric diatom (1)
- Cephalic sensory organs (1)
- Cerambycidae (1)
- Ceramide Synthase (1)
- Ceratopogonidae (1)
- Cercopagis pengoi (1)
- Cercospora (1)
- Cerebral cortex (1)
- Cerebral ischemia (1)
- Cerebral nerves (1)
- Cerrado (1)
- Cetraria aculeata (1)
- ChIP (1)
- Chagas disease (1)
- Channelrhodopsin (1)
- Chaperone (1)
- Chaperone Chaperonin (1)
- Chaperones (1)
- Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (1)
- CheF (1)
- CheY (1)
- Checklist (1)
- Chemical biology (1)
- Chemical contamination (1)
- Chemical dispersant (1)
- Chemical dispersants (1)
- Chemical labeling (1)
- Chemical modification (1)
- Chemical probes (1)
- Chemische Verschiebung (1)
- Chemotaxonomy (1)
- Chicken (1)
- Chicken embryo (1)
- Chickens (1)
- Chikungunya (1)
- Chilean lichens (1)
- China (1)
- Chironomus riparius (1)
- Chlor (1)
- Chlorophyll Formation (1)
- Chlorophyll-a (1)
- Chlorosis (1)
- Chocó rainforest (1)
- Cholesterol (1)
- Chondrocytes (1)
- Chorion (1)
- Chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase (1)
- Chrna7 knockout (1)
- Chromodomains (1)
- Chromones (1)
- Chromosomes and gene expression (1)
- Chronic inflammation (1)
- Chronobiologie (1)
- Chronobiology (1)
- Chrysops (1)
- Cicer arietinum (1)
- Ciona robusta (1)
- Cladistics (1)
- Cladium mariscus (1)
- Cladocera (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Climate-change ecology (1)
- Climatic habitat suitability (1)
- Clock genes (1)
- Cloud forests (1)
- ClpB (1)
- Coccoidea (1)
- Cocconeis diaphana (1)
- Cocconeis dirupta (1)
- Cocconeis molesta (1)
- Cochlea (1)
- Codon models (1)
- Codon-optimization (1)
- Coeloptera (1)
- Coenzym (1)
- Coenzyme Analogue (1)
- Coenzyme Binding (1)
- Cofactors (biochemistry) (1)
- Cofaktor (1)
- Cognitive science (1)
- Colitis assoziate colorectal cancer (1)
- Collagen (1)
- Collective cell migration (1)
- Colombian Andes (1)
- Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Commercial pesticide preparations (1)
- Common ragweed (1)
- Community barcoding (1)
- Community dynamics (1)
- Comparative Genomics (1)
- Comparative analysis (1)
- Compartmentalization (1)
- Competitive vegetation (1)
- Complex Formation (1)
- Complex I (1)
- Complex networks (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Compositional bias (1)
- Computation (1)
- Computational biology (1)
- Computational neuroscience (1)
- Computational sRNA analysis (1)
- Computational science (1)
- Conformational State (1)
- Conformational trapping (1)
- Consciousness (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Conventional T cell selection (1)
- Conventional and unconventional ubiquitination (1)
- Coprini (1)
- Coprophanaeus (1)
- Cordyceps (1)
- Core effectors (1)
- Coronaries (1)
- Cortical circuit (1)
- Corynebacterium glutamicum (1)
- Coscinodiscus concinnus (1)
- Cotycicuiara (1)
- Covid19-nmr (1)
- CoxVa (1)
- Coxsackievirus B3 (1)
- Cre-lox system (1)
- Cretaceous warming (1)
- Croatia (1)
- Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, Malaysia (1)
- Cross-linking (1)
- Cryo-EM (1)
- Cryo-electron Tomography (1)
- CspA (1)
- CspZ (1)
- Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) (1)
- Cucurbita pepo (1)
- Culex pipiens (1)
- Cultivation (1)
- Cumate (1)
- Cuneiform (1)
- Cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- Cy5.5 (1)
- Cyanelolytta sp. (1)
- Cyanobacterium (1)
- Cybertaxonomy (1)
- Cyclooxygenases (1)
- Cyclosporin A (1)
- Cyprinidae (1)
- CysLTR1 (1)
- Cysteine‐Rich Domain (CRD) (1)
- Cytochrome P450 (1)
- Cytochrome c Oxidase (1)
- Cytokine expression (1)
- Cytokines Induction (1)
- Cytological techniques (1)
- Cytoskeleton (1)
- D-Galacturonicacid (1)
- D-xylose fermentation (1)
- D-xylose isomerase (1)
- D. magna (1)
- DAISIE (1)
- DASPMI (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors Shade Adaptation (1)
- DEPDC5 (1)
- DFT (1)
- DIPSHIFT (1)
- DIRAS2 (1)
- DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (1)
- DNA G-quadruplex (1)
- DNA Methylation (1)
- DNA conjugate (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA damage response (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA methylation (1)
- DNA nanopores (1)
- DNA nanostructures (1)
- DNA pulldown (1)
- DNA recognition (1)
- DNA replication (1)
- DNA-LNA mixmers (1)
- DNA-Methylierung (1)
- DNA-PK (1)
- DNA-Specific Labelling (1)
- DNA-based taxonomy (1)
- DNA-binding region (1)
- DNA-ligand complexes (1)
- DNA-protein crosslinks (1)
- DNA-protein-interactions (1)
- DNP (1)
- DUF35 (1)
- DYT1 (1)
- Dahomey Gap (1)
- Dark fermentation (1)
- Data Standard (1)
- Data exploration (1)
- Data management (1)
- Data preprocessing (1)
- Data processing (1)
- Data science (1)
- Data sharing (1)
- Data standard (1)
- Data standards (1)
- Data visualization (1)
- Database (1)
- Datenarchivierung (1)
- Datenmobilisierung (1)
- De novo assembly (1)
- De-Novo-Synthese (1)
- Deanolis sublimbalis (1)
- Decorin (1)
- Deep sea (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Degrader design (1)
- Dehydration (medicine) (1)
- Dehydrogenase (1)
- Dehydrogenases (1)
- Delaunay-Triangulierung (1)
- Delayed Light Emission (1)
- Demersal fish (1)
- Demographic change (1)
- Dendritic Cells (1)
- Dendritic structure (1)
- Dendropaemon (1)
- Dental Tissues (1)
- Dermatitis (1)
- Dermis (1)
- Detergents (1)
- Detergenz (1)
- Deterministische Optimierung (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Deutschland / Abwasserverordnung (1)
- Developmental Biology (1)
- Developmental biology and stem cells (1)
- Developmental programming (1)
- DgkA (1)
- DiI (1)
- DiSSCo (1)
- Diabroctis (1)
- Diabrotica v.virgifera (1)
- Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (1)
- Diadinoxanthin (1)
- Diapause (1)
- Diatomophthora (1)
- Diatoms (1)
- Diauxic effects (1)
- Dicellomyces (1)
- Dicer (1)
- Dickeya (1)
- Dictyostelium (1)
- Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSF) (1)
- Differential Thermoanalysis (1)
- Differential equations (1)
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (1)
- Digital Specimen (1)
- Dihydroxyimidazolidine (1)
- Dimensionsreduktion (1)
- Dimer Yield Ratio (1)
- Dimerization (1)
- Dimerization domain (1)
- Dimethyl maleic anhydride (1)
- Dioecy (1)
- Diosgenin Production (1)
- Diptera (1)
- Direct carbon (1)
- Direct seeding (1)
- Direkteinleiter (1)
- Discovery (1)
- Discs large (1)
- Disease Modeling (1)
- Dispersal Evolution (1)
- Dispersal Polymorphisms (1)
- Dispersal capacity (1)
- Dispersant (1)
- Dissemination (1)
- Dissolution (1)
- Distributed System of Scientific Collections (1)
- Disturbance (1)
- Disturbed habitat (1)
- Disulfide bond (1)
- Disulphide Bridges (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Diversity in trait space (1)
- Diversität (1)
- Docking (1)
- Docking domain (1)
- Domatien (1)
- Domestic animals (1)
- Dormancy (1)
- Dornapparat (1)
- Dorsal root ganglia (1)
- Dothideomycetes (1)
- Dreidimensionale geometrische Modellierung (1)
- Driver (1)
- Drosophila (1)
- Drosophila melanogaster (1)
- Drosophila suzukii (1)
- Drug Discovery (1)
- Drug Resistance (1)
- Drug discovery and development (1)
- Drug resistance (1)
- Drug screening (1)
- Drug targets (1)
- Drug therapy (1)
- Dual targeting (1)
- Duganella (1)
- Dung beetles (1)
- Dvc1 (1)
- Dynamic networks (1)
- Dynamical systems (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- Dynamik (1)
- Dynamin-related-proteins (1)
- E-NTPDase (1)
- E. colo (1)
- E. helleborine (1)
- E2F-responsive genes (1)
- E2F1 (1)
- E3 Ligase (1)
- E3-Ligases (1)
- EAG (1)
- EASIN (1)
- EBV (1)
- EDTA (1)
- EEC syndrome (1)
- EGFP (1)
- EGR1-dependent transcription (1)
- EPR of Copper (II) Complexes with Membrane Proteins (1)
- EQ (1)
- ER-phagy (1)
- ERAL1 (1)
- ERK3 (1)
- EROD (1)
- ERQC (1)
- ESR Spectroscopy (1)
- ESR and Infrared Studies (1)
- Early (prenatal and postnatal) life experiences (1)
- Earthworms (1)
- EcNhaA (1)
- Ech (1)
- Echium (1)
- Echolocation (1)
- Echsen (1)
- Ecocriticism (1)
- Ecological niche modelling (1)
- Ecological speciation (1)
- Ecophysiological model (1)
- Ecophysiology (1)
- Ecosystem Services (1)
- Ecosystem effects (1)
- Ecosystem integrity (1)
- Ecosystems (1)
- Ecotoxicological status class (1)
- Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (1)
- Ectoprocta (1)
- Ectrogella (1)
- Ecuador (1)
- Effect of Copper (II) (1)
- Effector Genes (1)
- Ehrlich pathway (1)
- Eiablage (1)
- Eichen-Hainbuchenwald (1)
- Eisen- (1)
- Eisen-Schwefel-Zentrum N1a (1)
- Electroantennography (1)
- Electron Microscopy (1)
- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (1)
- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) (1)
- Electron transfer (1)
- Electron-bifurcating hydrogenase (1)
- Elektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Elimination of Rho Factor (1)
- Embryo toxicity (1)
- Embryogenesis (1)
- Embryotoxicity (1)
- Emerging contaminants (ECs) (1)
- Emerging insect model organisms (1)
- Empty puparia (1)
- Emx2 (1)
- Ena/VASP proteins (1)
- Endemism (1)
- Endocannabinoid (1)
- Endocannabinoids (1)
- Endocrine disrupter (1)
- Endocrine disruptors (1)
- Endocrine-disrupting compounds (1)
- Endogenous heat load (1)
- Endokrin wirksamer Stoff (1)
- Endokrinologie (1)
- Endoreticulatus (1)
- Endothel (1)
- Endothelial cell (1)
- Endotheliale Vorläuferzellen (1)
- Endothelin B Rezeptor (1)
- Endothelin Receptor B (1)
- Endothelin-Rezeptor (1)
- Endothelzelle (1)
- Endothelzellen (1)
- Energy (1)
- Energy metabolism (1)
- Energy transfer (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Enterobacteriaceae (1)
- Enterovirus 71 (1)
- Entolomataceae (1)
- Entorrhizales (1)
- Entzündung (1)
- Envelope (1)
- Environment (1)
- Environmental biotechnology (1)
- Environmental enrichment (1)
- Environmental factors (1)
- Environmental fate (1)
- Environmental health (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Environmental microbiology (1)
- Environmental partitioning (1)
- Environmental quality (1)
- Environmental risk assessment (1)
- Environmental studies (1)
- Environmental variables (1)
- Enzymaktivität (1)
- Enzymatic hydrolysis (1)
- Enzymatische Regulation (1)
- Enzyme (1)
- Enzyme Kinetics (1)
- Enzyme engineering (1)
- Enzyme-linked immunoassays (1)
- Enzymologie (1)
- Eocene (1)
- Eph receptors (1)
- EphB4 (1)
- Ephippia (1)
- Ephrin ligand (1)
- EphrinB2 (1)
- Epidemiology (1)
- Epigenetics (1)
- Epilepsy (1)
- EpilepsyNon-REM sleep (1)
- Epirrita autumnata (1)
- Epithelioma Cells (1)
- Equilibrium partitioning theory (1)
- Erythrocyte Membrane (1)
- Erythrophagocytosis (1)
- Essential biodiversity variables (1)
- Esters (1)
- Estrogen receptor (1)
- Ethanol fermentation (1)
- Ethiopia (1)
- Ethylmalonyl-CoA (1)
- Eubacterium (1)
- Eucalyptus rust (1)
- Eukaryota (1)
- Eukaryotic sRNA (1)
- European Rabbit (1)
- European Union (1)
- European babesiosis (1)
- European beech (1)
- Europäisches Wildkaninchen (1)
- Eutheria (1)
- Evaluation matrix (1)
- Evolution/Protein (1)
- Evolutionary Biology (1)
- Evolutionary branching (1)
- Evolutionary developmental biology (1)
- Evolutionary ecology (1)
- Evolutionary engineering (1)
- Evolutionary genetics (1)
- Exchange PAINT (1)
- Excitatory balance (1)
- Excretion (1)
- Exitrons (1)
- Export (1)
- Expression analysis (1)
- Extracellular matrix (1)
- Extracellular vesicles (1)
- Extracted sugar beet press pulp (1)
- Extrakt (1)
- Extrapolation (1)
- Extremophile (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- FAD (1)
- FAD synthase (1)
- FAD1 (1)
- FAIR (1)
- FAM134 (1)
- FBDD (1)
- FBS (1)
- FCP (Fucoxanthin-Chlorophyll bindende Proteine) (1)
- FCP (Fucoxanthin-Chlorophyll binding Protein) (1)
- FET (1)
- FF-ATP synthase dimer (1)
- FGF-2 KO (1)
- FGFR (1)
- FIH1 (1)
- FIP1 (1)
- FXIII deficiency (1)
- Fabaceae (1)
- Fabclavine (1)
- Factor H (1)
- Factor XIII (1)
- Fagaceae (1)
- Faltungsdynamik (1)
- Far UV (1)
- Fate (1)
- Fats (1)
- Fatty acid metabolism (1)
- Fatty acid synthase (1)
- Fatty acid synthases (1)
- Fatty alcohol (1)
- FcpA (1)
- Feathers (1)
- Fecundity (1)
- Feeding types (1)
- Felidae (1)
- Feline bartonellosis (1)
- Fermentation (1)
- Ferroptosis (1)
- Fibroblast growth factor (1)
- Fibrosis (1)
- Filamentous fungi (1)
- Fire (1)
- Flagellaten (1)
- Flagellates (1)
- Flavin (1)
- Flavin homeostasis (1)
- Flavin mononucleotide (1)
- Flavin-binding Protein (1)
- Flavone synthase (1)
- Flechten (1)
- Florida (1)
- Fluorene derivatives (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fluorescence Lifetime (1)
- Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- Fluorescence imaging (1)
- Fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Fluorescent Probes (1)
- Fluorescent proteins (1)
- Fluoreszenz <Motiv> (1)
- Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (1)
- Fluoreszenzspektrometer (1)
- Focal Adhesion Kinase (1)
- Focal adhesions (1)
- Folic Acid Antagonists (1)
- Follikuläre dendritische Zellen (1)
- Fomitopsidaceae (1)
- Foraging (1)
- Foraminiferal (1)
- Force Field Development (1)
- Forensic entomology (1)
- Forest ecology (1)
- Forest resources (1)
- Formaldehyde (1)
- Formicidae (1)
- Forstwirtschaft (1)
- Fossile Reptilien (1)
- Fourier transform spectroscopy (1)
- Fourier-Motzkin algorithm (1)
- Fragment (1)
- Frankliniella occidentalis (1)
- Fraßschaden (1)
- Free energy (1)
- Freshwater Ecosystems (1)
- Freshwater ecology (1)
- Freshwater invertebrate (1)
- Fruit body (1)
- Functional Traits (1)
- Functional aspects of cell biology (1)
- Functional traits (1)
- Fungal evolution (1)
- Fungal genetics (1)
- Fungal spores (1)
- Fusarium graminearum (1)
- Fusion proteins (1)
- G protein coupled receptor (1)
- G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) (1)
- G quadruplex helicase RHAU (1)
- G-quadruplex (1)
- G3BP1 (1)
- GBIF-Knoten (1)
- GCSC-BtA (1)
- GC–MS (1)
- GLUT2 (1)
- GLUT3 (1)
- GLV (1)
- GPS (1)
- GRAND-SLAM (1)
- GTP (1)
- GTPase (1)
- Gal2 (1)
- Galakturonsäure (1)
- Galleria mellonella (1)
- Gambusia affinis (1)
- Gambusia holbrooki (1)
- Gammarus fossarum (1)
- Ganoderic acids (1)
- Ganoderma lingzhi (1)
- Ganoderma lucidum (1)
- Ganodermataceae (1)
- Gartower Elbmarsch (1)
- Gas Vacuoles (1)
- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (1)
- Gating (1)
- Gaussian processes (1)
- Gauß Prozesse (1)
- Gene expression analysis (1)
- Gene expression profiling (1)
- Gene flow (1)
- Gene ontology (1)
- Gene prediction (1)
- Gene sll0033 (1)
- Gene trap (1)
- Gene/Regulation (1)
- Genetic vectors (1)
- Genexpression (1)
- Genfalle (1)
- Genfluss (1)
- Genome (1)
- Genome Assembly (1)
- Genome annotation (1)
- Genome engineering (1)
- Genome informatics (1)
- Genome sequence (1)
- Genotoxicity (1)
- Genotyping (1)
- Genotyping and haplotyping (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Gentherapie (1)
- Gentianinae (1)
- Gentransfer (1)
- Geoffrey Burnstock (1)
- Geomagnetic field (1)
- Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate (1)
- Germany (1)
- Geschichte (1)
- Gesundheitsgefährdung (1)
- Get Pathway (1)
- Getreideblattläuse (1)
- Ghana (1)
- Giraffa (1)
- Glatter Krallenfrosch (1)
- Glioblastoma multiforme (1)
- Gliom (1)
- Global Alignment (1)
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (1)
- Global indicators (1)
- Global trade (1)
- Global warming (1)
- Glomerulus (1)
- Glomosporiaceae (1)
- Glucose-6-phosphate- and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (1)
- Glucosinolates (1)
- Glutathione (1)
- Glutathione reductase (1)
- Glycation (1)
- Glycolate Oxidase (1)
- Glycolysis (1)
- Glycophorin A dimerization (1)
- Gonad (1)
- Gonads (1)
- Gradient (1)
- Graminicolous downy mildews (1)
- Gram‐negative (1)
- Graph database (1)
- Graphentheorie (1)
- Greece (1)
- Green fluorescent protein (1)
- Greening (1)
- Ground-level ozone (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Guanylatcyclase (1)
- Guava rust (1)
- Gut microbiome (1)
- Gαq/11 (1)
- Gβγ subunit (1)
- H+ transport (1)
- H/ACA-RNP (1)
- H3 receptor (1)
- HARS2 (1)
- HCC marker (1)
- HDAC (1)
- HDAC inhibitor (1)
- HER (1)
- HER2 (1)
- HIF (1)
- HIF-1α (1)
- HIF-2 (1)
- HIF-2α (1)
- HIF2α (1)
- HIV-1 (1)
- HPLC separation (1)
- HRAS 28 Gefitinib (1)
- HRGXE-Motiv (1)
- HWC database (1)
- Habitat transfer (1)
- Habitatansprüche (1)
- Habitattradition (1)
- HadCM3 (1)
- Haematopota (1)
- Hainich (1)
- Hakai (1)
- Halobacillus halophilus (1)
- Haloferax (1)
- Halogenobenzimidazoles (1)
- Halophile (1)
- Halophile Bakterien (1)
- Hantavirus (1)
- Haptophytes (1)
- Hatching experiments (1)
- Hauptkomponentenanalyse (1)
- Hazard assessment (1)
- Health care (1)
- Heat-Bleaching (of Plastids) (1)
- Heat-island (1)
- Helicobacter pylori (1)
- HemX (1)
- Hematoxylin staining (1)
- Hemerobie (1)
- HepaRG cells (1)
- Hepatocytes (1)
- Hepatotoxicity (1)
- Herbicide Resistance (1)
- Herbicide Resistant Mutants (1)
- Herbicide-Resistant Mutants (1)
- Herbicide-Tolerant Mutants (1)
- Herbivores (1)
- Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) (1)
- Hessian uplands (1)
- Heterologous enzyme production (1)
- Heteroptera (1)
- Hexapoda (1)
- Hexoplonini (1)
- Hfq (1)
- Hi-C (1)
- Hig1 (1)
- High Performance Liquid (1)
- Highwire (1)
- Hippocampal development (1)
- His-tag (1)
- Histidine Kinases (1)
- Histology (1)
- Histon-Deacetylierung (1)
- Histone (1)
- Histone Deacetylation (1)
- Histone lysine demethylase (1)
- Histonmodifikationen (1)
- History (1)
- Hitzeschock-Proteine (1)
- Hitzeschocktranskriptionsfaktor (1)
- Hodgkin lymphoma (1)
- Homeobox (1)
- Homeodomänenproteine ; Stat1 (1)
- Homeoviscous adaptation (1)
- Hominins (1)
- Homologiemodellierung (1)
- Honduras (1)
- Honey bees (1)
- Host Jump (1)
- Host jump (1)
- Hsp70 (1)
- Human (1)
- Human health (1)
- Human population dynamics (1)
- Human well-being (1)
- Human-mediated dispersal (1)
- Humid Chaco (1)
- Hybridization (1)
- Hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (HDCR) (1)
- Hydroimidazolone (1)
- Hydrolasen (1)
- Hydromorphology (1)
- Hydrophobicity scale (1)
- Hydroxymandelate synthase (1)
- Hylodes (1)
- Hyperexpression techniques (1)
- Hyperparasites (1)
- Hyperresistance to formaldehyde (1)
- Hypersensitive Reaction (1)
- Hypothermia (1)
- Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alphal (1)
- I50 Value (1)
- IAP (1)
- IAP Proteins (1)
- IAP-IAP (1)
- ICA (1)
- ICN (1)
- IDP (1)
- IGF-I (1)
- IHMCIF (1)
- IN-VIVO (1)
- INS (1)
- IPBES (1)
- IR (1)
- ISR (1)
- ITS nrDNA (1)
- ITS/LSU/SSU rDNA (1)
- Ibidionini (1)
- Iichenicolous fungi (1)
- Immune evasion (1)
- Immunity (1)
- Immunoblotting (1)
- Immunochemistry (1)
- Immunodiffusion (1)
- Immunofluorescence (1)
- Immunohistochemistry (1)
- Immunoprecipitation (1)
- Immunosenescence (1)
- Immunosuppression (1)
- Immunotherapy (1)
- Immunreaktion (1)
- Impfung (1)
- Import (1)
- In situ burning (1)
- In vitro (1)
- In vitro assays (1)
- In vitro selection (1)
- In vivo electrophysiology (1)
- India (1)
- Indianer (1)
- Indigenes Volk (1)
- Indirekteinleiter (1)
- Individual based modeling (1)
- Indoles (1)
- Induced pluripotent stem cells (1)
- Inducible Promoter (1)
- Industrieabwasser (1)
- Infections (1)
- Infectivity (1)
- Infektiösität (1)
- Inferior colliculus (1)
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (1)
- Influenza (1)
- Infrared Raman (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Inhibition of Photosynthetic Electron Transport (1)
- Inhibitor Binding Pocket (1)
- Inhibitor tolerance (1)
- Inhibitorbindetasche (1)
- Inhibitory balance (1)
- Inhibitory interneurons (1)
- Inocybaceae (1)
- Inquisition post mortem (1)
- Insecta (1)
- Inside-out Signaling (1)
- Instrumentation & Devices (1)
- Integrale Membranproteine (1)
- Integrated modelling (1)
- Integrative Modeling (1)
- IntelliCage (1)
- Inter-annotator agreement (1)
- Interleukin-1 (1)
- Interleukin-22 (1)
- Interleukin-36 (1)
- Interleukin-6 (1)
- Internal ribosome entry site (1)
- International survey (1)
- Interspecific competition (1)
- Intestinal Contents (1)
- Intestinal bacterial community (1)
- Intestinal barrier (1)
- Inthraszentin (1)
- Intracellular Trafficking (1)
- Intrinsic Disorder (1)
- Intrinsically disordered protein (1)
- InvaCost (1)
- Invasion science (1)
- Invasion success (1)
- Invasions (1)
- Invasive pest assemblages (1)
- Invasive plants and animals (1)
- Invertebrates (1)
- Ion channel (1)
- Ion channels in the nervous system (1)
- Ion source (1)
- Ionization State (1)
- Iron (1)
- Irreversibilität (1)
- Irreversibler Prozess (1)
- Ischämie (1)
- Islamabad (1)
- Island Biogeography (1)
- Isobutanol (1)
- Isoforms (1)
- Isolation, separation and purification (1)
- Isoprenoids (1)
- Isoproterenol (1)
- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (1)
- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) (1)
- Isothermal amplification (1)
- Isotope labeling (1)
- Isoxazoline Alkaloids (1)
- Isozyme Pattern (1)
- Janthinobacterium (1)
- Julia (1)
- Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (1)
- Juvenilhormon-Esterase (1)
- K-homology RNA-binding domain (1)
- K48-linked (1)
- K63-linked (1)
- KR2 (1)
- Kabachnik–Fields reaction (1)
- Kalium Kanäle (1)
- Kalziumspeicher (1)
- Kapernartige (1)
- Kardiovaskuläres System (1)
- Kartuzy Forest District (1)
- Katabolismus (1)
- Kaurene (1)
- Kd determination (1)
- Kern-Zytoplasma-Transport (1)
- Kieselalgen (1)
- Kif15 mRNA (1)
- Kinase Inhibitors (1)
- Kinases (1)
- Kinetics of Dimer Formation (1)
- Kinetics of the Back Reaction (1)
- Kinetochore (1)
- Klebsiella (1)
- Klebsiella oxytoca (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Knochenmarksmikromilieu (1)
- Konformationsänderung (1)
- Kongruenz (1)
- Kordyana (1)
- Kosten (1)
- Kristallstrukturanalyse (1)
- Kristallzüchtung (1)
- Kryo-Elektronenkristallographie (1)
- Kryoelektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Kryokonservierung (1)
- Kryptrochozoa (1)
- Kulturtheorie (1)
- Kupfer-ATPase (1)
- Kyabobo National Park (1)
- Körnchenschirmlinge (1)
- L-Galactonate (1)
- L37.eR (1)
- LAMP3 (1)
- LAMTOR1 (1)
- LARS2 (1)
- LASSO algorithm (1)
- LC3/GABARAP (1)
- LFA-1 (1)
- LFP (1)
- LILBID (1)
- LINC00607 (1)
- LIR (1)
- LIR interaction, (1)
- LIR motif (1)
- LIR motifs (1)
- LOCKED NUCLEIC-ACID (1)
- LPJ-GUESS (1)
- LPS (1)
- LSU (1)
- LTD (1)
- LTER (1)
- LUCA (1)
- LYR motif (1)
- LYR proteins (1)
- LYRM (1)
- Label-free (1)
- Laboratory (1)
- Lacertilia (1)
- Lactalbumin (1)
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (1)
- Lactation (1)
- Lake Constance (1)
- LanI Protein (1)
- Land invasion (1)
- Landscape ecology (1)
- Landscape genetics (1)
- Landschaftsökologie (1)
- Lantibiotic (1)
- Lantibiotic Immunity (1)
- Larvae (1)
- Laserin (1)
- Latent Injury (1)
- Lateral flow immunoassay (1)
- Laurasiatheria (1)
- Leaderless transcript (1)
- Leaf Peroxisomes (1)
- Leaf dry matter content (LDMC) (1)
- Learning (1)
- Lebende Materie (1)
- Lebensmittelallergie (1)
- Legionella pneumophila (1)
- Leguminosae (1)
- Lentivirale Vektoren (1)
- Lentiviren (1)
- Lepidoptera (1)
- Lernen (1)
- Leukemia (1)
- Leukocytes (1)
- Lhx2 (1)
- Lichtfallen (1)
- Life-Satisfaction (1)
- Lifespan (1)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (1)
- Ligand-gated ion channel (1)
- Ligands (1)
- Light dark transition test (1)
- Light pulses (1)
- Light-Harvesting Complex (1)
- Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Lignocellulose (1)
- Limnology (1)
- Limonene-3-hydroxylase (1)
- Line Notation (1)
- Lineage Through Time (1)
- Linear regression analysis (1)
- Linearisierung (1)
- Ling-zhi (1)
- Lingzhi (1)
- Lipid Environment (1)
- Lipid Organization (1)
