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Poster presentation: Introduction Dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain show a variety of firing patterns, ranging from very regular firing pacemaker cells to bursty and irregular neurons. The effects of different experimental conditions (like pharmacological treatment or genetical manipulations) on these neuronal discharge patterns may be subtle. Applying a stochastic model is a quantitative approach to reveal these changes. ...
NeuroXidence: reliable and efficient analysis of an excess or deficiency of joint-spike events
(2009)
Poster presentation: We present a non-parametric and computationally-efficient method named NeuroXidence (see http://www.NeuroXidence.com ) that detects coordinated firing within a group of two or more neurons and tests whether the observed level of coordinated firing is significantly different from that expected by chance. NeuroXidence [1] considers the full auto-structure of the data, including the changes in the rate responses and the history dependencies in the spiking activity. We demonstrate that NeuroXidence can identify epochs with significant spike synchronisation even if these coincide with strong and fast rate modulations. We also show, that the method accounts for trial-by-trial variability in the rate responses and their latencies, and that it can be applied to short data windows lasting only tens of milliseconds. Based on simulated data we compare the performance of NeuroXidence with the UE-method [2,3] and the cross-correlation analysis. An application of NeuroXidence to 42 single-units (SU) recorded in area 17 of an anesthetized cat revealed significant coincident events of high complexities, involving firing of up to 8 SUs simultaneously (5 ms window). The results were highly consistent with those obtained by traditional pair-wise measures based on cross-correlation: Neuronal synchrony was strongest in stimulation conditions in which the orientation of the sinusoidal grating matched the preferred orientation of most of the SUs included in the analysis, and was the weakest when the neurons were stimulated least optimally. Interestingly, events of higher complexities showed stronger stimulus-specific modulation than pair-wise interactions. The results suggest strong evidence for stimulus specific synchronous firing and, therefore, support the temporal coding hypothesis in visual cortex. ...
Poster presentation: Introduction We here focus on constructing a hierarchical neural system for position-invariant recognition, which is one of the most fundamental invariant recognition achieved in visual processing [1,2]. The invariant recognition have been hypothesized to be done by matching a sensory image of a particular object stimulated on the retina to the most suitable representation stored in memory of the higher visual cortical area. Here arises a general problem: In such a visual processing, the position of the object image on the retina must be initially uncertain. Furthermore, the retinal activities possessing sensory information are being far from the ones in the higher area with a loss of the sensory object information. Nevertheless, with such recognition ambiguity, the particular object can effortlessly and easily be recognized. Our aim in this work is an attempt to resolve such a general recognition problem. ...
Poster presentation: Introduction We here address the problem of integrating information about multiple objects and their positions on the visual scene. A primate visual system has little difficulty in rapidly achieving integration, given only a few objects. Unfortunately, computer vision still has great difficultly achieving comparable performance. It has been hypothesized that temporal binding or temporal separation could serve as a crucial mechanism to deal with information about objects and their positions in parallel to each other. Elaborating on this idea, we propose a neurally plausible mechanism for reaching local decision-making for "what" and "where" information to the global multi-object recognition. ...
We model the dynamics of ask and bid curves in a limit order book market using a dynamic semiparametric factor model. The shape of the curves is captured by a factor structure which is estimated nonparametrically. Corresponding factor loadings are assumed to follow multivariate dynamics and are modelled using a vector autoregressive model. Applying the framework to four stocks traded at the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) in 2002, we show that the suggested model captures the spatial and temporal dependencies of the limit order book. Relating the shape of the curves to variables reflecting the current state of the market, we show that the recent liquidity demand has the strongest impact. In an extensive forecasting analysis we show that the model is successful in forecasting the liquidity supply over various time horizons during a trading day. Moreover, it is shown that the model’s forecasting power can be used to improve optimal order execution strategies.
