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By analyzing đ+âąđâ annihilation data with an integrated luminosity of 2.93ââfbâ1 collected at the center-of-mass energy âđ =3.773âGeV with the BESIII detector, we present the first absolute measurements of the branching fractions of twenty Cabibbo-suppressed hadronic đ·0âą(+) decays involving multiple pions. The highest four branching fractions obtained are âŹâĄ(đ·0âđ+âąđââąđ0) = (1.343±0.01âą3stat±0.01âą6syst)%, âŹâĄ(đ·0âđ+âąđââą2âąđ0) = (1.002±0.01âą9stat±0.02âą4syst)%, âŹâĄ(đ·+â2âąđ+âąđââąđ0) = (1.165±0.02âą1stat±0.02âą1syst)%, and âŹâĄ(đ·+â2âąđ+âąđââą2âąđ0) = (1.074±0.04âą0stat±0.03âą0syst)%. The đ¶âąđ asymmetries for the six decays with highest signal yields are also determined and found to be compatible with zero.
By analyzing e+eâ annihilation data with an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fbâ1 collected at the center-of-mass energy sâ= 3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector, we present the first absolute measurements of the branching fractions of twenty Cabibbo-suppressed hadronic D0(+) decays involving multiple pions. The largest four branching fractions obtained are B(D0âÏ+ÏâÏ0) = >(1.343±0.013stat±0.016syst)%, B(D0âÏ+Ïâ2Ï0) = (0.998±0.019stat±0.024syst)%, B(D+â2Ï+ÏâÏ0)
(1.174±0.021stat±0.021syst)%, and B(D+â2Ï+Ïâ2Ï0) = (1.074±0.040stat±0.030syst)%. The CP asymmetries for the six decays with highest event yields are also determined.
Using a sample of (448.1±2.9)Ă106âđâĄ(3686) decays collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII, we report an observation of Îâ transverse polarization with a significance of 7.3âąđ in the decay đâĄ(3686)âÎââą ÂŻÎ+ (ÎââÎâąđâ, ÂŻÎ+âÂŻÎâąđ+, Îâđâąđâ, ÂŻÎâÂŻđâąđ+). The relative phase of the electric and magnetic form factors is determined to be ÎâąÎŠ=(0.667±0.111±0.058)âârad. This is the first measurement of the relative phase for a đâĄ(3686) decay into a pair of ÎââąÂŻÎ+ hyperons. The Îâ decay parameters (đŒÎâ, đÎâ) and their conjugates (đŒÂŻÎ+, đÂŻÎ+), the angular-distribution parameter đŒđ, and the strong-phase difference đżđâđżđ for Îâąđâ scattering are measured to be consistent with previous BESIII results.
From December 2019 to June 2021, the BESIII experiment collected about 5.85 fbâ1 of data at center-of-mass energies between 4.61 GeV and 4.95 GeV. This is the highest collision energy BEPCII has reached so far. The accumulated e+eâ annihilation data samples are useful for studying charmonium(-like) states and charmed-hadron decays. By adopting a novel method of analyzing the production of Î+cÎÂŻâc pairs in e+eâ annihilation, the center-of-mass energies are measured with a precision of âŒ0.6 MeV. Integrated luminosities are measured with a precision of better than 1\% by analyzing the events of large-angle Bhabha scattering. These measurements provide important inputs to the analyses based on these data samples.
The production cross section of inclusive isolated photons has been measured by the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC in pp collisions at centre-of-momentum energy of sâ=13 TeV collected during the LHC Run 2 data-taking period. The measurement is performed by combining the measurements of the electromagnetic calorimeter EMCal and the central tracking detectors ITS and TPC, covering a pseudorapidity range of |ηγ|<0.67 and a transverse momentum range of 7<pÎłT<200 GeV/c. The result extends to lower pÎłT and xÎłT=2pÎłT/sâ ranges, the lowest xÎłT of any isolated photon measurements to date, extending significantly those measured by the ATLAS and CMS experiments towards lower pÎłT at the same collision energy with a small overlap between the measurements. The measurement is compared with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations and the results from the ATLAS and CMS experiments as well as with measurements at other collision energies. The measurement and theory prediction are in agreement with each other within the experimental and theoretical uncertainties.
