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Data structures and advanced models of computation on big data : report from Dagstuhl seminar 14091
(2014)
This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 14091 "Data Structures and Advanced Models of Computation on Big Data". In today's computing environment vast amounts of data are processed, exchanged and analyzed. The manner in which information is stored profoundly influences the efficiency of these operations over the data. In spite of the maturity of the field many data structuring problems are still open, while new ones arise due to technological advances.
The seminar covered both recent advances in the "classical" data structuring topics as well as new models of computation adapted to modern architectures, scientific studies that reveal the need for such models, applications where large data sets play a central role, modern computing platforms for very large data, and new data structures for large data in modern architectures.
The extended abstracts included in this report contain both recent state of the art advances and lay the foundation for new directions within data structures research.
Purpose: To evaluate the effect of chronic liver disease (CLD) in a multivariate analysis of associated risk factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Materials and methods: A total of 145 patients with HCC (99 men, 46 women; mean age: 63 years ±8.1; age range: 46-84 years) underwent 598 TACE procedures. The presence of CLD, number and location of lesions, tumor size, Child-Pugh score, vascularity, portal involvement and alpha fetoprotein value were analyzed using the multivariate regression model. Cox regression was used for survival analysis. Results: The median survival time was 26.7 months, and 78.6% of all treated lesions showed tumor responses. The presence of CLD (OR 2.12, P=0.004), Child-Pugh score B (OR 2.24, P=0.002), alpha fetoprotein >100ng/dl (OR 1.18, P<0.001), multinodularity (≥3 lesions) (OR 4.41, P=0.003), lesion size >5cm (OR 4.12, P=0.002) and hypervascularity (OR 7.94, P=0.003) were significant effective factors for a local response when analyzed using a multivariate logistic model. Multivariate survival analysis using Cox's regression model during the median follow-up period of 25 months (range: 1-42 months) demonstrated a significant difference in survival rates (P values <0.05). No significant difference in responses was noted for males, locations of lesions and portal involvements statistically. Conclusion: The presence of chronic liver disease as well as associated risk factors including Child-Pugh score B, alpha fetoprotein 100ng/dl, multinodularity (≥3 lesions), lesion size >5cm and hypervascularity statistically led to a significant effect in tumor response in HCC patients treated with TACE. Patient gender, location of lesion and involvement of portal vein showed no significant difference in response.
Introduction: Currently there are several advanced guiding techniques for pathoanatomical diagnosis of incidental solitary pulmonary nodules (iSPN): Electromagnetic navigation (EMN) with or without endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) with miniprobe, transthoracic ultrasound (TTUS) for needle approach to the pleural wall and adjacent lung and computed tomography (CT) -guidance for (seldom if ever used) endobronchial or (common) transthoracical approach. In several situations one technique is not enough for efficient diagnosis, therefore we investigated a new diagnostic technique of endobronchial guided biopsies by a Cone Beam Computertomography (CBCT) called DynaCT (SIEMENS AG Forchheim, Germany). Method and Material: In our study 33 incidental solitary pulmonary nodules (iSPNs) (28 malignant, 5 benign; mean diameter 25 +/-12mm, shortest distance to pleura 25+/-18mm) were eligible according to in- and exclusion criteria. Realtime and onsite navigation were performed according to our standard protocol.22 All iSPN were controlled with a second technique when necessary and clinical feasible in case of unspecific or unexpected histological result. In all cases common guidelines of treatment of different iSPNs were followed in a routine manner. Results: Overall navigational yield (ny) was 91% and diagnostic yield (dy) 70%, dy for all accomplished malignant cases (n=28) was 82%. In the subgroup analysis of the invisible iSPN (n=12, 11 malignant, 1 benign; mean diameter 15+/-3mm) we found an overall dy of 75%. For the first time we describe a significant difference in specifity of biopsy results in regards to the position of the forceps in the 3-dimensional volume (3DV) of the iSPN in the whole sample group. Comparing the specifity of biopsies of a 3D-uncentered but inside the outer one third of an iSPN-3DV with the specifity of biopsies of centered forceps position (meaning the inner two third of an iSPN-3DV) reveals a significant (p=0,0375 McNemar) difference for the size group (>1cm) of 0,9 for centered biopsies vs. 0,3 for uncentered biopsies. Therefore only 3D-centered biopsies should be relied on especially in case of a benign result. Conclusion:The diagnostic yield of DynaCT navigation guided transbronchial biopsies (TBB) only with forceps is at least up to twofold higher than conventional TBB for iSPNs <2cm. The diagnostic yield of DynaCT navigation guided forceps TBB in invisible SPNs is at least in the range of other navigation studies which were performed partly with multiple navigation tools and multiple instruments. For future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches it is so far the only onsite and realtime extrathoracic navigation approach (except for computed tomography (CT)-fluoroscopy) in the bronchoscopy suite which keeps the working channel open. The system purchase represents an important investment for hospitals but it is a multidisciplinary and multinavigational tool with possible access via bronchial airways, transthoracical or vascular approach at the same time and on the same table without the need for an expensive disposable instrument use.
Die kutane Larva migrans ist eine in ihrem klinischen Bild typische Hautinfektion, die durch aktives Eindringen und anschließende epidermale Wanderung von Nematodenlarven hervorgerufen wird. Dieses typische klinische Bild wird durch Larven von Hakenwürmern, meist Ancylostoma braziliense, selten andere bei Kaniden und Feliden vorkommende Hakenwurmarten, verursacht.
Ziele der Leitlinie sind die Verbesserung der Versorgung der Patienten durch Optimierung von Diagnostik und Therapie bei Infektionen mit Larva migrans cutanea sowie die Verbesserung der Kenntnisse von Ärztinnen und Ärzte über aktuelle Therapieoptionen.
We present an approach for combining high resolution MRI-based myelin mapping with functional information from electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG). The main contribution to the primary currents detectable with EEG and MEG comes from ionic currents in the apical dendrites of cortical pyramidal cells, aligned perpendicularly to the local cortical surface. We provide evidence from an in-vivo experiment that the variation in MRI-based myeloarchitecture measures across the cortex predicts the variation of the current density over individuals and thus is of functional relevance. Equivalent current dipole locations and moments due to pitch onset evoked response fields (ERFs) were estimated by means of a variational Bayesian algorithm. The myeloarchitecture was estimated indirectly from individual high resolution quantitative multi-parameter maps (MPMs) acquired at 800 μm isotropic resolution. Myelin estimates across cortical areas correlated positively with dipole magnitude. This correlation was spatially specific: regions of interest in the auditory cortex provided significantly better models than those covering whole hemispheres. Based on the MPM data we identified the auditory cortical area TE1.2 as the most likely origin of the pitch ERFs measured by MEG. We can now proceed to exploit the higher spatial resolution of quantitative MPMs to identify the cortical origin of M/EEG signals, inform M/EEG source reconstruction and explore structure–function relationships at a fine structural level in the living human brain.
he aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of controlled intraoral grinding and polishing on the roughness of full-contour zirconia compared to classical veneered zirconia. Thirty bar-shaped zirconia specimens were fabricated and divided into two groups (n=15). Fifteen specimens (group 1) were glazed and 15 specimens (group 2) were veneered with feldspathic ceramic and then glazed. Prior to grinding, maximum roughness depth (Rmax) values were measured using a profilometer, 5 times per specimen. Simulated clinical grinding and polishing were performed on the specimens under water coolant for 15 s and 2 N pressure. For grinding, NTI diamonds burs with grain sizes of 20 µm, 10 µm, and 7.5 µm were used sequentially. The ground surfaces were polished using NTI kits with coarse, medium and fine polishers. After each step, Rmax values were determined. Differences between groups were examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The roughness of group 1 was significantly lower than that of group 2. The roughness increased significantly after coarse grinding in both groups. The results after glazing were similar to those obtained after fine grinding for non-veneered zirconia. However, fine-ground veneered zirconia had significantly higher roughness than venerred, glazed zirconia. No significant difference was found between fine-polished and glazed zirconia, but after the fine polishing of veneered zirconia, the roughness was significantly higher than after glazing. It can be concluded that for full-contour zirconia, fewer defects and lower roughness values resulted after grinding and polishing compared to veneered zirconia. After polishing zirconia, lower roughness values were achieved compared to glazing; more interesting was that the grinding of glazed zirconia using the NTI three-step system could deliver smooth surfaces comparable to untreated glazed zirconia surfaces.
The U-turn is a classical three-dimensional RNA folding motif first identified in the anticodon and T-loops of tRNAs. It also occurs frequently as a building block in other functional RNA structures in many different sequence and structural contexts. U-turns induce sharp changes in the direction of the RNA backbone and often conform to the 3-nt consensus sequence 5'-UNR-3' (N = any nucleotide, R = purine). The canonical U-turn motif is stabilized by a hydrogen bond between the N3 imino group of the U residue and the 3' phosphate group of the R residue as well as a hydrogen bond between the 2'-hydroxyl group of the uridine and the N7 nitrogen of the R residue. Here, we demonstrate that a protonated cytidine can functionally and structurally replace the uridine at the first position of the canonical U-turn motif in the apical loop of the neomycin riboswitch. Using NMR spectroscopy, we directly show that the N3 imino group of the protonated cytidine forms a hydrogen bond with the backbone phosphate 3' from the third nucleotide of the U-turn analogously to the imino group of the uridine in the canonical motif. In addition, we compare the stability of the hydrogen bonds in the mutant U-turn motif to the wild type and describe the NMR signature of the C+-phosphate interaction. Our results have implications for the prediction of RNA structural motifs and suggest simple approaches for the experimental identification of hydrogen bonds between protonated C-imino groups and the phosphate backbone.
A consistent muscle activation strategy underlies crawling and swimming in Caenorhabditis elegans
(2014)
Although undulatory swimming is observed in many organisms, the neuromuscular basis for undulatory movement patterns is not well understood. To better understand the basis for the generation of these movement patterns, we studied muscle activity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits a range of locomotion patterns: in low viscosity fluids the undulation has a wavelength longer than the body and propagates rapidly, while in high viscosity fluids or on agar media the undulatory waves are shorter and slower. Theoretical treatment of observed behaviour has suggested a large change in force–posture relationships at different viscosities, but analysis of bend propagation suggests that short-range proprioceptive feedback is used to control and generate body bends. How muscles could be activated in a way consistent with both these results is unclear. We therefore combined automated worm tracking with calcium imaging to determine muscle activation strategy in a variety of external substrates. Remarkably, we observed that across locomotion patterns spanning a threefold change in wavelength, peak muscle activation occurs approximately 45° (1/8th of a cycle) ahead of peak midline curvature. Although the location of peak force is predicted to vary widely, the activation pattern is consistent with required force in a model incorporating putative length- and velocity-dependence of muscle strength. Furthermore, a linear combination of local curvature and velocity can match the pattern of activation. This suggests that proprioception can enable the worm to swim effectively while working within the limitations of muscle biomechanics and neural control.