A generic drug product (World Health Organization (WHO) terminology: multisource product) is usually marketed and manufactured after the expiry date of the innovator’s patent. Generic drugs are less expensive than the innovator products because generic manufacturers do not have to amortize the investment costs of research, development, marketing, and promotion. Multisource products must contain the same active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) as the original formulation and have to be shown to be interchangeable with the original formulation. Multisource products have to be shown bioequivalent to the innovator counterpart with respect to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Multisource products are therefore identical in dose, strength, route of administration, safety, efficacy, and intended use. Bioequivalence can be demonstrated by in vitro dissolution, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic or clinical studies. Since 2000, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows the approval of certain multisource products solely on the basis of in vitro studies, i.e. by waiving in vivo studies in humans (“Biowaiver”), based on the Biopharmaceutics Classification Scheme (BCS). The BCS characterizes APIs by their solubility and permeability in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The different BCS Classes I-IV (Class I: high solubility, high permeability; Class II: low solubility, high permeability; Class III: high solubility, low permeability and Class IV: low solubility, low permeability) result from all possible combinations of high and low solubility with high and low permeability. Since the adoption of the BCS by the FDA in 1995, the BCS criteria have been under continuous development. In 2006, the WHO has released the most recent bioequivalence guidance including relaxed criteria for bioequivalence studies based on modified BCS criteria. According to this guidance, APIs belonging to the BCS classes I – and under defined conditions - II and III – are eligible for a biowaiver-based approval. The principal objective of this work was to characterize the first-line anti tuberculosis APIs, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol dihydrochloride and rifampicin, according to their physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties and to classify them according to the BCS. Ethambutol dihydrochloride and isoniazid were classified as borderline BCS class I/III APIs. Pyrazinamide was classified as a BCS class III and rifampicin as a BCS class II API. Based on the BCS classification and the additional criteria defined in the WHO bioequivalence guidance, the possibility of biowaiver-based approval for immediate release (immediate release) solid oral dosage forms containing the first-line antituberculosis drugs was evaluated. A biowaiver-based approval with defined constraints was recommended for immediate release solid oral dosage forms containing isoniazid (interaction with reducing sugars), pyrazinamide and ethambutol dihydrochloride (relative narrow therapeutic index). Rifampicin was classified as a BCS class II API, and it was concluded that rifampicin containing solid oral immediate release drug products as well as Scale-Up and Post-Approval Changes (SUPAC) changes should not be approved by a biowaiver on the following basis: (i) its solubility and dissolution are highly variable due to polymorphism and instability, (ii) concomitant intake of food and antacids reduces its absorption and bioavailability, (iii) no in vitro predictive dissolution test has been found which correlates to in vivo absorption and (iv) several publications reporting cases of non-bioequivalent and bioinequivalent rifampicin products have been located in the literature. Thus, it is recommended that bioequivalence of rifampicin containing solid oral immediate release drug products should be established by in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in humans. This risk-benefit benefit assessment of a biowaiver-based approval was presented as a poster at the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) 2005 and subsequently published as “Biowaiver Monographs” in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Based on the assessment of the dissolution properties of the antituberculosis drugs for a biowaiver approval, quality control dissolution methodologies for the International Pharmacopoeia (Pharm. Int.) were developed, presented at the WHO expert meeting and adopted in the Pharm. Int. (http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/pharmprep/OMS_TRS_948.pdf). Additionally, preliminary biowaiver recommendations were also developed for four firstline antimalarial drugs listed on the WHO Essential Medicines List (EML): Quinine, as both the hydrochloride and sulphate, and proguanil hydrochloride were classified as borderline BCS class I/III APIs. Since quinine is a narrow therapeutic index drug and many cases of non-bioequivalence have been reported in the literature, a biowaiverbased approval was not recommended. For solid oral immediate release dosage forms containing proguanil a biowaiver-based approval was recommended under the condition that they dissolve very rapidly. Primaquine phosphate was classified as a BCS class I API. Therefore, a biowaiver-based approval was recommended for immediate release solid oral dosage forms containing primaquine phosphate. Mefloquine hydrochloride was classified as a basic, BCS class IV/II API, making it ineligible for the biowaiver. Additionally, reports of non-bioequivalence and a narrow therapeutic index were found in the scientific literature. Consequently, bioequivalence of solid oral immediate release dosage forms containing mefloquine