A common element of market structure analysis is the spatial representation of firmsâ competitive positions on maps. Such maps typically capture static snapshots in time. Yet, competitive positions tend to change. Embedded in such changes are firmsâ trajectories, that is, the series of changes in firmsâ positions over time relative to all other firms in a market. Identifying these trajectories contributes to market structure analysis by providing a forward-looking perspective on competition, revealing firmsâ (re)positioning strategies and indicating strategy effectiveness. To unlock these insights, we propose EvoMap, a novel dynamic mapping framework that identifies firmsâ trajectories from high-frequency and potentially noisy data. We validate EvoMap via extensive simulations and apply it empirically to study the trajectories of more than 1,000 publicly listed firms over 20 years. We find substantial changes in several firmsâ positioning strategies, including Apple, Walmart, and Capital One. Because EvoMap accommodates a wide range of mapping methods, analysts can easily apply it in other empirical settings and to data from various sources.
Regulators worldwide have been implementing different privacy laws. They vary in their impact on the value for advertisers, publishers and users, but not much is known about these differences. This article focuses on three important privacy laws (i.e., General Data Protection Regulation [GDPR], California Consumer Privacy Act [CCPA] and Personal Information Protection Law [PIPL]) and compares their impact on the value for the three primary actors of the online advertising market, namely, advertisers, publishers and users. This article first compares these three privacy laws by developing a legal strictness score. It then uses the existing literature to derive the effects of the legal strictness of each privacy law on each actorâs value. Finally, it quantifies the three privacy lawsâ impact on each actorâs value. The results show that GDPR and PIPL are similar and stricter than CCPA. Stricter privacy laws bring larger negative changes to the value for actors. As a result, both GDPR and PIPL decrease the actorsâ value more substantially than CCPA. These value declines are the largest for publishers and are rather similar for users and advertisers. Scholars and practitioners can use our findings to explore ways to create value for multiple actors under various privacy laws.
For many services, consumers can choose among a range of optional tariffs that differ in their access and usage prices. Recent studies indicate that tariff-specific preferences may lead consumers to choose a tariff that does not minimize their expected billing rate. This study analyzes how tariff-specific preferences influence the responsiveness of consumersâ usage and tariff choice to changes in price. We show that consumer heterogeneity in tariff-specific preferences leads to heterogeneity in their sensitivity to price changes. Specifically, consumers with tariff-specific preferences are less sensitive to price increases of their preferred tariff than other consumers. Our results provide an additional reason why firms should offer multiple tariffs rather than a uniform nonlinear pricing plan to extract maximum consumer surplus.
Thought to be monotypic for decades, the only species in the goosefish genus Lophiomus Gill, Lm. setigerus (Vahl), shows a wide range of morphological variation and is distributed widely in the Indo-West Pacific (IWP). In this study, datasets for two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes sequences obtained from samples of Lophiomus collected in different localities across the IWP were constructed and analyzed to explore the phylogeny and species diversity within the genus. Our integrated approach with multiline evidence unveiled an unanticipated richness of at least six delimited species of Lophiomus. Herein, based on materials already available from museums and new specimens obtained primarily through the Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos program surveying IWP benthic fauna, we formally describe three new species: Lm. immaculioralis sp. nov., Lm. nigriventris sp. nov., and Lm. carusoi sp. nov. Also, we resurrect Lm. laticeps stat. rev. from synonyms of Lm. setigerus. These species can be diagnosed by genetics, body coloration, patterns on the floor of the mouth, peritoneum pigmentation, morphometric measurements, and meristic counts of cranial spines, dorsal-fin spines, and pectoral-fin and pelvic-fin rays from each other and from Lm. setigerus. The species Lm. setigerus, as well as the genus Lophiomus, are re-described accordingly based on the new results. Amended identification keys to the four extant lophiid genera and to species of Lophiomus are also provided.
Exploring strategies to improve the reverse beta-oxidation pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(2024)
Microbes are the most diverse living organisms on Earth, with various metabolic adaptations that allow them to live in different conditions and produce compounds with different chemical complexity. Microbial biotechnology exploits the metabolic diversity of microorganisms to manufacture products for different industries. Today, the chemical industry is a significant energy consumer and carbon dioxide emitter, with processes that harm natural ecosystems, like the extraction of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). MCFAs are used as precursors for biofuels, volatile esters, surfactants, or polymers in materials with enhanced properties.
