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The dissertation, ”Coping with emergent hearing loss”, is written in English and is based on the diversity of problems connected to hearing loss and the adaptation of hearing aids. The research was carried out in Denmark and involves adults with an emergent hearing loss, who have decided to become hearing aid users. The data is analyzed through methods of cultural anthropology with focus on the following topics: How do the new users cope with the status passage towards being hearing aid users, how do they integrate the hearing aids into their lives, and what are the involved learning processes. What are the consequences of the provision by the state of free hearing aids, their free adaptation as well as free batteries, and does the state take part in the construction of the social group of new hearing aid users? The method is based on qualitative field work. Two public hospitals were helpful in identifying 24 new users, who acquired a free hearing aid through the hearing health care system. Through ENTs and private dispensers 17 further respondents joined the study – these acquired their hearing aids with a considerable state subsidy but mostly they themselves contributed financially as well. The 41 respondents between the ages of 42 to 92 years of age came from a wide range of professions and were followed throughout 2003 und 2004. After an in-depth qualitative interview, the contact to the respondents was maintained in order to follow the process of integration into their lives. When possible, the respondents were accompanied to their appointments in the private or public clinics. Moreover, interviews with experts from the public hearing health care system, politicians and user organisations were carried out, and the general public debate on the hard of hearing and hearing loss was followed and recorded. The second chapter gives an overview of the position of audiology in Denmark, of epidemiological information on hearing loss in the Danish society and statistics to the use of hearing aids. Moreover, basic information is given about the functioning of the human ear, the auditive perception and diagnosis and classification of hearing loss as well as a short introduction to the hearing aid technology. The structure of the further thesis divides the material into three pillars that make the discussion of the interaction processes possible. (1) The user’s interaction with the lifeworld concerns the meaning of hearing in relation to social participation. For some of the users, a good sense of hearing was essential to communicate freely and uphold their position in relation to others, whereas other respondents paid less attention to the information they acquired through their sense of hearing. A number of the respondents were selective and only used their hearing aids in specific situations, whereas another group discontinued the use of their hearing aids for various reasons. Status passages that hold specific challenges like a new work place or a new marriage motivate the continued everyday use. On the whole, the thesis illustrates that hearing loss is a socially dividing factor that complicates the interaction with others. In comparison to other bodily impairments or diseases, the hearing loss is rarely used as occasion to unite with fellow sufferers, join patient organisations or form self help groups. (2) The users’ interaction with the institutions The medical anthropologist Arthur Kleinman conceptualises health care as a moral process in which essential issues are at stake for the users. Different factors interact in the process: the training of the experts, allocation of funds, the quality of the technology, the dispensing procedures and the motivation and individual characteristics of the new users. The integration of the hearing aid into the lifeworld can be compared to a learning process, for which reason the learning theory of the anthropologist Gregory Bateson is outlined. Susanne Bisgaard’s own theory lists the meaning creating elements that serve as motivation for the users to counteract contingency (occurrences that influence the adaptation negatively). In the interaction between individual and society, the individual can apply strategies in order to eliminate stumbling blocks. (3) The users’ interaction with the technology A number of theorists from Anthropology as well as Science and Technology Studies are discussed in order to question their validity with regard to human action autonomy vs. technological determination and test the theoretical models with regard to their usability for the thesis. Hearing aids have a supporting function in everyday life and have the capability of moderating the user’s perception of sound. The alienating experience of hearing one’s own voice amplified, of wearing a foreign body in the ear and the different strategies that emerge from the more or less successful handling of the technology is reported by way of case stories and quotes from the interviews.
Cet article étudie la relation entre les grammaires darbres adjoints à composantes multiples avec tuples darbres (TT-MCTAG), un formalisme utilisé en linguistique informatique, et les grammaires à concaténation dintervalles (RCG). Les RCGs sont connues pour décrire exactement la classe PTIME, il a en outre été démontré que les RCGs « simples » sont même équivalentes aux systèmes de réécriture hors-contextes linéaires (LCFRS), en dautres termes, elles sont légèrement sensibles au contexte. TT-MCTAG a été proposé pour modéliser les langages à ordre des mots libre. En général ces langages sont NP-complets. Dans cet article, nous définissons une contrainte additionnelle sur les dérivations autorisées par le formalisme TT-MCTAG. Nous montrons ensuite comment cette forme restreinte de TT-MCTAG peut être convertie en une RCG simple équivalente. Le résultat est intéressant pour des raisons théoriques (puisqu’il montre que la forme restreinte de TT-MCTAG est légèrement sensible au contexte), mais également pour des raisons pratiques (la transformation proposée ici a été utilisée pour implanter un analyseur pour TT-MCTAG).