hydrochloride should be established by in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. The results for quinine hydrochloride and sulphate, proguanil hydrochloride, primaquine diphosphate and mefloquine hydrochloride were presented as a poster at the Pharmaceutical Sciences World Congress (PSWC) 2007 and published as a WHO Collaborating Center Report in June 2006. The aim of this project was to collect, evaluate, generate and publish relevant information for a biowaiver-based approval of essential medicines in order to provide a summary to local regulatory authorities. This information complements the selected list of essential medicines by providing information about the biopharmaceutical properties and pharmaceutical quality of solid oral immediate release dosage forms containing these APIs. The aim of the biowaiver project, inspired by the WHO and brought in life by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), is to enable access to essential medicines in standardized quality at an affordable price. In this work, a significant contribution to this aim in the form of four biowaiver monographs for the antituberculosis drugs and several reports on the antimalarials has been achieved.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zu prüfen, in welcher Art und Weise Kinder mentale Repräsentationen beim Lesen von Texten konstruieren. Ausgangspunkt der Konzeption dieser Arbeit war das Konstruktions-Integrations-Modell von Kintsch, das zu den am meisten rezipierten Textverstehensmodellen zählt. Ein zentraler Aspekt dieses Modells ist die Annahme der simultanen Speicherung von Textmaterial auf drei hierarchisch voneinander verschiedenen Ebenen mentaler Repräsentation. Genauer sind dies eine Oberflächenrepräsentation, in welcher der genaue Wortlaut und die exakte Struktur eines Textes abgebildet wird, eine propositionale Repräsentation, welche die im Text enthaltene Bedeutung wiedergibt, und schließlich die tiefste Art der Verarbeitung, das Situationsmodell. Hier wird die Textinformation mit relevantem Weltwissen verknüpft wird. Trotz der großen Akzeptanz des Modells und seiner Bedeutung im Bereich auch schulischer Textverstehensforschung, liegen Aussagen zu differentiellen Effekten nur in sehr begrenztem Umfang vor. Erste Hinweise auf entwicklungsabhängige Unterschiede, wie auch Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit von Eigenschaften der Person oder des Textes selbst liegen vor, bedürfen aber einer Erweiterung und erneuter Prüfung um zu einem stabilen und kohärenten Bild interindividueller Unterschiede zu gelangen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte drei Fragestellungen. Die erste Fragestellung bezog sich auf eine entwicklungsabhängige Veränderung in der relativen Nutzung der einzelnen Ebenen. Die zweite Fragestellung umfasste angenommene Effekte eines Zeitverlaufs auf die Stärke der Repräsentationen sowie die Möglichkeit einer Beeinflussung dieser Veränderungen durch den Einsatz einer behaltensfördernden Instruktion. Die dritte Fragestellung bezog sich auf den Effekt einer Auswahl personenbezogener Variablen auf die Ausprägung der Repräsentationsebenen. Insgesamt wurden die Fragestellungen mit zwei unterschiedlichen Textsorten, einem narrativen Text und einem Sachtext geprüft, um Unterschiede aufzudecken, die sich aus der Verarbeitung unterschiedlicher Textgenres ergeben. Die Fragestellungen wurden in einer Hauptuntersuchung geprüft. Zwei Vorstudien (Vorstudie 1: N = 56; Vorstudie 2: N = 133) dienten der Materialentwicklung und Erprobung erster Zusammenhänge. An der Hauptstudie nahmen 418 Schüler dritter, vierter und fünfter Jahrgangsstufen teil. Die Ergebnisse zeigten insgesamt eine Präferenz der situativen Repräsentation mit nur geringen altersabhängige Veränderungen. Auf eine Oberflächenrepräsentation ließ sich aufgrund der Ergebnisse nur bei einer Teilstichprobe der Viertklässler schließen. Insgesamt fiel es den Schülern erwartungsgemäß leichter, ein Situationsmodell für den narrativen Text im Vergleich zum Sachtext aufzubauen. Dieser Vorteil blieb auch über Zeitintervalle von 20 Minuten bzw. drei Tagen stabil, während sich eine erwartete Veränderung innerhalb der Ebenen nicht abbildete. Von erneutem Lesen konnten die Kinder kurzfristig für den Aufbau aller Ebenen beim Bearbeiten des Sachtextes profitieren. Als ein Prädiktor, der die Ausprägung der situationalen Ebene neben der Textsorte vorhersagen konnte, war der Wortschatz der Kinder. Allgemeine Leseverständiskompetenz zeigte positive Zusammenhänge zur propositionalen Verarbeitungsebene.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wurde zunächst eine sensitive Nachweismethode für HPV aus Biopsien etabliert. Auch der Nachweis aus Abstrichen ist möglich, hierbei muss aber darauf geachtet werden, dass genügend Zellmaterial gewonnen wird. Hierzu eignen sich Bürstenabstriche, von Abstrichen mit Wattetupfern sollte Abstand genommen werden, da die Zellausbeute zu gering ist (siehe 4.1). Des Weiteren wurde das Vorkommen von HPV bei Tonsillitis, Tonsillen-CA und klinisch unauffälligen Tonsillen in unserem Patientengut verglichen. Aufgrund der geringen Patientenzahlen ist eine statistische Aussage nicht möglich, es zeigt sich aber, dass in jeder der Gruppen HPV nachgewiesen werden kann. Vergleicht man die beurteilbaren Ergebnisse der Gelelektrophorese, so zeigen sich 33% der Tumorproben HPV-positiv, bei den klinisch unauffälligen Tonsillen sind 60% positiv, bei den Tonsillitiden sogar fast 70%. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass HPV nicht erst in Tumoren nachweisbar ist, sondern bereits in klinisch unauffälligen Geweben. Auch deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die Infektion mit HPV wohl schon im Kindesalter erfolgt.