This article focuses on the opportunities and challenges of implementing an extensive reading project in an English as a foreign language classroom in Germany. Studies such as PISA have shown that comparatively poor German and foreign language reading skills are still a prevalent issue in German society today. Consequently, the question of how these poor results can be improved is of utmost importance. Reading motivation is often described as the ‘driving force of reading’. Research has shown that if reading motivation and reading for pleasure are supported, interest in reading in a foreign language can be created, which may in turn have a positive impact on the other influential factors in reading and related skills. Dörnyei’s framework of L2 motivation sums up the current thinking on reading motivation. With its constituents ‘language’, ‘learner’, and ‘learning situation’, it shows the aspects to be taken into consideration when it comes to the improvement of motivation. Within this theoretical framework, an ER project was conducted at a grammar school (Gymnasium) in Frankfurt/Main, Germany. On the basis of the gathered data, gained from questionnaires, worksheets and the transcript of a focus group discussion, six main categories could be identified. They point to the development of a positive attitude towards reading among the students and the potential of graphic novels as a motivating factor. It was also confirmed that a successful application of reading strategies led to increased motivation. Generally, the project showed that reading is still an issue amongst many teenagers and that an ER project can affect learners, their motivation and related language skills in a positive way.
Aim: The cytokine receptor tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9) is mainly considered to be a co-stimulatory activation marker in hematopoietic cells. Several preclinical models have shown a dramatic beneficial effect of treatment approaches targeting TNFRSF9 with agonistic antibodies. However, preliminary clinical phase I/II studies were stopped after the occurrence of several severe deleterious side effects. In a previous study, it was demonstrated that TNFRSF9 was strongly expressed by reactive astrocytes in primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors, but was largely absent from tumor or inflammatory cells. The aim of the present study was to address the cellular source of TNFRSF9 expression in the setting of human melanoma brain metastasis, a highly immunogenic tumor with a prominent tropism to the CNS.
Methods: Melanoma brain metastasis was analyzed in a cohort of 78 patients by immunohistochemistry for TNFRSF9 and its expression was correlated with clinicopathological parameters including sex, age, survival, tumor size, number of tumor spots, and BRAF V600E expression status.
Results: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 was frequently expressed independently on both melanoma and endothelial cells. In addition, TNFRSF9 was also present on smooth muscle cells of larger vessels and on a subset of lymphomonocytic tumor infiltrates. No association between TNFRSF9 expression and patient survival or other clinicopathological parameters was seen. Of note, several cases showed a gradual increase in TNFRSF9 expression on tumor cells with increasing distance from blood vessels, an observation that might be linked to hypoxia-driven TNFRSF9 expression in tumor cells.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that the cellular source of TNFRSF9 in melanoma brain metastasis largely exceeds the lymphomonocytic pool, and therefore further careful (re-) assessment of potential TNFRSF9 functions in cell types other than hematopoietic cells is needed. Furthermore, the hypothesis of hypoxia-driven TNFRSF9 expression in brain metastasis melanoma cells requires further functional testing.
Speolepta leptogaster (Winnertz, 1863) is frequently occurring in European subterranean environments. As for most cave animals, studies addressing non-anatomical aspects are sparse. Here we present the first molecular study on S. leptogaster. We investigated the demographic structure (i.e. COI locus) of 69 specimens from 36 underground populations in Hesse (Central German Uplands) to get first insights into the species’ dispersal ability.
In total, 14 haplotypes were revealed. Haplotype diversity was relatively high, whereas nucleotide diversity was low. Furthermore, a significant but low pattern of isolation-by-distance and (a) past population expansion event(s) were detected.
Our genetic results suggest a (good) active dispersal ability for Speolepta leptogaster. The occurrence of several surface records of adult specimens corroborates this hypothesis. We discuss the developmental stages of S. leptogaster in the context of the ecological classification system and regard the species as a eutroglophile. Evidence has been found to distinguish two larval types. A reconstructed life-cycle of the species is provided.
Does the rotten child spoil his companion? : spatial peer effects among children in rural India
(2014)
This paper identifies the effect of neighborhood peer groups on childhood skill acquisition using observational data. We incorporate spatial peer interaction, defined as a child's nearest geographical neighbors, into a production function of child cognitive development in Andhra Pradesh, India. Our peer group definition takes the form of networks, whose structure allows us to identify endogenous peer effects and contextual effects separately. We exploit variation over time to avoid confounding correlated with social effects. Our results suggest that spatial peer and neighborhood effects are strongly positively associated with a child's cognitive skill formation. Further, we explore the effect of peer groups in helping to provide insurance against the negative impact of idiosyncratic shocks to child learning. We find that the data reject full risk-sharing, but cannot rule out the existence of partial risk-sharing on behalf of peers. We show that peer effects are robust to different specifications of peer interactions and investigate the sensitivity of our estimates to potential misspecification of the network structure using Monte Carlo experiments.
Research in the field of Digital Humanities, also known as Humanities Computing, has seen a steady increase over the past years. Situated at the intersection of computing science and the humanities, present efforts focus on making resources such as texts, images, musical pieces and other semiotic artifacts digitally available, searchable and analysable. To this end, computational tools enabling textual search, visual analytics, data mining, statistics and natural language processing are harnessed to support the humanities researcher. The processing of large data sets with appropriate software opens up novel and fruitful approaches to questions in the traditional humanities. This report summarizes the Dagstuhl seminar 14301 on “Computational Humanities - bridging the gap between Computer Science and Digital Humanities”.
1998 ACM Subject Classification I.2.7 Natural Language Processing, J.5 Arts and Humanities
Historisch und kulturell bestimmte Formen des Spiels gehören zweifellos zu den bedeutendsten Techniken der Subjektivierung. Inwieweit dies jenseits entwicklungsbiologischer und -psychologischer Aspekte auch für das erwachsene Subjekt gilt, dem gesellschaftlich determinierte Spielräume die Möglichkeit der Selbsterkundung und Selbsterprobung geben, war die Ausgangsfrage des interdisziplinären Symposiums 'Sich selbst aufs Spiel setzen. Spiel als Technik und Medium von Subjektivierung', das unter Federführung der Komparatisten Christian Moser (Bonn) und Regine Strätling (Berlin) veranstaltet wurde. Institutionell getragen wurde das Symposium vom Internationalen Graduiertenkolleg InterArt der Freien Universität Berlin in Kooperation mit der Abteilung für Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft am Institut für Germanistik, Vergleichende Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft der Universität Bonn. Es basierte auf vorab zirkulierten schriftlichen Beiträgen und konzentrierte sich ganz auf deren Diskussion.
Benjamin's early reception in the United States can be broken into eight phases: 1) a few notices of his work in the 1930s; 2) the appearance of two major works, without translation, in the 'Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung', when it was published in New York and mimeographed in Los Angeles; 3) several reports of his suicide along with the death of other Jewish and left-wing writers who fell victim to Nazi terror; 4) scattered use of his work in the late 1940s and 1950s; 5) a growing realization in the early 1960s that American literary and cultural criticism was missing something of significance by neglecting Benjamin's work; 6) the appearance in the 1960s of competing portraits of Benjamin by four of his surviving friends, including Hannah Arendt, who edited and introduced the first collection of his writings in English; 7) an uncanny repetition of the earlier neglect, as a significant number of Benjamin's texts are published in Great Britain during the 1970s and early 1980s but remain unavailable in the States; 8) the beginning of a sustained critical engagement with Benjamin in the late 1970s.
At the forefront of those who tenaciously pondered this issue are, I would claim, Walter Benjamin and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Benjamin and Wittgenstein both are philosophers of language who tried to establish in unique ways the doctrine of resemblance respectively: "Lehre vom Ähnlichen" and "[Lehre der] Familienähnlichkeit." What they see and find in language are not communication and mutual understanding but instead one of the weirdest phenomena in/of the world, viz., resemblance (likeness) in/of language. This phenomenon, I would insist, indicates the correlation of appearing and disappearing, of differentiating and integrating, and of dividing and imparting of language as such. For Benjamin and Wittgenstein, to sum up, language is a paradigmatic paradoxical site of (dis)appearance, differentiating integrity, and divisive imparting. For this reason, it is worthwhile to pin down where their thoughts on language converge and where they diverge.
"Eine gewichtige Pranke" : Walter Benjamin und Giorgio Agamben zu Erzählung und Gesetz bei Kafka
(2014)
In seinem Brief an Gershom Scholem vom 11. August 1934 nennt Walter Benjamin das Gesetz den "toten Punkt" in Kafkas Werk. In seinen Notizen zu diesem Brief spricht Benjamin abfällig von Kafkas "stete[m] Drängen auf das Gesetz" und bezeichnet es als "Schublade des Geheimniskrämers" und als "Begriff, mit dem [er sich] nicht einlassen möchte" (BK, 154). Aus den darauf folgenden Sätzen wird allerdings deutlich, dass Benjamin die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Gesetz bei Kafka nur insofern scheut, als dieses auf den 'Begriff' gebracht werden soll, denn, so Benjamin weiter, "sollte er in Kafkas Werk dennoch eine Funktion haben [...] so wird auch eine Interpretation die von Bildern ausgeht - wie die meinige - auf sie führen" (ebd.). Die Unterscheidung zwischen begrifflicher Festlegung, die Benjamin ablehnt, und bildlicher, also im weiteren Sinne metaphorischer Darstellung, die er einigermaßen billigt und praktiziert, weist auf die auffallende, wenn auch schwer deutbare Bildsprache hin, mit der Benjamin sich der Bedeutung des Gesetzes bei Kafka annähert. Tatsächlich befasst Benjamin sich, im Widerspruch zu seiner angekündigten Weigerung, ebenso in seinem großen Essay "Franz Kafka. Zum zehnten Jahrestag seines Todes" (BK, 9-38) wie in seinem Briefwechsel mit Scholem ausführlich mit Fragen des Gesetzes im Werk des Prager Autors. Diese Ausführungen gilt es im Folgenden mit den zahlreichen Betrachtungen zu diesem Thema in den Schriften Giorgio Agambens, der sich gerade in Bezug auf Kafka häufig explizit auf Benjamin als Vorlage beruft, zu vergleichen. Dabei sollen ebenso die Gemeinsamkeiten wie die Unterschiede der beiden Denker und deren ideeller Horizont herausgestrichen werden, um Einsicht in die Ausrichtung des 'Nachlebens' von Benjamins Gedankengut bei einem seiner bedeutendsten heutigen Erben zu gewinnen.
