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In einer wissenspolitischen Reflexion auf die Bedingungen der Möglichkeit gegenwärtiger Realismuskonjunkturen entfaltet Eva Geulen in ihrem exemplarisch kritischen Beitrag hermeneutische "Schwierigkeiten mit Raabes 'Frau Salome'". Um den Text mit seiner Abundanz willkürlicher Allusionen und Wissensreferenzen nicht einfach historistisch aufzulösen, hebt Eva Geulen das auf Goethe rekurrierende Motiv der Haut in seiner doppelten Determinierung durch Natur und Kultur heraus und analysiert es im Hinblick auf seine Konsequenzen innerhalb des literarischen Textes. Dort führt es zu einer Egalisierung der im Text versammelten Exzentriker, ein Befund, der, so die Bilanz der poetologischen Ökonomie Raabes durch Eva Geulen, in keinem vernünftigen Verhältnis zum literarischen Ergebnis steht.
We make three points. First, the decade before the financial crisis in 2007 was characterized by a collapse in the yield on TIPS. Second, estimated VARs for the federal funds rate and the TIPS yield show that while monetary policy shocks had negligible effects on the TIPS yield, shocks to the latter had one-to-one effects on the federal funds rate. Third, these findings can be rationalized in a New Keynesian model.
Extraction of network topology from multi-electrode recordings : is there a small-world effect?
(2011)
The simultaneous recording of the activity of many neurons poses challenges for multivariate data analysis. Here, we propose a general scheme of reconstruction of the functional network from spike train recordings. Effective, causal interactions are estimated by fitting generalized linear models on the neural responses, incorporating effects of the neurons’ self-history, of input from other neurons in the recorded network and of modulation by an external stimulus. The coupling terms arising from synaptic input can be transformed by thresholding into a binary connectivity matrix which is directed. Each link between two neurons represents a causal influence from one neuron to the other, given the observation of all other neurons from the population. The resulting graph is analyzed with respect to small-world and scale-free properties using quantitative measures for directed networks. Such graph-theoretic analyses have been performed on many complex dynamic networks, including the connectivity structure between different brain areas. Only few studies have attempted to look at the structure of cortical neural networks on the level of individual neurons. Here, using multi-electrode recordings from the visual system of the awake monkey, we find that cortical networks lack scale-free behavior, but show a small, but significant small-world structure. Assuming a simple distance-dependent probabilistic wiring between neurons, we find that this connectivity structure can account for all of the networks’ observed small-world-ness. Moreover, for multi-electrode recordings the sampling of neurons is not uniform across the population. We show that the small-world-ness obtained by such a localized sub-sampling overestimates the strength of the true small-world structure of the network. This bias is likely to be present in all previous experiments based on multi-electrode recordings.
In binocular rivalry, presentation of different images to the separate eyes leads to conscious perception alternating between the two possible interpretations every few seconds. During perceptual transitions, a stimulus emerging into dominance can spread in a wave-like manner across the visual field. These traveling waves of rivalry dominance have been successfully related to the cortical magnification properties and functional activity of early visual areas, including the primary visual cortex (V1). Curiously however, these traveling waves undergo a delay when passing from one hemifield to another. In the current study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate whether the strength of interhemispheric connections between the left and right visual cortex might be related to the delay of traveling waves across hemifields. We measured the delay in traveling wave times (ΔTWT) in 19 participants and repeated this test 6 weeks later to evaluate the reliability of our behavioral measures. We found large interindividual variability but also good test–retest reliability for individual measures of ΔTWT. Using DTI in connection with fiber tractography, we identified parts of the corpus callosum connecting functionally defined visual areas V1–V3. We found that individual differences in ΔTWT was reliably predicted by the diffusion properties of transcallosal fibers connecting left and right V1, but observed no such effect for neighboring transcallosal visual fibers connecting V2 and V3. Our results demonstrate that the anatomical characteristics of topographically specific transcallosal connections predict the individual delay of interhemispheric traveling waves, providing further evidence that V1 is an important site for neural processes underlying binocular rivalry.
Im Fall Sades stellt sich die Frage, ob er nicht als in seiner Zeit unmöglicher Romanautor letztlich einen Diskurs begründet hat, der weit über die Libertinage hinausgeht und eine "Ästhetik der Delinquenz", so Manfred Schneider, das philosophische wie literarische Schreiben über Sexualität, Verbrechen und Strafe in der Moderne bis zu Bataille und zu Foucault selbst entscheidend mitbestimmt hat. Um diese Problemstellung zu erörtern, geht der vorliegende Aufsatz zunächst auf Foucaults alles in allem zwiespältige Einschätzung des Sadeschen Werkes ein, um die Analyse in einem zweiten Schritt um die Vermittlungsfigur von Georges Bataille zu erweitern. Die exemplarische Analyse einer Passage aus Sades "La Nouvelle Justine" soll es darüber hinaus erlauben, das infame Netzwerk der Libertinage und den damit verbundenen Zusammenhang von Literatur und Institution näher zu bestimmen. Dass das Netzwerk der Libertinage, das Sade in seinem Doppelroman um die ungleichen Schwestern Justine und Juliette entfaltet, auf einer Logik des Tausches ruht, die mit Foucault zugleich als eine bestimmte Form der Infamie zu bestimmen ist, weist zugleich auf die enge Verknüpfung von Recht und Literatur, von ästhetischen und juristischen Diskursformen hin, die die historische Institution Literatur bis heute prägen.