However, their current extraction process uses large, non-sustainable monocultures of coconut and palm trees. Therefore, the microbial production of MCFAs can help reduce the current environmental impact of obtaining these products and their derivatives.
In nature, fatty acids are mostly produced via fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB). However, the reverse ÎČ-oxidation (rBOX) is a more energy-efficient pathway compared to FAB. The rBOX pathway consists of four reactions, which result in the elongation of an acyl-CoA molecule by two carbon units from acetyl-CoA in each cycle. In this work we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an organism with a high tolerance towards toxic compounds, as the expression host of the rBOX pathway to produce MCFAs and medium-chain fatty alcohols (MCFOHs).
In the first part of this work, we expanded the length of the products from expressing the rBOX in the cytosol and increased the MCFAs titres. First, we deleted the major glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD2). This resulted in a platform strain with significantly reduced glycerol fermentation and increased rBOX pathway activity, probably due to an increased availability of NADH. Then, we tested different combinations of rBOX enzymes to increase the length and titres of MCFA. Expressing the thiolase CnbktB and ÎČ-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase CnpaaH1 from Cupriavidus necator, Cacrt from Clostridium acetobutylicum and the trans-enoyl-CoA reductase Tdter (Treponema denticola) resulted in hexanoic acid as the main product.
Expressing Cncrt2 (C. necator) or YlECH (Y. lipolytica) as enoyl-CoA hydratases resulted in octanoic acid as the main product. Then, we integrated the octanoic (Cncrt2 or YlECH) and the hexanoic acid (Cacrt)-producing variants in the genome of the platform strain and we achieved titers of â75 mg/L (hexanoic acid) and â 60 mg/L (octanoic acid) when growing these strains in a complex, highly buffered medium. These are the highest titers of octanoic and hexanoic acid obtained in S. cerevisiae with the rBOX. Additionally, we deleted TES1 and FAA2 to prevent competition for butyryl-CoA and degradation of the produced fatty acids, respectively.
However, these deletions did not improve MCFA titers. In addition, we tested two dual acyl-CoA reductase/alcohol dehydrogenases (ACR/ADH), CaadhE2 from C. acetobutylicum and the putative ACR/ADH EceutE from Escherichia coli, in an octanoyl-CoA-producing strain to produce MCFOH. As a result, we produced 1-hexanol and 1-octanol for the first time in S. cerevisiae with these two enzymes. Nonetheless, the titres were low (<10 mg/L and <2 mg/L, respectively), and four-carbon 1-butanol was the main product in both cases (>80 mg/L). This showed the preference of these two enzymes for butyryl-CoA.
In the second part of this work, we expressed the rBOX in the mitochondria of S. cerevisiae to benefit from the high levels of acetyl-CoA and the reducing environment in that organelle. First, in an adh-deficient strain, we mutated MTH1, a transcription factor regulating the expression of hexose transporters, and deleted GPD2. This resulted in a strain with a reduced Crabtree effect and, therefore, an increased carbon flux to the mitochondria. We partially validated the increased flux to the mitochondria by expressing the ethanol-acetyltransferase EAT1 from Kluyveromyces marxianus in this organelle. This resulted in a higher isoamyl acetate production in the MTH1-mutant strain. Isoamyl acetate is synthesised by Eat1 from acetyl-CoA and isoamyl alcohol, a product of the metabolism of amino acids in the mitochondria. Then, we targeted different butyryl-CoA-producing rBOX variants to the mitochondria, and we used the production of 1-butanol and butyric acid as a proof-of-concept. The strong expression of all the enzymes was toxic for the cell, and the highest butyric acid titres (â 50 mg/L) in the mitochondria from the rBOX were obtained from the weak expression of the pathway. The highest 1-butanol titers (â 5 mg/L) were obtained with the downregulation of the mitochondrial NADH-oxidase NDI1. However, this downregulation led to a non-desirable petite phenotype.
In summary, we produced hexanoic and octanoic acid for the first time in S. cerevisiae using the rBOX and achieved the highest reported titers of hexanoic and octanoic acid so far using this pathway in S. cerevisiae. In addition, we successfully compartmentalised the rBOX in the mitochondria. However, competing reactions, some of them essential for the viability of the cell, limit the use of this organelle for the rBOX.