Die folgenden Überlegungen behandeln Phänomene der Temporalität und Zeitchoreographie in Walter Benjamins Prosamix 'Berliner Kindheit um neunzehnhundert'. Es gilt darüber nachzudenken, inwieweit es sich hierbei um ein ästhetisch induziertes Zeitarrangement handelt, von dem sich sagen ließe, dass in Augenblicken dieser faszinierenden Erinnerungsbilder die Zeit poetologisch konzeptionell geordnet, doch nicht instrumentell hierarchisiert wird. Sollen also Zeitphänomene im ästhetischen Modus betrachtet werden, so wird es unverzichtbar sein, sich der ästhetisch realisierten Zeitvarianten so zu versichern, dass eine minimale Zeitphilosophie formulierbar ist, die mehr besagt als eine rein systematisierende Zeitkasuistik. Von einer mikrologischen Zeitrettung könnte dann gesprochen werden, wenn unter dem Modus der Erinnerung dieser autobiographischen Sequenzen nicht allein Aspekte der Verräumlichung und Topographie verstanden werden, sondern stattdessen auch jene Zeitreserven in den Blick genommen werden, die besonders im Modus der Selbstwahrnehmung beim Erinnern hervorgebracht werden. Ich möchte die These vertreten, dass Benjamin als Zeitsammler, Zeitbewahrer und als uchronischer Zeitphysiognomiker auf der Grundlage einer tendenziellen Stillstellung von Zeit in diesen prosaischen Bildsequenzen gegenläufig geradezu multiple und dynamisierte Zeitphänomene und Zeiterfahrungen hervorbringt. Da diese an einen bestimmten rekursiven Wahrnehmungsmodus gebunden sind, werden zunächst Phänomene dieses Modus behandelt, um anschließend damit einhergehende Typen ästhetischer Eigenzeiten zu benennen und diese im Zusammenhang mit einer strukturierenden Logik der uchronischen Zeitlichkeit in der 'Berliner Kindheit' zu denken.
Während der Arbeit an den 'Thesen über den Begriff der Geschichte' hat Walter Benjamin den in der Geschichtsschreibung gebräuchlichen Begriff der "Quelle" einer radikalen Kritik unterworfen, die die Formen der Überlieferung überhaupt infrage stellt. Statt sich an das Schauspiel eines Stroms der Überlieferung zu verlieren, zu dem sich die Quellen vereinigt haben, frage der historische Materialist danach, wessen Mühlen der Strom treibe, wer sein Gefälle verwerte, wer ihn eindämmte, und indem er die Kräfte beim Namen nenne, "die in ihr am Werke gewesen sind", verändere er "das Bild der Landschaft" (GS I, 1160 f.). Diese Kritik sieht die "Quellen" in einen selber von Interessen und Macht bestimmten, weitgehend 'verderbten' Prozess der Überlieferung eingebunden. In der echten Geschichtsschreibung, heißt es in einem Entwurf der 'Thesen', erwachse daraus, und eben so stark wie ihr destruktiver Impuls, "der Impuls der Rettung", nicht nur vor "dem Verruf und der Mißachtung", in die Gewesenes geraten ist, sondern eben "vor einer bestimmten Art seiner Überlieferung" (WuN XIX, 128) selber. Der Begriff der "Quelle" gehört für Benjamin einer positivistisch verstandenen 'reinen' Wissenschaft der Geschichte an; der "wissenschaftliche" Charakter der Geschichte aber wird "erkauft mit der gänzlichen Ausmerzung alles dessen, was an ihre ursprüngliche Bestimmung als Eingedenken erinnert. Die falsche Lebendigkeit der Vergegenwärtigung, die Beseitigung jedes Nachhalls der 'Klage' aus der Geschichte bezeichnet ihre endgültige Unterwerfung unter den modernen Begriff der Wissenschaft." (GS I, 1231) Die 'Thesen' legen theoretisch-methodisch den Grund dafür, dass Referenztexte ganz anders aufgefasst werden als "Quellen" in einer begriffs- oder ideengeschichtlichen Darstellung. Wie aber dann, zumal in den 'Thesen' selber? Die Frage nach der Funktion der Referenzen in den 'Thesen' ist anders zu stellen als die nach einer Verwendung von Quellen, nämlich als die Frage danach, in welcher Weise Benjamin 'in' ihnen, 'mit' ihnen und 'gegen' sie denkt. So kommen auch die unterschiedlichen Formen der nicht explizit gemachten, verborgenen Referenzen ins Spiel.
To explicate what distinguishes pain, Benjamin elaborates: "Of all corporeal feelings, pain alone is like a navigable river which never dries up and which leads man down to the sea. [...] Pain [...] is a link between worlds. This is why organic pleasure is intermittent, whereas pain can be permanent. This comparison of pleasure and pain explains why the cause of pain is irrelevant for the understanding of man's nature, whereas the source of his greatest pleasure is extremely important. For every pain, even the most trivial one, can lead upward to the highest religious suffering, whereas pleasure is not capable of any enhancement, and owes any nobility it possesses to the grace of its birth - that is to say, its source. (SW I, 397)" In these important lines, pain's unique strength is linked not to its origin (this is reserved for pleasure), but rather to the way that its strenuous flow throughout the suffering body has the power to lead it to infinite heights. In contrast to pleasure, which is forever seeking out its sources, pain manifests itself most consummately when it is intensified; it fulfills itself most deeply by gradually reenforcing its own fortitude. To make sense of pain, therefore, we must understand the nature of its 'movement': and in Benjamin's metaphor of the "navigable river" - its flow. In what follows, I develop Benjamin's idea of the nature of pain as manifested in the internal law of its ,ow in two other of Benjamin's texts: 'Berlin Childhood Around 1900' (1934) and 'Thought Figures' (1933).
One of the cruxes of Walter Benjamin’s work is the tension between an indebting and an expiating "memoria", i. e. the afflicting and the salvific insistence of history within the present moment. On the one hand, memory inscribes itself onto spaces and bodies in the violent and painful fashion of Kafka's "Penal Colony" apparatus. On the other hand, it can, in the form of rememoration ('Eingedenken'), sublate these very inscriptions. This sublation usually involves some form of redemptive, timely (re-)verbalization, but Benjamin’s conception of it varies. To gain a better insight into this inherent, varying tension, the article will take a closer look at the connection between pain, memory and law-positing violence in some Benjaminian texts, occasionally relating them to the historical background of his discussion.
Walter Benjamin had a revealing fascination with the legend of a Chinese artist who entered his painting and disappeared in it. In his writings this character becomes an emblematic figure that enables the philosopher to discuss the nature of representation in its various infections (in games and in painting, in theater and in cinema); to explore the status of the image and of the threshold that simultaneously separates and connects image and reality; to analyse the different bodily (i. e. "aesthetic") attitudes of the beholder in his/her close or distant relationship to the image; to investigate the manifold implications of empathy ('Einfühlung ') toward the figurative world; and finally, to approach a peculiar kind of dialectics, namely the "Chinese". My paper aims at considering such varied aspects in Benjamin's interpretation of the Chinese painter, understanding it as a true "dialectical image" that in its 'non-coincidentia oppositorum' provokes not only significant hermeneutic oscillations, but even a radical inversion of its fundamental meaning.
If we take Benjamin's definitions to their logical conclusion, then the monad and the reproduced copy are set unequivocally into binary opposition, as we, the masses capable and most needful of action, are implicitly denied the potential for liberation through aesthetic experience. This denial could not have been his long-term intention. When we take into account the breadth of his writings in response to Fascism, and we look at the artistic movements, Dada in particular, that Benjamin defines as 'politicizing art,' it seems as though we risk too narrow a reading of Benjamin's theories by assuming the aura can be, or must be, done away with. Rather, I would argue that this moment of auratic interaction is crucial to effectively politicizing art at all. Mechanically-produced art, in order to function politically, must allow its audience the space necessary to step back, awaken their 'Geistesgegenwart', and take action 'before' the present moment is finished and past. The elimination of aura - as per Benjamin’s own definitions of aura - neuters the interaction this awakening requires. While Benjamin provides the framework and asks the right questions, when determining what will allow his definitions to realize their aims most fully, I submit that he draws his line in the wrong place.
The flourishing of literature and thought during the age of Goethe may have inspired German nationalism in the 1930s, but Walter Benjamin identified other values in the period worth defending. 'Deutsche Menschen' is a short collection of edited letters by well-known German authors which Benjamin published in 1936 under the pseudonym Detlef Holz in order to hide his Jewish identity. In his inscription to Scholem's copy of the book, Benjamin wrote, "May you, Gerhard, find a chamber in this ark - which I built when the Fascist flood started to rise - for the memories of your youth," and in his sister’s copy Benjamin wrote, "This ark, built after a Jewish model, for Dora - From Walter." This essay considers what Benjamin may have meant by those inscriptions. Looking beyond discussions of "German," "Jewish," and even "German-Jewish" identity, this essay explores Benjamin's descriptions of his letter collection, asking how he conceptualized and framed it at first and how it may have changed between 1931 and 1936. The categories of tradition and agency will be my focus, which I will develop in the context of Benjamin's other writings and his particular interests in quotation and materialism. &e formation and reception of 'Deutsche Menschen' reveal a complex, ambitious project that combines many of Benjamin's ideas and goals.
Im journalistischen Kontext sind die Schriften Walter Benjamins keine übliche Referenz. Die Information, die im Journalismus die gültige Währung ist, deren Kurs sich nach Aktualität, Attraktivität und Exklusivität richtet und deren Gebrauchswert nach "Neuigkeit, Kürze, Verständlichkeit" (GS I, 610) taxiert wird, hat für Benjamin keinen Wert. Er spricht ihr jede Anlage auf Nachhaltigkeit ab (GS II, 445). Dennoch besteigt Walter Benjamin mit seinen Beiträgen für Zeitung, Zeitschrift und Rundfunk die "journalistische Lokalbahn", ebenso wie er den "literarischen Fernverkehr" (GB III, 253) für seine publizistische Strategie zu nutzen weiß, und dabei hat er auch Interviews und Gespräche im Gepäck.
