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Since 2002, a workshop entitled “Asthma in animal models” has been held once a year in Hannover, Germany. It is organized by the Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine in collaboration with the collaborative research centre “Sonderforschungsbereich” 587, “Immune reactions of the lung in infection and allergy” (Hannover Medical School). The aim of these meetings is an intense scientific exchange between researchers and clinicians coming from academic or industrial background. Over the years the topics within the extensive field of asthma and COPD have ranged from methodological aspects to the influence of infections and environmental factors up to perspectives in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Within the large variety of subtypes of chronic cough, either defined by their clinical or pathogenetic causes, occupational chronic cough may be regarded as one of the most preventable forms of the disease. Next to obstructive airway diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are sometimes concomitant with chronic cough, this chronic airway disease gains importance in the field of occupational medicine since classic fiber-related occupational airway diseases will decrease in the future.
Apart from acute accidents and incidental exposures which may lead to an acute form of cough, there are numerous sources for the development of chronic cough within the workplace. Over the last years, a large number of studies has focused on occupational causes of respiratory diseases and it has emerged that chronic cough is one of the most prevalent work-related airway diseases. Best-known examples of occupations related to the development of cough are coal miners, hard-rock miners, tunnel workers, or concrete manufacturing workers.
As chronic cough is often based on a variety of non-occupational factors such as tobacco smoke, a distinct separation into either occupational or personally -evoked can be difficult. However, revealing the occupational contribution to chronic cough and to the symptom cough in general, which is the commonest cause for the consultation of a physician, can significantly lead to a reduction of the socioeconomic burden of the disease.
Activation of TRPC6 channels is essential for lung ischaemia–reperfusion induced oedema in mice
(2012)
Lung ischaemia–reperfusion-induced oedema (LIRE) is a life-threatening condition that causes pulmonary oedema induced by endothelial dysfunction. Here we show that lungs from mice lacking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox2y/−) or the classical transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6−/−) are protected from LIR-induced oedema (LIRE). Generation of chimeric mice by bone marrow cell transplantation and endothelial-specific Nox2 deletion showed that endothelial Nox2, but not leukocytic Nox2 or TRPC6, are responsible for LIRE. Lung endothelial cells from Nox2- or TRPC6-deficient mice showed attenuated ischaemia-induced Ca2+ influx, cellular shape changes and impaired barrier function. Production of reactive oxygen species was completely abolished in Nox2y/− cells. A novel mechanistic model comprising endothelial Nox2-derived production of superoxide, activation of phospholipase C-γ, inhibition of diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase, DAG-mediated activation of TRPC6 and ensuing LIRE is supported by pharmacological and molecular evidence. This mechanism highlights novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of LIRE.
Arrangement of electron transport chain components in bovine mitochondrial supercomplex I1III2IV1
(2011)
The respiratory chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane contains three large multi-enzyme complexes that together establish the proton gradient for ATP synthesis, and assemble into a supercomplex. A 19-Å 3D map of the 1.7-MDa amphipol-solubilized supercomplex I1III2IV1 from bovine heart obtained by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy reveals an amphipol belt replacing the membrane lipid bilayer. A precise fit of the X-ray structures of complex I, the complex III dimer, and monomeric complex IV indicates distances of 13 nm between the ubiquinol-binding sites of complexes I and III, and of 10–11 nm between the cytochrome c binding sites of complexes III and IV. The arrangement of respiratory chain complexes suggests two possible pathways for efficient electron transfer through the supercomplex, of which the shorter branch through the complex III monomer proximal to complex I may be preferred.
Fritillaria meleagris L. ist eine in Norddeutschland seltene und in ihrem Vorkommen stark gefährdete Art feuchter bis nasser extensiv genutzter Grünlandstandorte. Es wird ein relativ junges Vorkommen innerhalb einer Crepis paludosa-Juncus acutiflorus-Geselischaft beschrieben. Der etwa 1O-jährige Bestand zeigt eine Ausbreitungstendenz. Neben Untersuchungen zum Standort und zur Vergesellschaftung der Schachblume konnten einige Beobachtungen zur Ausbreitungsbiologie durchgeführt werden, die, unter Einbeziehung des Lebenszyklus, eine streßmeidende Lebensstrategie erwarten lassen. Von 124 blühenden Individuen gelangten nur 18 zur Fruchtreife. Die Fruchtkapseln beinhalteten jeweils durchschnittlich 114 flug- und schwimmfähige Samen. Von den Samen konnten 11-20 % innerhalb eines Radius von 25 cm um die Mutterpflanze wiedergefunden werden. Rund 45 % der Individuen traten truppweise in Gruppen von 3 bis 9 Exemplaren auf.
Four new species of the genus Sokoloviana (Pterolichoidea; Ptiloxenidae) from waders suborder Charadrii (Charadriiformes) are described: Sokoloviana cornuta sp. nov. from the Banded Stilt, Cladorhynchus leucocephalus; Sokoloviana ibidorhynchae sp. nov. from the Ibis-bill, Ibidorhyncha strutersi; Sokoloviana chilensis sp. nov. from the Southern Lapwing, Vanellus chilensis and Sokoloviana vanelli sp. nov. from the Red-wattled Lapwing, Vanellus indicus atronuchalis. A key to all described species is given.
Das Oberjura-Profil im Erdgasgraben bei Hitzhausen (Westliches Wiehengebirge, Nordwestdeutschland)
(1996)
Im Sommer 1995 war beim Bau einer Erdgasleitung im Wiehengebirge nordöstlich Osnabrück kurzfristig die gesamte Schichtenfolge vom tiefen Oxford bis zur Tithon-Basis aufgeschlossen. Die Gesteinsansprache ermöglichte unter Berücksichtigung der Mikrofauna eine feinstratigraphische Gliederung. Die Sedimente wurden außerdem mit einer Gamma-Sonde nach dem Scintillometer-Prinzip vermessen und daraus eine Gamma-ray-Kurve erstellt.
A decade since the availability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genome sequence, no promising drug has seen the light of the day. This not only indicates the challenges in discovering new drugs but also suggests a gap in our current understanding of Mtb biology. We attempt to bridge this gap by carrying out extensive re-annotation and constructing a systems level protein interaction map of Mtb with an objective of finding novel drug target candidates. Towards this, we synergized crowd sourcing and social networking methods through an initiative ‘Connect to Decode’ (C2D) to generate the first and largest manually curated interactome of Mtb termed ‘interactome pathway’ (IPW), encompassing a total of 1434 proteins connected through 2575 functional relationships. Interactions leading to gene regulation, signal transduction, metabolism, structural complex formation have been catalogued. In the process, we have functionally annotated 87% of the Mtb genome in context of gene products. We further combine IPW with STRING based network to report central proteins, which may be assessed as potential drug targets for development of drugs with least possible side effects. The fact that five of the 17 predicted drug targets are already experimentally validated either genetically or biochemically lends credence to our unique approach.
Bis 1992 als Klärschlammdeponie genutzte Teiche in Bramsche-Achmer haben sich für viele Wat- und Wasservogelarten zwischenzeitlich zu einem bedeutenden Lebensraum entwickelt. In dem ca. 3 ha großen Gebiet brüteten 1993-1995 mehrere Arten der "Roten-Liste". Für Rastvögel besitzt das Gebiet lokale bis regionale (= landesweite) Bedeutung. Die Situation der Feuchtgebietsarten in der mitteleuropäischen Kulturlandschaft und die Bedeutung von künstlichen Feuchtgebieten als Trittsteinbiotope wird diskutiert. Gestaltungsvorschläge werden unterbreitet.