- Lipid Transition Temperature (1)
- Lipid packing (1)
- Lipid raft (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Lipoprotein (1)
- Lipoprotein Structure (1)
- Liposomes (1)
- Lipoxygenase <5-> (1)
- Literatur (1)
- Litter (1)
- Long distance movement (1)
- Long ncRNA (1)
- Long-read sequencing (1)
- Long-term ecological monitoring (1)
- Long-term live imaging (1)
- Long-term potentiation (1)
- Longevity (1)
- Long‐term ecosystem research (1)
- Lophophorata (1)
- Lotman, Jurij Michajlovič (1)
- Low Molecular Weight PTP (1)
- Low-dose radiation therapy (1)
- Lsm (1)
- Luciferase (1)
- Lumican (1)
- LuxR solos (1)
- LuxS (1)
- Lycopersicon peruvianum (1)
- Lymph nodes (1)
- Lymphknoten (1)
- Lymphocyte (1)
- Lymphoma Cells (1)
- Lysosomal storage disease (1)
- Lysosomale Speicherkrankheit (1)
- Lysosome (1)
- Lysozym (1)
- MACE-seq (1)
- MAIT cells (1)
- MALAT1 (1)
- MALDI (1)
- MAMMALIAN-CELLS (1)
- MAP Kinases (MAPKs) (1)
- MAP kinase (1)
- MAPK6 (1)
- MARTINI force field (1)
- MBD (1)
- MD Simulation (1)
- MECP2 (1)
- MEIS (1)
- MEK inhibition (1)
- MHC I (1)
- MHC Klasse I (1)
- MIB (1)
- MICOS complex (1)
- ML-IAP (1)
- MLKL (1)
- MLL-r acute leukemia (1)
- MLV (1)
- MMN (1)
- MODIFIED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES (1)
- MODY (1)
- MRSA (1)
- MS-MS spectra (1)
- MYCBP2 (1)
- Macaronesia (1)
- Machine-learning (1)
- Macrobenthosda (1)
- Macrodomain (1)
- Macroevolution (1)
- Macroheterocera (1)
- Macrophage (1)
- Macrophages (1)
- Macrophysiology (1)
- Macrozoobenthos (1)
- Magnesium (1)
- Magnetic compass (1)
- Magnetic conditioning (1)
- Magnetic map (1)
- Magnetoencephalography (1)
- Maillard reaction (1)
- Maillard-Reaktion (1)
- Main olfactory epithelium (1)
- Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) (1)
- Makrophagen (1)
- Malaria (1)
- Malate Dehydrogenases (1)
- Malawi Rift (1)
- Mammals (1)
- Mammary gland (1)
- Mandelic acid (1)
- Manganese Binding Sites (1)
- Mango (1)
- Maori (1)
- Marantaceae (1)
- Marine biodiversity (1)
- Marine biology (1)
- Marine ecosystem (1)
- Marine food webs (1)
- Marine invertebrates (1)
- Marisa cornuarietis (1)
- Marsupials (1)
- Maschinelles Lernen (1)
- Masculinization (1)
- Mass spectra (1)
- Mastotermes (1)
- Maternal Immune Activation (1)
- Maternal separation (1)
- Mathematical methods (1)
- Mathematical models (1)
- Mauremys (1)
- Maus-Leukämie-Virus (1)
- Maxent (1)
- Md simulations (1)
- Mdm2 (1)
- Mediation (1)
- Medical database (1)
- Medical diagnostics (1)
- Mehrdimensionale NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Meis1 (1)
- Meis2 (1)
- Melanocortin (1)
- Melanoma (1)
- Melatonin (1)
- Meliolales (1)
- Meloidae (1)
- Melolontha hippocastani (1)
- Membran (1)
- Membrane Energetics (1)
- Membrane Enzymes (1)
- Membrane Potential (1)
- Membrane Protein Complex (1)
- Membrane and lipid biology (1)
- Membrane fluidity (1)
- Membrane homeostasis (1)
- Membrane potential (1)
- Membrane protein complex (1)
- Membrane structures (1)
- Membrane transport (1)
- Membrane-Phloretin Interaction (1)
- Membrane-Proteine (1)
- Membrane/Proteins (1)
- Membranprotein (1)
- Memory (1)
- Mesangium (1)
- Messel (1)
- Messel-Schichten (1)
- Messenger RNA (1)
- Messung (1)
- MetVF (1)
- Meta effect (1)
- Metabolic Regulation (1)
- Metabolic critical temperatures (1)
- Metabolic flux analysis (1)
- Metabolic labeling (1)
- Metabolic models (1)
- Metabolic shift (1)
- Metabolic vulnerabilities (1)
- Metabolite Transport (1)
- Metabolomic profile (1)
- Metagenomic shotgun sequencing (1)
- Metamorphosis (1)
- Metarhizium (1)
- Metaxin 3 (1)
- Metcalf trap (1)
- Methanbakterien (1)
- Methanogen (1)
- Methanogenesis (1)
- Methanosarcina mazei (1)
- Methods (1)
- Methylation (1)
- Methylene-THF reductase (1)
- Methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (1)
- Methylglyoxal (1)
- Methylmercury Containing Inactivator (1)
- Methylotroph (1)
- Methyltransferase (1)
- Mevalonic Acid (1)
- Mexico (1)
- Mgm1p (1)
- Michael acceptors (1)
- Microalgae (1)
- Microbial Rhodopsins (1)
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease (1)
- Microbiome (1)
- Microbiota (1)
- Microbotryales (1)
- Microplastic-biota interaction (1)
- Microplastics (1)
- Microsatellites (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microtox (1)
- Microtubule (1)
- Microtubules (1)
- Microvesicles (1)
- Microvillus Atrophy (1)
- Midbrain (1)
- Middle Eastern biodiversity (1)
- Mikroplastik (1)
- Mikrosporidien (1)
- Mikrovesikel (1)
- Milchdrüse (1)
- Milchdrüsengewebe (1)
- Mild hypoxia (1)
- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (1)
- Millisecond Luminescence of Chloroplasts (1)
- Mimikry (1)
- Mineralization (1)
- Mitochondrial Apoptosis (1)
- Mitochondrial Metabolism (1)
- Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (1)
- Mitochondrial ROS (1)
- Mitochondrial complex I (1)
- Mitochondrial dynamics (1)
- Mitochondrial dysfunction (1)
- Mitochondrial function (1)
- Mitochondrial proteases (1)
- Mitochondrial protein import (1)
- Mitochondrium (1)
- Mitofusin (1)
- Mitogenomics (1)
- Mitteleuropa (1)
- Mittelmeerraum (1)
- Mixed Lipid Phases (1)
- Mixture toxicity (1)
- MjNhaP1 (1)
- Mobile links (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modellpopulation (1)
- Molecular Biology (1)
- Molecular Chaperone (1)
- Molecular Interactions (1)
- Molecular Neuroscience (1)
- Molecular Weight (1)
- Molecular chaperones (1)
- Molecular dynamics (1)
- Molecular dynamics simulations (1)
- Molecular glue (1)
- Molecular modelling (1)
- Molekularbiologie (1)
- Molekulardynamik (1)
- Mollusc (1)
- Mollusks (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monoacylglycerol lipase (1)
- Monochamus galloprovincialis (1)
- Monoclonal Antibodies (1)
- Monographie (1)
- Monoklonaler Antikörper (1)
- Monomers (1)
- Monomolecular Films (1)
- Monosaccharides (1)
- Monoterpenoid (1)
- Monoterpenoid tolerance (1)
- Monozyt (1)
- Montane forest (1)
- Monte Carlo method (1)
- Morning Glory (1)
- Morphologie (1)
- Morphology (1)
- Mortality (1)
- Mosquito crop (1)
- Mosquito-plant interaction (1)
- Motor neurons (1)
- Motten (1)
- Mount Kilimanjaro (1)
- MptpA (1)
- Multi-domain proteins (1)
- Multi-endpoint toxicity study (1)
- Multicellular systems (1)
- Multidrug-resistance (1)
- Multienzyme complexes (1)
- Multiple Transport Systems (1)
- Multiple stressors (1)
- Multiproteinkomplex (1)
- Multixenobiotic resistance activity (1)
- Murine leukemia virus (1)
- Muscle electrophysiology (1)
- Muscle fibers (1)
- Museum samples (1)
- Mushroom (1)
- Muskel (1)
- Muskelregeneration (1)
- Mutual information (1)
- Mutualismus (1)
- Myrmekophytie (1)
- Myrtaceae (1)
- Myrtle rust (1)
- N-glycoproteome (1)
- N5 -methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin: coenzyme M methyltransferase (1)
- NACI (1)
- NAD + Analogues (1)
- NAD+-Analogs (1)
- NADH dehydrogenase (1)
- NADP+ Analogues (1)
- NADPH-Oxidase (1)
- NAD⊕-Isomer (1)
- NAFLD (1)
- NEDD4 (1)
- NES (1)
- NGS (1)
- NK Receptor (1)
- NK-92 (1)
- NLS (1)
- NMDA receptor (1)
- NMR Solution Structure (1)
- NMR Spectroscopy (1)
- NMR assignments (1)
- NMR shift calculation (1)
- NMR solution structure (1)
- NMR spectrum (1)
- NMR structure determination (1)
- NMR-spectroscopy (1)
- NOAEC (1)
- NOESY (1)
- NPC disease (1)
- NR1 antagonist (1)
- NR3 subunit (1)
- NR4A2 (1)
- NRPS engineering (1)
- NSCLC (1)
- NXF1 (1)
- Na Gradient (1)
- Naja naja atra (1)
- Named entity recognition (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Nano- and microplastics (1)
- Nanobody (1)
- Nanodisc (1)
- Nanodiscs (1)
- Nanomedicine (1)
- Nanoplastic (1)
- Nanoscale biophysics (1)
- Nascent RNA (1)
- Native mass spectrometry (1)
- Natrix (1)
- Natura2000 (1)
- Natural Killer (NK) Cell (1)
- Natural Products (1)
- Natural product synthesis (1)
- Natural sounds (1)
- Natural transformation (1)
- Nature (1)
- Nature Contributions to People (1)
- Nature Interest Scale (NIS) (1)
- Nature Valuation (1)
- Nature conservation (1)
- Nature contributions to people (1)
- Nature reserve (1)
- Nature's Contributions to People (1)
- Naturheilkunde (1)
- Naturnähe (1)
- Naturstoffe (1)
- Nav channel activity (1)
- Nav1.7 (1)
- NeemAzal T/S® (1)
- Negative selection (1)
- NeoBiota (1)
- Neobiota (1)
- Neocaridina palmata (1)
- Neophyten <Botanik> (1)
- Neostriatum (1)
- Neotropic (1)
- Neotropical fungi (1)
- Neovascularisation (1)
- Neozoen (1)
- Nephrons (1)
- Nerve fibers (1)
- Nervenzelle (1)
- Network analysis (1)
- Network models (1)
- Neural encoding (1)
- Neural networks (1)
- Neural pathways (1)
- Neural stem cells (1)
- Neuroblasts (1)
- Neurodegeneration (1)
- Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders (1)
- Neuroligins (1)
- Neuron (1)
- Neuron-glia interactions (1)
- Neuronal dendrites (1)
- Neuronal migration (1)
- Neuronal plasticity (1)
- Neuronale Differenzierung (1)
- Neurophysiology (1)
- Neurospora crassa (1)
- Neurotoxicity (1)
- Neurotransmitter-Rezeptor (1)
- Nevada (1)
- New E3-ligase ligands (1)
- New conservation science (1)
- New host (1)
- New species (1)
- Nf2 (1)
- NhaA (1)
- Niche (1)
- Niche differentiation (1)
- Niche modelling (1)
- Nitric oxide (1)
- Nitrogen Metabolism (1)
- Nitrosative Stress (1)
- Noctuidae (1)
- Non-canonical terpenes (1)
- Non-covalent mass spectrometry (1)
- Non-negative matrix factorization (1)
- Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) (1)
- Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (1)
- Non-small cell lung cancer (1)
- Non-target analysis (1)
- Nonrandom connectivity (1)
- Norflurazon (1)
- Normalkoordinatenanalyse (1)
- North Atlantic (1)
- North Sea (1)
- Northern blot (1)
- Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 (1)
- Nostocales (1)
- Notch signaling (1)
- Nothopassalora (1)
- Nox (1)
- Nox inhibition (1)
- Nox4 (1)
- NoxO1 (1)
- Nucella lapillus (1)
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1)
- Nucleic acid biomarkers (1)
- Nucleic acid-binding domain (1)
- Nucleocapsid (1)
- Nucleoside Triphosphates (1)
- Nucleus reuniens (1)
- Nukleinsäuren (1)
- Numencal Taxonomy (1)
- Nutrient concentration (1)
- Nutzwert (1)
- Nördliches Eismeer (1)
- O-CAS assay (1)
- O-GlcNAcylation (1)
- O-methyltransferase (1)
- OEP80 (1)
- OTU domain-containing protein 7B (OTUD7B) (1)
- OXPHOS (1)
- OXPHOS complexes (1)
- Oaks (1)
- Obituary (1)
- Obligate biotroph (1)
- Observation (1)
- Oceans (1)
- Octanoic acid (1)
- Odorant receptor (1)
- Oil spills (1)
- Olfactory Receptors (1)
- Oligomeric State (1)
- Oligomers (1)
- Olpidiopsis (1)
- Omics (1)
- Omp85-independent OMP Insertion (1)
- Oncoprotein activation (1)
- Online monitoring (1)
- Ontologies (1)
- Oocytes (1)
- Oomycota (1)
- Oozyten von Xenopus laevis (1)
- Open Access (1)
- Ophrys (1)
- Opisthobranchia (1)
- Opossums (1)
- Optical electrophysiology (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Orchideen (1)
- Organelle (1)
- Organic acid reduction (1)
- Organic micropollutants (1)
- Organogenese (1)
- Organoids (1)
- Organophosphates (1)
- Orius minutus (1)
- Orphan nuclear receptor (1)
- Orthologue search (1)
- Ortspezifische Mutagenese (1)
- Osmia adunca (1)
- Osmoregulation (1)
- Osmostress (1)
- OspE (1)
- Osteuropa (1)
- Ostropomycetidae (1)
- Outer Membrane Protein RcsF (1)
- Ovaries (1)
- Ovary (1)
- Oxa1/YidC/Alb3 Membrane Insertases (1)
- Oxford Nanopore Technologies (1)
- Oxidation-Reduction (1)
- Oxidative Stress (1)
- Oxidative phosphorylation (1)
- Oxidativer Stress (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Oxygen Evolution (1)
- Oxygenierung (1)
- Ozone (1)
- P 700 (1)
- P. anserina (1)
- P. maximowiczii Henry x P. nigra L. cv. Rochester (1)
- P23/PTGES3 (1)
- P2Y13 receptor (1)
- PABP (1)
- PAM (1)
- PAM-complex (1)
- PAR complex (1)
- PASSENGER-STRAND (1)
- PBX (1)
- PC12 (1)
- PCA (1)
- PDB-Dev (1)
- PDBx/mmCIF (1)
- PDCA (1)
- PDE inhibition (1)
- PDPK1 (1)
- PELDOR / DEER (1)
- PELDOR/DEER (1)
- PELDOR/DEER spectroscopy (1)
- PGE2 Cancer Tumorigenesis (1)
- PHR1 (1)
- PIDDosome (1)
- PIK3CA (1)
- PINK1 (1)
- PLGA nanoparticles (1)
- POTRA Domains (1)
- PPARγ (1)
- PPTC7 (1)
- PRG5 (1)
- PSII core phosphorylation (1)
- PTEN (1)
- PTM (1)
- PaCRD1 (1)
- PaIAP (1)
- PacBio SMRT sequencing (1)
- Paecilomyces (1)
- Pain (1)
- Palaeobiology (1)
- Palaeontology (1)
- Paläobiologie (1)
- Panama (1)
- Panolis flammea (1)
- Panpulmonata (1)
- Pantropical distribution (1)
- Papierindustrie (1)
- Paracoccus denitrificans (1)
- Paraguay (1)
- Parallelisation (1)
- Parallelverarbeitung (1)
- Parameter space (1)
- Parasetigena silvestris (1)
- Parasite immune evasion (1)
- Parietal cortex (1)
- Parkin (1)
- Parkinson (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Parmeliaceae (1)
- Parsitoide (1)
- Particle image velocimetry (1)
- Particle toxicity (1)
- Particulate matter (1)
- Passalora (1)
- Patch Clamp (1)
- Pathogen (1)
- Pathogene Pilze (1)
- Pathogenesis (1)
- Pathogens (1)
- Pathologists (1)
- Pathosystem (1)
- Pathways (1)
- Peak overlap (1)
- Peak picking (1)
- Peatland (1)
- Pectin (1)
- Pelagic (1)
- Peptidbeladungskomplex (1)
- Peptide Loading Complex (PLC) (1)
- Peptide natural products (1)
- Peptide nucleic acids (1)
- Peptide-antimicrobial-Xenorhabdus (PAX) peptide (1)
- Peptides (1)
- Peracarids (1)
- Peritoneal macrophages (1)
- Permeasen (1)
- Peronospora belbahrii (1)
- Peronospora lamii (1)
- Peronospora salviae-officinalis (1)
- Peroxisomes (1)
- Perrault syndrome (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Pertusaria (1)
- Pertusariales (1)
- Pest (1)
- Pest Risk Analysis (1)
- Pest risk assessment (1)
- Pest risk mapping (1)
- Pest-crop interactions (1)
- Pestalotia (1)
- Pestalotiopsis (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Pestizidbelastung (1)
- Pexophagy (1)
- Pflanzenameisen (1)
- Pflanzenhormon (1)
- Pflanzenstress (1)
- Phaenops cyanea (1)
- Phage display (1)
- Phanaeus (1)
- Pharmacology (1)
- Pharmacophore (1)
- Phenology (1)
- Pheromone Inhibitor (1)
- Pheromones (1)
- Phileurini (1)
- Phoenicocoris dissimilis (1)
- Phoronida (1)
- Phosphate (1)
- Phosphohydrolases (1)
- Phosphoproteome (1)
- Photoaffinity Labeling (1)
- Photocages (1)
- Photochemie (1)
- Photoinactivation (1)
- Photolabile Schutzgruppen (1)
- Photolabile protecting groups (1)
- Photoreceptor (1)
- Photoreceptors (1)
- Photosynthetic CO2 Fixation (1)
- Photosynthetisches Reaktionszentrum (1)
- Photosystem I (1)
- Phvtoene Desaturase (1)
- Phvtofluene (1)
- Phylogenie (1)
- Phylogenomics (1)
- Physalacriaceae (1)
- Physical chemistry (1)
- Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Phytoene (1)
- Phytohormones (1)
- Phytophthora austrocedrae (1)
- Pichia pastoris (1)
- Piezocerini (1)
- Pigment Composition (1)
- Pigment and Protein Content (1)
- Pigmentproteine (1)
- PilF (1)
- Pilus (1)
- Pimephales promelas (1)
- Pinalitus atomarius (1)
- Pink1 (1)
- Pinus canariensis (1)
- Placental barrier (1)
- Planetary boundaries (1)
- Plant macrofossils (1)
- Plant morphological groups (1)
- Plant pathogen (1)
- Plant regeneration; community assembly; diversity (1)
- Plant succession (1)
- Plant symbiosis (1)
- Plasma membrane (1)
- Plasmid construction (1)
- Plastic bottles (1)
- Plastic packaging (1)
- Plastic pollution (1)
- Plastid rRNA (1)
- Plastizität (1)
- Plastizität <Physiologie> (1)
- Platelet physiology (1)
- Platelet-rich fibrin (1)
- Platelets (1)
- Play (1)
- Pleasure (1)
- Pleistocene glaciations (1)
- Plus-end (1)
- Pneumonia (1)
- Podocarpus National Park (1)
- Poeciliidae (1)
- Point-of-care wound diagnostics (1)
- Poland (1)
- Pollutants (1)
- PolySUMOylation (1)
- Polyethylene terephthalate (1)
- Polyhedral Bodies (1)
- Polyketide synthase (1)
- Polyketide synthases (1)
- Polyketides (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymorphic evolution sequence (1)
- Polypeptid transport-associated domains (1)
- Polypeptides (1)
- Polypharmacology (1)
- Polystyrene (1)
- Polyunsaturated fatty acid mediators (1)
- Polyzoa (1)
- Pond snail (1)
- Pool-Seq (1)
- Population density (1)
- Population dynamics (1)
- Population genetics (1)
- Population genomics (1)
- Population size (1)
- Populationsgenetik (1)
- Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen (1)
- Porin (1)
- Positive Selection (1)
- Positive fluid balance (1)
- Positive interactions (1)
- Post-Hartree-Fock methods (1)
- Post-entry spread (1)
- Postoperative atrial fibrillation (1)
- Potassium channels (1)
- Potassium transport (1)
- Potato Tuber Slices (1)
- Potato Tuber Tissue (1)
- PrP (1)
- Pre-analytics (1)
- Predatoren (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Premature Leaf Drop (1)
- Prenyl pyrophosphates (1)
- Presenilin (1)
- Pre‐Ligand Assembly Domain (PLAD) (1)
- Pri-miRNA (1)
- Primary hemostasis (1)
- Primär aktive Transporter (1)
- Procambarus (1)
- Product reuptake (1)
- Profiling Transthiolation Activity (1)
- Programme Cell Death (1)
- Progranulin (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Proline (1)
- Prolyl 4 hydroxylases (1)
- Promoters (1)
- Promotor (1)
- Proteases (1)
- Proteasome inhibitor (1)
- Protein Assembly (1)
- Protein Complexes (1)
- Protein DNA-Interaction (1)
- Protein Dynamics (1)
- Protein Folding (1)
- Protein Motifs (1)
- Protein Purification (1)
- Protein Shape (1)
- Protein Sorting (1)
- Protein Targeting (1)
- Protein biomarkers (1)
- Protein biosynthesis (1)
- Protein complex (1)
- Protein design (1)
- Protein domains (1)
- Protein druggability (1)
- Protein engineering (1)
- Protein homeostasis (1)
- Protein interactions (1)
- Protein structure (1)
- Protein turnover (1)
- Protein-Lipid Interaction (1)
- Protein/Sorting (1)
- Protein/Targeting (1)
- Protein/Translocation (1)
- Proteinexpression (1)
- Proteinkinase (1)
- Proteinregulation (1)
- Proteinsekretion (1)
- Proteintransport (1)
- Proteolysis (1)
- Proteorhodopsin (1)
- Proton Transfer (1)
- Proton Transfer Kinetics (1)
- Proton Transport (1)
- Proton pumping (1)
- Protonenpumpe (1)
- Pseudocercospora (1)
- Pseudocontact shift (1)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1)
- Pseudomonas putida (1)
- Pseudotypisierung (1)
- Pseudouridine (1)
- Pseudouridylation (1)
- Psoriasis (1)
- PtkA (1)
- Public health (1)
- Puccinia psidii (1)
- Pueraria montana var. lobata (1)
- Pulmonale Hypertonie (1)
- Pulsed epr (1)
- Punjab (1)
- Pure Cultures of Marine Diatoms (1)
- Purification (1)
- Purine accumulation (1)
- Purkinje cell (1)
- Puumala virus (1)
- Pyramidal cells (1)
- Pyramidal neurons (1)
- Pyrophosphatase (1)
- Q-modularity (1)
- Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (1)
- QuEChERS (1)
- Quality control (1)
- Quality of life (1)
- Quantification (1)
- Quantum Requirement (1)
- Quarantine (1)
- Quercetin (1)
- Quercus (1)
- Quercus frainetto (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- Quercus robur (1)
- Quinolinate Phosphoribosyltransferase (1)
- Quinolones (1)
- Quorum sensing (1)
- Qв Binding Protein (1)
- RAF (1)
- RBFOX1 (1)
- RCC (1)
- RCP (1)
- RDA, Digital Object Architecture (1)
- RDF (1)
- REM sleep (1)
- RF development (1)
- RIP (1)
- RIPK1 (1)
- RIPK3 (1)
- RMN (1)
- RMP1 (1)
- RNA Biology (1)
- RNA Polymerase (1)
- RNA cleavage (1)
- RNA decay (1)
- RNA degradation (1)
- RNA dynamics (1)
- RNA genome (1)
- RNA hairpin (1)
- RNA in zebrafish brain (1)
- RNA induced silencing complex (1)
- RNA jepit rambut (1)
- RNA modification (1)
- RNA modifications (1)
- RNA polymerase (1)
- RNA recognition (1)
- RNA recognition motif (1)
- RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) (1)
- RNA stem-loop structure (1)
- RNA structures (1)
- RNA turnover (1)
- RNA, biochemistry, mass spectrometry (1)
- RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) (1)
- RNA-folding (1)
- RNA-protein complex (RNP) (1)
- RNA/MicroRNA (1)
- RNASolution-state NMR (1)
- RNA–protein complex (1)
- RNF4 (1)
- RNP dynamics (1)
- RNS-Bindungsproteine (1)
- RRM domain (1)
- RUFY (1)
- RXRα (1)
- Rab27a (1)
- Rab7 (1)
- Rac1 (1)
- Radioliganden (1)
- Ragulator complex (1)
- Raman Spectroscopy (1)
- Random graph model (1)
- Range Expansion (1)
- Range expansion (1)
- Rap1 (1)
- Rapps (1)
- Ratte (1)
- Rcf1 (1)
- Reaktionskinetik (1)
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (1)
- Receptors/Nuclear (1)
- Recolonization (1)
- Reconstitution (1)
- Reconstitution of Membrane Transporters (1)
- Redox-linked Proton Pump (1)
- Refugia (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Regeneration (Biologie) (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Regulation of D1 Protein (1)
- Regulation of lipid metabolism (1)
- Regulatory domain (1)
- Reintroduction (1)
- Reishi (1)
- Rekonstitution (1)
- Relative quantification (1)
- Rep gene (1)
- Repair (1)
- Reproduction (1)
- Reproductive Polymorphisms (1)
- Research Article (1)
- Research Data Alliance (1)
- Research data (1)
- Research infrastructure (1)
- Resonance Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Resource competition (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Ressistenz (1)
- Restenosis (1)
- Reticulon (1)
- Retina (1)
- Retinal (1)
- Retrotransposition (1)
- Retrotransposon (1)
- Retrovirus (1)
- Reverse electron transfer (1)
- Reverse transcription (1)
- Review (1)
- Revision (1)
- Rezeptor (1)
- Rh Antigens (1)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (1)
- Rhinotragini (1)
- RhoA (1)
- RhoGTPases (1)
- Rhodnius prolixus (1)
- Rhodococcus rhodnii (1)
- Rhopalophorini (1)
- Ribonucleoproteins (1)
- Ribonucleosides (1)
- Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (1)
- Ribosome biogenesis (1)
- Ribosome display (1)
- Ribosomen, rRNA Prozessierung, snoRNA, Ribosomenbiogenesefaktoren (1)
- Rieske domains (1)
- Riftia pachyptila (1)
- Risk aversion (1)
- Risk metrics (risk quotients, toxic units, hazard units) (1)
- River Rhine (1)
- Rnf (1)
- Rnf complex (1)
- Robert Koch Institute (1)
- Robinia pseudoacacia (1)
- Rodent-associated infections (1)
- Rpo4/7 (1)
- Rtn3 (1)
- Ruijs-Aalfs syndrome (1)
- Russland (1)
- Russulales (1)
- RxLR effectors (1)
- RyR2 (1)
- Ryanodin (1)
- S-azidoacyl-N-acetylcysteamine (1)
- S107 (1)
- S1P (1)
- S1P5 (1)
- S1PR5 (1)
- S9 (1)
- SAGE (1)
- SAP (1)
- SAP domain (1)
- SAR (1)
- SCA34 (1)
- SCA38 (1)
- SEC-ICP-DRC-MS (1)
- SEC-MALS (1)
- SEDDS (1)
- SENP6 (1)
- SERCA (1)
- SF3b145 (1)
- SF3b49 (1)
- SH- (S-S)-Groups (1)
- SILAC (1)
- SKAP1 (1)
- SKNSH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (1)
- SL5a (1)
- SL5b (1)
- SL5b + c (1)
- SL5c (1)
- SLA (1)
- SLAM-seq (1)
- SLC20A1 (1)
- SMALL INTERFERING RNA (1)
- SMEDDS (1)
- SMOC1 (1)
- SNARE-Komplex (1)
- SNEDDS (1)
- SNF1 (1)
- SNP genotyping (1)
- SNPs (1)
- SPARQL (1)
- SPARTAN (1)
- SPAdes (1)
- SPME (1)
- SPME-GCMS (1)
- SPRTN (1)
- SR protein (1)
- SR proteins (1)
- SSA (1)
- SSP (1)
- SSR128129E (1)
- STAT1 (1)
- STAT5 (1)
- STAT5-DNA Bindungsstellen (1)
- STED microscopy (1)
- STRUCTURAL BASIS (1)
- SUMO chains (1)
- Salicylic Acid (1)
- Salmonella typhimurium (1)
- Salt stress (1)
- Salztress (1)
- Sap flow (1)
- Sarcophagidae (1)
- Sarkoplasmatisches Retikulum ; Calcium ; ATP ; Wechselwirkung (1)
- Savanne (1)
- Scale-up (1)
- Scanning electron microscopy (1)
- Scarabaeidae (1)
- Schistosomiaisis (1)
- Schizokinen (1)
- Schmierläuse (1)
- Schädling (1)
- Scincoidea (1)
- Scincomorpha (1)
- Screening (1)
- Scrotifera (1)
- Sea water (1)
- Seasonal trend decomposition (1)
- SecYEG (1)
- Secretins (1)
- Secretion (1)
- Seed sowing experiment (1)
- Seedling establishment (1)
- Selective autophagy (1)
- Selectivity (1)
- Self-renewal (1)
- Semantic portal (1)
- Semi-empiricalcalculations (1)
- Semiquinone (1)