Von allen wichtigen Texten Benjamins sind seine Sonette auf seinen Dichterfreund Christoph Friedrich Heinle, der seit 1913 mit ihm in der Jugendbewegung aktiv war und am 9. August 1914 verzweifelt über den Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs mit seiner Verlobten Rika Seligson Selbstmord verübt hatte, verhältnismäßig wenig von der Kritik gewürdigt worden. Entstanden sind die Gedichte vermutlich zwischen 1915 und 1925, mit Handschriften-Datierungen von vor Ende 1917 und nach Anfang 1918; ihr Manuskript befindet sich unter den Papieren Benjamins, die im Juli 1981 von Giorgio Agamben in der 'Bibliothèque nationale' in Paris gefunden wurden. Sie sind in einer komplexen Sprache verfasst, die verschiedene Vorbilder - darunter den Duktus Stefan Georges und den Spätstil Hölderlins - höchst eigenwillig weiterführt. Esoterische, oft rätselhafte Metaphern und willkürlich-kryptische Bilder, eine preziös-archaisierende Stilhöhe, grammatikalische Brüche und das syntaktische Zusammenhänge verschleiernde Fehlen der Interpunktion, durch diese Merkmale verweigern sich die Sonette einer hermeneutischen Entschlüsselung, die sich durch den Nachvollzug der Einzelheiten im Gesamtzusammenhang das Verständnis kohärenter Sinntotalität erhofft. Stattdessen sind die Leser darauf angewiesen, die sich immer wieder selbst verschleiernde Beziehung des lyrischen Ichs zu dem Verstorbenen durch ein Nachbuchstabieren bestimmter Textdetails so zu rekonstruieren, dass deren Inkonsistenzen, Sinnbrüche und Mehrdeutigkeiten nicht beseitigt, sondern als das Medium erkannt werden, in dem eine poetisch-erotische Liebe die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen ihrer eigenen Versprachlichung reflektiert. Diese performative Selbstreflexion - so meine Kernthese - geschieht vorrangig im Rahmen einer intermedialen Beziehung zwischen Schrift, Bild bzw. Blick und Musik. Dabei soll gerade der letzteren Kunstform besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden, ist sie doch erst in jüngster Zeit systematisch von der Kritik behandelt worden.
Walter Benjamins Name taucht in Kracauers fragmentarisch gebliebenem Spätwerk 'History - The Last Things before the Last' (1969) nur wenige Male auf, jedoch finden sich unter den Materialien und Vorarbeiten zu diesem Werk, die in seinem Nachlass im Deutschen Literaturarchiv in Marbach aufbewahrt werden, einige Lektürenotizen zu Benjamins Thesen "Über den Begriff der Geschichte". Ein Briefumschlag mit Karteikarten versammelt eine Reihe von Kommentaren, die es erlauben, Kracauers Blick auf diesen Text zu rekonstruieren. Dies erscheint umso interessanter, als es sich hier um die Rezeption eines sehr gut informierten zeitweiligen Weggefährten und Schicksalsgenossen handelt, der sich als Überlebender in den 1960er Jahren, etwas mehr als zwei Jahrzehnte nach der Entstehung von "Über den Begriff der Geschichte", manchen ihrer einst gemeinsamen Fragestellungen erneut zuwendet.
"Wirklich notwendig scheint nur das Vergangene, daran eben nicht mehr zu rütteln ist. Aber ist denn das Vergangene wirklich notwendig?" – so fragt Georg Lukács in seiner "Metaphysik der Tragödie", mit der die Essay-Sammlung 'Die Seele und die Formen' (1911) zu ihrem Abschluss kommt. Man kann Blochs 'Geist der Utopie' (1918) als den Versuch ansehen, eine breit angelegte negative Antwort auf diese Frage zu geben: Nein, das Vergangene ist keineswegs wirklich notwendig. Denn im Mittelpunkt von Blochs schwungvoll-pathetischen Überlegungen steht die Entdeckung eines Vermögens, dem es gelingt, die im Vergangenen schlummernde Zukunft zu befreien. Um diese ganz besondere Erfahrung zu bezeichnen, erfindet Bloch einen spezifischen Terminus: 'Eingedenken'. Hiermit führt er ein Konzept ein, das im deutsch-jüdischen Denken des 20. Jahrhunderts eine wichtige Rolle spielen wird, die noch nicht angemessen beleuchtet wurde.
Der Unterschied von Ausstellungen, bei denen es um Literatur als ein diskursives Konstrukt geht, und solchen, bei denen die materiellen Träger von Literatur, sozusagen die Hardware, ausgestellt wird, kann man mit Hans-Otto Hügel nachvollziehen, der auf eine lange zurückreichende Tradition der Ausstellung von Büchern hinweist. Im Vordergrund steht hier das Buch in seiner Materialität und nicht die in ihm enthaltene Literatur. Mit dem Ausstellen von Büchern ist allerdings noch keine Literaturausstellung geschaffen. Für das Ausstellen von Büchern, so Hans-Otto Hügel, könne eine Frühgeschichte konstatiert werden, die im alten Rom beginne, sich über die Klosterbibliotheken des Mittelalters, die Fürstenbibliotheken der Renaissance, die Stadt- und Universitätsbibliotheken des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts verfolgen lasse. "Diese Linie führt - nach der Trennung von Magazin- und Leseraum - direkt bis zu den ersten, ausschließlich zum Vorzeigen eingerichteten Vitrinen- und Dauerausstellungen in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts" (Hügel 1991a, 7). Hinsichtlich einer Geschichte und historischen Genese von Literaturausstellung gäbe es hingegen nur Ausstellungen mit Dichterportraits zu verzeichnen, die lediglich als eine Vor-, aber nicht als Frühgeschichte gelten könnten. Die Geschichte literarischer Ausstellungen, oder besser: die Geschichte der Ausstellung literarischen Materials und literarischer Dokumente, ist somit ein vergleichsweise modernes Phänomen, das vor allem vor dem Hintergrund, respektive im Rahmen der Geschichte und Entwicklung literarischer Archive, Museen und Gedenkstätten zu betrachten ist, die, so Hügel, im Zusammenhang der Popularisierung historischen Denkens, der Suche nach Ansätzen für nationale Identitäten und der geistigen Bedeutung der Wissenschaften im 19. Jahrhundert stünden. Seitdem nehmen die literarischen Ausstellungsorte neben technischen, naturwissenschaftlichen, kulturhistorischen, religiösen, kunstgewerblichen und volkskundlichen Museen und solchen der bildenden Kunst einen festen Platz in der Museumslandschaft ein und werden im Allgemeinen zu den kulturhistorischen Museen gezählt.
Cet article est consacré à la tentation d'apostasie de Paul Claudel et plus exactement à cette période où, alors qu'il était jeune Parisien, l' antique religion mithraiste avait effleuré son esprit et, par conséquent, sa création. Quant à Maurice Barrès, le paganisme - notamment sous sa forme solaire - lui étant familier, il a saisi au vol le message claudélien, répondant au dramaturge alors confirmé, lequel fait preuve de la même discipline dans son catholicisme et dans son fonctionnariat, par un trait de plume qui travestira la tentative paienne de Claudel. Voilà les sujets dogmatico-littéraires dont traitera ce travail.
Hier möchte ich die Nähe beider Dichter hervorheben die in ihrem gemeinsamen Versuch liegt, jenen Mangel ("mancanza"), ihr immer unbefriedigtes Streben nach dem Absoluten oder höheren Zusammenhang (SW II, 562 ff.), in einer neuen poetischen Sprache darzustellen, die die Liebeserfahrung - eins zu sein mit dem Ganzen - wieder denkbar machen würde, um den Modernen die konkrete, fühlbare Gewissheit jener Erfahrung zurückzuerstatten, und mit ihr das Bewusstsein der Abwesenheit ihres Schicksals. Dazu muss sich ihre Dichtung immer an einer labilen und paradoxen Grenze entlang bewegen, die bei Leopardi Natur und Wahrheit, bei Hölderlin Ursprung und Schicksal trennt, in deren chiastischer Entgegensetzung sich ihre Substanz auflöst. Substanz, die bei Ersterem ein solides Nichts ("solido nulla") darstellt, ein Oxymoron, eine den natürlichen Trug reflektierende Figur, und bei Letzterem die Metapher selbst, den materiellen Durchgangsort zwischen dem Erscheinen und dem Auflösen der Dinge - von 'Auflösung' (der Dissonanzen) spricht Hölderlin in der Vorrede zur letzten Fassung des 'Hyperion', aber auch in seiner theoretischen Schrift 'Das Werden im Vergehen' (SW II, 446ff.).
Two alternative hypotheses – referred to as opportunity- and stigma-based behavior – suggest that the magnitude of the link between unemployment and crime also depends on preexisting local crime levels. In order to analyze conjectured nonlinearities between both variables, we use quantile regressions applied to German district panel data. While both conventional OLS and quantile regressions confirm the positive link between unemployment and crime for property crimes, results for assault differ with respect to the method of estimation. Whereas conventional mean regressions do not show any significant effect (which would confirm the usual result found for violent crimes in the literature), quantile regression reveals that size and importance of the relationship are conditional on the crime rate. The partial effect is significantly positive for moderately low and median quantiles of local assault rates.
Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.
Die vorgestellten Beispiele aus den letzten 50 Jahren stammen aus Kurz- und Langprosa, Graphic Novel, Song und Film. Sie werden daraufhin überprüft, wie das Zusammenspiel der beiden Aspekte der Gefährdung des Menschen durch das Wasser und der Gefährdung des Wassers durch den Menschen konkret ausgeführt wurde, denn nicht in allen für diese Untersuchung ausgewählten Narrationen ist die Vorstellung von der "Selbstgefährdung des Menschen" (Böhme 1997, 18) durch die Gefahrdung der Natur gleich stark ausgeprägt oder explizit gemacht. Bei dieser Fragestellung bewegen wir uns auf einer inhaltlich-thematischen Ebene, die aber untrennbar mit der Frage nach Erzählstrategien und der ästhetischen Form der jeweiligen Erzählung verbunden ist. Diese formalen Aspekte sollen im Hinblick auf ihre Medienspezifik genauer untersucht werden. Zu fragen wäre also: Welche inhaltlichen und ästhetischen Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede weisen die Beispiele auf? Gibt es eine spezifische Ästhetik des 'Wasser-Schreibens'?