Die hauptsächliche Funktion der menschlichen Talgdrüse ist die Sekretion des Sebums. Vermehrter Talgfluss in Verbindung mit gestörter Verhornung des Talgdrüsenausführungsganges kann zum Krankheitsbild der Acne vulgaris beitragen. Peroxisom-Proliferator-Aktivierte Rezeptoren (PPAR) sind im menschlichen Organismus als Mediatoren des Lipidstoffwechsels bekannt. Liganden der PPAR finden bereits klinische Anwendung. Da PPAR auch in menschlichen Sebozyten exprimiert sind und nachweislich Einfluss auf die Lipogenese nehmen, ist eine mögliche aknetherapeutische Nutzung denkbar. Aus der holokrinen Sekretionsform der Talgdrüse ergibt sich als Besonderheit, dass die Lipogenese der Sebozyten mit ihrer terminalen Differenzierung verknüpft ist und in vielen Aspekten der Apoptose, dem programmierten Zelltod ähnelt. In der vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit konnten in vitro durch Anfärbung mit dem Lipidfarbstoff Nile Red SZ95-Sebozyten in Lipogenese dargestellt werden. Des Weiteren konnte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmals mittels eines gegen Histone gerichteten ELISA-Verfahrens zur Detektion von DNA-Fragmenten gezeigt werden, dass PPAR-Liganden in der Lage sind, sowohl die basale, als auch die durch den Apoptoseinduktor Staurosporin herbeigeführte Apoptose in SZ95-Sebozyten konzentrationsabhängig zu hemmen. Am stärksten war hierzu der PPAR-δ-Ligand L-165.041 in der Lage. Weiterhin konnte mittels Western Blot erstmals gezeigt werden, dass der PPAR-δ-Ligand L-165.041 in SZ95-Sebozyten über die Kinasen Akt, ERK1/2 und p38 signalisiert. Durch Inhibierung von Akt und ERK1/2 konnten die durch L-165.041 gezeigten basalen antiapoptotischen Effekte abgeschwächt werden, während sie durch Inhibierung von p38 verstärkt wurden. Koinkubation von Akt- bzw. ERK1/2-Inhibitoren und PPAR-δ-Ligand L-165.041 sensibilisierte die SZ95-Sebozyten für die durch Staurosporin induzierte Apoptose. Die Ergebnisse geben Anhalt zu der Annahme, dass PPAR-Liganden, insbesondere Liganden von PPAR-δ, einen therapeutisch günstigen Effekt auf Acne vulgaris haben könnten.
Background: Microarray analysis still remains a powerful tool to identify new components of the transcriptosome and it has helped to increase the knowledge of targets triggered by stress conditions such as hypoxia and nitric oxide. However, analysis of transcriptional regulatory events remain elusive due to the contribution of altered mRNA stability to gene expression patterns, as well as changes in the half-life of mRNAs, which influence mRNA expression levels and their turn over rates. To circumvent these problems, we have focused on the analysis of newly transcribed (nascent) mRNAs by nuclear run on (NRO), followed by microarray analysis. Result: We identified 188 genes that were significantly regulated by hypoxia, 81 genes were affected by nitric oxide, and 292 genes were induced by the co-treatment of macrophages with both NO and hypoxia. Fourteen genes (Bnip3, Ddit4, Vegfa, Trib3, Atf3, Cdkn1a, Scd1, D4Ertd765e, Sesn2, Son, Nnt, Lst1, Hps6 and Fxyd5) were common to hypoxia and/or nitric oxide treatments, but with different levels of expression. We observed that 166 transcripts were regulated only when cells were co-treated with hypoxia and NO but not with either treatment alone, pointing to the importance of a crosstalk between hypoxia and NO. In addition, both array and proteomics data supported a consistent repression of hypoxia regulated targets by NO. Conclusion: By eliminating the interference of steady state mRNA in gene expression profiling, we increased the sensitivity of mRNA analysis and identified previously unknown hypoxia-induced targets. Gene analysis profiling corroborated the interplay between NO- and hypoxia-induced signalling.