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Das Neuroblastom ist der häufigste extrakranielle solide Tumor des Kindesalters. Bei Diagnosestellung befinden sich die meisten Patienten bereits in fortgeschrittenen Tumorstadien; trotz intensiver multimodaler Therapie überleben nur 30-40% der Hochrisikopatienten die Erkrankung. Zum Therapieversagen führt in den meisten Fällen eine Resistenzentwicklung des Tumors gegenüber den Chemotherapeutika. Die Entdeckung neuer effektiver Therapieansätze und Überwindung der Chemoresistenz durch Resensibilisierung der Tumorzellen ist daher ein dringendes Forschungsanliegen.
Zur Charakterisierung der Zelllinien im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die Zellmorphologie, die Gen- und Proteinexpression verschiedener Differenzierungs- bzw. Krebsstammzell-Marker und das Anoikis-Verhalten der Neuroblastomzellen UKF-NB-2, UKF-NB-3 und UKF-NB-6 sowie ihrer Cisplatin- und Carboplatin-resistenten Sublinien untersucht. Der zytomorphologischen Phänotyp der untersuchten Zellen ließ keine eindeutigen Schlüsse auf eine neuronale, indifferente oder nicht-neuronale Differenzierung der Zellen zu. Gemessen an der Expression der neuronalen Marker NCAM, TH und der Neurofilamente L, M und H zeigte jedoch die Mehrzahl der untersuchten Cisplatin- und Carboplatin-resistenten Sublinien einen signifikanten Verlust der neuronalen Differenzierung im Vergleich zu ihren parentalen Zellen. Dieser Effekt war auch durch eine temporäre Platinkarenz nicht vollständig reversibel.
Der EGF-Rezeptor, dessen Überexpression als negativer prognostischer Marker für den Therapieerfolg gilt, wurde von allen untersuchten Zelllinien exprimiert, es ließ sich jedoch keine signifikant verstärkte Expression in den resistenten Sublinien nachweisen.
Eine Krebsstammzelle ließ sich in den untersuchten Zelllinien bei schwacher bis fehlender Stammzellmarkerexpression von CD133 und c-Kit nicht eindeutig identifizieren.
Die Resistenz gegenüber Anoikis ist eine Grundvoraussetzung für die Metastasierung von Tumorzellen. Bei den in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Neuroblastomzelllinien zeigten 3 von 8 Zelllinien, UKF-NB-2, UKF-NB-2rCDDP500 und UKF-NB-6, eine Anoikis-Resistenz. UKF-NB-3 sowie ihre beiden Sublinien waren Anoikis-sensibel, sie zeigten alle einen signifikanten Viabilitätsverlust durch Kultivierung auf Poly-HEMA-Beschichtung und daraus resultierendem Adhärenzverlust. Bei UKF-NB-6 nahm durch den Erwerb der Platinresistenz die Toleranz gegenüber Anoikis ab, wie man an dem signifikanten Viabilitätsverlust der Sublinien UKF-NB-6rCDDP1000 und UKF-NB6rCarbo1000 unter nicht-adhärenten Bedingungen sieht. Die Ausbildung der Cisplatin- und insbesondere der Carboplatinresistenz geht hier mit einer signifikant verstärkten Sensitivität der Zellen gegenüber Anoikis einher. Ein synergistischer Effekt auf die Zellviabilität durch Anoikis-induzierende PolyHEMA-Beschichtung und simultane Cisplatin- oder Carboplatin-Exposition ließ sich jedoch nicht beobachten.
Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden die durch die Connectivity Map ermittelten potentiellen Resensitizer für Cisplatin (Pararosanilin, Tolbutamid, Fludrocortison, 12,13-EODE und Topiramat) und deren Wirkung auf die Viabilität der Neuroblastomzelllinien (IMR-5, NGP, SK-N-AS, UKF-NB-2, UKF-NB-3 und UKF-NB-6) sowie ihrer Cisplatin-resistenten Sublinien untersucht.