Aufgrund der vielfältigen Parallelen zwischen 'Walden' und 'Un balcon en forêt' und der Dominanz von Landschafts- und Naturschilderungen im Werk beider Autoren scheint ein typologischer Vergleich der fraglichen Texte durchaus legitim, zumal diese auch in poetologischer Hinsicht konvergieren. Sowohl Thoreaus Bericht als auch Gracqs Roman weisen nämlich Merkmale des klassischen pastoralen Modus auf, für den Terry Gifford das Schema "retreat, renewal and return" (Gifford 1999, 174) in Anschlag bringt. Der Rückzug aufs Land beziehungsweise in die Natur impliziert demnach eine innere Reform des Helden, die seiner Rückkehr in die Stadt vorausgeht. Thoreau und Gracqs Protagonist Grange erfahren während ihres Aufenthalts im Wald gemäß dem pastoralen Paradigma einen äußeren und inneren Wandel, den ich als Naturalisierung bezeichne. Dieses "Zurück zur Natur" erweist sich in Wahrheit jedoch als Kulturalisierung, wie David Abram Iuzid schließt: "Becoming earth. Becoming anima!. Becoming, in this manner, fully human" (Abram 2010, 3). Dies meint nicht die Rückkehr zu einem naturnahen Lebensstil, sondern vielmehr die Schärfung unserer 'animalischen' Sinne für die phänomenale Realität, das heißt, die Wiederaufnahme des großen Dialogs mit der belebten und unbelebten Natur, um auf diese Weise zu einem höheren Menschsein zu gelangen. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, diesen manifesten Prozess entlang der dynamischen Grenze von Kultur und Natur nachzuzeichnen und zu analysieren. Der Gewinn dieser komparatistischen Lektüre wäre dann ein besseres Verständnis zweier unterschiedlicher Naturkonzepte, die - sowohl bei Thoreau als auch bei Gracq - vom Geist der Romantik durchdrungen sind.
Als eine Form von schleichender Gewalt stellt die Umweltverschmutzung durch synthetische Giftstoffe eine besondere erzählerische Herausforderung dar. Die mangelnde Sichtbarkeit und die "delayed destruction", welche Nixon als wesentlich für schleichende Gewalt betrachtet (Nixon 2011, 2), machen es schwierig sie auf eine Weise darzustellen, welche die Aufmerksamkeit von Menschen und Medien zu fesseln und nachhaltigen Aktivismus anzuregen vermag (ebd.). Robert Barclays 'Meļaļ: A Novel of the Pacific' (2002) und Indra Sinhas 'Menschentier' (2011, engl. 'Animal's People' [2007]) bearbeiten dieses erzählerische Problem durch die Einführung eines Motivs, das wird als 'verzauberte Giftigkeit' bezeichnen. In diesem Motiv verbinden die Autoren übernatürliche Elemente mit dem Realismus der Sozialreportage auf eine Weise, die es ihnen ermöglicht, sowohl die komplexen Ursachen von Umweltverschmutzung als auch die dramatischen Folgen für die davon betroffene Bevölkerung eindrucksvoll darzustellen. Sinhas Roman spielt in einer fiktionalisierten Version der indischen Stadt Bhopal, die 1984 durch einen verheerenden Industrieunfall zu trauriger Berühmtheit gelangte, und befasst sich mit den sozialen, politischen und ökonomischen Verstrickungen eines toxischen Imperialismus. Der Roman von Barclay beschäftigt sich mit dem Vermächtnis des andauernden "nuclear colonialism" der Amerikaner auf den Marshall-Inseln (Huggan und Tiffin 2010, 54). In beiden Romanen werden magische oder zauberhafte Elemente verwendet, um die schleichende Gewalt anthropogener Umweltkatastrophen darzustellen und um Perspektiven zu eröffnen, welche die Widerstands- und Anpassungsfähigkeit der betroffenen Gesellschaften bekräftigen.
Heterogenous subtypes of breast cancer need to be analyzed separately. Pooling of datasets can provide reasonable sample sizes but dataset bias is an important concern. We assembled a combined dataset of 579 Affymetrix microarrays from triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) series GSE31519. We developed a method for selecting comparable datasets and to control for the amount of dataset bias of individual probesets.
"I Am a Hottentot" : africanist mimicry and green xenophilia in Hans Paasche and Karen Blixen
(2014)
Claims that industrialized western countries must reform their environmental practices have often been made with reference to less-developed non-western societies living in greater "harmony" or "balance" with the natural world. Examples of what I call green xenophilia (from the Greek "xenos", meaning strange, unknown or foreign, and "philia", meaning love or attraction), are myriad, wide-ranging and culturally dispersed. They range from the appearance of the iconic "crying Indian" in anti-pollution TV and newspaper spots in the months leading up to the first Earth Day on April 22 1970 to numerous environmentalist individuals' and groups' use of the fabricated "Chief Seattle's Speech" as an authoritative touchstone of ecological consciousness, and from the British Schumacher College's endorsement of India as a source of simplicity, holism, humility, vegetarianism etc. to leading deep ecologists' advocacy of East Asian religions (especially Buddhism, Jainism and Taoism) as "biocentric" alternatives to "anthropocentric" Christianity (Rolston 1987; Dunaway 2008; Krupat 2011; Corrywright 2010). Invocations of non-western cultures, identities and worldviews have proved potent heuristic devices, enabling greens both to critique the status quo and to gesture (however schematically) towards the possibility of alternatives. Pervasive media-borne ideas and images like "the Green Tibet" (Huber 1997) and "the ecological Indian" (Krech 1999) have given environmentalist ideas about the good life physical incarnation, making them seem less remote and abstract. Yet the prevalence of xenophile dis course has also made environmentalism vulnerable to recurrent accusations of romantic primitivism, orientalism and exoticism, as western greens have sometimes (though not always) appeared to buttress traditional socio-cultural norms in the very act of challenging them (Guha 1989; Lohmann 1993; Bartholomeusz 1998). What is gained and what is risked when western greens speak about, with, for or as "the other"? In this essay I engage with two early-twentieth-century North European writers, the German Hans Paasche (1881-1921) and the Dane Karen Blixen (1885-1962), whose works bring this question to the forefront. Critical of European industrialization, and awkwardly positioned vis-a-vis their upper-class social milieus, Paasche and Blixen wrote as self-made "Africans", testing the limits between colonialism, anti-colonialism and emergent forms of environmentalism and green" lifestyle reform. More precisely, Paasche in "Die Forschungsreise des Afrikaners Lukanga Kukara ins Innerste Deutschland" ("The African Lukanga Mukara's Research Joumey into the Innermost of Germany" (1912-1913) and Blixen in "Out of Africa" (1937) deploy the ambiguous form of mimicry that Susan Gubar labels "racechange", impersonating or appropriating culturally other voices and perspectives on animals, food, physical embodiment and human-natural relations (Gubar 1997). Paasche and Blixen, I argue, used their considerable intercultural insight to construct images of Africa that they hoped would stand in redemptive contrast to the humanly and environmentally ruinous beliefs and practices of European modernity. I am interested in the acts of ethnic and textual self-alienation that these writers perform because they highlight the discursive, ethical and political ambiguities of green xenophilia - ambiguities that can be explored from different positions within the developing field of ecocritical studies.
The present article analyzes a prominent yet relatively understudied contact space among Native American, New Zealand Maori, and aboriginal Taiwanese literatures: the struggle of indigenous peoples to negotiate optimal relationships between themselves and the natural world, particularly in light of capitalist modernity and globalization. Many indigenous narratives draw sharp distinctions between native peoples and outsiders, predictably portraying the former as protectors and the latter as destroyers of both nature and indigenous local cultures. The Native American Chickasaw writer Linda Hogan's (1947-) novel 'People of the Whale' (2008), the Maori writer Patricia Grace's (1937-) novel 'Patiki' (1986), and the aboriginal Taiwanese writer Topas Tamapima's short story "Zuihou de lieren" are no exception. But these texts also problematize notions of the so-called "ecological native." They do so most conspicuously by revealing the ambiguous relationships those peoples believed closest to nature have with the nonhuman world, that is to say their environmental ambiguity ('ecoambiguity') (Thornber 2012).
Ecocriticism started out in the early 1990s in the framework of American literary studies - in the Anglo sense that equates "America" with the "United States." In fact, the new field's first professional organization, the Association for the Study of Literature and the Environment, was founded as an offshoot of academic interest focused on a particular region of the United States, in the backroom of a casino in Reno, Nevada, during the 1992 annual convention of the Western Literature Association. During its first decade, the bulk of ecocritical attention focused on American literature as shaped by Thoreau and British literature as shaped by Wordsworth - a limited but powerful concentration on nature writing in the genres of poetry, nonfiction prose, and the noveI, with particular attention to Native American literature. By the turn of the millennium, in a story that has by now been told repeatedly, interest in the literature-environment nexus had grown and diversified enough that ecocriticism almost literally exploded into a much broader research area encompassing multiple historical periods (from the Middle Ages to postmodernism), genres (from poetry to the graphic novel and narrative film), and regions: the Caribbean, Latin America, East Asia, and Western Europe all emerged as new areas of ecocritical exploration. New encounters between postcolonial theory and ecocritical analysis proved particularly productive for both fields: linking historical exploration and political ecology with literary analysis, the emergent "poco-eco" matrix opened new perspectives on the connections and disjunctures between imperialism, ecological crisis, and conservation. Over the last few years, the concept of "Environmental Humanities" has increasingly co me to accompany and to superimpose itself as an umbrella term on ecocriticism and comparable research areas in neighboring disciplines: environmental history, environmental anthropology, environmental philosophy, cultural geography, and political ecology. Driven by the impulse to connect environmental research across the humanities, to justify humanistic research at institutions often prone to cut first in the humanities, and to bring the knowledge generated through humanistic research into the public sphere, environmentally oriented scholars have used the term "Environmental Humanities" as a shorthand for what they hope will be a new vision of their discipline. As of this writing, the concept remains somewhat more aspirational than real. While ecocritics and environmental philosophers have long collaborated in Australia, and environmental historians and ecocritics sometimes collaborate in the United States, the disciplines that make up the Environmental Humanities have to date largely pursued their own disciplinary trajectories. But there are signs that the tide may have begun to turn. Various universities and research organizations have started programs in the field. The Swedish environmental historian Sverker Sörlin published a brief outline of the new interdisciplinary matrix in the journal 'BioScience' in 2012, and a longer manifesto followed from the editorial collective of the newly established journal 'Environmental Humanities' at Macquarie University in Australia (Rose et al. 2012). Another journal focusing on the environmental humanities began publication in early 2014 from the University of Oregon under the title 'Resilience'.