- Sensorimotor processing (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Separation of ADP-Binding Enzymes (1)
- Septische Granulomatose (1)
- Sequence Analysis (1)
- Sequence analysis (1)
- Sequence motif analysis (1)
- Sequencing (1)
- Serangium parcesetosum (1)
- Sex Attractants (1)
- Sex determination (1)
- Sex differentiation (1)
- Sex reversal (1)
- Shade Adaptation (1)
- Shake flask (1)
- Shallow water (1)
- Sheikhupura (1)
- Shine-Dalgarno (1)
- Shores (1)
- Short-chain fatty acids (1)
- Shotgun sequencing (1)
- Shrew-1 (1)
- Sign posts (1)
- Signal Recognition Particle (1)
- Signal inhibition (1)
- Signal processing (1)
- Signal transduction (1)
- Signaltransduktion (1)
- Similarity (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy (SMLM) (1)
- Single-cell RNA sequencing (1)
- Single-molecule biophysics (1)
- Single-molecule photobleaching (1)
- Single-particle (1)
- Sinorhizobium fredii (1)
- Siricidae (1)
- Site networks (1)
- Skewness (1)
- Skp (1)
- Smac mimetic (1)
- Smad (1)
- Small RNA (1)
- Small RNA analysis (1)
- Small nucleolar RNA (1)
- Smut Fungi (1)
- Smut fungi (1)
- Social Parasitism (1)
- Social insects (1)
- Social sciences (1)
- Social systems (1)
- Social-ecological transformations (1)
- Societal well-being (1)
- Socio-cultural factors (1)
- Socio-ecology (1)
- Socio-economic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT) (1)
- Sodium Proton Exchange (1)
- Sodium Transport (1)
- Sodium ion pump (1)
- Sodium transport (1)
- Solanum (1)
- Solenopsis invicta (1)
- Solid Oral Dosage Forms (1)
- Solid Supported Membrane (1)
- Solid supported membrane (1)
- Solid-phase extraction (1)
- Solubility (1)
- Soluble epoxide hydrolase (1)
- Soluble gp140 Env (1)
- Soluble proteins (1)
- Sorting nexins (1)
- Sources (1)
- South Africa (1)
- Southeast Asia (1)
- Sp1 (1)
- SpaI (1)
- Spatial navigation (1)
- Spatial scales (1)
- Spatio-temporal patterns (1)
- Specialized Information Service (1)
- Specialized information service (1)
- Species coexistence (1)
- Species composition (1)
- Species invasion (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Specific Synthesis (1)
- Spectral clustering algorithm (1)
- Spectral library (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Spheroids (1)
- Sphingolipids (1)
- Spinal cord (1)
- Spinal surgery (1)
- Spine (1)
- Spirocheten (1)
- Spirochetes (1)
- Splice variants (1)
- Spodoptera exigua (1)
- Sponges (1)
- Spontaneous Reduction of Mn(IV)-chlorin (1)
- Sporisorium reilianum (1)
- Squalene (1)
- StUbL (1)
- Stadtökologie (1)
- Staphylococcus aureus (1)
- Stat1 (1)
- Ste2p (1)
- Stem cells (1)
- Stem-cell differentiation (1)
- Stem-cell research (1)
- Sterblichkeit (1)
- Sterols (1)
- Stewardship (1)
- Stewardship and dissemination (1)
- Stickstoffmonoxid (1)
- Stoffwechsel (1)
- Streams (1)
- Stress vulnerability/resilience genes (1)
- Stressreaktion (1)
- String similarity (1)
- Stroke (1)
- Stroke genetics (1)
- Structural Biology (1)
- Structural biology and molecular biophysics (1)
- Structural dynamics (1)
- Structural protein (1)
- Structure Elucidation (1)
- Structure refinement (1)
- Structure-based Mutagenesis Study (1)
- Structured Illumination Microscopy (1)
- Strukturanalyse (1)
- Strukturbiologie (1)
- Subcellular Organelles (1)
- Subjective Well-Being (1)
- Subtilin (1)
- Subtomogram averaging (1)
- Sudden oak death (1)
- Sugar feeding (1)
- Sukačev, Vladimir N. (1)
- Sulfhydryl Groups (1)
- Sulfur metabolism (1)
- Sumerian (1)
- Sumoylation (1)
- Sumoylierung (1)
- Super resolution (1)
- Super resolution fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Super-resolution microscopy (1)
- SuperSAGE (1)
- Supercomplex (1)
- Superoxide dismutase (1)
- Supervised machine learning (1)
- Surface range (1)
- Surfactants (1)
- Surgical site infection (1)
- Survival probability (1)
- Survivin (1)
- Suspended solids (1)
- Sustainable Development Goals (1)
- Sustainable chemistry (1)
- Svetamycin (1)
- Sweden (1)
- Swimming (1)
- Swimming behavior (1)
- Syk Kinase (1)
- Symbiont evolution (1)
- Symbiose (1)
- Sympatric speciation (1)
- Synapsis Bates (1)
- Synaptic plasticity (1)
- Synaptosomal preparation (1)
- Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (1)
- Synovial Fibroblast (1)
- Synthetic biology (1)
- Systematic review (1)
- Systematik (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- T Cell Biology (1)
- T Cells (1)
- T lymphocyte subsets (1)
- T-Lymphozyt (1)
- T-bet (1)
- T-cell (1)
- T-cell development (1)
- T-cell receptor (1)
- TAPL (1)
- TATA box binding protein (1)
- TBK1 (1)
- TERRA RNA (1)
- TIM23 (1)
- TMDD (1)
- TMDD spatial and temporal concentration variations (1)
- TOC (1)
- TOM complex (1)
- TOR1A (1)
- TRP Channels (1)
- TRP vanilloid (1)
- TRPV4 (1)
- TSEN (1)
- TWNK (1)
- Tabanidae (1)
- Tabanus (1)
- Tail-anchored Proteins (1)
- Taiwan (1)
- Targeted drug delivery (1)
- Targeted metabolomics (1)
- Tasmanian devil (1)
- Taspase1 (1)
- Taxon (1)
- Taxonomie (1)
- Temperature preference (1)
- Temporal variation (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Terminologie (1)
- Termiten (1)
- Termitenbiologie (1)
- Termitenhügel (1)
- Termites (1)
- Terpenoid (1)
- Testis (1)
- Testosteronreductase <Testosteron-5-alpha-Reductase> (1)
- TetR family (1)
- Tetrad Analysis (1)
- Tetraether Lipids (1)
- Tetranychus cinnabarinus (1)
- Tetrastigma voinierianum (1)
- Text mining (1)
- TgF344-AD (1)
- Thalassiosira (1)
- Thalassiosira Pseudonana (1)
- Thaumetopoea pityocampa (1)
- Thaumetopoea processionea (1)
- The D-statistic (1)
- Thermal lensing (1)
- Thermo optic effects (1)
- Thermoanaerobacter (1)
- Thermoascus aurantiacus (1)
- Thermodynamik (1)
- Thermophile Bakterien (1)
- Thermophilic acetogenic bacteria (1)
- Thermoplasma acidophilum Membranes (1)
- Thermoplasma acidophilum Membranes; Tetraetherlipids (1)
- Thin Layer Chromatography (1)
- Thioesterase (1)
- Thiolation domain (1)
- Thiosulfat Sulfurtransferase (1)
- Three-Dimensional Structure (1)
- Three-dimensional cell culture (1)
- Thrips tabaci (1)
- Thrombozyten (1)
- Thylakoid Membrane (1)
- Thymidylate Low Requirement (1)
- Thymidylate Sensitivity (1)
- Thymidylate Synthetase (1)
- Thymidylate Uptake (1)
- Thymine Dimers (1)
- Tick-Borne diseases (1)
- Tick-borne diseases (1)
- Tie2 (1)
- Tiger mosquito (1)
- Tigray (1)
- Tilia cordata (1)
- Time-resolved Absorption Spectroscopy (1)
- Tissue integrity (1)
- Tissue-specificity (1)
- Toc75-V (1)
- Tocochromanol (1)
- Togo Hills (1)
- Tools and pipelines (1)
- Tools and ressources (1)
- Tooth Development (1)
- Topoisomerase (1)
- Topology (1)
- Torini (1)
- Tortrix viridana (1)
- Totholzangebot (1)
- Totholzmenge (1)
- Totholztradition (1)
- Toxins (1)
- Toxizität (1)
- Trafficking (1)
- Tragelaphus oryx (1)
- Trail (1)
- Trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (1)
- Transcriptional activity (1)
- Transcriptome analysis (1)
- Transduktion B Zellen (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Transgenesis (1)
- Transgenic organisms (1)
- Transient receptor potential (1)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- Translation initiation (1)
- Translation proteomics (1)
- Translational Psychiatry (1)
- Translocation machineries (1)
- Transmembrane helix (1)
- Transmembrane sheets (1)
- Transmission (1)
- Transport Drugs (1)
- Transporter (1)
- Transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) (1)
- Transporter assoziiert mit Antigen-Prozessierung (1)
- Transposable elements (1)
- Transposon systems (1)
- Treg cells (1)
- Trialeurodes vaporariorum (1)
- Trichoptera (1)
- Trichostatin A (1)
- Tripterospermum (1)
- Triterpenic acids (1)
- Trockenstress (1)
- Tropical forest restoration (1)
- Truffle (1)
- Trypanosoma rangeli (1)
- Tuber aestivum (1)
- Tuberculosis (1)
- Tumor microenvironment (1)
- Tumor necrosis factor alpha (1)
- Tumor suppressor protein (1)
- Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor <alpha> (1)
- Tumorsuppressor-Gen (1)
- Tumour-suppressor proteins (1)
- Turkey (1)
- Two-component System (1)
- Two-hit hypothesis (1)
- Type IV Pili (1)
- Tyrosine phosphorylation (1)
- Tyrosine prototrophy (1)
- U-turn (1)
- U2 snRNP (1)
- U2-OS (1)
- UAV (1)
- UBA domain (1)
- UBL (1)
- UFC1 (1)
- UFIM (1)
- UGCG (1)
- UHPLC-MS (1)
- ULK4 (1)
- UPR (1)
- USP28 (1)
- USP32 (1)
- UV crosslink events (1)
- UV radiation (1)
- UV-B Effects (1)
- UV-stress (1)
- UV/V cones (1)
- UV/Vis spectroscopy (1)
- Ubichinonbindetasche (1)
- Ubiquinone Binding Pocket (1)
- Ubiquitin chains (1)
- Ubiquitin ligase (1)
- Ubiquitin signaling (1)
- Ubiquitin-binding module (1)
- Ubiquitinome (1)
- Ubiquitylation (1)
- Uhrengene (1)
- Ultrafast Spectroscopy (1)
- Ultrafast laser spectroscopy (1)
- Ultrastructure (1)
- Umweltschutzkosten (1)
- Unc-51-like kinase (1)
- Uncertainty (1)
- University students (1)
- Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg (1)
- Untereinheit (1)
- Uptake (1)
- Urban (1)
- Urban Ecology (1)
- Uredo rangelii (1)
- Ursprünglichkeit (1)
- Urwaldreliktarten (1)
- Ustilaginaceae (1)
- Ustilaginales (1)
- Ustilago maydis (1)
- Ustilagomaydis (1)
- V1 (1)
- V3 loop (1)
- VASP (1)
- VEGF (1)
- VEGF receptor 2 internalization and signaling (1)
- VHL (1)
- VOCs (1)
- Vaccinieae (1)
- Vaccinium (1)
- Valine biosynthesis (1)
- Vallerani-System (1)
- Valve surgery (1)
- Variability (1)
- Vaskulogenese (1)
- Vasophilic migration (1)
- Vector (1)
- Vector borne diseases (1)
- Vector-borne infections (1)
- Vector-host-interaction (1)
- Vectorpathogen-host (1)
- Vegetationsmuster (1)
- Vegetationsstruktur (1)
- Vemurafenib (1)
- Verhaltensbiologie (1)
- Verzögerte Fluoreszenz (1)
- Vesicle fusion (1)
- Vesicles (1)
- Vesikel (1)
- VirB (1)
- Viral Immunology (1)
- Viral entry (1)
- Viral infection (1)
- Virtual Screening (1)
- Virtual drug screening (1)
- Virtual screening (1)
- Virulence (1)
- Virus-ähnliche Partikel (1)
- Visible spectroscopy (1)
- Visual cortex (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Vocalization (1)
- Voltage Clamp (1)
- Voltage Imaging (1)
- Voronoi-Diagramm (1)
- Vorratsschutz (1)
- WL110547 (1)
- Waldmonokulturen (1)
- Wasserbüffel (1)
- Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents (1)
- Water Framework Directive (1)
- Water accommodated fractions (1)
- Water chemistry (1)
- Water framework directive (1)
- Water relations (1)
- Weather conditions (1)
- Web application (1)
- Wechselwirkung (1)
- Weddell Sea (1)
- Weideland-Regeneration (1)
- Western Kenya (1)
- Western blot (1)
- Whales (1)
- White-rot (1)
- Whole Effluent Assessment (1)
- Whole-genome sequence (1)
- Wide-scope chemical target screening (1)
- Wilson Disease Protein (1)
- Winterweizen (1)
- Wirbellose (1)
- Wirt-Parasitoid-Interaktionen (1)
- Wirtspflanzenerkennung (1)
- Wnt (1)
- Working for Water (1)
- Working memory (1)
- Worldwide Protein Data Bank (1)
- Wundheilung (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- X-ray structure analysis (1)
- XenTari® (1)
- Xenocoumacin (1)
- Xenoestrogens (1)
- Xylobionten (1)
- Y10B (1)
- Yam (1)
- Yeast estrogen screen (1)
- Yeast-2-Hybrid (1)
- Yeast-Two-Hybrid-System (1)
- Yellow fever mosquito (1)
- YidC (1)
- ZF-L (1)
- ZIKV (1)
- Zahn-Wellens test (1)
- Zahn-Wellens-Test (1)
- Zebrafish eleutheroembryo (1)
- Zeitauflösung (1)
- Zele deceptor (1)
- Zell-basierte Assaysysteme (1)
- Zelldifferenzierung (1)
- Zelle (1)
- Zellskelett (1)
- Zellzyklus (1)
- Zerumbone (1)
- Zirbeldrüse (1)
- Zn2+ (1)
- Zolpidem; Food-effect, PBBM, PBPK (1)
- Zoonosis (1)
- Zymomonas mobilis (1)
- a-proteobacteria (1)
- aDGVM (1)
- aDGVM2 (1)
- aIF (1)
- abiotic factors (1)
- aboveground biomass (1)
- absolute quantification of RNA modifications (1)
- abundance (1)
- accessibility switch (1)
- accessory proteins (1)
- accessory subunit (1)
- acclimation (1)
- acetogenesis (1)
- acetogenic metabolism (1)
- acetylcholine binding protein (1)
- acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (1)
- acetylcholinesterase inhibition (1)
- acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase; Smpd1) (1)
- acoustic features (1)
- acoustic stream (1)
- acquisition strategy (1)
- acridine orange (1)
- active sensing (1)
- actography (1)
- actomyosin (1)
- adaptive immunity (1)
- adaptive laboratory evolution (1)
- adaptive transgenerational plasticity (1)
- adaptor mediated recruitment (1)
- additives (1)
- adenovirus (1)
- adenylyl cyclases (1)
- adhesin (1)
- adhesion (1)
- adipocytes (1)
- adipogenesis (1)
- adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (1)
- admixture inference (1)
- advanced glycation end products (1)
- affinity purification (1)
- affordance (1)
- agaricomycetes (1)
- age (1)
- aggregation (1)
- aging and catalases (1)
- agricultural commodity (1)
- agricultural ecosystems (1)
- alarm calls (1)
- alcoholic liver disease (1)
- aldehydes (1)
- algae (1)
- algal evolution (1)
- alien fishes (1)
- alien invasive pathogens (1)
- alkaloid (1)
- alkylation (1)
- all-E Lycopene (1)
- allosteric coupling (1)
- allosterischer Modulator (1)
- alpha toxin (1)
- alpha-proteobacteria (1)
- alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (1)
- alphaSynuclein (1)
- alphabetic order of taxa (1)
- alternative 3′ end processing (1)
- altitude-for-latitude (1)
- alveolar macrophages (1)
- alzheimer’s disease (1)
- ames fluctuation assay (1)
- amino acids (1)
- amoeboid (1)
- amorphous solid dispersions (1)
- amphipols (1)
- amyloid beta (1)
- amyloid precursor protein (APP) (1)
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1)
- anaerobic energy metabolism (1)
- anaerobic metabolism (1)
- analysis (1)
- anatomy ontologies (1)
- androgens (1)
- angiogenesis-related cell functions (1)
- angipoietin (1)
- aniline blue (1)
- animal experiments (1)
- animal welfare (1)
- anion-exchange chromatography (AEX) (1)
- annual plants (1)
- anomaly zone (1)
- anoxygenic phototrophic sulfur bacteria (1)
- ant-plants (1)
- anti-oxidants (1)
- antiandrogens (1)
- antiangiogenic therapy resistance (1)
- antibiotic transporters (1)
- anticancer agents (1)
- anticoagulants (1)
- anticonvulsant activity (1)
- antifungal activity (1)
- antifungals (1)
- antigen processing and presentation (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (1)
- antisense technology (1)
- antitrypanosomal agents (1)
- antiviral peptide (1)
- antiviral response (1)
- antiviral signaling (1)
- anuran (1)
- anuran decline (1)
- apex bird species (1)
- aphid (1)
- apical constriction (1)
- apical junction (1)
- apical polarity (1)
- apolipoprotein B (1)
- aposematism (1)
- aptamer (1)
- aquatic ecosystem (1)
- aquatic environment (1)
- aqueous carbonate system (1)
- arabinose (1)
- arachidonic acid (1)
- arachidonic acid (AA) (1)
- arboviruses (1)
- archaellum (1)
- archivage des données (1)
- area at highest risk (1)
- area of potential establishment (1)
- argonaute protein (1)
- aridity (1)
- arrhythmia model (1)
- articular chondrocytes (1)
- artificial docking domains (1)
- artificial feeding (1)
- artificial ribonuclease (1)
- aryl hydrocarbon receptor (1)
- asexual fungi (1)
- asgard group (1)
- assembly gaps (1)
- assessment of reference bias (1)
- assisted migration (1)
- astrocyte heterogeneity (1)
- asymmetry (1)
- ataxia (1)
- attention (1)
- atypical MAPK kinase (1)
- auto-inhibition (1)
- autogenous tooth roots (1)
- autologous stem cell transplantation (1)
- automated patch-clamp (1)
- automation (1)
- axon bifurcation (1)
- axon branching (1)
- azaindole (1)
- azides (1)
- azido-fatty acids (1)
- azo compounds (1)
- azoospermia (1)
- b-barrel membrane protein (1)
- bacillary angiomatosis (1)
- bacteria-host interaction (1)
- bacterial autotransporter (1)
- bacterial communities (1)
- bacterial infection (1)
- bacterial microcompartment (1)
- bacterial resistance mechanisms (1)
- bacterial secretion (1)
- bacterium-fungus interaction (1)
- baicalein (1)
- banana pathogen (1)
- barnacle goose (1)
- barstar (1)
- baseline (1)
- basement membrane (1)
- basidiomycota (1)
- bedrohte Arten (1)
- beech (1)
- beech forest (1)
- beech forests (1)
- behavior (1)
- belowground (1)
- benchmarking (1)
- benthic invertebrates (1)
- benthos (1)
- benzothiazoles (1)
- beta-diversity (1)
- beta-diversity turnover (1)
- betaine/choline/carnitine transporter (1)
- biased signaling (1)
- binding (1)
- bio-enabling formulations (1)
- bio-ontologies (1)
- bioacoustics (1)
- bioactivity testing (1)
- bioassay (1)
- bioassays (1)
- biochemical potency (1)
- biocommodities (1)
- biodiesel (1)
- biodiversity education (1)
- biodiversity hotspots (1)
- biodiversity in literature (1)
- biodiversity knowledge base (1)
- biodiversity loss (1)
- biodiversity network (1)
- biodiversity networks (1)
- bioengineering (1)
- bioethanol (1)
- biofuel (1)
- biofuels (1)
- biogeographic contrast (1)
- biogeographic legaciese (1)
- biohydrogen (1)
- bioimaging (1)
- biological archives (1)
- biological macromolecules (1)
- biological models (1)
- biologicals (1)
- biologische Bekämpfung (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biome stability (1)
- biomechanics (1)
- biophysical investigation (1)
- bioreactor (1)
- biosenors (1)
- biosonar (1)
- biospeleology (1)
- biosynthetic gene clusters (1)
- biotechnology (1)
- biotic factors (1)
- biotic resistance hypothesis (1)
- biotin (1)
- bio‐enabling formulations (1)
- bipartite networks (1)
- birds (1)
- bisphenol A (1)
- bitopic transmembrane α-helix (1)
- bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (1)
- blister beetle (1)
- blood (1)
- blood coagulation (1)
- blood vessels (1)
- blood-brain barrier (1)
- blood–brain barrier (1)
- bone augmentation (1)
- bone marrow niche (1)
- bone regeneration (1)
- bone remodeling (1)
- bone resorption (1)
- boreotropics (1)
- boswellic acids (1)
- bottleneck (1)
- boundary patrolling (1)
- brain (1)
- brain cancer (1)
- brain networks (1)
- brain rhythms (1)
- brain waves (1)
- brainmass (1)
- brainsize (1)
- branching (1)
- brassicaceae (1)
- breast tumor (1)
- breeding sites (1)
- brightness (1)
- bromodomains (1)
- brood (1)
- c-JUN (1)
- c-MYC (1)
- c1orf124 (1)
- cGMP signalling (1)
- cIAP1 (1)
- cIAP1 BIR (1)
- cMYC (1)
- caged ATP (1)
- caged diacylglycerol (1)
- calcification (1)
- calcitriol (1)
- calcium (1)
- calcium signalling (1)
- calcium store (1)
- calmodulin (1)
- calsequestrin (1)
- campesterol (1)
- cancer associated fibroblasts (1)
- cancer cell metabolism (1)
- cancer metastases (1)
- cancer models (1)
- cancer specific survival (1)
- candidate genes (1)
- canine cancer (1)
- cantharidin (1)
- capsid (1)
- captive management (1)
- carbon and proton assignments (1)
- carbon content (1)
- carbon dioxide reduction (1)
- carbon monoxide (1)
- carbonate factories (1)
- carbonates (1)
- cardiomyocytes (1)
- carnitine metabolism (1)
- carotenogenic pathways (1)
- carotenoid distribution (1)
- carotenoid pathway engineering (1)
- carotenoid structures (1)
- carotenoids (1)
- carrying capacity (1)
- cartilage trauma (1)
- cascade model (1)
- caspase-1 (1)
- caspase-2 (1)
- caspase-8 (1)
- casual and naturalized alien plants (1)
- catabolism (1)
- cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) (1)
- caudate (1)
- caves (1)
- cell barrier integrity (1)
- cell differentiation (1)
- cell fractionation (1)
- cell heterogeneity (1)
- cell stress (1)
- cell surface hydrophobicity (1)
- cell volume (1)
- cell-based assay-systems (1)
- cell-cell communication (1)
- cell-free (1)
- cell-free protein synthesis (1)
- cellular rosette (1)
- cellular self-organization (1)
- cellular toxicity (1)
- central place foraging (1)
- centrosome (1)
- ceramide phosphoinositols (1)
- ceramide synthase (CERS2/CERS1) (1)
- cereal aphids (1)
- cerebellum (1)
- cerebral metastasis (1)
- cerebrospinal fluid (1)
- channel activation (1)
- chaperone (1)
- character concept (1)
- chassis cell (1)
- chemical shifts (1)
- chemical synthesis (1)
- chemical-induced proximity (1)
- chemiosmosis (1)
- chemotaxis (1)
- chemotherapy (1)
- chloride accumulation (1)
- chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- chlorophyta (1)
- chloroplast capture (1)
- chloroplast envelopes (1)
- chloroplast membrane proteins (1)
- chloroplast phosphorylation network (1)
- chloroplasts (1)
- choice test (1)
- cholestanol (1)
- cholesterol absorption (1)
- cholesterol synthesis (1)
- cholinergic system (1)
- chromalveolate (1)
- chromatin (1)
- chromatin remodeling (1)
- chromatography (1)
- chromium de novo assembly (1)
- chromosomal aberrations (1)
- chromosome organization (1)
- chromosomes (1)
- chronic kidney disease (1)
- chronosequence (1)
- chymotrypsin inhibitor (1)
- circadian (1)
- circadian clock (1)
- circadian rhythms (1)
- circular dichroism (1)
- cis`-Phytoene (1)
- cisternal organelle (1)
- citrate transport (1)
- clamping (1)
- classical Hodgkin lymphoma (1)
- classification (1)
- clastogenicity (1)
- click-chemistry (1)
- climate gradient (1)
- climatic variability (1)
- climatic variables (1)
- clinical cases (1)
- clinical isolates (1)
- cloacal malformation (1)
- clock genes (1)
- clonal dominance (1)
- clonal hematopoiesis (1)
- clone (1)
- clostridia (1)
- clumped isotopes (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- clusteranalysis (1)
- co-crystallization (1)
- co-culture model (1)
- co-fermentation of pentoses with glucose (1)
- co-knowledge production (1)
- co-occurrence (1)
- co-transcriptional regulation (1)
- coagulation process (1)
- coalescence (1)
- coarse-grained simulations (1)
- cobaltocene (1)
- cod (1)
- coevolution (1)
- cofactor recruitment (1)
- cold tolerance (1)
- collagen VI (1)
- collagen membranes (1)
- collapsing nodes (1)
- collective cell migration (1)
- colon cancer (1)
- colony formation (1)
- coloration (1)
- colorectal cancer (1)
- coluteocarpeae (1)
- combinatorial biosynthesis (1)
- combined therapy (1)
- common transition pairs (1)
- communication-mediating domains (1)
- community (1)
- community composition (1)
- community mean (1)
- community structure (1)
- community-weighted mean (1)
- compaction (1)
- comparative ecology (1)
- comparative oncology (1)
- compartmental modeling (1)
- compass orientation (1)
- competition (1)
- complement (1)
- complement system (1)
- complete chloroplast genome (1)
- complex I (1)
- complex III2 (1)
- complex plastid (1)
- complex structure (1)
- complexome profiling (1)
- compound screen (1)
- computational and systems biology (1)
- computational biology (1)
- computational literary studies (1)
- computational techniques (1)
- computer vision (1)
- concept (1)
- conflict species (1)
- confocal laser scanning microscopy (1)
- confocal microscopy (1)
- conformation (1)
- conformation analysis (1)
- conformational changes (1)
- conformational heterogeneity (1)
- conformational space (1)
- congruence (1)
- coniferous forest (1)
- connaissances écologiques traditionnelles (1)
- connectedness to nature scale (1)
- connectedness to nature scale (CNS) (1)
- connective tissue growth factor (1)
- conotoxin (1)
- consortia (1)
- continental drift (1)
- control region (1)
- control theory (1)
- convergent evolution (1)
- cooperation (1)
- cooperativity (1)
- cophylogeny (1)
- copyright (1)
- core facility administration (1)
- corona virus (1)
- correlated dynamics (1)
- correlative model (1)
- cortical flow (1)
- cortisol secretion (1)
- cospeciation (1)
- costs (1)
- cotransformation (1)
- coumarin 6 (1)
- coupling (1)
- covalent inhibition (1)
- covalent inhibitors (1)
- covalent reversible inhibition (1)
- coypu (1)
- crista junction (1)
- cross-frequency coupling (1)
- cross-linking (1)
- cross-species RNA-sequencing (1)