Hierbei zeigte die Kombinationstherapie von Cisplatin mit 12,13-EODE, Topiramat oder Fludrocortison keine signifikante Reduktion der Zellviabilität im Vergleich zur Therapie mit Cisplatin alleine. Ein z. T. signifikanter Anstieg des IC50-Werts von Cisplatin in den getesteten parentalen Zellen und resistenten Sublinien ließ eher einen desensibilisierenden Effekt dieser Stoffe gegenüber Cisplatin vermuten.
Die Kombination von Cisplatin mit Pararosanilin oder Tolbutamid hingegen hatte einen deutlich wachstumshemmenden Effekt auf alle untersuchten resistenten Sublinien. Die IC50-Werte von Cisplatin wurden hier in fast allen Zelllinien signifikant reduziert, z. T. bis um den Faktor 2,45, was einer Halbierung der Cisplatindosis entspricht. Pararosanilin und Tolbutamid erwiesen sich somit als mögliche Resensitizer für Cisplatin in Cisplatin-resistenten Neuroblastomzellen.
Diese Daten lassen erkennen, dass die Connectivity Map ein vielversprechendes Werkzeug in der gezielten Therapie von chemoresistenten Neuroblastomen sein kann. In Kombination mit bisher gängigen Therapieschemata könnten Resensitizer den Erfolg der Behandlung möglicherweise deutlich verbessern. Die mögliche Toxizität der identifizierten Resensitizer, insbesondere Pararosanilin, und damit den tatsächlichen Stellenwert dieses Therapieansatzes wird man jedoch zunächst in vivo noch weiter untersuchen müssen.
This thesis investigates the acquisition pace and the typical developmental path in eL2 acquisition of selected phenomena of German morphosyntax and semantics and compared them to monolingual acquisition. In addition, the influence of ‘Age of Onset’ and of external factors on eL2 acquisition is examined.
To date, the most studies on eL2 acquisition focused on language production. Based on mostly longitudinal spontaneous speech data of only small number of children, they indicate that eL2 learners acquire sentence structure and subject-verb-agreement faster than monolingual children, whereas the acquisition of case marking causes them more difficulties. Moreover, similar developmental paths to those of monolingual children are claimed. Only several studies examined comprehension abilities in eL2 learners, however overwhelmingly in cross-sectional design. The findings from comprehension studies on telic and atelic verbs, and on wh-questions indicate that eL2 children acquire their target-like interpretation faster than monolingual children. The same acquisition stages towards target-like interpretation like in monolingual acquisition are assumed as well. Taking together, to date, no study exists, that examines comprehension and production abilities in a large group of eL2 learners of German in a longitudinal design.
This thesis extends the previous results by investigating pace of acquisition, impact of factors, and individual developmental paths in a longitudinal design with large groups of participants. Language data of 29 eL2 learners of German (age at T1: 3;7 years, LoE: 10 months) and 45 monolingual German-speaking children (age at T1: 3;7) are examined. The eL2 learners were tested in six test rounds (age at T6: 6;9 years). The monolingual children were tested in five test rounds (are at T5: 5;7). The standardized test LiSe-DaZ (Schulz & Tracy, 2011) was employed to examine children’s language skills.
eL2 learners show a significantly greater rate of change, thus faster acquisition pace, than monolingual children in the following scales: comprehension of telicity, comprehension of wh-questions, production of prepositions, and production of conjunctions. These phenomena are acquired early in monolingual children. No differences regarding acquisition pace between eL2 children and monolingual children are found for comprehension of negation, production of case marking, and production of focus particles. These phenomena are acquired late in monolingual development and involve semantic and pragmatic knowledge. The findings of faster acquisition pace of several phenomena are in line with several studies that reported that eL2 children develop faster than monolingual children.
Independent on whether a phenomenon is acquired early or late, no effects of external factors on eL2 children’s performance are found. These findings indicate that acquisition of core, rule-based phenomena is not sensitive to external factors if the first exposure to L2 takes place around the age of three.
Moreover, eL2 children show the same developmental stages and error types in comprehension of telicity, comprehension of negation, production of matrix and subordinate clauses. This is also independent on how fast they acquire a structure under consideration. Thus, these findings provide a further support for similar developmental paths of eL2 and monolingual children towards target-like comprehension and production.