O Sentido do Direito
(2014)
Background and Purpose. Leukocyte migration into alveolar space plays a critical role in pulmonary inflammation resulting in lung injury. Acute ethanol (EtOH) exposure exerts anti-inflammatory effects. The clinical use of EtOH is critical due to its side effects. Here, we compared effects of EtOH and ethyl pyruvate (EtP) on neutrophil adhesion and activation of cultured alveolar epithelial cells (A549). Experimental Approach. Time course and dose-dependent release of interleukin- (IL-) 6 and IL-8 from A549 were measured after pretreatment of A549 with EtP (2.5–10 mM), sodium pyruvate (NaP, 10 mM), or EtOH (85–170 mM), and subsequent lipopolysaccharide or IL-1beta stimulation. Neutrophil adhesion to pretreated and stimulated A549 monolayers and CD54 surface expression were determined. Key Results. Treating A549 with EtOH or EtP reduced substantially the cytokine-induced release of IL-8 and IL-6. EtOH and EtP (but not NaP) reduced the adhesion of neutrophils to monolayers in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. CD54 expression on A549 decreased after EtOH or EtP treatment before IL-1beta stimulation. Conclusions and Implications. EtP reduces secretory and adhesive potential of lung epithelial cells under inflammatory conditions. These findings suggest EtP as a potential treatment alternative that mimics the anti-inflammatory effects of EtOH in early inflammatory response in lungs.
Malignant gliomas are intrinsic brain tumors with a dismal prognosis. They are well-adapted to hypoxic conditions and poorly immunogenic. NKG2D is one of the major activating receptors of natural killer (NK) cells and binds to several ligands (NKG2DL).
Here we evaluated the impact of miRNA on the expression of NKG2DL in glioma cells including stem-like glioma cells. Three of the candidate miRNA predicted to target NKG2DL were expressed in various glioma cell lines as well as in glioblastomas in vivo: miR-20a, miR-93 and miR-106b. LNA inhibitor-mediated miRNA silencing up-regulated cell surface NKG2DL expression, which translated into increased susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis. This effect was reversed by neutralizing NKG2D antibodies, confirming that enhanced lysis upon miRNA silencing was mediated through the NKG2D system. Hypoxia, a hallmark of glioblastomas in vivo, down-regulated the expression of NKG2DL on glioma cells, associated with reduced susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis. This process, however, was not mediated through any of the examined miRNA. Accordingly, both hypoxia and the expression of miRNA targeting NKG2DL may contribute to the immune evasion of glioma cells at the level of the NKG2D recognition pathway. Targeting miRNA may therefore represent a novel approach to increase the immunogenicity of glioblastoma.
The Cueva del Azufre in Tabasco, Mexico, is a nutrient-rich cave and its inhabitants need to cope with high levels of dissolved hydrogen sulfide and extreme hypoxia. One of the successful colonizers of this cave is the poeciliid fish Poecilia mexicana, which has received considerable attention as a model organism to examine evolutionary adaptations to extreme environmental conditions. Nonetheless, basic ecological data on the endemic cave molly population are still missing; here we aim to provide data on population densities, size class compositions and use of different microhabitats. We found high overall densities in the cave and highest densities at the middle part of the cave with more than 200 individuals per square meter. These sites have lower H2S concentrations compared to the inner parts where most large sulfide sources are located, but they are annually exposed to a religious harvesting ceremony of local Zoque people called La Pesca. We found a marked shift in size/age compositions towards an overabundance of smaller, juvenile fish at those sites. We discuss these findings in relation to several environmental gradients within the cave (i.e., differences in toxicity and lighting conditions), but we also tentatively argue that the annual fish harvest during a religious ceremony (La Pesca) locally diminishes competition (and possibly, cannibalism by large adults), which is followed by a phase of overcompensation of fish densities.
Im Folgenden soll exemplarisch aufgezeigt werden, wie die begriffsgeschichtlich entscheidende Koppelung von Evolution und Fortschritt im Neoevolutionismus zunächst explizit verteidigt (und reformuliert) und später aufgekündigt wird und zerbricht. Es soll also einer Transformation der Geschichtssemantik 'innerhalb' des Neoevolutionismus nachgegangen werden, das heißt im Wesentlichen den Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden zwischen dem ethnologischen Neoevolutionismus Whites, der den Fortschrittsbegriff wissenschaftlich retten und objektivieren will, und der Neukonfiguration des Neoevolutionismus, in der eine gleichsam evolutionistische Axiomatik zur Zurückweisung des Fortschrittsbegriffs führt, die sich vor allem bei Steward und in jüngster Zeit bei Diamond findet. Dabei ist zu berücksichtigen, dass das Deutungsmuster geschichtlicher Entwicklung von Kulturen und Gesellschaften, das der Neoevolutionismus anbietet, nicht nur in diachroner Dimension neuen Voraussetzungen angepasst wird (immerhin liegen zwischen der Formung des Neoevolutionismus bei White und Steward und dessen Aktualisierung und Popularisierung bei Diamond mehrere Dekaden), sondern auch aus dem wissenschaftlichen Spezialdiskurs in den Bereich der Populärwissenschaft übertragen wird. Begriffsgeschichtlich interessant ist hierbei also, dass sowohl die Grenze zwischen den 'Zwei Kulturen' in der Wissenschaft (und auch die interdiskursiv lange tradierte zwischen Natur und Kultur als zwei klar unterschiedenen Sphären), als auch diejenige zwischen verschiedenen Kommunikationsbereichen berührt wird. Dazu soll die Verteidigung des Fortschrittsbegriffs bei White genauer vorgestellt werden, bei der der Begriff notwendiger Bestandteil des Evolutionismus ist, um vor diesem Hintergrund die Aufkündigung der Koppelung von Evolution und Fortschritt bei Steward und im populären Evolutionismus zu skizzieren.
In diesem Beitrag werde ich versuchen, zwei auf den ersten Blick recht disparate Stränge des 'Kultur'-Diskurses miteinander in Beziehung zu setzen: den politisch-interdiskursiven Gebrauch von 'Kultur' und den begriffspolitisch interessanten Versuch populärer Evolutionsbiologen, den Kulturbegriff biologisch zu erden bzw. umzudefinieren. Beide Stränge partizipieren hierzulande nolens volens an den konnotativen Ladungen, die 'Kultur' angesammelt hat, und beide Stränge sind dabei, Gewicht und Verteilung dieser Ladungen erheblich zu verändern.
Die Begriffsgeschichte befindet sich seit einigen Jahren in der Phase einer grundlegenden Transformation, die sich vor allem in ihrer zunehmenden Internationalisierung und Interdisziplinarisierung sowie in ihrer Verbindung mit der Kultur- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte dokumentiert. Eine besondere Herausforderung bildet dabei die Erschließung der naturwissenschaftlichen Semantik. Referenzpunkte für die gegenwärtige inhaltliche und methodische Neuausrichtung bilden unter anderem die Ansätze zu einer Historischen Epistemologie (Gaston Bachelard, Ludwik Fleck) sowie Georges Canguilhems methodische Fundierung der Wissenschaftsgeschichte in der Begriffsgeschichte. In diesem Aufsatz möchte ich einige Aspekte einer interdisziplinären Begriffs- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte anhand der Analyse der Entstehungsphase des Konzepts vom 'Survival of the fittest' diskutieren. Dieses Konzept hat sich im Zeitraum der 1860er bis 1870er Jahre zu einem Deutungsmuster entwickelt, das mit eminent politischen Folgen im Spannungsfeld biologischer, philosophischer, soziologischer, ethnologischer und ökonomischer Theoriebildung sowie zwischen verschiedenen nationalen Wissenschaftskulturen zirkulierte. Ich möchte betonen, dass die von mir fokussierte wissenshistorische Konstellation nur einen kleinen Ausschnitt aus der komplexen und weit verzweigten Geschichte des Überlebensbegriffs bildet. Insbesondere seit den 1970er Jahren im Zusammenhang der ökologischen Krise und als Effekt der Diskursmacht der von Foucault entwickelten Konzepte der Biopolitik bzw. Biomacht lässt sich eine neue Konjunktur des Überlebensbegriffs ausmachen, die bis in unsere Gegenwart reicht und die überhaupt die Voraussetzung für das Bedürfnis bildet, die Bedeutungs- und Gebrauchsgeschichte des Überlebensbegriffs, oder einzelne Etappen und Knotenpunkte derselben, zu rekonstruieren.
The Future of the Noosphere
(2014)
In this article, a Koselleckian approach to the issue of time will be employed. In Koselleck's view, modernity has been characterized by a multiplicity of synchronous times, or as Helge Jordheim puts it, by "multiple temporalities". By temporality, Koselleck means something different than epochs or periodizations. More precisely, Jordheim asserts, Koselleck uses this term to reach for experiences of time, such as "progress, decadence, acceleration, or delay, the 'not yet' and the 'no longer', the 'earlier' or 'later than', the 'too early' and the 'too late', situation and the duration". Especially pertinent for this article is Koselleck's category of a horizon of expectations (Erwartungshorizont), understood as perceived prospects for the future. In both the noosphere and the Anthropocene discussion, the notion of an Age of Man seems to merge different timescales into one another, or, as stated by one of the most prominent scientists in the early debate, "The division of historical and geological time is levelled out for us". This article examines the temporality implied in the noosphere concept in order to formulate a specific question regarding the Anthropocene. The article is thus intended to contribute to the on-going examination of the Anthropocene concept by way of historicising its temporality.