- crosslinking (1)
- crosslinking-mass spectrometry (1)
- crude oil (1)
- crustacea (1)
- cryo-electron tomography (1)
- cryo-eletron crystallography (1)
- cryoEM (1)
- cryoelectron microscopy (1)
- cryopreservation (1)
- cryptochrome (1)
- cultural ecosystem services (1)
- cupriavidus necator (1)
- custom (1)
- cyanobacteria (1)
- cyclic nucleotide analogues (1)
- cyclic nucleotide binding proteins (1)
- cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (1)
- cyclodextrine (1)
- cyclooctyne (1)
- cyclooxygenase 2 (1)
- cys-loop receptor (1)
- cysteine protease (1)
- cysteine reactivity (1)
- cysteine-redox regulation (1)
- cytarabin (1)
- cytochrome P450 (1)
- cytochrome c oxidase (1)
- cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) (1)
- cytochrome c. (1)
- cytochrome oxidase (1)
- cytochromes (1)
- cytokine (1)
- cytokines (1)
- cytomegalovirus (1)
- cytosolic free calcium (1)
- cytotoxicity (1)
- dNTP hydrolysis (1)
- dNTP pool sanitizing enzymes (1)
- dNTPase inhibitor (1)
- dPAS (1)
- dRNA-Seq (1)
- data analysis (1)
- data archiving (1)
- data integration (1)
- data processing (1)
- data pruning (1)
- data publishing (1)
- de novo Synthesis (1)
- de novo design (1)
- de novo transcription (1)
- dead wood (1)
- dead wood amount (1)
- deadwood (1)
- deadwood experiments (1)
- decision maker (1)
- decision-making under uncertainty (1)
- decline effect (1)
- decorrelation (1)
- deep learning (1)
- deep-sea sediment (1)
- definitions (1)
- deforestation (1)
- degree of saturation (1)
- delta oscillations (1)
- demographic inference (1)
- dendrite (1)
- dendrite morphogenesis (1)
- dendritic branching (1)
- dendritic cell (1)
- dendritic morphology (1)
- dendritic spines (1)
- dendroecology (1)
- denervation (1)
- dermosphere (1)
- designed multitarget ligands (1)
- detection (1)
- detergent (1)
- detoxification (1)
- deubiquitinating enzyme (1)
- deubiquitinating enzymes (1)
- deubiquitylation (deubiquitination) (1)
- diabetes type 1 (1)
- diagenesis (1)
- diagnosis (1)
- diagnostic radiologic examination (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- diapause (1)
- diatom (1)
- diatom parasites (1)
- diesel (1)
- differential expression (1)
- differentially expressed genes (1)
- differentially regulated orthologs (1)
- differentiation (1)
- differentiation diversity (1)
- diffusion states (1)
- digital medicine (1)
- digital pathology (1)
- digital student lab (1)
- digital twin (1)
- dimer interface formation (1)
- directed disulfide bond formation (1)
- discrete choice modeling (1)
- disinfection (1)
- dispersal limitation (1)
- dissimilatory sulfite reductase (1)
- distance (1)
- distribution (1)
- disturbance (1)
- disulfide bond isomerization (1)
- diurnal (1)
- diurnal variation (1)
- diversion technique (1)
- diversity metrics (1)
- dna (1)
- docking studies (1)
- docosahexaenoic acid (1)
- domain architecture evolution (1)
- domatia (1)
- données écologiques (1)
- dopamine D2S/D3 receptor (1)
- downy mildew (1)
- drone (1)
- drug screening (1)
- drug screening system (1)
- drug target (1)
- drug-likeness (1)
- dry weight (1)
- dryland (1)
- dsRNA (1)
- dsr genes (1)
- dual BET/HDAC inhibitor (1)
- dual nucleic acid binding (1)
- dynamic nuclear polarization (1)
- dynamic temperature (1)
- dynamic vegetation model (1)
- dynein (1)
- dysbetalipoproteinemia (1)
- early detection (1)
- easyPACId (1)
- ecological data (1)
- ecological impact (1)
- ecological networks (1)
- ecological novelty (1)
- ecological similarity (1)
- ecology and biodiversity (1)
- ecomorphology (1)
- ecophysiology (1)
- ecosystem engineers (1)
- ecosystem function (1)
- ecosystem functioning (1)
- ecosystem invasibility (1)
- ecosystem management (1)
- ecotoxicology (1)
- ectomycorrhizal (1)
- education (1)
- education for sustainable development (ESD) (1)
- effect monitoring (1)
- effectors (1)
- efflux pump (1)
- efflux pumps (1)
- egg deposition (1)
- egg tardigrades (1)
- electrical coupling (1)
- electrochemical CO2 reduction (1)
- electron bifurcation (1)
- electron cryomicroscopy (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- electron tomography (1)
- electron transfer (1)
- electron transfer system (1)
- electron transport (1)
- electron transport chains (1)
- electrophilic natural products (1)
- electrospinning (1)
- electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (1)
- elegans (1)
- element speciation (1)
- elementary mode (1)
- elephant (1)
- elimination rate constant (1)
- embryologic development (1)
- emergent self-organizing maps (1)
- emiliania huxleyi (1)
- emotion theory (1)
- end maturation (1)
- endangered area (1)
- endangered species (1)
- endemic (1)
- endemic bird areas (1)
- endemism (1)
- endocrine disrupting chemicals (1)
- endocrine-disrupting chemicals (1)
- endogenous clock (1)
- endolysosomal system (1)
- endomembrane system (1)
- endonuclease (1)
- endophytic fungi (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum (1)
- endosomes (1)
- endothelin receptor (1)
- endothelium (1)
- endothial precursor cells (1)
- enemy release hypothesis (1)
- energy conservation (1)
- energy metabolism (1)
- energy-converting hydrogenase (Ech) (1)
- engineering (1)
- enhancer (1)
- enrichment (1)
- entomopathogenic bacteria (1)
- envelope membrane proteome approach comparison (1)
- environmental attitudes (1)
- environmental education (1)
- environmental factors (1)
- environmental filtering (1)
- environmental gradients (1)
- environmental health (1)
- environmental humanities (1)
- environmental monitoring (1)
- environmental stressors (1)
- enzymatic electrosynthesis (1)
- enzyme activity (1)
- enzyme activity assay (1)
- enzyme assay (1)
- enzyme inhibitor (1)
- enzyme kinetics (1)
- enzymes (1)
- ephrinB (1)
- ephrinB2 (1)
- epidemiology (1)
- epidermal growth factor (1)
- epigenetic (1)
- epigenetics (1)
- epilepsy (1)
- epileptogenesis (1)
- epiphytism (1)
- epitranscriptome (1)
- epitranscriptomics (1)
- epoxides (1)
- epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (1)
- essential gene (1)
- ester (1)
- estradiol equivalents (1)
- ether lipids (1)
- etravirine (1)
- eukaryotic biodiversity (1)
- eutheria (1)
- evolutionary history (1)
- evolutionary traceability (1)
- exact NOE (1)
- excipients (1)
- excitatory glycine receptor (1)
- exon coalescence (1)
- exon concatenation (1)
- exon evolution (1)
- exotic plants (1)
- expansion microscopy (1)
- experiment (1)
- expertise (1)
- export (1)
- exposome (1)
- exposure (1)
- expression system (1)
- extirpation (1)
- extracellular signal-regulated kinase (1)
- extracellular stimuli (1)
- extract (1)
- facilitation (1)
- failure to diverge (1)
- famotidine (1)
- farnesoid X receptor (1)
- fatty acid (1)
- fatty acid dependency (1)
- fatty acid desaturation (1)
- fatty acid elongase (Elovl1/4/5) (1)
- fatty acid metabolism (1)
- fatty acid synthesis (1)
- fatty acid/biosynthesis (1)
- fatty-acid synthase (1)
- fatty-acid synthesis (1)
- feeding activity (1)
- feelings (emotions) (1)
- females (1)
- fertility (1)
- fibroblasts (1)
- filopodia (1)
- fin whales (1)
- fine spatial resolution remote sensing (1)
- firewood (1)
- firewood movement (1)
- fish (1)
- fishing (1)
- fission (1)
- fixed average (1)
- flavonoids (1)
- floral scent (1)
- floral signals (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) (1)
- fluorescent dye (1)
- fluorescent labeling (1)
- fluorescent probes (1)
- focal adhesion (1)
- folding (1)
- folding landscapes (1)
- follicular dendritic cells (1)
- food allergy (1)
- food consumption (1)
- food contact materials (1)
- foraging site fidelity (1)
- foraging site switching (1)
- forensic entomology (1)
- forest classification (1)
- forest ecosystems (1)
- forest edges (1)
- forest functional similarity (1)
- forest functions (1)
- forest interior (1)
- forest monoculture (1)
- forest pests (1)
- forest resources (1)
- forest structure (1)
- forest succession (1)
- formate (1)
- formate dehydrogenase (1)
- formate oxidation (1)
- fouling (1)
- fractionation (1)
- fragile-X-associated tremor-ataxia syndrome (1)
- fragment screening (1)
- fragment-based design (1)
- fragment-based screening (1)
- freeze avoidance (1)
- freshwater (1)
- freshwater crayfish (1)
- freshwater ecology (1)
- frontal cortex (1)
- fronto-temporal-lobar-dementia (1)
- frontotemporal dementia (1)
- frugivorous bird communities (1)
- fruit body (1)
- functional genetics (1)
- functional group (1)
- functional identity (1)
- functional island biogeography (1)
- functional module (1)
- functional response (1)
- fungal effectors (1)
- fungal pathogens (1)
- fungal phylogeny (1)
- fungal traits (1)
- fungus (1)
- fusion (1)
- fuzzy clustering (1)
- gallein (1)
- gamma (1)
- gangliosides (1)
- gapmers (1)
- gas exchange (1)
- gasotransmitters (1)
- gastrulation (1)
- gel retardation (1)
- gelatin (1)
- gen expression (1)
- gene expression regulation (1)
- gene families (1)
- gene family (1)
- gene flow (1)
- gene loss (1)
- gene models (1)
- gene sequence data (1)
- general autophagy (1)
- generalized additive model (1)
- generic scoring system (1)
- genes for longevity (1)
- genetic code expansion (1)
- genetic differentiation (1)
- genetics (1)
- genetransfer (1)
- genome analysis (1)
- genome architecture (1)
- genome assembly (1)
- genome copy numbers (1)
- genome editing (1)
- genome evolution (1)
- genomic diversity (1)
- genotoxicity (1)
- genotype (1)
- genotype→phenotype map (1)
- genotyping (1)
- geoecology (1)
- geographic range (1)
- geomorphology (1)
- geospatial (1)
- giraffe (1)
- glatte Gefäßmuskelzellen (1)
- glidobactin (1)
- glidobactins (1)
- glioblastoma (1)
- glioblastoma cells (1)
- global biomes (1)
- global climate change (1)
- globosides (1)
- glomerulus (1)
- glossary of terms (1)
- glucocorticoid receptor (1)
- glucosamine (1)
- glucose transport (1)
- glucose transport inhibitor (1)
- glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (1)
- glucosylceramide (1)
- glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase (1)
- glutamine synthetase (1)
- glutamine synthetase regulation (1)
- glutathione (1)
- glutathionylation (1)
- glycation (1)
- glycerophospholipid (1)
- glycine receptor (1)
- glycobiology (1)
- glycoconjugate (1)
- glycolysis (1)
- glycoproteins (1)
- graded structure (1)
- granule cell (1)
- granule cells (1)
- grapes (1)
- graph theory (1)
- grassland (1)
- grasslands (1)
- gratings (1)
- gravity (1)
- growth factor (1)
- growth promotion (1)
- growth rates (1)
- guanidine analogs (1)
- guanidine-II riboswitch (1)
- guanosine (1)
- guanylyl cyclase (GCY) (1)
- guanylyl cyclases (1)
- guided bone regeneration (1)
- hTERT (1)
- habitat (1)
- habitat destruction (1)
- habitat filter (1)
- habitat heterogeneity (1)
- habitat requirements (1)
- habitat structure (1)
- habitats (1)
- habituation (1)
- hairpin polyamides (1)
- hallucinogenic (1)
- haloferax volcanii (1)
- halophile (1)
- halophilic (1)
- hands-on elements (1)
- harmine (1)
- harmonized dataset (1)
- hazard assessment (1)
- heart development (1)
- heart failure (1)
- heat (1)
- heat shock protein (1)
- heat-shock protein (1)
- heathlands (1)
- hemagglutination (1)
- hematopietic stress (1)
- hematopoiesis (1)
- hematopoietic progenitor cells (1)
- hematopoietic stem cell (1)
- hematopoietic stem cells (1)
- heme-regulated inhibitory kinase (1)
- hemeroby (1)
- hemlock dwarf mistletoe (1)
- hemophilia (1)
- hen egg white lysozyme (1)
- heparan sulfate proteoglycans (1)
- hepatic phenotype (1)
- hepatitis (1)
- hepatitis C virus (1)
- hepatitis C virus (HCV) (1)
- hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (1)
- herbarium specimen (1)
- herbivore Insekten (1)
- herbivores (1)
- herbivory (1)
- hereditary hyperekplexia (1)
- herpes simplex virus (1)
- heterochrony (1)
- heterocysts (1)
- heterodimer (1)
- heterologous expression (1)
- heteronuclear detection (1)
- heteroplasmy (1)
- heterosynaptic plasticity (1)
- heterozygous cells (1)
- hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (1)
- hierarchical classification vs linear listing order (1)
- hierarchical clustering (1)
- hierarchical models (1)
- high throughput screening (1)
- high-content screening (1)
- high-dimensional data sets (1)
- high-fat-diet (1)
- high-frequency stimulation (1)
- high-symmetry (1)
- high-throughput nucleotide sequencing (1)
- high-throughput sequencing (1)
- higher fungi (1)
- hippo (1)
- histone acetylation (1)
- historical biodiversity (1)
- historical biogeography (1)
- history of taxonomy (1)
- holocarpic oomycetes (1)
- homeobox (1)
- homeodomain protein (1)
- homeodomain proteins (1)
- homeostatic plasticity (1)
- hominin adaptation (1)
- homodimer (1)
- homogeneous time-resolved FRET (HTRF) (1)
- homologous gene expression (1)
- honey bee classification (1)
- horizontal gene transfer (1)
- host matrix- pathogen interaction (1)
- host parasitoid interactions (1)
- host-microbe interaction (1)
- host-pathogen interaction (1)
- host-plant recognition (1)
- host-switch (1)
- hostplant (1)
- hotochromism (1)
- human MSCs (1)
- human exposure (1)
- human footprint (1)
- human host adaptation (1)
- human impacts (1)
- human induced pluripotent stem cells (1)
- human knockout model (1)
- human lymph node (1)
- human monocytes (1)
- human neurons (1)
- human pancreatic organoids (hPOs) (1)
- human pathogen (1)
- human pathogenic Nematoda (1)
- human population (1)
- human pressure (1)
- human well-being (1)
- human-wildlife conflict (1)
- hxt0 strain (1)
- hxt0 yeast strain (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hybrid enrichment (1)
- hybrid strategy (1)
- hydrogen bond (1)
- hydrogen evolution (1)
- hydrogen oxidation (1)
- hydrogen production (1)
- hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (1)
- hydrogen-dependent carbon dioxide reductase (1)
- hydrogenase (1)
- hydrogenation of CO2 (1)
- hydroxamate (1)
- hydroxylation (1)
- hydroxynaphthoquinone (1)
- hydroxyproline (1)
- hypercholesterolemia (1)
- hyperparasitic fungi (1)
- hyperparasitism (1)
- hypertriglyceridemia (1)
- hypervolume (1)
- hypocotyls (1)
- hypothesis (1)
- hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (1)
- i-AAA protease (1)
- iPSc (1)
- ibosome biogenesis (1)
- icosahedra (1)
- illustrated inclusion of nature in self scale (IINS) (1)
- immune cells (1)
- immune escape (1)
- immune therapy (1)
- immunocytochemistry (1)
- immunohistochemistry (1)
- immunological research (1)
- impacts (1)
- import (1)
- imposex (1)
- in silico (1)
- in situ (1)
- in vitro activities (1)
- in vitro effects (1)
- in vitro model (1)
- in vitro test system (1)
- in vivo (1)
- in vivo neuroimaging (1)
- in vivo screen (1)
- in-vitro Assay (1)
- inbreeding (1)
- inclination compass (1)
- inclusion of nature in self scale (INS) (1)
- increased vigour (1)
- indel (1)
- indirect discharger (1)
- individual interest (1)
- indole (1)
- industrial effluents (1)
- infection model (1)
- infectious disease (1)
- infectious diseases (1)
- inflammasome (1)
- infra-slow oscillation (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- infrastructure improvements (1)
- ingénieurs de l'écosystème (1)
- inhibition (1)
- inhibitor design (1)
- inhibitors (1)
- inner membrane morphology (1)
- inoculative release (1)
- inokulative Freilassung (1)
- inositol signaling (1)
- insect (1)
- insect herbivores (1)
- insecticidal activity (1)
- insecticides (1)
- instrument performance tests (1)
- insulin resistance (1)
- integral membrane proteins (1)
- integrate-and-fire (1)
- integrated stress response (1)
- integrative taxonomy (1)
- integrins (1)
- intellectual property (1)
- inter- seasonal predictability (1)
- interaction networks (1)
- interaction network (1)
- interaction partners (1)
- interdisciplinarity (1)
- interdomain signal transmission (1)
- interest in nature (1)
- interleukin-2 gene (1)
- internal transcribed spacer (1)
- internal transcribed spacer rDNA (1)
- internalin B (1)
- international trade (1)
- interoperability (1)
- intersexuality (1)
- interspecific competition (1)
- intra-tumor heterogeneity (1)
- intracellular (1)
- intracellular internalization (1)
- intracellular stimuli (1)
- intranasal administration (1)
- intraspecific competition (1)
- intraspecific variation (1)
- intrinsic vs extrinsic factors (1)
- intrinsically disordered region (1)
- introduced mammals (1)
- introduced species (1)
- introductions (1)
- invader (1)
- invariant transition pairs (1)
- invasibility (1)
- invasion ecology (1)
- invasion mechanisms (1)
- invasion pathways (1)
- invasion pressure (1)
- invasion risk assessment (1)
- invasion success (1)
- invasion traits (1)
- invasional meltdown hypothesis (1)
- invasive (1)
- invasive Arten (1)
- invasive alien species (1)
- invasive fish (1)
- invasive insect pests (1)
- invasive insects (1)
- invasive pests (1)
- invasive plant (1)
- invasive species listing (1)
- invasiveness (1)
- invertebrates (1)
- inward proton pump (1)
- inflammatory pain (1)
- ion translocation (1)
- ion treatment (1)
- ionization (1)
- ions (1)
- iron (1)
- iron metabolism (1)
- iron starvation (1)
- iron-sulfur proteins (1)
- irreversible inhibition (1)
- irrigation (1)
- ising model (1)
- island susceptibility hypothesis (1)
- islands of divergence (1)
- isomeric antagonists (1)
- isorhamnetin (1)
- itch (1)
- juvenile hormone esterase (1)
- k-means (1)
- kairomone (1)
- keratinocytes (1)
- kern-basiertes Lernen (1)
- kernel learning (1)
- key to species (1)
- kidney formation (1)
- kinase inhibitors (1)
- kinase protein interaction (1)
- kinase regulation (1)
- kinetically trapped state (1)
- knock-out (1)
- knockout (1)
- knockout mouse (1)
- knowledge (1)
- knowledge transfer (1)
- knowledge-doing gap (1)
- kudzu (1)
- lab motivation scale (LMS) (1)
- labelfree quantitative mass spectrometry (1)
- labradorin (1)
- labrum morphology (1)
- lactate (1)
- lacto/neo-lacto series GSLs (1)
- land bridges (1)
- land cover changes (1)
- land degradation (1)
- land-use (1)
- land-use/cover change modeling (1)
- landscape fragmentation (1)
- lantibiotic (1)
- large functional RNAs (1)
- large subunit maturation (1)
- larva (1)
- larvae (1)
- lateral line (1)
- lathosterol (1)
- latitudinal gradient (1)
- leaf patch clamp pressure (1)
- learning difficulties (1)
- learning technology (1)
- left ventricular hypertrophy (1)
- legionella (1)
- lentiviral vector (1)
- lentiviral vectors (1)
- lentivirale Vektoren (1)
- leptin receptor-deficient mouse (1)
- leukemia (1)
- leukocyte adhesion (1)
- leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction (1)
- leukocytes (1)
- leukotriene (1)
- liana (1)
- lichen (1)
- lichen secondary metabolites (1)
- lichen symbiosis (1)
- lichen-forming fungi (1)
- lichenology (1)
- life history traits (1)
- life-cycle (1)
- life-form (1)
- ligand-binding domain (1)
- ligands (1)
- light (1)
- light stimuli (1)
- light trap (1)
- light-gated ion channel (1)
- light-harvesting (1)
- light-induced polymerization (1)
- light-stress (1)
- linear classification (1)
- linguistic linked open data (1)
- linked open data (1)
- lipid (1)
- lipid based formulation (1)
- lipid peroxidation (1)
- lipid profiles (1)
- lipid signalling (1)
- lipid suspension (1)
- lipid to protein ratio (1)
- lipid-protein interaction (1)
- lipoic acid (6,8-dithio-octanoic acid) (1)
- lipoprotein (1)
- lipoproteins (1)
- lipoxygenase inhibitor (1)
- listing (1)
- literature digitization (1)
- live cell imaging (1)
- live-cell imaging (1)
- livelihood (1)
- liver (1)
- liver cancer (1)
- liver cell lines (1)
- liver diseases (1)
- liver fibrosis (1)
- liver metabolism (1)
- local field potentials (1)
- local-field potentials (1)
- locked nucleic acids (1)
- long noncoding RNA (1)
- long sequencing reads (1)
- long-term depression (1)
- long-term protection (1)
- long36 term protection (1)
- low density lipoprotein receptor (1)
- low-dose irradiation (1)
- low-resource languages (1)
- lowland tropical forest (1)
- lppr5 (1)
- lung cancer (1)
- lungs (1)
- lymphocyte (1)
- lysophospholipids (1)
- lysosome (1)
- lysosomes (1)
- lysozyme (1)
- m-Cresol (1)
- mPFC (1)
- mPTP (1)
- mRNA export (1)
- mRNA isoforms (1)
- mRNA surveillance (1)
- macrobenthos biodiversity (1)
- macroecological model (1)
- macroecology (1)
- macroevolution (1)
- macrofungi (1)
- macrohabitat (1)
- macromolecular machines (1)
- macromycete (1)
- macrophage inflammatory response (1)
- macrophages (1)
- magic angle spinning (1)
- magnetic exchange coupling constants (1)
- magnetoreception (1)
- maintenance control (1)
- major vault protein (1)
- mammary gland tissue (1)
- management strategies (1)
- manganese (1)
- mango (1)
- mapping (1)
- marine (1)
- marine ecology (1)
- marine geology (1)
- marine invertebrates (1)
- marine oil spills (1)
- marine protected areas (1)
- marsupials (1)
- mast cells (1)
- mathematical modeling (1)
- mating type (1)
- matrix metalloprotease (1)
- matrix metalloproteinases (1)
- matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (1)
- maximal common transition set (1)
- maximum entropy (1)
- maximum likelihood (1)
- md simulations (1)
- mean fruit body size (1)
- mechanics (1)
- meerkats (1)
- melanization (1)
- membrane anchor; substrate-binding protein dependent secondary transport; TRAP-associated extracytoplasmic immunogenic (TAXI); tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) (1)
- membrane complex dynamics (1)
- membrane fatty acids (1)
- membrane mimics (1)
- membrane potential (1)
- membrane proteome (1)
- membrane receptors (1)
- membrane trafficking (1)
- membranes (1)
- membranes/fluidity (1)
- memory consolidation (1)
- menschliche Einflussnahme (1)
- mesangial cells (1)
- mesenchymal (1)
- mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (1)
- mesic steppe (1)
- messenger (1)
- messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) (1)
- meta-stable structures (1)
- metabolic disruptors (1)
- metabolic engineering (1)
- metabolic networks (1)
- metabolic pathway (1)
- metabolic pathways (1)
- metabolic sydrome (1)
- metabolic syndromes (1)
- metabotroper Glutamatrezeptor (1)
- metabotropic (1)
- metagenome assembly (1)
- metalloenzymes (1)
- metalloprotease (1)
- metalloproteins (1)
- metastases (1)
- metazoans (1)
- methylglyoxal (1)
- miR (1)
- miR-181 (1)
- miRNS (1)
- micro-CT (1)
- microRNA-17-92 cluster (1)
- microRNAs (1)
- microbes (1)
- microbial electrosynthesis (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microdialysis (1)
- microgravity (1)
- micromorphology (1)
- micronucleus (1)
- micronucleus assay (1)
- microorganisms (1)
- microplastics (1)
- microsatellite (1)
- microscopy room requirements (1)
- microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (1)
- microsporidia (1)
- microthlaspi (1)
- microvesicles (1)
- mimicry (1)
- mineral water (1)
- mineralized tissues (1)
- minimal cut set (1)
- missing data (1)
- mites (1)
- mitochondria localization (1)
- mitochondrial acyl-carrier protein (1)
- mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) (1)
- mitochondrial dynamics (1)
- mitochondrial dysfunction (1)
- mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis type II (1)
- mitochondrial localization motif (1)
- mitochondrial metabolism (1)
- mitochondrial morphology (1)
- mitochondrial protein import (1)
- mitochondrial quality control (1)
- mitochondrial respiration (1)
- mitohormesis (1)
- mixed lineage kinase domain-like (1)
- mobile (1)
- model evaluation (1)
- model verification (1)
- modeling (1)
- modeling and simulation (1)
- modularity (1)
- modularity of megasynthases (1)
- molecular adaptation (1)