Stanley Cavell is one of very few philosophers who systematically reflect on the impact and influence of autobiographical detail, experience, and preferences on their philosophical work. The aim of this essay is to show how Cavell’s use of autobiographical exploration is rooted in his early aesthetic theory, in particular his view of the similarities between philosophy and aesthetic criticism. Cavell argues that criticism starts by exploiting and incorporating a subjective vantage point, eventually bringing the reader to test the significance of a work on herself. In his ‘Aesthetic Problems of Modern Philosophy’, Cavell states exactly this form of appeal to the ‘We’ of author and reader as the basic move of his own version of ‘ordinary language philosophy’. It is because of the connections Cavell sees between criticism and philosophy that his aesthetic diagnosis harks back on his overall critical style of thinking.
The strictly anaerobic acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii is metabolically diverse and grows on variety of substrates which includes H2 + CO2, sugars, alcohols and diols. It is unique in producing bacterial microcompartments (BMC) during growth on different substrates such as 1,2-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, ethanol or fructose. In this study, we analyzed the genetic organization and expression of the BMC genes within the A. woodii genome, the previously described 18 gene pdu cluster as well as four other cluster potentially encoding one or two shell proteins. Expression analysis of respective gene clusters revealed that the pdu gene cluster is highly expressed during growth on 1,2-PD, 2,3-BD, ethanol and ethylene glycol. The promoter region upstream of the pduA gene was identified and used to establish a reporter gene assay based on chloramphenicol acetyl transferase as a reporter protein. The reporter gene assay confirmed the qPCR data and demonstrated that 1,2-PD is superior over ethanol and ethylene glycol as inducer. BMCs were enriched from cells grown on 2,3- BD and 1,2-PD and shown to have typical structure in electron micrographs. Biochemical analyses revealed several of the protein encoded by the pdu cluster to be part of the isolated BMCs. These data demonstrate a very unique situation in A. woodii in which apparently one BMC gene cluster in expressed during growth on different substrates.
Background: Balloon pulmonary angioplasty is an evolving, interventional treatment option for inoperable patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Pulmonary hypertension at rest as well as exercise capacity is considered to be relevant outcome parameters. The aim of the present study was to determine whether measurement of pulmonary hemodynamics during exercise before and six months after balloon pulmonary angioplasty have an added value.
Methods: From March 2014 to July 2018, 172 consecutive patients underwent balloon pulmonary angioplasty. Of these, 64 consecutive patients with inoperable CTEPH underwent a comprehensive diagnostic workup that included right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise before balloon pulmonary angioplasty treatments and six months after the last intervention.
Results: Improvements in pulmonary hemodynamics at rest and during exercise, in quality of life, and in exercise capacity were observed six months after balloon pulmonary angioplasty: WHO functional class improved in 78% of patients. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) at rest was reduced from 41 ± 9 to 31 ± 9 mmHg (p < 0.0001). The mPAP/cardiac output slope decreased after balloon pulmonary angioplasty (11.2 ± 25.6 WU to 7.7 ± 4.1 WU; p < 0.0001), and correlated with N-terminal fragment of pro-brain natriuretic peptide (p = 0.035) and 6-minute walking distance (p = 0.01).
Conclusions: Exercise right heart catheterization provides valuable information on the changes of pulmonary hemodynamics after balloon pulmonary angioplasty in inoperable CTEPH patients that are not obtainable by measuring resting hemodynamics.