Trotz der Annäherung der Begriffe 'Geschichte' und 'Evolution' unter dem Vorzeichen einer semantischen Verschiebung kulturellen Kapitals haben sich bis in die Gegenwart auch begriffliche Differenzen erhalten. So gibt es neben der unbekümmerten Anwendung von 'Geschichte' und 'Evolution' auf alle sich in der Zeit verändernden Dinge auch Versuche, die Begriffe terminologisch stark zu machen und in der Folge dessen 'Evolution' für den Bereich der Natur und 'Geschichte' für den der Kultur zu reservieren. Der Beitrag liefert eine historische Rekonstruktion dieser Entwicklung. Am Anfang stehen dabei einige quantitative sprachwissenschaftliche Beobachtungen zur Entwicklung der Häufigkeit der Begriffe in verschiedenen Textgattungen und zur gegenwärtigen Semantik durch einen Vergleich der häufigsten Genitivattribute. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird die Veränderung des Ausdrucks 'Geschichte' untersucht, zunächst in seiner terminologischen Bedeutung in den Geschichtswissenschaften, dann in seiner Ausweitung auf Gegenstände der Natur. Der dritte Abschnitt liefert eine analoge Untersuchung zu 'Evolution', ausgehend von den Naturwissenschaften und in der Ausweitung auf kulturelle Phänomene. Im vierten Abschnitt wird eine Verbindung der beiden Begriffe näher betrachtet, die im Sinne einer semantischen Verschränkung wirksam ist und sich unter anderem daraus ergibt, dass das Wort 'Evolution' eine teleologische Konnotation hat, die bei 'Geschichte' nicht vorliegt. Der fünfte Abschnitt schließlich beleuchtet die wissenschaftliche Stellung der Begriffe in der Gegenwart und erwägt die Aussichten ihrer terminologischen Differenzierung.
Trotz der Annäherung der Begriffe 'Geschichte' und 'Evolution' unter dem Vorzeichen einer semantischen Verschiebung kulturellen Kapitals haben sich bis in die Gegenwart auch begriffliche Differenzen erhalten. So gibt es neben der unbekümmerten Anwendung von 'Geschichte' und 'Evolution' auf alle sich in der Zeit verändernden Dinge auch Versuche, die Begriffe terminologisch stark zu machen und in der Folge dessen 'Evolution' für den Bereich der Natur und 'Geschichte' für den der Kultur zu reservieren. Der Beitrag liefert eine historische Rekonstruktion dieser Entwicklung. Am Anfang stehen dabei einige quantitative sprachwissenschaftliche Beobachtungen zur Entwicklung der Häufigkeit der Begriffe in verschiedenen Textgattungen und zur gegenwärtigen Semantik durch einen Vergleich der häufigsten Genitivattribute. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird die Veränderung des Ausdrucks 'Geschichte' untersucht, zunächst in seiner terminologischen Bedeutung in den Geschichtswissenschaften, dann in seiner Ausweitung auf Gegenstände der Natur. Der dritte Abschnitt liefert eine analoge Untersuchung zu 'Evolution', ausgehend von den Naturwissenschaften und in der Ausweitung auf kulturelle Phänomene. Im vierten Abschnitt wird eine Verbindung der beiden Begriffe näher betrachtet, die im Sinne einer semantischen Verschränkung wirksam ist und sich unter anderem daraus ergibt, dass das Wort 'Evolution' eine teleologische Konnotation hat, die bei 'Geschichte' nicht vorliegt. Der fünfte Abschnitt schließlich beleuchtet die wissenschaftliche Stellung der Begriffe in der Gegenwart und erwägt die Aussichten ihrer terminologischen Differenzierung.
In the 20th century, the term "ecosystem" was one of the most important concepts for the biological discipline "ecology." Originally coined by the English botanist Arthur G. Tansley in an article from 1935, it is now a well-established term. The authors of the textbook 'Ecology' write, the ecosystem concept "has become a powerful tool for integrating ecology with other disciplines." But this only addresses the scientific resonance of the term. In the 1970s "ecosystem" also became an important concept for the environmental movement, for the term "ecosystem" describes nature as a whole entity, in which all things are linked together, forming a network of biotic and abiotic factors. In this sense, the "ecosystem" concept also took on a key role in the political ecology discourse. This article begins with a look at the political ecology discourse, and then focuses on the formation of the "ecosystem" concept. The terminological development of the term turns first to the linguistic definition of "ecosystem" before looking how the ecosystem became an established concept by transforming the object "lake" into the scientific object "ecosystem." Sections four and five further pursue the role of the ecosystem concept in the environmental discourse, based on the metaphor of "spaceship earth" on the one hand and of the "closing circle" on the other. Finally, the article contextualizes the "ecosystem" concept in conjunction with Claude Lefort's concept of "the political." As we will see, the political impact of the "ecosystem" concept inheres in the very term itself for it describes a wholeness that human beings are inevitably a part of even as their actions alter or disturb with the ecosystem fundamentally. In other words, human beings are both inside and outside of the "ecosystem" at the same time. This paradoxical situation is inevitably constituted by the concept "ecosystem", which is understood as a (nearly) closed system. Hence solutions to environmental problems aim at reintegrating human beings into the closed circle of the global ecosystem through technical constructions or through adapting to natural processes.
'Innovation', 'Technologie', 'Grundlagenforschung' oder 'Exzellenz' gehören - wie viele andere Schlagworte auch - zum Vokabular, mit dem in unserer Gesellschaft über Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technik kommuniziert wird. Wissenschaftspolitische Expertinnen ebenso wie Laien, die sich auf die eine oder andere Weise mit Wissenschaft und Technik auseinandersetzen, scheinen ein Grundverständnis von dem zu haben, was mit diesen Begriffen gemeint ist. Versucht man sich jedoch an konkreten Deinitionen, so erweist sich das schnell als ein schwieriges Unterfangen. Die Begriffe sind vielschichtig, kontextabhängig und mitunter sehr unscharf. Als Bestandteile unserer wissenschaftspolitischen Sprache sind sie hochgradig normativ aufgeladen und können dabei sowohl negativ als auch positiv konnotiert sein.
Am Ende seiner 'Archäologie der Humanwissenschaften' hat Michel Foucault darauf gewettet, dass der Mensch - diese "junge Erfindung" - "verschwindet wie am Meeresufer ein Gesicht im Sand." Gemeint war damit nicht die Möglichkeit der physischen Auslöschung der Gattung, die zur Zeit der Erstveröffentlichung des Buches im Jahre 1966 - unter den Bedingungen des Kalten Krieges - immerhin breit diskutiert wurde. Vielmehr erwartete Foucault eine grundlegende Transformation der Episteme, in deren Gefolge 'der Mensch' seine zentrale Stellung zur Erklärung der Gesellschaft und der Geschichte wieder verlieren würde - eine Depotenzierung und Dezentrierung des Menschen, die Foucault in den Arbeiten von Marx, Nietzsche und Freud angebahnt sah. Die aktuelle Konjunktur des Begriffs 'Anthropozän' verdient vor diesem Hintergrund besondere Beachtung.
Zwischen 'Umwelt' und 'milieu' : zur Begriffsgeschichte von 'environment' in der Evolutionstheorie
(2014)
Wohl kaum ein Begriff ist derzeit ähnlich aufgeladen, belegt und machtvoll wie der des auch ins Deutsche übergehenden 'environment'. Er ist allgegenwärtig, zum theoriestrategischen wie handlungsleitenden Instrument geworden und geht über seine angestammten Fachgebiete im Bereich der Biologie und der Ökologie sowie die Vielfalt umweltpolitischer Programme weit hinaus. Die ersten Schritte auf diesem Weg der Ausweitung, die den Begriff derzeit auf unterschiedlichsten Gebieten plausibel macht, sollen im Folgenden nachvollzogen werden. Dabei wird besonderes Augenmerk auf sein Verhältnis zu zwei benachbarten Begriffen gelegt werden, die zwar häufig zur Übersetzung herangezogen werden, dadurch aber ihre eigene Spezifik und historische Tiefe zu verlieren drohen: 'Umwelt' und 'milieu'. Werden diese drei Ausdrücke füreinander ein- oder gar miteinander gleichgesetzt, vermischen sich ihre in entscheidenden Punkten voneinander abweichenden Theorietraditionen. Ein begriffsgeschichtlicher Blick auf die Etablierung von 'environment' in der britischen Evolutionstheorie des 19. Jahrhunderts soll diese bislang viel zu selten beachteten Komplikationen verständlich machen - angesichts seiner momentanen Ausweitung, in der alle drei Begriffe selbstverständlich zu werden drohen.
For more than two decades, the National Planning Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences (NPOPSS) has been managing official funding of social science research in China under the orbit of the Communist Party of China’s (CPC) propaganda system. By focusing on “Major Projects”, the most prestigious and well-funded program initiated by the NPOPSS in 2004, this contribution outlines the political and institutional ramifications of this line of official funding and attempts to identify larger shifts during the past decade in the “ideologics” of official social science research funding – the changing ideological circumscriptions of research agendas in the more narrow sense of echoing party theory and rhetoric and – in the broader sense – of adapting to an increasingly dominant official discourse of cultural and national self-assertion. To conclude, this article offers reflections on the potential repercussions of these shifts for international academic collaboration.
In order to achieve climate change mitigation, long-term decisions are required that must be reconciled with other societal goals that draw on the same resources. For example, ensuring food security for a growing population may require an expansion of crop land, thereby reducing natural carbon sinks or the area available for bio-energy production. Here, we show that current impact-model uncertainties pose an important challenge to long-term mitigation planning and propose a new risk-assessment and decision framework that accounts for competing interests.
Based on cross-sectorally consistent simulations generated within the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP) we discuss potential gains and limitations of additional irrigation and trade-offs of the expansion of agricultural land as two possible response measures to climate change and growing food demand. We describe an illustrative example in which the combination of both measures may close the supply demand gap while leading to a loss of approximately half of all natural carbon sinks.
We highlight current limitations of available simulations and additional steps required for a comprehensive risk assessment.
Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common auditory pathologies, resulting from overstimulation of the human cochlea, an exquisitely sensitive micromechanical device. At very low frequencies (less than 250 Hz), however, the sensitivity of human hearing, and therefore the perceived loudness is poor. The perceived loudness is mediated by the inner hair cells of the cochlea which are driven very inadequately at low frequencies. To assess the impact of low-frequency (LF) sound, we exploited a by-product of the active amplification of sound outer hair cells (OHCs) perform, so-called spontaneous otoacoustic emissions. These are faint sounds produced by the inner ear that can be used to detect changes of cochlear physiology. We show that a short exposure to perceptually unobtrusive, LF sounds significantly affects OHCs: a 90 s, 80 dB(A) LF sound induced slow, concordant and positively correlated frequency and level oscillations of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions that lasted for about 2 min after LF sound offset. LF sounds, contrary to their unobtrusive perception, strongly stimulate the human cochlea and affect amplification processes in the most sensitive and important frequency range of human hearing.