- molecular biology (1)
- molecular clock (1)
- molecular conformation (1)
- molecular diagnostics (1)
- molecular docking (1)
- molecular markers (1)
- molecular phylogenetic analysis (1)
- molecular screening (1)
- molecular species discrimination (1)
- molecular structure (1)
- molecular switch (1)
- molecular tug-of-war (1)
- monetary impacts (1)
- monoamine oxidase A (1)
- monoclonal antibody (1)
- morphological filtering (1)
- morphological modeling (1)
- morphometry (1)
- mortality (1)
- mosquitoes (1)
- moth indicator groups (1)
- moths (1)
- motility (1)
- motion tracking (1)
- mounting (1)
- mouse retina (1)
- mouse tissues (1)
- mtDNA haplotypes (1)
- mtLSU quality control (1)
- mucormycetes (1)
- mucormycosis (1)
- mudsnail (1)
- multi-drug-resistant pathogens (1)
- multi-generation experiment (1)
- multi-locus phylogeny (1)
- multi-objective optimization (1)
- multi-omics technology (1)
- multi-stem architecture (1)
- multi-target drug (1)
- multi-trophic interactions (1)
- multicolor imaging (1)
- multicriteria analysis (1)
- multidomain protein (1)
- multidrug resistance protein 4 (1)
- multigene phylogeny (1)
- multilocus genotype (1)
- multiple stressors (1)
- multiplex immunohistochemistry (1)
- multiplexing (1)
- multispecies coalescent (1)
- multivariate technique (1)
- muscarinic receptor (1)
- muscle contraction (1)
- muscular dystrophies (1)
- musculoskeletal repair (1)
- mushroom spines (1)
- mutational load (1)
- mutual information (1)
- mutualism (1)
- mutualist-mediated effects (1)
- mycoflora (1)
- mycolic acid (1)
- myeloid angiogenic cells (1)
- myelopoiesis (1)
- myrmecophytes (1)
- myxobacteria (1)
- n-Butanol (1)
- n-butanol (1)
- nESI (1)
- nanodiscs (1)
- native (1)
- natural behavior (1)
- natural competence (1)
- natural killer cell (1)
- naturalistic stimuli (1)
- naturalness (1)
- nature museums (1)
- nature relatedness scale (NR) (1)
- naïveté (1)
- near-natural (1)
- necroptosis (1)
- negative-stain electron microscopy (1)
- nematode diversity (1)
- nematophin (1)
- neotype (1)
- nephelometry (1)
- nephropathy (1)
- network analysis (1)
- network modelling (1)
- network reduction (1)
- network state changes (1)
- neural coding (1)
- neurexin (1)
- neuro-vascular (1)
- neurobiology (1)
- neuroblast growth (1)
- neurodegenerative disorders (1)
- neurodevelopment (1)
- neuroethology (1)
- neuromodulation (1)
- neuron (1)
- neuronal RNA (1)
- neuronal coherence (1)
- neuronal network (1)
- neuronal plasticity (1)
- neuronal synapse (1)
- neuropathic pain (1)
- neurosimulation (1)
- neurotropic virus (1)
- neutral ceramidase (Asah2) (1)
- neutral sphingomyelinase (Smpd3) (1)
- neutralizing antibodies (1)
- neutralizing antibody (1)
- neutron microtomography (1)
- new combinations (1)
- new country records (1)
- new genus (1)
- new records (1)
- new synonymies (1)
- new synonyms (1)
- new taxon (1)
- newly synthesized RNA (1)
- next-generation sequencing (1)
- nextgeneration sequencing (1)
- niche evolution (1)
- niche-based processes (1)
- nicht-native Proteine (1)
- nightly behavior (1)
- nisin binding (1)
- nitrate allocation (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- nitrogen regulation (1)
- nitrosylation (1)
- noccaea (1)
- nomadic (1)
- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (1)
- non-canonical amino acid (1)
- non-coding RNAs (1)
- non-commercial publishing (1)
- non-destructive sampling (1)
- non-indigenous species (1)
- non-material contribution (1)
- non-native (1)
- non-native proteins (1)
- non-native species (1)
- non-natural nucleotide (1)
- non-ribosomal peptide syntheses (1)
- non-target chemical analysis (1)
- non-timber forest products (NTFPs) (1)
- non-uniform sampling 2 (1)
- noninvasive species (1)
- nonnative (1)
- nonnative invasive species (1)
- nonnative species (1)
- nonribosomal peptide synthetases (1)
- nonsense mediated mRNA decay (1)
- nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (1)
- nonstructural proteins (1)
- nontarget (1)
- normal liver cells (1)
- northern giraffe (1)
- novel mutualisms (1)
- novel natural products (1)
- novel technologies (1)
- novel weapons hypothesis (1)
- npas4l (1)
- nrITS (1)
- nuclear architecture (1)
- nuclear factor 2 (erythroid-derived 2-like factor) (NFE2L2) (Nrf2) (1)
- nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- nuclear matrix (1)
- nuclear receptor related-1 (1)
- nucleic acid amplification test (1)
- nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay (1)
- nucleic acids (1)
- nucleobases (1)
- nucleophilic addition (1)
- nucleotides (1)
- nutria (1)
- nutrient availability (1)
- nutrient cycling (1)
- nutrient regime (1)
- nutritional sources (1)
- nymphs (1)
- oak-hornbeam forest (1)
- oakmoss (1)
- obesogens (1)
- obligate pathogens (1)
- oceanic islands (1)
- octanoic acid (1)
- off-target reads (1)
- oligolectic bees (1)
- oligolektische Bienen (1)
- olive mill wastewater (OMWW) (1)
- olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy (OPCA) (1)
- one new species (1)
- oocyte death (1)
- oocytes (1)
- oomycete (1)
- oomycetes (1)
- open science (1)
- open structure (1)
- open-source 3D bioprinting (1)
- optogenetic (1)
- orchid (1)
- orchidée (1)
- organellar ploidy levels (1)
- organelle structure (1)
- organoids (1)
- organotin compound (1)
- organotypic slice cultures (1)
- orientation behavior (1)
- orientation selectivity (1)
- origin (1)
- originality (1)
- orthogroup (1)
- ortholog search (1)
- orthology assignment (1)
- oscillation (1)
- osmoadaptation (1)
- osmoregulation (1)
- osmotic stress (1)
- osteoclastogenesis (1)
- osteoclasts (1)
- osteogenic differentiation (1)
- otic neurogenesis (1)
- outdoor education (1)
- overview (1)
- oxazole (1)
- oxidases (1)
- oxidative folding (1)
- oxidized low density lipoprotein (1)
- oxygenic photosynthesis (1)
- oxylipin (1)
- p14ARF (1)
- p38 MAPK (1)
- p53 (1)
- p53 family (1)
- p73 (1)
- pH Indicator Dye (1)
- pH Regulation (1)
- pPAS (1)
- pSer domain (1)
- pain target (1)
- paired samples (1)
- paleoanthropology (1)
- paleobiology (1)
- paleoclimatology (1)
- paleodiet (1)
- paleoecology (1)
- pancreatic cancer (1)
- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (1)
- paper-based detection (1)
- parabolic flight (1)
- paracrine signaling (1)
- parallel recording (1)
- paralogy (1)
- paramagnetic effects (1)
- parasite identity (1)
- parasitism (1)
- parathyroid hormone 2 (1)
- parsing (1)
- pastizal (1)
- pathogenic fungi (1)
- pathogenicity (1)
- pathogens (1)
- pathology (1)
- pathway complexity (1)
- pathway evolution (1)
- pathway invasion model (1)
- patient-derived organoids (1)
- pattern (1)
- pentafluorothio group (1)
- pentose phosphate pathway (1)
- peptide antibiotics (1)
- peptide backbone modifications (1)
- peptide editing (1)
- peptide loading complex (1)
- peptide transport (1)
- peptide-antimicrobial-Xenorhabdus peptide (1)
- peptides (1)
- peripheral injury (1)
- perlakuan ion (1)
- peroxisom proliferator aktivierter Rezeptor (1)
- peroxisome prolifer ators-activated receptor-γ (1)
- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (1)
- personalized oncology (1)
- pest risk analysis (1)
- pesticide (1)
- phage display (1)
- phage lysis proteins (1)
- phase separation (1)
- phase-amplitude coupling (1)
- phenotypic analysis (1)
- phosphate homeostasis (1)
- phosphate starvation (1)
- phosphate translocation mechanism (1)
- phosphate transport regulation (1)
- phosphate transporter (1)
- phosphatidylinositols (1)
- phosphodiesterase (PDE) (1)
- phosphoketolase (1)
- phospholipids/phosphatidylglycerol (1)
- phosphorus (1)
- phosphotransacetylase (1)
- photodynamic effect (1)
- photoisomerization (1)
- photopharmacology (1)
- photosystem II assembly and repair (1)
- photosystem maintenance (1)
- phylogenetic analysis (1)
- phylogenetic approach (1)
- phylogenetic community distance (1)
- phylogenetic conflict (1)
- phylogenetic differences (1)
- phylogenetic diversity (1)
- phylogenetic informativeness (1)
- phylogenetic logistic regression models (1)
- phylogenetic network (1)
- phylogenetic profile (1)
- phylogenetic profiles (1)
- phylogenetic profiling (1)
- phylogenetic similarity (1)
- phylogeography (1)
- physico-chemical degradation (1)
- phytochromes (1)
- phytodiversity (1)
- phytometer (1)
- phytoplankton (1)
- pinning control (1)
- piperidone (1)
- piracy (1)
- planar polarity (1)
- planning and design (1)
- plant biosecurity (1)
- plant community assembly (1)
- plant diversification (1)
- plant functional diversity (1)
- plant functional traits (1)
- plant height (1)
- plant invasion (1)
- plant invasions (1)
- plant life-form (1)
- plant pathogens (1)
- plant productivity (1)
- plant protein distribution (1)
- plant proteomics (1)
- plant regeneration (1)
- plant symbioses (1)
- plant taxonomy (1)
- plant-animal mutualism (1)
- plant-ants (1)
- plant-microbe interactions (1)
- plants (1)
- plasma (1)
- plasma membrane (1)
- plasmid (1)
- plastic (1)
- plastic response (1)
- plasticity (1)
- plastid protein import (1)
- plastids (1)
- plastome (1)
- platelets (1)
- platinum-based chemotherapy (1)
- playback experiment (1)
- pleiotropy (1)
- pleomorphic fungi (1)
- plppr5 (1)
- población humana (1)
- point-of-care diagnostics (1)
- polar environments (1)
- policies (1)
- politics and governance (1)
- pollen analysis (1)
- pollination by sexual deception (1)
- polyQ (1)
- polyacetylenes (1)
- polycaprolactone (1)
- polyhydroxy (1)
- polyines (1)
- polyketide synthases (1)
- polymeric micelle (1)
- polymorphism (1)
- polyomavirus (1)
- polypept(o)ide (1)
- polypharmacology (1)
- polyubiquitin (1)
- polyunsaturated fatty acid (1)
- polyynes (1)
- population models (1)
- pore-forming toxin (1)
- positive selection (1)
- post-transcriptional control of gene expression (1)
- post-transcriptional gene regulation (1)
- post-translational modifications (1)
- post-traumatic osteoarthritis (1)
- postmortem interval (1)
- posttranslational modification (PTM) (1)
- posttranslational regulation of photosynthesis (1)
- posture estimation (1)
- potential invasion area (1)
- power law (1)
- pre-mRNA processing (1)
- pre-mRNA splicing (1)
- preadaptation (1)
- precipitation (1)
- precipitation inhibitor (1)
- precision (1)
- predator (1)
- prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (1)
- prediction error (1)
- predictive modelling (1)
- preparative cell-free expression (1)
- primary active transporters (1)
- primary ovarian insufficiency (1)
- primeval forest (1)
- prion (1)
- prion protein (1)
- prion-like (1)
- prioritization (1)
- privileged structures (1)
- pro-domain (1)
- pro-enzyme (1)
- probe kit (1)
- prodrug (1)
- proenzyme (1)
- progenitor cell (1)
- progeria (1)
- proliferation (1)
- proline isomerization (1)
- pronephric duct (1)
- propagating waves (1)
- propanediol utilization (1)
- prosobranchia (1)
- prostacyclin (1)
- prostaglandins (1)
- prostate carcinoma cells (1)
- protease (1)
- protease inhibitor (1)
- proteasomal processing escape (1)
- proteasome inhibitors (1)
- protected area (1)
- protected names (1)
- protein aggregation (1)
- protein capture (1)
- protein coevolution (1)
- protein complex (1)
- protein complex assembly (1)
- protein denaturation (1)
- protein dynamics (1)
- protein engineering (1)
- protein expression (1)
- protein flexibilty (1)
- protein import (1)
- protein kinase inhibitor (1)
- protein membrane insertion (1)
- protein motif (1)
- protein oxidation (1)
- protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibition/activation (1)
- protein production (1)
- protein quality control (1)
- protein stability (1)
- protein structure determination 1 (1)
- protein tagging (1)
- protein trafficking (1)
- protein translocation (1)
- protein tyrosine kinase (1)
- protein tyrosine phosphatase (1)
- protein-ligand docking (1)
- protein-protein interactions (1)
- proteobacteria (1)
- proteoliposomes, (1)
- proteome (1)
- proton pumping (1)
- proton translocation (1)
- protonated cytidine (1)
- protons (1)
- protoplast fusion (1)
- pseudokinase (1)
- pseudopeptides (1)
- pseudotyping (1)
- public awareness (1)
- publishing (1)
- pull-down (1)
- pulmonary hypertension (1)
- pupil diameter (1)
- pupillometry (1)
- purification of protein complexes (1)
- pyrenoid (1)
- qH2 (1)
- qPCR (1)
- quantitative MRI (1)
- quantitative disease resistance (1)
- quantitative proteomics (1)
- quantum yield (1)
- quercetin (1)
- quorum quenching (1)
- quorum sensing (QS) (1)
- rRNA (1)
- rRNA chaperone ERAL1 (1)
- radical pair model (1)
- radicals (1)
- radioligand (1)
- range boundary (1)
- range predictions (1)
- range size (1)
- rat calvaria defect (1)
- rate of introduction (1)
- re-description (1)
- reaction mechanisms (1)
- real-time NMR spectroscopy (1)
- reassembly (1)
- receptor cross-interaction (1)
- receptor tyrosine kinase activation (1)
- receptor tyrosine kinases (1)
- recombinase polymerase amplification (1)
- red band needle blight (1)
- redox polymer (1)
- reduced kidney function (1)
- reference bias (1)
- refined fuels (1)
- regenerative medicine (1)
- rehabilitation (1)
- reintroduction (1)
- rejected names (1)
- relapsing-remitting (1)
- relational values (1)
- relative growth rates (1)
- reliability (1)
- remodeling (1)
- renal inflammation (1)
- repeat elements (1)
- reperfusion injury (1)
- repetition suppression (1)
- replicative fitness (1)
- reproductive isolation (1)
- reproductive toxicity (1)
- research evaluation (1)
- residual dipolar couplings (1)
- resilience (1)
- resistance–nodulation–cell division (RND) (1)
- resolution (1)
- resource limitation (1)
- resource losses (1)
- respiratory complex IV (1)
- response regulator (1)
- resveratrol (1)
- retina development (1)
- retinal (1)
- retinoid X receptor (1)
- retrophylogenomics (1)
- retrotransposition (1)
- reversed phase (1)
- reward-dependent learning (1)
- rhabdomyosarcoma (1)
- rhodamine 123 (1)
- rhythms (1)
- ribonucleases (1)
- ribosomal binding site (1)
- ribosomal exit tunnel (1)
- ribosome biogenesis (1)
- ribosome-associated quality control (1)
- ribosomes (1)
- ribosomes, Arabiodpsis thaliana, pre-rRNA processing, snoRNA, (1)
- riboswitch (1)
- riboswitches (1)
- richness model (1)
- risk analysis (1)
- risk management (1)
- rna recognition motif (1)
- roentgen rays (1)
- root allocation strategy (1)
- root exudates (1)
- root functional traits (1)
- root volatiles (1)
- rotary ATPase mechanism (1)
- royal jelly (1)
- rule-based method (1)
- ryanodine receptor (1)
- sORF (1)
- sRNA regulon (1)
- sRNA tool (1)
- sabana (1)
- sage downy mildew (1)
- salmonella (1)
- saltational evolution (1)
- saprobic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes (1)
- saproxylic beetles (1)
- sarcoplasmic reticulum (1)
- savane (1)
- scaffold (1)
- scaffold attachment factor proteins (1)
- scaffolding proteins (1)
- scale development (1)
- scale free (1)
- scale invariance (1)
- scale validation (1)
- scarab beetles (1)
- sci-hub (1)
- science policy (1)
- scientific communication (1)
- scoring function (1)
- screening system (1)
- screening tool (1)
- seafloor bathymetry (1)
- seafood allergy (1)
- seasonal adaption (1)
- seasonal streams (1)
- seasonality (1)
- secondary chemical shifts (1)
- secondary endosymbiosis (1)
- secondary metabolism (1)
- secondary metabolite (1)
- secondary transport (1)
- secondary transporter (1)
- secreted Ly-6/uPAR-related protein 1 (1)
- secreted proteins (1)
- secretome (1)
- secretory phospholipase A (1)
- sediment (1)
- seed limitation (1)
- seedling communities (1)
- seedling establishment (1)
- seedling performance (1)
- seedlings (1)
- selection gradients (1)
- selective autophagy receptor (1)
- selective isotopic labeling (1)
- self-initiated photografting and photopolymerization (1)
- self-organising maps (1)
- selfish genetic element (1)
- semantic enhancements (1)
- semantic markup (1)
- semi-thin brain tissue sections (1)
- semiquinone (1)
- sensorineural hearing loss (1)
- sensory acquisition (1)
- sensory organ development (1)
- sequence alignment (1)
- sequence analysis (1)
- sequence evolution (1)
- sequencing error (1)
- serine palmitoyltransferase 2 (Sptlc2) (1)
- serine/arginine-rich proteins (1)
- serum (1)
- sexual selection (1)
- sexuelle Selektion (1)
- shape (1)
- shear stress (1)
- shock filter (1)
- short linear motif (1)
- short linear motifs (SLiMs) (1)
- shroom (1)
- shrub encroachment (1)
- shrub-tree dynamics (1)
- shrubs (1)
- siRNA analysis (1)
- siRNA quantification (1)
- siRNAs (1)
- sialic acid (1)
- siderophore (1)
- siderophore-dependent iron uptake (1)
- signal peptide (1)
- signaling (1)
- silicon chips (1)
- simplified production (1)
- simulasi DM (1)
- simulation (1)
- simulations (1)
- single particle (1)
- single particle analysis (1)
- single-molecule analyses (1)
- single-molecule förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) spectroscopy (1)
- single-molecule imaging (1)
- single-particle averaging (1)
- single-particle cryo-EM (1)
- single-particle cryoEM (1)
- single-trajectory analysis (1)
- singlet oxygen (1)
- singlet oxygen (1)
- singlet oxygen (1Δg) chemiluminescence (1)
- site-directed mutagenesis (1)
- site-directed spin labeling (1)
- site-specific labeling (1)
- site-specific recombination (1)
- sitosterol (1)
- size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) (1)
- skeletal muscle (1)
- sleep (1)
- sleeping sickness (1)
- smFRET (1)
- small ORFs (1)
- small angle x-ray scattering (1)
- small gene (1)
- small nucleolar RNA (1)
- small regulatory RNA (1)
- smooth muscle cell (1)
- smut fung (1)
- snake venom (1)
- snoRNAs (1)
- social introduction (1)
- social isolation (1)
- social wasps (1)
- social-ecological system (1)
- socio-economic sectors (1)
- socio-economics (1)
- socioeconomic benefit (1)
- sodium-proton exchange (1)
- soil VOCs (1)
- soil bacteria communities (1)
- soil degradation (1)
- soil fungal communities (1)
- soil risk (1)
- solid-state NMR spectroscopy (1)
- solid-state nanopores (1)
- solubility (1)
- soluble guanylyl cyclase (1)
- solute carriers (1)
- solvents (1)
- somatic mutations (1)
- somatosensory system (1)
- soraphen (1)
- sound coding (1)
- sox genes (1)
- soziale Wespen (1)
- spa/spa TG456 mice (1)
- spatial learning (1)
- spatio-temporal analysis (1)
- spatio-temporal evolution (1)
- special needs education (1)
- special needs students (1)
- specialised information service (1)
- specialization (1)
- specialized pro-resolving mediator (1)
- species complex (1)
- species delimitation (1)
- species distribution modelling (1)
- species distribution models (1)
- species groups (1)
- species identity (1)
- species introductions (1)
- species-environment relationships (1)
- specific average (1)
- spectrum (1)
- spectrum analysis (1)
- spectrum reconstruction 3 (1)
- spermidine (1)
- spheroid (1)
- sphingolipids (1)
- sphingosine 1-phosphate (1)
- sphingosine 1-phosphate homologues (1)
- sphingosine kinase (1)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (1)
- spider toxin (1)
- spike protein (1)
- spine apparatus (1)
- spinocerebellar ataxia (1)
- splice-modulating oligonucleotides (1)
- spliceosome (1)
- splicing (1)
- splicing fidelity (1)
- splicing regulation (1)
- split decomposition (1)
- spread (1)
- spring-loaded activation (1)
- sprouting angiogenesis (1)
- ssFLYA (1)
- stability of fluorescent label (1)
- stable isotopes (1)
- stacking (1)
- stairway plot (1)
- stakeholder engagement (1)
- standards (1)
- startle syndrome (1)
- statin (1)
- statistics (1)
- stearic acid (1)
- steatosis (1)
- stereolithography (1)
- stereoselectivity (1)
- stilbenes (1)
- stimulus repetition (1)
- stink bug (1)
- stochastic dominance (1)
- stochastic factors (1)
- stored grain (1)
- stored product protection (1)
- strained promoted cycloadditon (1)
- stratified epithelial tissues (1)
- stream macroinvertebrates (1)
- stress dependent RNA modification dynamics (1)
- stress granules (1)
- stress response (1)
- structural biolog (1)
- structural calculation 4 (1)
- structural proteins (1)
- structure activity relationship (1)
- structure calculation (1)
- structure constraints (1)
- structure ensemble (1)
- structure modeling (1)
- structure-from-motion photogrammetry (1)
- structure/function analysis (1)
- sub-Saharan Africa (1)
- sub-tomogram averaging (1)
- substrate channeling (1)
- substrate-binding site (1)
- substrate-bound state (1)
- subtropical (1)
- sugar transport (1)
- sugar transport assays (1)
- sugar transport inhibitors (1)
- sugar uptake (1)
- sulfatides (1)
- sulfur globules (1)
- sulfur-oxidizing symbiont (1)
- sumoylation (1)
- sun exposure (1)
- sunitinib (1)
- super-SMEDDS (1)
- super-SNEDDS (1)
- super-resolution microscopy (1)
- superbugs (1)
- superfemale (1)
- superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (1)
- supersaturating drug delivery systems (1)
- supersaturation (1)
- supralinear potentiation (1)
- surface modification (1)
- surface-initiated polymerization (1)
- surfactant (1)
- suricates (1)
- surround suppression (1)
- survival (1)
- survivin (1)
- sustainable development (1)
- sustainable development goals (SDGs) (1)
- symbiont association patterns (1)
- synaptic transmission (1)
- synaptic vesicle recycling (1)
- synaptische Vesikel (1)
- synonymies (1)
- syntax (1)
- systematic diversity (1)
- systematic review (1)
- t(4;11) leukemia (1)
- t-cluster (1)
- t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (1)
- t-invariant (1)
- tRNA (1)
- tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (1)
- tadpole (1)
- tafazzin (1)
- tapasin (1)
- taphonomy (1)
- targeted cell entry (1)
- targeted protein degradation (1)
- targeted therapy (1)
- targeting signal (1)
- tauopathies (1)
- taxon sampling (1)
- taxonomic (1)
- taxonomic bias (1)
- taxonomic characters (1)
- taxonomic cleaning (1)
- teaching tool (1)
- technology acceptance model (TAM) (1)
- telomerase (1)
- temperate forest (1)
- temperate forests (1)
- temperature jump (1)
- template bias (1)
- template matching (1)
- temporal phenotype (1)
- tens rule (1)
- termite biology (1)
- termite mounds (1)
- termitières (1)
- terpene synthases (1)
- terrestrial mammal (1)
- terrestrial vertebrates (1)
- tetR (1)
- tetracycline transporter (1)
- tetrahydrobiopterin (1)
- tetramerization (1)
- tetrapyrrole-binding photoreceptors (1)
- text mining tools (1)
- theory mind (1)
- therapy (1)
- thermal-melanism hypothesis (1)
- thermoadaptation (1)
- thermometers (1)
- thermophile (1)
- thermophiles (1)
- thermosensation (1)
- thermotaxis (1)
- theta oscillations (1)
- thiolation domain (1)
- thiostrepton (1)
- thiosulfate oxidation (1)
- thlaspi (1)
- thylakoid (1)
- thylakoid kinases (1)
- thylakoid membrane biogenesis (1)
- tick (1)
- ticks (1)
- tigecycline (1)
- tight junctions (1)
- time-resolved spectroscopy (1)
- tip cell filopodia formation (1)
- tissue imaging (1)
- tissue mechanics (1)
- tissue microstructure (1)
- tissue segmentation (1)
- tissue specificity (1)
- titration method (1)
- toll-like receptor (1)
- topical administration (1)
- topology (1)
- total body score (1)
- total synthesis (1)
- toxicity (1)
- trade (1)
- trade wind clouds (1)
- traditional ecological knowledge (1)
- traditionelles ökologisches Wissen (1)
- trait evolution (1)
- trait trade-off (1)
- traits (1)
- trans-Golgi network (1)
- trans/cis ratio (1)
- transactivation (1)
- transacylation (1)
- transcription factor (1)
- transcription repressor (1)
- transcriptional activity (1)
- transcriptome analysis (1)
- transdifferentiation (1)
- transduction (1)
- transduction B cells (1)
- transfer (1)
- transfer function (1)