Resistance exercise has been demonstrated to improve brain function. However, the optimal workout characteristics are a matter of debate. This randomized, controlled trial aimed to elucidate differences between free-weight (REfree) and machine-based (REmach) training with regard to their ability to acutely enhance cognitive performance (CP). A total of n = 46 healthy individuals (27 ± 4 years, 26 men) performed a 45-min bout of REfree (military press, barbell squat, bench press) or REmach (shoulder press, leg press, chest press). Pre- and post-intervention, CP was examined using the Stroop test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span test. Mann–Whitney U tests did not reveal between-group differences for performance in the Digit Span test, Trail Making test and the color and word conditions of the Stroop test (p > 0.05). However, REfree was superior to REmach in the Stroop color-word condition (+6.3%, p = 0.02, R = 0.35). Additionally, REfree elicited pre-post changes in all parameters except for the Digit Span test and the word condition of the Stroop test while REmach only improved cognitive performance in part A of the Trail Making test. Using free weights seems to be the more effective RE method to acutely improve cognitive function (i.e., inhibitory control). The mechanisms of this finding merit further investigation.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea is emerging as a global health epidemic, particularly due to the obesity pandemic. However, comprehensive prevalence data are still lacking and global OSA research has not yet been structurally evaluated. Using the latest comprehensive age/gender-specific BMI and obesity data, a global landscape estimating the risk/burden of OSA was created. Results were presented in relation to an in-depth analysis of OSA research and countries’ socioeconomic/scientific background. While the USA, Canada, and Japan are the highest publishing countries on OSA, Iceland, Greece, and Israel appeared at the forefront when relating the scientific output to socioeconomic parameters. Conversely, China, India, and Russia showed relatively low performances in these relations. Analysis of the estimated population at risk (EPR) of OSA showed the USA, China, India, and Brazil as the leading countries. Although the EPR and OSA research correlated strongly, major regional discrepancies between the estimated demand and actual research performances were identified, mainly in, but not limited to, developing nations. Our study highlights regional challenges/imbalances in the global activity on OSA and allows targeted measures to mitigate the burden of undiagnosed/untreated OSA. Furthermore, the inclusion of disadvantaged countries in international collaborations could stimulate local research efforts and provide valuable insights into the regional epidemiology of OSA.
Axel Honneth desenvolve o conceito de reconhecimento, encarado como uma necessidade fundamental do ser-humano, de forma a constituir-se no núcleo de uma teoria da justiça que procura especificar as condições intersubjetivas de autorrealização individual. Apresenta-se uma teoria da justiça assente na reconstrução das práticas e condições de reconhecimento já institucionalizadas, analisando as instituições sociais em um sentido amplo. Pretende-se aproximar a concepção normativa da justiça da análise sociológica das sociedades modernas, através da reconstrução normativa e ao colocar a ênfase na liberdade social, baseada na dimensão intersubjetiva das instituições de reconhecimento. A liberdade social prevê o acesso às instituições de reconhecimento. Um dos objetivos é esboçar os problemas desse avanço interpretativo da teoria crítica do reconhecimento, pelo que iremos convocar a teoria da luta pelo reconhecimento de Honneth, incluir a sua reactualização mais recente do Direito de Hegel e explorar a sua proposta normativa para as condições de uma vida ética.
En el presente escrito, proponemos pensar al trabajo como socialización desde la Teoría del Reconocimiento de Axel Honneth. Para ello, efectuaremos previamente una aproximación, por separado, a las nociones de socialización y trabajo en la perspectiva teórica de Honneth. Ello nos permitirá dilucidar al trabajo como caso de socialización y extraer algunas conclusiones en torno al carácter material de la socialización en una sociedad estructurada en términos de lucha de clases.
Axel Honneth的認肯理論及其教育蘊義
(2019)
本研究旨在探究Axel Honneth的認肯理論,並闡釋其在教育上的意義。本研究基於運用哲學思考法與文本詮釋學方法對Honneth的認肯理論進行理解、分析與重構出認肯理論的重要面向與實踐意涵。首先,對認肯理論的理 論基礎進行探究,並分析認肯理論的結構與相應原則;其次,將Honneth認肯理論放在其所運用的個體情感發展、社會機制反思與法理政治實踐層面進行具體分析,闡釋對現代性影響下各行動領域之發展與問題的分析;最後,基於前述對Honneth認肯理論的研究,分析在當今民主社會中教育存在之病態與可能性,並在情感、法理與社會層級中,以自愛、自尊與自我實現為目 標,具體從認知、情意與技能三面向提出在教育上的理論面與應用面的蘊義.