The total stratospheric organic chlorine and bromine burden was derived from balloon-borne measurements in the tropics (Teresina, Brazil, 5°04´ S, 42°52´ W) in 2005. Whole air samples were collected cryogenically at altitudes between 15 and 34 km. For the first time, we report measurements of a set of 28 chlorinated and brominated substances in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere including ten substances with an atmospheric lifetime of less than half a year. The substances were quantified using pre-concentration techniques followed by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric detection. In the tropical tropopause layer at altitudes between 15 and 17 km we found 1.1–1.4% of the chlorine and 6–8% of the bromine to be present in the form of very short-lived organic compounds. By combining the data with tropospheric reference data and age of air observations the abundances of inorganic chlorine and bromine (Cly and Bry) were derived. At an altitude of 34 km we calculated 3062 ppt of Cly and 17.5 ppt of Bry from the decomposition of both long- and short-lived organic source gases. Furthermore we present indications for the presence of additional organic brominated substances in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere.
The total stratospheric organic chlorine and bromine burden was derived from balloon-borne measurements in the tropics (Teresina, Brazil, 5°04´ S, 42°52´ W) in 2005. Whole air samples were collected cryogenically at altitudes between 15 and 34 km. For the first time, we report measurements of a set of 28 chlorinated and brominated substances in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere including ten substances with an atmospheric lifetime of less than half a year. The substances were quantified using pre-concentration techniques followed by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric detection. In the tropical tropopause layer at altitudes between 15 and 17 km we found 1.1–1.4% of the chlorine and 6–8% of the bromine to be present in the form of very short-lived organic compounds. By combining the data with tropospheric reference data and age of air observations the abundances of inorganic chlorine and bromine (Cly and Bry) were derived. At an altitude of 34 km we calculated 3062 ppt of Cly and 17.5 ppt of Bry from the decomposition of both long- and short-lived organic source gases. Furthermore we present indications for the presence of additional organic brominated substances in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere.
Many teachers of German as a second language make some statements regarding this language that mix concepts from three distinct fields: Orthography (letters), Phonetics (phones or speech sounds) and Phonology (phonemes). In this paper I attempt to shed some light on these concepts and fields. I also provide examples of such statements and make comments on them.
Either in the realm of the mother tongue debating, or in the problematization of the second language classroom, the matters related to the assessment conduct and to the linguistic behavior of both teachers and students should not be underestimated or even left aside. Linguistic diversity is broadly present in the school context, and it is imperative not to overlook the way this reality is considered and the linguistic policies which are present and necessary. Whereas the assessment process is an integral part of the formation of the student’s identity, it is relevant to consider the theoretical concept of this process as well as the practice current in the school context. This paper gathers definitions on the assessment conduct and linguistic behavior, highlighting the role played by the teacher in classroom routine aiming at the flexibility of the process, as well as the appreciation of the pupil’s linguistic individuality.
In response to rising anti-Semitism worldwide, including in some of the strongest democracies, the U.S. Congress passed the Global Anti-Semitism Review Act of 2004. On October 16, 2004, President George W. Bush signed the legislation into law (Public Law 108-332). The Act requires the U.S. Department of State to document and combat acts of anti-Semitism globally. To advance these goals, the Act mandated a one-time report on anti-Semitic acts, which the U.S. Department of State submitted to the U.S. Congress in January 2005. The Act also established within the U.S. Department of State an Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism. On May 22, 2006, Gregg Rickman was sworn in by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice as the first Special Envoy.The U.S. Department of State’s January 2005 Report on Global Anti-Semitism surveyed anti-Semitic incidents throughout the world. The annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices and the annual Report on International Religious Freedom include country-by-country assessments of the nature and extent of acts of anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic incitement. The Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism contributes to the anti-Semitism sections of these annual surveys, pursuant to the Global Anti-Semitism Review Act. Both reports have revealed that incidents of anti-Semitism have become more frequent in recent years. Consistent with the U.S. Department of State’s commitment to assess and counter anti-Semitism, this report is provided to the U.S. Congress to further assess contemporary anti-Semitism by exploring anti-Semitic themes and practices. This report is meant to be used as a resource for increasing understanding of and informing public discourse about contemporary forms of anti-Semitism and for shaping policies to combat anti-Semitism worldwide.