- transferability (1)
- transforming growth factor-β (1)
- transgenic mice (1)
- transglutaminase 2 (1)
- transient complex (1)
- transient interaction (1)
- transient regulation (1)
- transition invariant (1)
- translation (1)
- translation initiation region (1)
- translation recovery factor Trf (1)
- translational medical research (1)
- translatome (1)
- translatomics (1)
- transmembran (1)
- transovarial transmission (1)
- transplant experiment (1)
- transport (1)
- transposable element (1)
- transstadial transmission (1)
- treatment (1)
- tree invasions (1)
- tree moss (1)
- tree rings (1)
- trees (1)
- trehalose (1)
- triacylglycerides (1)
- tributyltin (1)
- trimeric autotransporter adhesin (1)
- trimeric autotransporters adhesin (1)
- tripartite efflux pumps (1)
- trisporic acids (1)
- tritrophic interaction (1)
- tritrophic interactions (1)
- trkB (1)
- trophiclevel (1)
- tropical conservation (1)
- tropical forests (1)
- tropical fungi (1)
- tropical marine sponges (1)
- tropical montane forests (TMF) (1)
- tropism (1)
- trypan blue (1)
- tryptophan (1)
- tsetse fly (1)
- tuberculosis (1)
- tumor growth (1)
- tumor immunology (1)
- tumor model (1)
- tumor vaccines (1)
- tumor-associated macrophages (1)
- tumour (1)
- turgor pressure (1)
- turgor pressure probe (1)
- twilight zone (1)
- two factor model of environmental values model (1)
- type 2 diabetes (1)
- type IV pili (1)
- type IV pilus (1)
- types (1)
- tyrosine kinase signaling (1)
- ubiquitin chain conformation (1)
- ubiquitin hydrolase (1)
- ubiquitin receptor (1)
- ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (1)
- ultra-performance liquid chromatography (1)
- unfolded proteins (1)
- unit nomenclature (1)
- universal (1)
- university students (1)
- unselected segregation (1)
- urbanisation (1)
- uridine (1)
- urinary tract development (1)
- urothelial carcinoma (1)
- use value (1)
- user and staff training (1)
- user/staff/instrument ratio (1)
- uso de suelo (1)
- v-ATPase (1)
- vaccination (1)
- valeur d'usage (1)
- validity (1)
- valuation (1)
- value (1)
- value-added chemicals (1)
- variable selection (1)
- variance partitioning (1)
- variants of concern (1)
- vascular biology/endothelial cells (1)
- vascular integrity (1)
- vaults (1)
- vector (1)
- vector-bone disease (1)
- vectors (1)
- vegetation (1)
- vegetation pattern (1)
- vegetation structure (1)
- venetoclax (1)
- very low density lipoproteins (1)
- vesicle transport (1)
- vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (1)
- video action classification (1)
- vines (1)
- violacein (1)
- viral fitness (1)
- viral immune escape (1)
- virtuelles Screening (1)
- virus-like particle (1)
- visualization of RNA (1)
- vitamin B12 (1)
- vocalization (1)
- vocalization production; (1)
- volatile organic compounds (1)
- voltage block (1)
- voucherless taxa (1)
- voxel-wise analyses (1)
- vulnerable marine ecosystems (1)
- water contact angles (1)
- water security (1)
- watershed (1)
- wax layer (1)
- weed impact (1)
- whaling (1)
- whiteflies (1)
- whole slide image (1)
- whole-cell catalysis (1)
- whole-genome sequencing (1)
- wild boar carcass (1)
- wildlife exposure (1)
- wine (1)
- wing geometric morphometrics (1)
- winter survival (1)
- winter wheat (1)
- wolf (1)
- wood borers (1)
- wood-inhabiting fungi (1)
- workflow development (1)
- wound exudate (1)
- wound infection (1)
- wwPDB (1)
- wwtr1 (1)
- x-ray crystallography (1)
- xCGD (1)
- xefoampeptides (1)
- xenoestrogen (1)
- xenology (1)
- xylose (1)
- yap1 (1)
- yeast fatty acid synthase (1)
- yellow Sigatoka (1)
- zebrafish development (1)
- zellfrei (1)
- zellfreie Expression (1)
- zielgerichteter Zelleintritt (1)
- zinc finger (1)
- zinc finger protein (1)
- zisternale Organelle (1)
- zoo (1)
- Ähnlichkeit (1)
- Ökomorphologie (1)
- Ökonomie (1)
- Ökosystem (1)
- Ökosystemingenieure (1)
- Ölkäfer (1)
- Übertragbarkeit (1)
- ökologische Daten (1)
- Štiavnické Vrchy Mts (1)
- α-Aminophosphonates (1)
- β-Barrel Proteins (1)
- β-oxidation (1)
- β-ᴅ-2′-Deoxyribosides (1)
- ζ-Carotene (1)
- π-clamp (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
Institute
- Biowissenschaften (1216)
- Biochemie und Chemie (545)
- Medizin (451)
- Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie (342)
- Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität (172)
- Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (157)
- Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F) (123)
- Exzellenzcluster Makromolekulare Komplexe (116)
- MPI für Biophysik (103)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (93)
ω-Azido fatty acids as probes to detect fatty acid biosynthesis, degradation, and modification
(2014)
FAs play a central role in the metabolism of almost all known cellular life forms. Although GC-MS is regarded as a standard method for FA analysis, other methods, such as HPLC/MS, are nowadays widespread but are rarely applied to FA analysis. Here we present azido-FAs as probes that can be used to study FA biosynthesis (elongation, desaturation) or degradation (β-oxidation) upon their uptake, activation, and metabolic conversion. These azido-FAs are readily accessible by chemical synthesis and their matization with high sensitivity by HPLC/MS, contributing a powerful tool to FA analysis, and hence, lipid analysis in general.
1. Electron micrographs of ultra-thin sections of Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus lysodeikticus in Vestopal as embedding medium disclose a multiplicity of DNA containing threads with varying interparticular distances.
2. The diameter of these threads is about one tenth of the average optimal section thickness.
3. This section thickness inevitably is implicated in the visualization of the internal distances between the threads as well as in some common trends in the DNA pool, a fact that has to be accounted for in the analysis of the macromolecules.
4. By spreading lysozyme protoplasts of M. lysodeikticus on a water-air interface in a Langmuir trough and by transferring this surface layer to carbon supported Formvar films, two-dimensional systems can be demonstrated which as a thread of constant width comprise the total DNA content of one microorganism each.
5. Such a macromolecular system shows equally shaped, coiled loops in a peripheral zone and many crossings towards the center. Branching of threads never has been observed so far.
From this evidence we conlude:
a) Intracellular DNA in these bacteria seems to exist in one pool as a “woolen ball” which is centered in the cytoplasm as a more or less dense object.
b) This “woolen ball“ embodies the total amount of DNA most probably as one single threadlike unit.
6. Partial destruction of the thread system of protoplasts will result upon changing optimal spreading conditions.
7. The same kind of destruction is shown upon isolation of the DNA from protoplasts, the length of the threads being an inverse function of the number of precipitation steps showing purification.
The traffic AAA-ATPase PilF is essential for pilus biogenesis and natural transformation of Thermus thermophilus HB27. Recently, we showed that PilF forms hexameric complexes containing six zinc atoms coordinated by conserved tetracysteine motifs. Here we report that zinc binding is essential for complex stability. However, zinc binding is neither required for pilus biogenesis nor natural transformation. A number of the mutants did not exhibit any pili during growth at 64 °C but still were transformable. This leads to the conclusion that type 4 pili and the DNA translocator are distinct systems. At lower growth temperatures (55 °C) the zinc-depleted multiple cysteine mutants were hyperpiliated but defective in pilus-mediated twitching motility. This provides evidence that zinc binding is essential for the role of PilF in pilus dynamics. Moreover, we found that zinc binding is essential for complex stability but dispensable for ATPase activity. In contrast to many polymerization ATPases from mesophilic bacteria, ATP binding is not required for PilF complex formation; however, it significantly increases complex stability. These data suggest that zinc and ATP binding increase complex stability that is important for functionality of PilF under extreme environmental conditions.
Background The synchrony hypothesis postulates that precise temporal synchronization of different pools of neurons conveys information that is not contained in their firing rates. The synchrony hypothesis had been supported by experimental findings demonstrating that millisecond precise synchrony of neuronal oscillations across well separated brain regions plays an essential role in visual perception and other higher cognitive tasks [1]. Albeit, more evidence is being accumulated in favour of its role as a binding mechanism of distributed neural responses, the physical and anatomical substrate for such a dynamic and precise synchrony, especially zero-lag even in the presence of non-negligible delays, remains unclear. Here we propose a simple network motif that naturally accounts for zero-lag synchronization for a wide range of temporal delays [3]. We demonstrate that zero-lag synchronization between two distant neurons or neural populations can be achieved by relaying the dynamics via a third mediating single neuron or population. Methods We simulated the dynamics of two Hodgkin-Huxley neurons that interact with each other via an intermediate third neuron. The synaptic coupling was mediated through alpha-functions. Individual temporal delays of the arrival of pre-synaptic potentials were modelled by a gamma distribution. The strength of the synchronization and the phase-difference between each individual pairs were derived by cross-correlation of the membrane potentials. Results In the regular spiking regime the two outer neurons consistently synchronize with zero phase lag irrespective of the initial conditions. This robust zero-lag synchronization naturally arises as a consequence of the relay and redistribution of the dynamics performed by the central neuron. This result is independent on whether the coupling is excitatory or inhibitory and can be maintained for arbitrarily long time delays (see Fig. 1). Conclusion We have presented a simple and extremely robust network motif able to account for the isochronous synchronization of distant neural elements in a natural way. As opposed to other possible mechanisms of neural synchronization, neither inhibitory coupling, gap junctions nor precise tuning of morphological parameters are required to obtain zero-lag synchronized neuronal oscillation.
Glioblastoma is the most common and most aggressive type of brain tumor in adults. In contrast to epithelial cancers, glioblastomas do not metastasize. While the major treatment challenge in epithelial cancers is not the primary tumor but metastasis, glioblastoma patients die of the primary tumor.
However, there is a common theme which underlies the malignant properties of progressed epithelial cancers and glioblastoma: invasion from the primary tumor into the surrounding tissue. In the case of epithelial cancers this is the first and necessary step to metastasis, whereas invasion leads inevitably to tumor recurrence after resection in the case of glioblastoma, causing it to be incurable.
A cellular program which has been described in detail to promote the invasive phenotype in epithelial tumors, is the epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT). Differentiated neural cells are not epithelial, thus, strictly speaking, EMT does not occur in glioblastoma. However, the traits acquired in the process of EMT, especially invasiveness and stemness, are highly relevant to glioblastoma. One of the key transcription factors known to induce EMT in epithelial cancers is ZEB1, which has been described only marginally in the central nervous system so far. Here, I investigate the expression and function of ZEB1 in glioblastoma and during human fetal neural development.
ZEB1 mRNA was significantly upregulated in all histological types of glioma, including glioblastoma, when compared to normal brain. There was no correlation between ZEB1 mRNA levels and tumor grade. Immunohistochemical staining of glioma samples demonstrated that ZEB1 was highly expressed in the great majority of tumor cells. In the developing human brain, intense staining for ZEB1 could be observed in the ventricular and subventricular zone, where stem- and progenitor cells reside. ZEB1 positive cells included cells stained with stem- and progenitor markers like PAX6, GFAP and Nestin. In contrast, ZEB1 was never found in early neuronal cells as identified by TUBB3 staining.
To gain insight into ZEB1 function I generated a human fetal neural stem cell line and a glioblastoma cell line with ZEB1 knockdown, which were compared with their respective control cell lines. First, I found that ZEB1 does not regulate the micro RNA 200 family in either cell line, which has been described as an essential ZEB1 target in epithelial cancers. Second, regulated target genes were identified with a genome wide microarray. The third approach was to directly identify genomic binding sites of ZEB1 by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq). All three approaches showed that the ZEB1 transcriptional program is surprisingly similar in the neural stem cell line and the glioblastoma cell line. In contrast, it bears only little resemblance to the program described in epithelial cancers.
The most interesting, previously unrecognized ZEB1 target gene identified in this study is integrin b1. It was regulated after ZEB1 knockdown detected by microarray analysis, and has a ZEB1 binding site in its promoter region detected by ChIP-seq. Finally, I addressed the question whether ZEB1 influences tumor growth and invasiveness in a glioblastoma model. After intracranial xenotransplantation in mice, ZEB1 knockdown glioblastoma cells formed significantly smaller and less invasive tumors than control glioblastoma cells.
This study demonstrates that ZEB1 is widely expressed in glioma and relevant for glioblastoma growth and invasion. In contrast to what is known about ZEB1 function in epithelial cancers, ZEB1 is not associated with glioma progression, but instead seems to be an early and necessary event in tumorigenesis. Also with regard to ZEB1 target genes, ZEB1 functions differently in glioblastoma than in epithelial cancers. The two most important ZEB1 targets in epithelial cancers are E-cadherin and the miR-200 family members. Both are not relevant to ZEB1 function in glioblastoma. Interestingly, while the ZEB1 transcriptional program is different from the one described in epithelial cancers, it is highly similar in glioblastoma cells and fetal neural stem cells. This suggests that an embryonic pathway restricted to stem- and progenitor cells during development is reactivated in glioblastoma.
Previously known ZEB1 target genes were tissue specific and therefore seemed unlikely to mediate ZEB1 function in the central nervous system. However, the newly identified ZEB1 target gene integrin b1 is well known to play pivotal roles in both glioblastoma tumorigenesis and invasion as well as in neural stem cells. Additionally, integrin b1 is widely expressed and seems a likely ZEB1 target in other organs than the brain.
Taken together, I demonstrate that ZEB1 is a new regulator of glioblastoma growth and invasion. The transcriptional program of ZEB1 differs from the one in epithelial cancers but is strikingly similar to the one in neural stem cells. The newly identified ZEB1 target gene integrin b1 is likely to mediate crucial ZEB1 functios. Thus, this study identifies ZEB1 as a yet unrecognized player in glioblastoma and neural development. Furthermore, it sets the stage for more research which will help to deepen our understanding of ZEB1 function in the central nervous system and beyond.
Human GLUTs represent a family of specialized transporters that facilitate the diffusion of hexoses through membranes along a concentration gradient. The 14 isoforms share high sequence identity but differ in substrate specificity and affinity, and tissue distribution. According to their structure similarity, GLUTs are divided into three classes, with class 1 comprising the most intensively studied isoforms GLUTs1 4. An abnormal function of different GLUT members has been related to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Hence, GLUTs are the subject of intensive research, and efforts concentrate on identifying GLUT-selective ligands for putative medical purposes and their application in studies aiming to further unravel the metabolic roles of these transporters.
The hexose transporter deficient (hxt0) yeast strain EBY.VW4000 is devoid of all its endogenous hexose transporters and unable to grow on glucose or related hexoses. This strain has proven to be a valuable platform to investigate heterologous transporters due to its easy handling, increased robustness, and versatile applications. However, the functional expression of GLUTs in yeast requires certain modifications. Single point mutations of GLUT1 and GLUT5 led to their functional expression in EBY.VW4000, whereas the native GLUT1 was actively expressed in EBY.S7, a hxt0 strain carrying the fgy1 mutation that putatively reduces the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) content in the plasma membrane. GLUT4 was only actively expressed in the hxt0 strain SDY.022, which also contains the fgy1 mutation and in which ERG4 is additionally deleted. Erg4 is one of the late enzymes in the ergosterol pathway, and therefore SDY.022 probably has an altered sterol composition in its membrane.
The goal of this thesis was to actively express GLUT2 and GLUT3 in a hxt0 yeast strain, providing a convenient system for their ligand screening. A PCR-derived amino acid exchange in the sequence of GLUT3 enabled its functional expression in EBY.VW4000 and the unmodified GLUT3 protein was active in EBY.S7. Functional expression of GLUT2 was achieved by rational design. The extracellular loop between the transmembrane regions 1 and 2 is significantly larger in GLUT2 than in other class 1 GLUTs. By truncating this loop by 34 amino acids and exchanging an alanine for a serine, a GLUT3-like loop was implemented. The resulting construct GLUT2∆loopS was functional in EBY.S7. With an additional point mutation in the transmembrane region 11, GLUT2∆loopS_Q455R was also actively expressed in EBY.VW4000. Inhibition studies with the known GLUT inhibitors phloretin and quercetin showed a reduced transporter activity for GLUT2 and GLUT3 in uptake assays and growth tests when inhibitors were present, demonstrating that both systems are amenable for ligand screening experiments.
The newly established GLUT2 yeast system was then used to screen a library of compounds pre-selected by in silico screening. Thereby, eleven identified GLUT2 inhibitors exhibited strong potencies with IC50 values ranging from 0.61 to 19.3 µM. By employing the other yeast systems, these compounds were tested for their effects on GLUT1, and GLUTs3-5, revealing that nine of the identified ligands were GLUT2-selective. In contrast, one was a pan-class 1 inhibitor (inhibiting GLUTs1-4), and one affected GLUT2 and GLUT5, the two fructose transporting isoforms. These compounds will serve as useful tools for investigations on the role of GLUT2 in metabolic diseases and might even evolve into pharmaceutical agents targeting GLUT2-associated diseases.
Due to the beneficial effect of the putatively changed sterol composition in SDY.022 (by ERG4 deletion) on the functional expression of GLUT4, it was hypothesized that the presence of the human sterol cholesterol, or cholesterol-like sterols, might have a beneficial effect on GLUT expression, too. Thus, it was attempted to generate hxt0 strains that synthesize these sterols by genetic modifications targeting the ergosterol pathway. In the scope of these experiments, several strains with different sterol compositions were generated. Drop tests on glucose medium with the different strains expressing GLUT1 or GLUT4 revealed that the deletion of ERG6 is clearly advantageous for a functional expression of GLUT1 (but not GLUT4). This indicates that the methyl group at the ergosterol side chain (introduced by Erg6 and reduced by Erg4) negatively influences GLUT1 activity. However, this effect on GLUT1 activity was less pronounced than the putative altered PI4P content in EBY.S7.
Additionally, in this thesis, a new tool to measure glucose transport rates of transporters expressed in the hxt0 yeast system was developed to facilitate their kinetic characterization. For this, the pH-sensitive GFP variant pHluorin was employed as a biosensor for the cytosolic pH (pHcyt) by measuring the ratio (R390/470) of emission intensities at 512 nm from two different excitation wavelengths (390 and 470 nm). Sugar-starved cells exhibit a slightly acidic pHcyt because ATP production is depleted, reducing the activity of ATP-dependent proton pumps.
...
Progranulin deficiency in humans is associated with neurodegeneration. Its mechanisms are not yet fully understood. We performed a Yeast-2-Hybrid screen using human full-length progranulin as bait to assess the interactions of progranulin. Progranulin was screened against human fetal brain and human bone marrow libraries using the standard Matchmaker technology (Clontech). This article contains the full Y2H data table, including blast results and sequences, a sorted table according to selection criteria for likely positive, putatively positive, likely false and false preys, and tables showing the gene ontology terms associated with the likely and putative preys of the brain and bone marrow libraries. The interactions with autophagy proteins were confirmed and functionally analyzed in "Progranulin overexpression in sensory neurons attenuates neuropathic pain in mice: Role of autophagy" (C. Altmann, S. Hardt, C. Fischer, J. Heidler, H.Y. Lim, A. Haussler, B. Albuquerque, B. Zimmer, C. Moser, C. Behrends, F. Koentgen, I. Wittig, M.H. Schmidt, A.M. Clement, T. Deller, I. Tegeder, 2016).
Ribosomal RNA undergoes various modifications to optimize ribosomal structure and expand the topological potential of RNA. The most common nucleotide modifications in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are pseudouridylations and 2'-O methylations (Nm), performed by H/ACA box snoRNAs and C/D box snoRNAs, respectively. Furthermore, rRNAs of both ribosomal subunits also contain various base modifications, which are catalysed by specific enzymes. These modifications cluster in highly conserved areas of the ribosome. Although most enzymes catalysing 18S rRNA base modifications have been identified, little is known about the 25S rRNA base modifications. The m(1)A modification at position 645 in Helix 25.1 is highly conserved in eukaryotes. Helix formation in this region of the 25S rRNA might be a prerequisite for a correct topological framework for 5.8S rRNA to interact with 25S rRNA. Surprisingly, we have identified ribosomal RNA processing protein 8 (Rrp8), a nucleolar Rossman-fold like methyltransferase, to carry out the m(1)A base modification at position 645, although Rrp8 was previously shown to be involved in A2 cleavage and 40S biogenesis. In addition, we were able to identify specific point mutations in Rrp8, which show that a reduced S-adenosyl-methionine binding influences the quality of the 60S subunit. This highlights the dual functionality of Rrp8 in the biogenesis of both subunits.
The function of RNA is subtly modulated by post-transcriptional modifications. Here, we report an important crosstalk in the covalent modification of two classes of RNAs. We demonstrate that yeast Kre33 and human NAT10 are RNA cytosine acetyltransferases with, surprisingly, specificity toward both 18S rRNA and tRNAs. tRNA acetylation requires the intervention of a specific and conserved adaptor: yeast Tan1/human THUMPD1. In budding and fission yeasts, and in human cells, we found two acetylated cytosines on 18S rRNA, one in helix 34 important for translation accuracy and another in helix 45 near the decoding site. Efficient 18S rRNA acetylation in helix 45 involves, in human cells, the vertebrate-specific box C/D snoRNA U13, which, we suggest, exposes the substrate cytosine to modification through Watson–Crick base pairing with 18S rRNA precursors during small subunit biogenesis. Finally, while Kre33 and NAT10 are essential for pre-rRNA processing reactions leading to 18S rRNA synthesis, we demonstrate that rRNA acetylation is dispensable to yeast cells growth. The inactivation of NAT10 was suggested to suppress nuclear morphological defects observed in laminopathic patient cells through loss of microtubules modification and cytoskeleton reorganization. We rather propose the effects of NAT10 on laminopathic cells are due to reduced ribosome biogenesis or function.
Mutations in the clk-1 gene result in slower development and increased life span in Caenorhabditis elegans. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue COQ7/CAT5 is essential for several metabolic pathways including ubiquinone biosynthesis, respiration, and gluconeogenic gene activation. We show here that Coq7p/Cat5p is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein directly involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis, and that the defect in gluconeogenic gene activation in coq7/cat5 null mutants is a general consequence of a defect in respiration. These results obtained in the yeast model suggest that the effects on development and life span in C. elegans clk-1 mutants may relate to changes in the amount of ubiquinone, an essential electron transport component and a lipid soluble antioxidant.
Xenocoumacin (Xcn) 1 and 2 are the major antibiotics produced by the insect-pathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila. Although the antimicrobial activity of Xcns has been explored, research regarding their action on mammalian cells is lacking. We aimed to investigate the action of Xcns in the context of inflammation and angiogenesis. We found that Xcns do not impair the viability of primary endothelial cells (ECs). Particularly Xcn2, but not Xcn1, inhibited the pro-inflammatory activation of ECs: Xcn2 diminished the interaction between ECs and leukocytes by downregulating cell adhesion molecule expression and blocked critical steps of the NF-κB activation pathway including the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 as well as the activation of inhibitor of κBα (IκBα) and IκB kinase β (IKKβ). Furthermore, the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators and enzymes, nitric oxide (NO) production and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), was evaluated in leukocytes. The results showed that Xcns reduced viability, NO release, and iNOS expression in activated macrophages. Beyond these anti-inflammatory properties, Xcn2 effectively hindered pro-angiogenic processes in HUVECs, such as proliferation, undirected and chemotactic migration, sprouting, and network formation. Most importantly, we revealed that Xcn2 inhibits de novo protein synthesis in ECs. Consequently, protein levels of receptors that mediate the inflammatory and angiogenic signaling processes and that have a short half-live are reduced by Xcn2 treatment, thus explaining the observed pharmacological activities. Overall, our research highlights that Xcn2 exhibits significant pharmacological in vitro activity regarding inflammation and angiogenesis, which is worth to be further investigated preclinically.
BIOfid is a specialized information service currently being developed to mobilize biodiversity data dormant in printed historical and modern literature and to offer a platform for open access journals on the science of biodiversity. Our team of librarians, computer scientists and biologists produce high-quality text digitizations, develop new text-mining tools and generate detailed ontologies enabling semantic text analysis and semantic search by means of user-specific queries. In a pilot project we focus on German publications on the distribution and ecology of vascular plants, birds, moths and butterflies extending back to the Linnaeus period about 250 years ago. The three organism groups have been selected according to current demands of the relevant research community in Germany. The text corpus defined for this purpose comprises over 400 volumes with more than 100,000 pages to be digitized and will be complemented by journals from other digitization projects, copyright-free and project-related literature. With TextImager (Natural Language Processing & Text Visualization) and TextAnnotator (Discourse Semantic Annotation) we have already extended and launched tools that focus on the text-analytical section of our project. Furthermore, taxonomic and anatomical ontologies elaborated by us for the taxa prioritized by the project’s target group - German institutions and scientists active in biodiversity research - are constantly improved and expanded to maximize scientific data output. Our poster describes the general workflow of our project ranging from literature acquisition via software development, to data availability on the BIOfid web portal (http://biofid.de/), and the implementation into existing platforms which serve to promote global accessibility of biodiversity data.
Several studies suggested that transcription factor (TF) binding to DNA may be impaired or enhanced by DNA methylation. We present MeDeMo, a toolbox for TF motif analysis that combines information about DNA methylation with models capturing intra-motif dependencies. In a large-scale study using ChIP-seq data for 335 TFs, we identify novel TFs that are affected by DNA methylation. Overall, we find that CpG methylation decreases the likelihood of binding for the majority of TFs. For a considerable subset of TFs, we show that intra-motif dependencies are pivotal for accurately modelling the impact of DNA methylation on TF binding.
A(syn)-U/T and G(syn)-C+ Hoogsteen (HG) base pairs (bps) are energetically more disfavored relative to Watson–Crick (WC) bps in A-RNA as compared to B-DNA by >1 kcal/mol for reasons that are not fully understood. Here, we used NMR spectroscopy, optical melting experiments, molecular dynamics simulations and modified nucleotides to identify factors that contribute to this destabilization of HG bps in A-RNA. Removing the 2′-hydroxyl at single purine nucleotides in A-RNA duplexes did not stabilize HG bps relative to WC. In contrast, loosening the A-form geometry using a bulge in A-RNA reduced the energy cost of forming HG bps at the flanking sites to B-DNA levels. A structural and thermodynamic analysis of purine-purine HG mismatches reveals that compared to B-DNA, the A-form geometry disfavors syn purines by 1.5–4 kcal/mol due to sugar-backbone rearrangements needed to sterically accommodate the syn base. Based on MD simulations, an additional penalty of 3–4 kcal/mol applies for purine-pyrimidine HG bps due to the higher energetic cost associated with moving the bases to form hydrogen bonds in A-RNA versus B-DNA. These results provide insights into a fundamental difference between A-RNA and B-DNA duplexes with important implications for how they respond to damage and post-transcriptional modifications.
Reconstructing the evolution of baleen whales (Mysticeti) has been problematic because morphological and genetic analyses have produced different scenarios. This might be caused by genomic admixture that may have taken place among some rorquals. We present the genomes of six whales, including the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), to reconstruct a species tree of baleen whales and to identify phylogenetic conflicts. Evolutionary multilocus analyses of 34,192 genome fragments reveal a fast radiation of rorquals at 10.5 to 7.5 million years ago coinciding with oceanic circulation shifts. The evolutionarily enigmatic gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is placed among rorquals, and the blue whale genome shows a high degree of heterozygosity. The nearly equal frequency of conflicting gene trees suggests that speciation of rorqual evolution occurred under gene flow, which is best depicted by evolutionary networks. Especially in marine environments, sympatric speciation might be common; our results raise questions about how genetic divergence can be established.
Species is the fundamental taxonomic unit in biology and its delimitation has implications for conservation. In giraffe (Giraffa spp.), multiple taxonomic classifications have been proposed since the early 1900s.1 However, one species with nine subspecies has been generally accepted,2 likely due to limited in-depth assessments, subspecies hybridizing in captivity,3,4 and anecdotal reports of hybrids in the wild.5 Giraffe taxonomy received new attention after population genetic studies using traditional genetic markers suggested at least four species.6,7 This view has been met with controversy,8 setting the stage for debate.9,10 Genomics is significantly enhancing our understanding of biodiversity and speciation relative to traditional genetic approaches and thus has important implications for species delineation and conservation.11 We present a high-quality de novo genome assembly of the critically endangered Kordofan giraffe (G. camelopardalis antiquorum)12 and a comprehensive whole-genome analysis of 50 giraffe representing all traditionally recognized subspecies. Population structure and phylogenomic analyses support four separately evolving giraffe lineages, which diverged 230–370 ka ago. These lineages underwent distinct demographic histories and show different levels of heterozygosity and inbreeding. Our results strengthen previous findings of limited gene flow and admixture among putative giraffe species6,7,9 and establish a genomic foundation for recognizing four species and seven subspecies, the latter of which should be considered as evolutionary significant units. Achieving a consensus over the number of species and subspecies in giraffe is essential for adequately assessing their threat level and will improve conservation efforts for these iconic taxa.
A thylakoid membrane preparation isolated from the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans was freed from carboxysomes, soluble enzymes and the pigment P750 by floating in a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. In a buffer containing sucrose and the zwitterionic detergent Miranol S2M-SF the thylakoids were loaded on a linear 10-18% sucrose density gradient which also contained Miranol. The sedimentation yielded three bands, the lower two of which were green and the upper one was orange. The light green band in the middle of the gradient was the only one to show any photosystem II activity. This was measured as light-induced electron transport from diphenylcarbazide (DPC) to dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP). The activity was sensitive to dichlorophenyl-dimethylurea (DCMU).
The red absorption maximum of the particles in this middle band - henceforth called photosystem II particles - was found at 672 nm and the maximum of their low temperature fluorescence emission spectrum at 685 nm upon excitation with blue light. Cytochrome b559 was the only cytochrome found in these particles; it was present at an average ratio of one molecule cytochrome per 40 -50 molecules chlorophyll a. C550 photoreduction with accompanying photooxidation of cytochrome b559 was also observed in the photosystem II particles. Good photosystem II preparations did not contain any detectable amounts of P 700.
By means of sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the polypeptide composition of the photosystem II particles was studied. Dissolution of the chlorophyll protein complexes was done under strongly denaturing conditions; consequently, no green bands were observed on the gels. The polypeptide pattern of the photosystem II particles showed two strong predominant bands of protein components with apparent molecular weights (app. mol. wts.) of about 50 000 and 48 000. These two bands are unique for photosystem II. Two other weaker bands were also found characteristic for photosystem II, the band of a polypeptide with an app. mol. wt. of 38 000 and that of a polypeptide with an app. mol. wt. of 31 000. Sometimes in addition the weak band of a polypeptide with the app. mol. wt. 27 000 was observed on the gel. The polypeptide 38 000 aggregated upon boiling of the sample in the presence of the denaturing agents prior to the electrophoresis, yielding an aggregate with an app. mol. wt. of 50 000. Additional polypeptides which were often found in the photosystem II particle preparation could be identified as subunits of the coupling factor of photophosphorylation CF1. None of the polypeptides described as characteristic for photosystem II are due to proteolytic activity.
As the observed photosystem II activity was found to be DCMU-sensitive it appears that the DCMU-binding protein is among the here described photosystem II polypeptides. Moreover, the authors have reason to believe that one of the major protein components found characteristic for photosystem II is cytochrome b559.
In our recent Discussion paper, we presented our view that the only real distinction between biological invasions and natural colonisations is the human element. We agree that invasion science is a very important science, not only to better understand the role that human mediation plays for colonisation, but also for many other science fields. We agree with all invasion researchers that the human influence can result in spectacular differences, including in rates of species movement, rates of successful colonisation, the particular species being moved, the biogeography of dispersal pathways and rates of any resulting ecological disturbance and biodiversity loss. Our deep point is that that species dispersed by human-mediation or natural colonisation are all subject to the same basic laws and rules of ecology, identical to many other phenomenon that occur naturally and can be greatly influenced by people. The human dimension is merely a mechanistic distinction, albeit important because it exposes insights about the colonisation process that cannot be seen by the study of natural colonisations alone. We provide 10 hypotheses that can be scientifically tested to determine whether biological invasions and natural colonisations are two separate processes or the same process being influenced by different mechanisms.
Aging of biological systems ultimately leads to death of the individual. In humans, organ failure as the result of functional impairments after stroke, cardio-vascular disease, tumor development, neurodegeneration and other diseases are certainly crucial in bringing life to an end. But what happens in individuals with no obvious disease or disorders?
he autonomous transposable element LINE-1 is a highly abundant element that makes up between 15% and 20% of therian mammal genomes. Since their origin before the divergence of marsupials and placental mammals, LINE-1 elements have contributed actively to the genome landscape. A previous in silico screen of the Tasmanian devil genome revealed a lack of functional coding LINE-1 sequences. In this study we present the results of an in vitro analysis from a partial LINE-1 reverse transcriptase coding sequence in five marsupial species. Our experimental screen supports the in silico findings of the genome-wide degradation of LINE-1 sequences in the Tasmanian devil, and identifies a high frequency of degraded LINE-1 sequences in other Australian marsupials. The comparison between the experimentally obtained LINE-1 sequences and reference genome assemblies suggests that conclusions from in silico analyses of retrotransposition activity can be influenced by incomplete genome assemblies from short reads.
What is in Umbilicaria pustulata? A metagenomic approach to reconstruct the holo-genome of a lichen
(2020)
Lichens are valuable models in symbiosis research and promising sources of biosynthetic genes for biotechnological applications. Most lichenized fungi grow slowly, resist aposymbiotic cultivation, and are poor candidates for experimentation. Obtaining contiguous, high-quality genomes for such symbiotic communities is technically challenging. Here, we present the first assembly of a lichen holo-genome from metagenomic whole-genome shotgun data comprising both PacBio long reads and Illumina short reads. The nuclear genomes of the two primary components of the lichen symbiosis—the fungus Umbilicaria pustulata (33 Mb) and the green alga Trebouxia sp. (53 Mb)—were assembled at contiguities comparable to single-species assemblies. The analysis of the read coverage pattern revealed a relative abundance of fungal to algal nuclei of ∼20:1. Gap-free, circular sequences for all organellar genomes were obtained. The bacterial community is dominated by Acidobacteriaceae and encompasses strains closely related to bacteria isolated from other lichens. Gene set analyses showed no evidence of horizontal gene transfer from algae or bacteria into the fungal genome. Our data suggest a lineage-specific loss of a putative gibberellin-20-oxidase in the fungus, a gene fusion in the fungal mitochondrion, and a relocation of an algal chloroplast gene to the algal nucleus. Major technical obstacles during reconstruction of the holo-genome were coverage differences among individual genomes surpassing three orders of magnitude. Moreover, we show that GC-rich inverted repeats paired with nonrandom sequencing error in PacBio data can result in missing gene predictions. This likely poses a general problem for genome assemblies based on long reads.
Analyses of species functional traits are suitable to better understand the coexistence of species in a given environment. Trait information can be applied to investigate diversity patterns along environmental gradients and subsequently to predict and mitigate threats associated with climate change and land use. Species traits are used to calculate community trait means, which can be related to environmental gradients. However, while species traits can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying community assembly, they can lead to erroneous inferences if mean trait values are used. An alternative is to incorporate intraspecific trait variability (ITV) into calculating the community trait means. This approach gains increasing acceptance in plant studies. For macrofungi, functional traits have recently been applied to examine their community ecology but, to our knowledge, ITV has yet to be incorporated within the framework of community trait means. Here, we present a conceptual summary of the use of ITV to investigate the community ecology of macrofungi, including the underlying ecological theory. Inferences regarding community trait means with or without the inclusion of ITV along environmental gradients are compared. Finally, an existing study is reconsidered to highlight the variety of possible outcomes when ITV is considered. We hope this Opinion will increase awareness of the potential for within-species trait variability and its importance for statistical inferences, interpretations, and predictions of the mechanisms structuring communities of macro- and other fungi.
Highlights
• PUR, PVC and PLA microplastics affect life-history parameters of Daphnia magna.
• Natural kaolin particles are less toxic than microplastics.
• Microplastic toxicity is material-specific, e.g. PVC is most toxic on reproduction.
• In case of PVC, plastic chemicals are the main driver of microplastic toxicity.
• PLA bioplastics are similarly toxic as conventional plastics.
Abstract
Given the ubiquitous presence of microplastics in aquatic environments, an evaluation of their toxicity is essential. Microplastics are a heterogeneous set of materials that differ not only in particle properties, like size and shape, but also in chemical composition, including polymers, additives and side products. Thus far, it remains unknown whether the plastic chemicals or the particle itself are the driving factor for microplastic toxicity. To address this question, we exposed Daphnia magna for 21 days to irregular polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PUR) and polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics as well as to natural kaolin particles in high concentrations (10, 50, 100, 500 mg/L, ≤ 59 μm) and different exposure scenarios, including microplastics and microplastics without extractable chemicals as well as the extracted and migrating chemicals alone. All three microplastic types negatively affected the life-history of D. magna. However, this toxicity depended on the endpoint and the material. While PVC had the largest effect on reproduction, PLA reduced survival most effectively. The latter indicates that bio-based and biodegradable plastics can be as toxic as their conventional counterparts. The natural particle kaolin was less toxic than microplastics when comparing numerical concentrations. Importantly, the contribution of plastic chemicals to the toxicity was also plastic type-specific. While we can attribute effects of PVC to the chemicals used in the material, effects of PUR and PLA plastics were induced by the mere particle. Our study demonstrates that plastic chemicals can drive microplastic toxicity. This highlights the importance of considering the individual chemical composition of plastics when assessing their environmental risks. Our results suggest that less studied polymer types, like PVC and PUR, as well as bioplastics are of particular toxicological relevance and should get a higher priority in ecotoxicological studies.
Structural biology and life sciences in general, and NMR in particular, have always been associated with advanced computing. The current challenges in the post-genomic era call for virtual research platforms that provide the worldwide research community with both user-friendly tools, platforms for data analysis and exchange, and an underlying e-Infrastructure. WeNMR, a three-year European Commission co-funded project started in November 2010, groups different research teams into a worldwide virtual research community. It builds on the established eNMR e-Infrastructure and its steadily growing virtual organisation, which is currently the second largest VO in the area of life sciences. WeNMR provides an e-Infrastructure platform and Science Gateway for structural biology. It involves researchers from around the world and will build bridges to other areas of structural biology.
Six new species of the weevil genus Cercopeus Schoenherr are described from South Carolina: C. alexi, C. cornelli, C. femoratus, C. paulus, C. skelleyi, and C. tibialis. Three other species also found in South Carolina are redescribed: C. chrysorrhoeus (Say), C. maspavancus Sleeper, and C. strigicollis Sleeper. Keys to known males and females of all 17 species of Cercopeus are given, along with photographs of habitus, leg features, and antennae, and line illustrations of genitalia. Nearly all specimens of the new species were collected from January-March and these species are winter active.
The Global South is facing severe challenges in ensuring livelihood security due to climate change impacts, environmental degradation and population growth as well as changing lifestyles. These complex problems cannot be solely solved by single scientific disciplines – they require transdisciplinary research (TDR). Stakeholders from civil society, the corporate sector, government and science need to pool their knowledge to find solutions for sustainable transformations. In Namibia, we have been involved in TDR projects on water supply, and sanitation services as well as livestock management in rangeland systems. In this paper, we review two TDR projects that differ in multiple ways and hence allow us to carve out structural differences and critically discuss research outcomes, lessons learned and the challenge of North–South collaborations. Our review builds upon published and unpublished project documents as well as expert interviews with Namibian and German researchers who were involved in the projects. Our results show that TDR can be put into practice in different ways, depending on the research focus and the period available. The TDR phases of problem framing, inter- and transdisciplinary integration were implemented with different tools and foci points. We discuss the role of project length and funding conditions for project success and outcome generation. In addition, we critically consider the role of Namibian and German researchers in these international collaborations. The conclusions we draw touch upon the points of preparatory research funding, the equal acknowledgement of Global South contributions to joint research projects and the explicit handling of TDR components in project work. Significance: • The current social-ecological challenges are complex and require TDR as a mode of knowledge coproduction, particularly in a development context. • Inter- and transdisciplinary integration are critical processes for a project to be successful and require the allocation of adequate time and monetary resources. • Longer-term projects with a funded preparatory research phase constitute a structural model for TDR as project outcomes can evolve over time. • Global South researchers carry a hidden burden in international collaborations that has to be adequately acknowledged upfront in project planning and final products.
Dan Janzen proposed in a paper in 1977 (loc. cit.), that a clone of aphids and for that matter dandelions consists, respectively, of one large ‘super-organism’. In effect a single evolutionary individual able to exploit resources over an expanded geographical range, and sometimes with aphids also, a wider range of resources (different kinds of host plants), much more than if the organism concerned were a single individual. Such a view is of course based on the notion that an asexual lineage (clone) has strict genetic fidelity, that is to say, is genetically identical over its entire genome between clone mates. This seems a highly unlikely scenario and indeed, modern molecular markers have revealed a plethora of mutational events within such so-called clones. Here in this talk I provide evidence from aphids that they are not ‘perfect forms’ but rather show a range of variations, including evidence of hybridization events, and that they can and do adapt to environmental circumstances, sometimes swiftly. Hence that even as asexual lineages, aphids are able to exploit new ecological circumstances and flourish, e.g. host adapted forms, whilst some species, notably the highly polyphagous peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae), have also evolved resistance to a range of pesticides, and by so doing, have managed to survive in the face of these poisons. However, there are fitness costs associated with such adaptation, more especially in the highly resistant aphids. Because of the variation and adaptation shown by particular aphid species and asexual lineages, they cannot be described as a single evolutionary unit in a ‘Janzenian’ sense. What they show is ecological plasticity and an ability to adapt quickly, in large part enhanced by their incredible rate of reproduction and population expansion. Some migrating winged aphids are constrained in their exploitation of new habitats by environmental factors – geographical, climatic and ecological, especially lack of suitable hosts. In contrast, some other aphid species have seemingly colonized large areas of the world (probably aided by human agency) so that deciding what a population is exactly is a difficult task. It may even be that certain ‘super clones’ detected using molecular markers have indeed spread far and wide, clones which appear to fit the description of being ‘general purpose genotypes’ in that they can feed on a range of plant hosts under a range of different geographical-climatic conditions. As such, they are nearest to Dan Janzen’s views, although here again, strict genetic fidelity is not necessarily proven, only accepted from the application of a limited number of markers, e.g. multilocus genotypes in the case of microsatellite markers.
The light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin (BR) from Halobacterium salinarum is tightly regulated by the [H+] gradient and transmembrane potential. BR exhibits optoelectric properties, since spectral changes during the photocycle are kinetically controlled by voltage, which predestines BR for optical storage or processing devices. BR mutants with prolonged lifetime of the blue-shifted M intermediate would be advantageous, but the optoelectric properties of such mutants are still elusive. Using expression in Xenopus oocytes and two-electrode voltage-clamping, we analyzed photocurrents of BR mutants with kinetically destabilized (F171C, F219L) or stabilized (D96N, D96G) M intermediate in response to green light (to probe H+ pumping) and blue laser flashes (to probe accumulation/decay of M). These mutants have divergent M lifetimes. As for BR-WT, this strictly correlates with the voltage dependence of H+ pumping. BR-F171C and BR-F219L showed photocurrents similar to BR-WT. Yet, BR-F171C showed a weaker voltage dependence of proton pumping. For both mutants, blue laser flashes applied during and after green-light illumination showed reduced M accumulation and shorter M lifetime. In contrast, BR-D96G and BR-D96N exhibited small photocurrents, with nonlinear current-voltage curves, which increased strongly in the presence of azide. Blue laser flashes showed heavy M accumulation and prolonged M lifetime, which accounts for the strongly reduced H+ pumping rate. Hyperpolarizing potentials augmented these effects. The combination of M-stabilizing and -destabilizing mutations in BR-D96G/F171C/F219L (BR-tri) shows that disruption of the primary proton donor Asp-96 is fatal for BR as a proton pump. Mechanistically, M destabilizing mutations cannot compensate for the disruption of Asp-96. Accordingly, BR-tri and BR-D96G photocurrents were similar. However, BR-tri showed negative blue laser flash-induced currents even without actinic green light, indicating that Schiff base deprotonation in BR-tri exists in the dark, in line with previous spectroscopic investigations. Thus, M-stabilizing mutations, including the triple mutation, drastically interfere with electrochemical H+ gradient generation.
Chemo-communication is an important mode of interaction within ecosystem. The living organism in the ecosystem can deliver signals to conspecifics, to co-organisms, and unintentionally to their enemies, by emitting the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere. There are some insect-fungi-associations displaying interesting relationships. For example, some bark beetle species (PAINE et al. 1997) introduce fungi into the conifers during the attack process. Fungi take advantage by associating with the insect in transport to new trees and passage through the bark. Insects may get advantage by feeding on fungi and overcoming the tree defence. Questions arise how fungus vectoring insects can recognize the weakness of defense mechanism in the case to introduce the fungus to the host tree and successfully overcome the remaining defence mechanisms. The interspecific communication among insects, fungi and host trees are not completely clarified, but there was the evidence that a number of forest scolytids including species in the genera Scolytus, Dendroctonus, Hylurgops, Trypodendron and Tomicus can be attracted to the host volatile compounds (BYERS 1995).
The mechanisms by which the mammalian brain copes with information from natural vocalization streams remain poorly understood. This article shows that in highly vocal animals, such as the bat species Carollia perspicillata, the spike activity of auditory cortex neurons does not track the temporal information flow enclosed in fast time-varying vocalization streams emitted by conspecifics. For example, leading syllables of so-called distress sequences (produced by bats subjected to duress) suppress cortical spiking to lagging syllables. Local fields potentials (LFPs) recorded simultaneously to cortical spiking evoked by distress sequences carry multiplexed information, with response suppression occurring in low frequency LFPs (i.e. 2–15 Hz) and steady-state LFPs occurring at frequencies that match the rate of energy fluctuations in the incoming sound streams (i.e. >50 Hz). Such steady-state LFPs could reflect underlying synaptic activity that does not necessarily lead to cortical spiking in response to natural fast time-varying vocal sequences.
In search for an ecological concept defining a "whole complex of organisms inhabiting a given region" with more methodological value than 'complex organism' or 'biome' and 'biotic community', the British phytocenologist Arthur Tansley introduced the term 'ecosystem' in 1935. [...] Independently of each other, other scientists from different countries also recognized the interconnectedness of all phenomena on the Earth's surface, resulting in the parallel coining of various notions. The Russian Botanist Vladmir Sukachev (1880–1967) introduced the term 'biogeotsenoz' ('biogeocoenosis' or 'biogeocoenose'), which was broadly used in the Soviet Union and throughout Eastern Europe. It was introduced into Russian in two stages: Following the forestologist Georgii Morozov (1867–1920), who systematically implemented Karl Möbius's term 'biocoenosis', Sukachev first suggested the term 'geotsenoz' ('geocoenosis') in 1942. It was meant to link the earth's surface with its inhabitants and abiotic environmental factors in a dynamic unit. However, in 1944, he changed geocoenosis into biogeocoenosis (BGC), implementing an integral connection with Vladimir Vernadsky's (1863–1945) concepts of the biosphere and the biogeochemical cycles. According to Sukachev, BGC came close to Tansley's notion of the ecosystem which also brings together a biocoenosis with its habitat (the ecotope). However, both terms were not used synonymously: as a more general term, ecosystem was not precise enough to classify the unit of nature itself, whereas the BGC, in accordance with Vernadsky's concept of 'living matter', did not include all abiogenic abiotic factors of the ecosystem. Also, the notions of 'facies' and 'landshaft', which were used by physical geographers, were discussed as similar conceptualization.
Division of labor and task specialization explain the success of human and insect societies. Social insect colonies are characterized by division of labor, with workers specializing in brood care early and foraging later in life. Theory posits that this task switching requires shifts in responsiveness to task-related cues, yet experimental evidence is weak. Here, we show that a Vitellogenin (Vg) ortholog identified in an RNAseq study on the ant T. longispinosus is involved in this process: using phylogenetic analyses of Vg and Vg-like genes, we firstly show that this candidate gene does not cluster with the intensively studied honey bee Vg but falls into a separate Vg-like A cluster. Secondly, an experimental knockdown of Vg-like A in the fat body caused a reduction in brood care and an increase in nestmate care in young ant workers. Nestmate care is normally exhibited by older workers. We demonstrate experimentally that this task switch is at least partly based on Vg-like A–associated shifts in responsiveness from brood to worker cues. We thus reveal a novel mechanism leading to early behavioral maturation via changes in social cue responsiveness mediated by Vg-like A and associated pathways, which proximately play a role in regulating division of labor.
The development of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has widened our understanding of biomolecular structure and function in biological materials. Imaging multiple targets within a single area would elucidate their spatial localization relative to the cell matrix and neighboring biomolecules, revealing multi-protein macromolecular structures and their functional co-dependencies. SRM methods are, however, limited to the number of suitable fluorophores that can be imaged during a single acquisition as well as the loss of antigens during antibody washing and restaining for organic dye multiplexing. We report the visualization of multiple protein targets within the pre- and postsynapse in 350–400 nm thick neuronal tissue sections using DNA-assisted single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). In a single labeling step, antibodies conjugated with short DNA oligonucleotides visualized multiple targets by sequential exchange of fluorophore-labeled complementary oligonucleotides present in the imaging buffer. This approach avoids potential effects on structural integrity when using multiple rounds of immunolabeling and eliminates chromatic aberration, because all targets are imaged using a single excitation laser wavelength. This method proved robust for multi-target imaging in semi-thin tissue sections with a lateral resolution better than 25 nm, paving the way toward structural cell biology with single-molecule SRM.
The development of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has widened our understanding of biomolecular structure and function in biological materials. Imaging multiple targets within a single area would elucidate their spatial localization relative to the cell matrix and neighboring biomolecules, revealing multi-protein macromolecular structures and their functional co-dependencies. SRM methods are, however, limited to the number of suitable fluorophores that can be imaged during a single acquisition as well as the loss of antigens during antibody washing and restaining for organic dye multiplexing. We report the visualization of multiple protein targets within the pre- and postsynapse in 350-400 nm thick neuronal tissue sections using DNA-assisted single-molecule localization microscopy. Using antibodies labeled with short DNA oligonucleotides, multiple targets are visualized successively by sequential exchange of fluorophore-labeled complementary oligonucleotides present in the imaging buffer. The structural integrity of the tissue is maintained owing to only a single labelling step during sample preparation. Multiple targets are imaged using a single laser wavelength, minimizing chromatic aberration. This method proved robust for multi-target imaging in semi-thin tissue sections, paving the way towards structural cell biology with single-molecule super-resolution microscopy.
This thesis investigates the structure of the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex in mitochondria, focusing on the TOM holo complex through single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryoEM) complemented by mass spectrometry and computational structure prediction. Mitochondria, crucial for energy production in eukaryotic cells, import most of their proteins from the cytoplasm. These proteins enter through the TOM complex, which in its core form consists of a membrane-embedded homodimer of Tom40 pores, two Tom22 cytoplasmic receptors, and six small TOM stabilizing subunits (Tom7, Tom6, and Tom5). The holo complex includes two additional subunits, Tom70 and Tom20, whose stoichiometry and positioning are less understood due to their easy dissociation during isolation of the complex. CryoEM analysis revealed the high-resolution structure of the Neurospora crassa TOM core complex at 3.3 Å, containing all core subunits, and the presence of a central phospholipid causing the Tom40 dimer to tilt to 20°. Furthermore, a 4 Å resolution map indicated the binding of a precursor protein as it transitions through the translocation barrel. Finally, at 6-7 Å resolution, the structure of the TOM holo complex highlighted Tom20's flexibility as it interacts with the core complex, emphasizing its role in protein translocation. This work provides significant insights into the architecture and functioning of the TOM complex, contributing to the understanding of mitochondrial protein import mechanisms.
The neuronal transcriptome changes dynamically to adapt to stimuli from the extracellular and intracellular environment. In this study, we adapted for the first time a click chemistry technique to label the newly synthesized RNA in cultured hippocampal neurons and intact larval zebrafish brain. Ethynyl uridine (EU) was incorporated into neuronal RNA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Newly synthesized RNA granules observed throughout the dendrites were colocalized with mRNA and rRNA markers. In zebrafish larvae, the application of EU to the swim water resulted in uptake and labeling throughout the brain. Using a GABA receptor antagonist, PTZ (pentylenetetrazol), to elevate neuronal activity, we demonstrate that newly transcribed RNA signal increased in specific regions involved in neurogenesis.
Visualization of cytosolic ribosomes on the surface of mitochondria by electron cryo‐tomography
(2017)
We employed electron cryo‐tomography to visualize cytosolic ribosomes on the surface of mitochondria. Translation‐arrested ribosomes reveal the clustered organization of the TOM complex, corroborating earlier reports of localized translation. Ribosomes are shown to interact specifically with the TOM complex, and nascent chain binding is crucial for ribosome recruitment and stabilization. Ribosomes are bound to the membrane in discrete clusters, often in the vicinity of the crista junctions. This interaction highlights how protein synthesis may be coupled with transport. Our work provides unique insights into the spatial organization of cytosolic ribosomes on mitochondria.
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules present antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T cells to eliminate infected or cancerous cells. The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) shuttles proteasomally generated peptides into the ER for MHC I loading. As central part of the peptide-loading complex (PLC), TAP is targeted by viral factors, which inhibit peptide supply and thereby impact MHC I-mediated immune responses. However, it is still poorly understood how antigen presentation via different MHC I allotypes is affected by TAP inhibition. Here, we show that conditional expression of herpes simplex viral ICP47 suppresses surface presentation of HLA-A and HLA-C, but not of HLA-B, while the human cytomegaloviral US6 reduces surface levels of all MHC I allotypes. This marked difference in HLA-B antigen presentation is echoed by an enrichment of HLA-B allomorphs at US6-arrested PLC in comparison to ICP47-PLC. Although both viral factors prevent TAP-mediated peptide supply, our data imply that MHC I allomorphs favor different conformationally arrested states of the PLC, leading to differential downregulation of MHC I surface presentation. These findings will help understand MHC I biology in general and will even advance the targeted treatment of infections depending on patients’ allotypes.
Autophagy, together with the ubiquitin-proteasome system, is the main quality control pathway responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis. There are several types of autophagy distinguished by cargo selectivity and means of induction. This thesis focuses on macroautophagy, hereafter autophagy, where a double-layered membrane is formed originating from the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) engulfing cargo selectively or unselectively. Subsequently, a vesicle forms around the cargo, an autophagosome, and eventually fuses with the lysosome leading to degradation of the vesicle content and release of the cargo “building blocks”. Basal autophagy continuously occurs, unselectively engulfing a portion of the cytoplasm. However, autophagy can also be induced by stress such as starvation, protein aggregation, damaged organelles, intracellular pathogens etc. In this case, the cargo is selectively targeted, and the fate of the autophagosome is the same as in basal autophagy. In recent years, interest in identifying mechanisms of autophagy regulation has risen due to its importance in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Given the complexity of the process, its execution is tightly regulated from initiation, autophagosome formation, expansion, closure, and finally fusion with the lysosome. Each of the steps involves different protein complexes, whose timely activity is orchestrated by post-translational modifications. One of them is ubiquitination. Ubiquitin is a small, 76-amino acid protein conjugated in a 3-step reaction to other proteins, in a reversible manner, meaning undone by deubiquitinases. Originally described as a degradation signal targeting proteins to the proteasome, today it is known it has various additional non-proteolytic functions, such as regulating a protein’s activity, localization, or interaction partners. The role of ubiquitin in autophagy has already been shown. However, given the reversibility and fine-tuning of the ubiquitin signal, many expected regulators remain unidentified. This work aimed to identify novel deubiquitinating enzymes that regulate autophagy. We identified ubiquitin-specific protease 11 (USP11) as a novel, negative regulator of autophagy. Loss of USP11 leads to an increase in autophagic flux, whereas overexpression of USP11 attenuates it. Moreover, this observation was reproducible in model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, emphasizing the importance of USP11 in autophagy regulation. To identify the mechanism of USP11-dependent autophagy regulation, we performed a USP11 interactome screen after 4 hour Torin1 treatment and identified a plethora of autophagy-related proteins. Following the most prominent hits, we have investigated versatile ways in which USP11 regulates autophagy. USP11 interacts with the PI3KC3 complex, the role of which is phosphorylating lipids of the ER, thereby initiating the formation of the autophagosomal membrane. Phosphorylated lipids serve as a recruitment signal for downstream effector proteins necessary for the membrane expansion. The core components of the complex are VPS34, the lipid kinase, ATG14, the protein responsible for targeting the complex to the ER, VPS15, a pseudokinase with a scaffolding role, Beclin1, a regulatory subunit, and NRBF2, the dimer-inducing subunit. We have found USP11 interacts with the complex and, based on its activity, USP11 influences post-translational status of all the aforementioned subunits, except for ATG14. Moreover, we have found that loss of USP11 leads to an increase in NRBF2 levels, whereas it does not change the levels of the other proteins. Given that the dimerization of the complex leads to an increase in complex activity, we investigated if the complex is more tightly formed in the absence of USP11, and if it is more active. We have found both to be the case. Although the exact mechanism of USP11-dependent PI3KC3 complex regulation remains to be identified, we found that loss of USP11 stimulates the complex formation and activity, likely contributing to the general effect of USP11 on autophagy flux. Additionally, we found that USP11 modulates levels of mTOR, the most upstream kinase in autophagy initiation steps and general multifaceted metabolism regulator. Loss of USP11 led to downregulation of mTOR levels, suggesting USP11 may rescue mTOR from proteasome-mediated degradation. Furthermore, we found mTOR to be differentially modified depending on the activity of USP11. However, it remains to be shown if USP11-dependent mTOR regulation contributes to the observed autophagy phenotype. Taken together, USP11 is a novel, versatile, negative regulator of autophagy, and an important addition to our knowledge on the regulation of autophagy by the ubiquitin system.
The NF-κB-like velvet domain protein VosA (viability of spores) binds to more than 1,500 promoter sequences in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. VosA inhibits premature induction of the developmental activator gene brlA, which promotes asexual spore formation in response to environmental cues as light. VosA represses a novel genetic network controlled by the sclB gene. Bfunction is antagonistic to VosA, because it induces the expression of early activator genes of asexual differentiation as flbC and flbD as well as brlA. The SclB controlled network promotes asexual development and spore viability, but is independent of the fungal light control. SclB interactions with the RcoA transcriptional repressor subunit suggest additional inhibitory functions on transcription. SclB links asexual spore formation to the synthesis of secondary metabolites including emericellamides, austinol as well as dehydroaustinol and activates the oxidative stress response of the fungus. The fungal VosA-SclB regulatory system of transcription includes a VosA control of the sclB promoter, common and opposite VosA and SclB control functions of fungal development and several additional regulatory genes. The relationship between VosA and SclB illustrates the presence of a convoluted surveillance apparatus of transcriptional control, which is required for accurate fungal development and the linkage to the appropriate secondary metabolism.
Naturally, the floodplains of Central Asian rivers harbour riparian, so-called ‘Tugai’ forests, reeds with Phragmites australis, and shrub communities which form a mosaic depending on the variety of available ground water. In recent decades, these natural ecosystems have been strongly altered anthropogenically or even completely destroyed. In order to restore those ecosystems, knowledge on vegetation, ecosystem dynamics, and natural regeneration processes is essential. In our study, we present results of ecological investigations at the Tarim River. We gathered comprehensive data on soil, vegetation, forest stand age, tree vitality, river course dynamics, and land use and brought it to the landscape level. Thus, recommendations are derived for the maintenance of these floodplain ecosystems, in particular with regard to their biological diversity.
Compared to other grassland types across Slovakia, dry grasslands harbour species-rich and specialised ant communities. High diversity and species richness of ants may be seen as a consequence of (i) the specific structure of dry grassland vegetation, (ii) long-term ecological stability, and (iii) currently low or absent management-induced disturbance. With special regard to dry grasslands, we report on structural characteristics of vegetation and low-disturbance regime, which contribute to ant assemblage structure. Our study was carried out in the Štiavnické Vrchy Mts. (Central Slovakia), a region with a historically well-developed grassland area. We established a set of 25 research plots within southorientated grassland habitats representing five different grassland types: wet managed and wet abandoned grasslands, mesic managed and mesic abandoned grasslands (Arrhenatherion elatioris), and dry abandoned grassland habitats (Asplenio-Festucion glaucae). Each habitat type was represented by five plots. At each plot, a set of ten pitfall traps was used to sample ground-foraging ant assemblages. Around each trap, structural characteristics of vegetation and microhabitat were assessed. Dry grasslands were shown to have a specific microhabitat structure, characterised by the presence of a well-developed moss and lichen layer, exposed bedrock, bare soil, and significantly lower, although species-rich vege - tation. Besides the specific microhabitat structure, the absence of management may have contributed to the distinctiveness of these ant assemblages compared to those associated with other grassland categories. Ant assemblages were more species-rich, and the activity of ants was higher in recently abandoned grassland habitats. The effect of abandonment was quite opposite for plants, whose species-richness was, contrary to ants, higher within managed sites.
Savannas provide essential ecosystem services for human well-being in West Africa. Thus, ecosystem change not only directly affects biodiversity but also human livelihoods. Human land use considerably shaped these savanna ecosystems for millennia, particularly agriculture, livestock grazing, logging and the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). NTFPs are wild plant products and comprise all organic matter from herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees (excluding timber). Current increasing land use pressure through fast demographic changes is widely esteemed as a severe threat for savanna biodiversity and the socio-economy of rural communities. In consideration of the pivotal role of NTFP species for biodiversity and livelihoods, it is important to evaluate the effect of increasing land use change on savanna vegetation and on its provisioning service for human well-being. Thus, the major aim of this thesis is to investigate the impacts of land use intensification on vegetation composition, diversity and function and its consequences for provisioning ecosystem services (NTFPs) and human well-being in a West African savanna.
The research for this study was conducted in the North Sudanian vegetation zone of south-eastern Burkina Faso, where population growth exceeds the nationwide trend. Generally, Burkina Faso belongs to the worldwide poorest countries, where nearly one quarter of the population suffers from malnutrition (FAO 2014). The integration of NTFPs and particularly wild food species into rural household economies is, thus, an important measure in the national combat against poverty and food insecurity (FAO 2014). Against this background, I focus on vegetation changes, the economic importance of NTFPs as well as the decrease and substitution of wild food species in this study.
Vegetation resurveys of different vegetation types since the early 1990s showed that land use change led to more pronounced changes in the herbaceous than in the woody vegetation layer. Most woody vegetation types stayed stable in species composition and richness, even though some highly useful tree species (Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa) declined in some woody vegetation types. In contrast, in most herbaceous vegetation types species richness increased and species composition considerably changed. This change might be explained by a general ruderalisation process through a pronounced increase of wide-ranging herbaceous species. However, in spite of a general species increase in the herbaceous layer, a decrease of preferred herbaceous fodder species was found. Thus, the decline of useful species in both layers is alarming. Herbaceous vegetation types also showed more pronounced changes in plant functional trait characteristics in comparison to woody vegetation types. However, an increase of smaller plant species and species with a high diaspore terminal velocity (VTerm) was found in both vegetation layers. Since these two trait responses are generally related to grazing and browsing, the strong increase of livestock herds is likely to be responsible for the detected vegetation changes.
In addition to the vegetation study, interviews showed that all useful food species were widely considered to decline. The two economically most important tree species, the shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) and the locust bean tree (Parkia biglobosa) that contribute with 70% to wild food income, were considered among the most declining species of all cited wild food species. On this matter, local perceptions of species decline and results from field observations are in accordance. However, a wide range of cited substitutes indicated a great knowledge on alternative plant species in the area. Most wild food species are, however, substituted by other highly valued wild food species. Although our results suggest that rural communities are able to cope with the decrease or absence of wild food species, growing decline of one species would concurrently increase the pressure on other native food species. Therefore, the need to counteract the decrease of highly useful wild food species should be of high priority in management measures. In general, I showed that NTFPs are an essential component in rural households, since it contributed with 45 % to total household income. Significant differences in NTFP dependency between the two investigated villages and across the three main ethnic groups were detected, reflecting different traditional uses and harvesting practices. In general, it was shown that poorer households depend more on NTFP income than wealthier households. Against the background of this study, management strategies for agroforestry systems and poverty alleviation should consider local differences, and ethnicity-dependent NTFP-use patterns.
Overall, the combination of field studies on temporal and functional vegetation change with socio-economic and ethno-botanic interviews increases the knowledge on qualitative and quantitative vegetation changes and on the consequences for rural populations. This thesis gives a thorough insight into decreasing trends of economically valued plant species and thus gives evidence on the consequences of vegetation changes for ecosystem services of West African savanna ecosystems. Further, different NTFP-dependencies and use preferences according to socio-economic and cultural variables, such as ethnicity, present a valuable basis for specific decision-making and should be considered in management plans.
Australia has a diversity of vectors and vector-borne human diseases. Mosquito-borne arboviruses are of greatest concern, but there are issues with other vector and pathogen systems. Mosquitoes were responsible for more than 35,000 cases of Ross River virus during 1991-1997. Barmah Forest virus is increasing nationwide, and unidentified bunyaviruses suspected of causing illness have been isolated. Cases of Murray Valley encephalitis have occurred in 14 of the past 20 years in northern Australia. Dengue is a continuing problem for northern Queensland, with various serotypes being active. Japanese encephalitis has appeared in the Torres Strait Islands and threatens mainland Australia. Although malaria is eradicated, almost 1,000 cases are imported annually and occasional cases of local transmission occur. With ticks, paralysis in children occurs annually in eastern Australia. Tick typhus (Queensland Tick Typhus--Rickettsia australis) occurs down the east coast, and (Flinders Island Spotted Fever--Rickettsia honei) in Bass Strait and probably Tasmania. Lyme disease is reported but its presence is controversial. Fleas were responsible for a recent outbreak of murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) in Western Australia. Mites cause scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi), and there was a recent fatality in the Northern Territory. Overall, resources for investigation and control of vector-borne disease have generally been meager. However, various avenues of basic and applied research have been pursued, and have included investigations into mosquito ecology, vector competence, disease epidemiology, and vector control. Disease surveillance programs vary between states, and mosquito control programs are organized and effective in only a few regions. There are concerns for import of vectors such as Aedes albopictus and export of pathogens such as Ross River virus; the former has occurred but the species has not become established, and the latter has occurred and has resulted in a major outbreak in the South Pacific. The predicted scenarios of increased temperature and rainfall with global warming are also causing concern for increases in vector-borne diseases, particularly the endemic arboviruses. Interest by health authorities is gravitating more towards epidemiological reporting and less towards public health action. In many respects, humans have much to do to get "on top" of vectors and their pathogens "down under" in Australia.
Background: Zika is of great medical relevance due to its rapid geographical spread in 2015 and 2016 in South America and its serious implications, for example, certain birth defects. Recent epidemics urgently require a better understanding of geographic patterns of the Zika virus transmission risk. This study aims to map the Zika virus transmission risk in South and Central America. We applied the maximum entropy approach, which is common for species distribution modelling, but is now also widely in use for estimating the geographical distribution of infectious diseases.
Methods: As predictor variables we used a set of variables considered to be potential drivers of both direct and indirect effects on the emergence of Zika. Specifically, we considered (a) the modelled habitat suitability for the two main vector species Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus as a proxy of vector species distributions; (b) temperature, as it has a great influence on virus transmission; (c) commonly called evidence consensus maps (ECM) of human Zika virus infections on a regional scale as a proxy for virus distribution; (d) ECM of human dengue virus infections and, (e) as possibly relevant socio-economic factors, population density and the gross domestic product.
Results: The highest values for the Zika transmission risk were modelled for the eastern coast of Brazil as well as in Central America, moderate values for the Amazon basin and low values for southern parts of South America. The following countries were modelled to be particularly affected: Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. While modelled vector habitat suitability as predictor variable showed the highest contribution to the transmission risk model, temperature of the warmest quarter contributed only comparatively little. Areas with optimal temperature conditions for virus transmission overlapped only little with areas of suitable habitat conditions for the two main vector species. Instead, areas with the highest transmission risk were characterised as areas with temperatures below the optimum of the virus, but high habitat suitability modelled for the two main vector species.
Conclusion: Modelling approaches can help estimating the spatial and temporal dynamics of a disease. We focused on the key drivers relevant in the Zika transmission cycle (vector, pathogen, and hosts) and integrated each single component into the model. Despite the uncertainties generally associated with modelling, the approach applied in this study can be used as a tool and assist decision making and managing the spread of Zika.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes play an important role in the protection against viral infections, which they detect through the recognition of virus-derived peptides, presented in the context of MHC class I molecules at the surface of the infected cell. The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) plays an essential role in MHC class I–restricted antigen presentation, as TAP imports peptides into the ER, where peptide loading of MHC class I molecules takes place. In this study, the UL49.5 proteins of the varicelloviruses bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) are characterized as members of a novel class of viral immune evasion proteins. These UL49.5 proteins interfere with MHC class I antigen presentation by blocking the supply of antigenic peptides through inhibition of TAP. BHV-1, PRV, and EHV-1 recombinant viruses lacking UL49.5 no longer interfere with peptide transport. Combined with the observation that the individually expressed UL49.5 proteins block TAP as well, these data indicate that UL49.5 is the viral factor that is both necessary and sufficient to abolish TAP function during productive infection by these viruses. The mechanisms through which the UL49.5 proteins of BHV-1, PRV, EHV-1, and EHV-4 block TAP exhibit surprising diversity. BHV-1 UL49.5 targets TAP for proteasomal degradation, whereas EHV-1 and EHV-4 UL49.5 interfere with the binding of ATP to TAP. In contrast, TAP stability and ATP recruitment are not affected by PRV UL49.5, although it has the capacity to arrest the peptide transporter in a translocation-incompetent state, a property shared with the BHV-1 and EHV-1 UL49.5. Taken together, these results classify the UL49.5 gene products of BHV-1, PRV, EHV-1, and EHV-4 as members of a novel family of viral immune evasion proteins, inhibiting TAP through a variety of mechanisms.
One of the most challenging aspects of RT-qPCR data analysis is the identification of reliable reference genes. Ideally, they should be neither induced nor repressed under different experimental conditions. To date, few reference genes have been adequately studied for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) using statistical approaches. In this work, six candidate genes (αTUB, GAPDH, H1, SAMDC, UBQ, and 25S rRNA) were tested for gene expression normalization of sugarcane root tissues from drought-tolerant and -sensitive accessions after continuous dehydration (24 h). By undergoing different approaches (GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper), it was shown that most of them could be used in combinations for normalization purposes, with the exception of SAMDC. Nevertheless three of them (H1, αTUB, and GAPDH) were considered the most reliable reference genes. Their suitability as reference genes validated the expression profiles of two targets (AS and PFPα1), related to SuperSAGE unitags, in agreement with results revealed by previous in silico analysis. The other two sugarcane unitags (ACC oxidase and PIP1-1), after salt stress (100 mM NaCl), presented their expressions validated in the same way. In conclusion, these reference genes will be useful for dissecting gene expression in sugarcane roots under abiotic stress, especially in transcriptomic studies using SuperSAGE or RNAseq approaches.
Biological exploration of early biomarkers for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in (pre)diabetic individuals is crucial for personalized management of diabetes. Here, we evaluated two candidate biomarkers of incident CKD (sphingomyelin (SM) C18:1 and phosphatidylcholine diacyl (PC aa) C38:0) concerning kidney function in hyperglycemic participants of the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) cohort, and in two biofluids and six organs of leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice and wild type controls. Higher serum concentrations of SM C18:1 and PC aa C38:0 in hyperglycemic individuals were found to be associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and higher odds of CKD. In db/db mice, both metabolites had a significantly lower concentration in urine and adipose tissue, but higher in the lungs. Additionally, db/db mice had significantly higher SM C18:1 levels in plasma and liver, and PC aa C38:0 in adrenal glands. This cross-sectional human study confirms that SM C18:1 and PC aa C38:0 associate with kidney dysfunction in pre(diabetic) individuals, and the animal study suggests a potential implication of liver, lungs, adrenal glands, and visceral fat in their systemic regulation. Our results support further validation of the two phospholipids as early biomarkers of renal disease in patients with (pre)diabetes.
In haploid and diploid S. cerevisiae the dimer yield ratio TT̂/CT̂ is found to be 1.2/1 and 1.3/1, resp., at the UV (254 nm) unit dose 1 erg/mm2, the share of TT̂ and CT̂ in a UV (254 nm) lethal hit being 0.7 TT̂ and 0.6 CT̂. A general formulation of the UV lethal hit is given and discussed. The TT̂ + CT̂ yields obtained for S. cerevisiae are compared to those reported for other organisms. It is found that there obviously exists a directly proportional linear correlation between genome size and TT̂ + CT̂ yield for the UV dose range well below the stationary levels of the TT̂ and CT̂ formation kinetics.