BACKGROUND: Acetogenic bacteria are able to use CO2 as terminal electron acceptor of an anaerobic respiration, thereby producing acetate with electrons coming from H2. Due to this feature, acetogens came into focus as platforms to produce biocommodities from waste gases such as H2+CO2 and/or CO. A prerequisite for metabolic engineering is a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of ATP synthesis and electron-transfer reactions to ensure redox homeostasis. Acetogenesis involves the reduction of CO2 to acetate via soluble enzymes and is coupled to energy conservation by a chemiosmotic mechanism. The membrane-bound module, acting as an ion pump, was of special interest for decades and recently, an Rnf complex was shown to couple electron flow from reduced ferredoxin to NAD+ with the export of Na+ in Acetobacterium woodii. However, not all acetogens have rnf genes in their genome. In order to gain further insights into energy conservation of non-Rnf-containing, thermophilic acetogens, we sequenced the genome of Thermoanaerobacter kivui.
RESULTS: The genome of Thermoanaerobacter kivui comprises 2.9 Mbp with a G+C content of 35% and 2,378 protein encoding orfs. Neither autotrophic growth nor acetate formation from H2+CO2 was dependent on Na+ and acetate formation was inhibited by a protonophore, indicating that H+ is used as coupling ion for primary bioenergetics. This is consistent with the finding that the c subunit of the F1FO ATP synthase does not have the conserved Na+ binding motif. A search for potential H+-translocating, membrane-bound protein complexes revealed genes potentially encoding two different proton-reducing, energy-conserving hydrogenases (Ech).
CONCLUSIONS: The thermophilic acetogen T. kivui does not use Na+ but H+ for chemiosmotic ATP synthesis. It does not contain cytochromes and the electrochemical proton gradient is most likely established by an energy-conserving hydrogenase (Ech). Its thermophilic nature and the efficient conversion of H2+CO2 make T. kivui an interesting acetogen to be used for the production of biocommodities in industrial micobiology. Furthermore, our experimental data as well as the increasing number of sequenced genomes of acetogenic bacteria supported the new classification of acetogens into two groups: Rnf- and Ech-containing acetogens.
Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Pluralmorphologie von Substantiven im österreichischen Deutsch. Anhand einer speziellen Fragestellung zur Morphologie soll gezeigt werden, wie man das Austrian Media Corpus am Institut für Corpuslinguistik und Texttechnologie der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften als Quelle verwenden kann. Dazu werden Methoden zur Datenaufbereitung sowie Möglichkeiten zur Forschung vorgestellt. Zu diesem Zweck wurden einige Fallstudien an typischen Repräsentanten wie Semmerl oder Radl durchgeführt, an deren Beispiel gezeigt wird, wie man methodisch vorgehen kann. Die Ergebnisse wurden statistisch ausgewertet. In der Zusammenfassung wird auf Erklärungsmodelle der Ergebnisse eingegangen. Das Thema Pluralmorphologie wie es hier behandelt wird, ist ein Randthema der Dissertation der Erstautorin, in dem sie sich mit der Pluralmorphologie im Rahmen der Varietätenlinguistik beschäftigt. Bei diesem Beitrag handelt es sich um einen Zwischenbericht mit ersten Ergebnissen zu einigen Lexemen...
Eines der Kapitel Adornos vielschichtiger Ästhetischer Theorie beginnt mit der folgenden Reflexion der ästhetischen Erfahrung: "Dass die Erfahrung von Kunstwerken adäquat nur als lebendige sei, sagt mehr als etwas über die Beziehung von Betrachtendem und Betrachtetem, über die psychologische Kathexis als Bedingung ästhetischer Wahrnehmung. Lebendig ist ästhetische Erfahrung vom Objekt her, in dem Augenblick, in dem die Kunstwerke unter ihrem Blick selbst lebendig werden. [...] Durch betrachtende Versenkung wird der immanente Prozesscharakter des Gebildes entbunden. Indem es spricht, wird es zu einem in sich Bewegten." Diese Sätze entwerfen, was sozusagen am Anfang der ästhetischen Erfahrung geschieht und verraten auch etwas davon, was die ästhetische Erfahrung einhalten sollte. Versuche ich diese Worte zu bedenken, tritt eine Sache ganz deutlich hervor: Das Werk wird "lebendig", dieses "neues Leben" erweckt, ruft der erfahrende Blick hervor, der Blick belebt das Werk. Auf der anderen Seite kann man hier auch etwas anderes erahnen: Als ob gerade dieses "neues Leben" dazu notwendig wäre, dass selbst die Erfahrung "lebendig" wird. Wir können ein bisschen naiv fragen: Belebt mich, den Betrachtenden, das belebte, lebendige Werk irgendwie zurück? Bin ich eigentlich nicht lebendig? Brauche ich belebt zu werden? ...
In der Phraseologieforschung gelten Phraseologismen als solche Einheiten, die an den jeweiligen Kontext angeschlossen werden müssen, da sie "offene Stellen" enthalten, die ergänzt werden müssen. Sie sind also keine fertigen Sätze oder Texte und bedürfen eines Anschlusses an den Kontext (vgl. Fleischer 1997: 80ff. und 1994: 155–172). Das betrifft v.a. verbale Phraseologismen, d.h. solche, die ein Verb in ihrer Struktur beinhalten und somit wie ein Verb in der Sprachgemeinschaft gebraucht werden (vgl. Sternkopf 1992). Das Verb gilt aber immerhin als strukturelles Zentrum des Satzes und ihm kommt die Rolle zu, den gesamten Satz zu organisieren...
Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist, die Vita einer fast in Vergessenheit geratenen Literatin, Maria Therese von Artner, darzustellen. Ihre Lebensgeschichte und literarisches Schaffen sind für slowakische Germanisten mindestens aus zwei Gründen interessant. Erstens verbrachte sie ein Teil ihres Lebens mit in den Komitaten Neutra (Nitra) und Trentschin (Trenčín), zweitens wurde sie von Zeitgenossen als eine talentierte Dichterin wahrgenommen und zählt zugleich zu den wenigen bekannten deutsch schreibenden Schriftstellerinnen des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts unserer Region...
Die slowakische Übersetzung des Kleinen Katechismus Doktor Martin Luthers erschien 1581 (im Weiteren: Bartfelder Katechismus 1581) in der ostslowakischen Stadt Bardejov/Bartfeld in der Verlagsdruckerei von David Guttgesell. Es handelt sich um das erste gedruckte slowakische Buch, das als ein wertvolles Zeugnis des kulturellen und geistigen Erbes der Slowaken betrachtet wird. Es ist umso wertvoller, als dass von der gesamten Auflage bloß ein einziges, beschädigtes Exemplar erhalten wurde, welches in der Slowakischen Nationalen Bibliothek in Martin aufbewahrt wird...
Sprache als ein Bestandteil des biologisch-kognitiven Einklangs angeborener menschlicher Fähigkeiten wird in kognitiv-linguistischer Leseart nicht als ein vom Menschen unabhängiges, abstraktes sowie autonomes System betrachtet. Sprache ist mit Bedeutung demzufolge als Verknüpfung von verschiedenen Wissensaspekten in der menschlichen Kognition verankert. Die bestimmten Spielarten der kognitiven Linguistik, die Sprache als Teil der menschlichen Kognition begreift, versuchen, besonders den Einfluss der menschlichen Wahrnehmungsprozesse auf Sprache und sprachliche Strukturen zu analysieren...
Konsonantencluster stellen eine besondere Herausforderung im Erstspracherwerb dar. Ihre Produktion erfordert die Ausdifferenzierung der natürlichsten Silbenstruktur CV. Für den Erwerb bedeutet dies, dass Kinder lernen müssen, dem Ansatz oder der Koda einer Silbe mehrere Konsonanten zuzuweisen. In der Spracherwerbsforschung nimmt daher die Untersuchung von Konsonantengruppen einen wichtigen Stellenwert ein...
Tatsache der Sprache ist, dass jedes Wort aus der Sicht der Semantik polysemantisch ist, d.h. ein Wort kann mehrere Bedeutungen bzw. Konnotationen haben. Ausnahmen bilden die Begriffe der Fachsprache, die klar definiert sein müssen, also oft monosemantisch sind. Die Polysemie beweisen die Verwendungsmöglichkeiten, die im Kontext in verschiedenen sinnvollen Verbindungen entstehen. Ein Wort in unserem Fall, Macht ist ein Substantiv mit neutraler Bedeutung, das einen abstrakten Begriff darstellt und zu dem es mehrere Synonyme gibt, wie etwa: Ansehen, Autorität, Einfluss, Geltung, Gewicht, Machtstellung, Stärke, Vermögen, Prestige, Machtposition, Befehlsgewalt, Führung, Gewalt, Herrschaftsgewalt, Regierungsgewalt, Regiment, Staatsgewalt oder Staatsmacht entspricht. Konkrete Bedeutung enthält Macht erst in einer Verbindung mit anderen Wörtern z. B. die Macht der Liebe, seine Macht festigen, in jmds. Macht stehen usw. Die Variabilität der Lexemverbindung demonstrieren praktisch die Wörterbücher, die die Bedeutungsangaben präsentieren. In diesem Beitrag werden wir weiter die Darstellung des Wörterbuchartikels Macht in einsprachigen Wörterbüchern wie DWDSWörterbuch und Duden-Wörterbuch konfrontieren und Vorschläge für ihre Erweiterung machen aufgrund eines von uns zusammenstellten Kookkurrenzprofils der Basis Macht, das sich im Deutsch-slowakischen Kollokationswörterbuch befindet, und im Rahmen des Projektes VEGA 1/0947/11 Contrastive research of collocations in Slovak and German entstand...
Patrick Hanks und James Pustejovsky (2005) haben in einem, im Zusammenhang mit der Ausarbeitung des Online-Wörterbuchs Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs stehenden Artikel, völlig treffend angemerkt, dass "words in isolation, [...], do not have specific meanings; rather they have a multifaceted potential to contribute to the meaning of an utterance". Das semantische Potential eines Wortes manifestiert sich erst innerhalb verschiedener Kontexte. Die Untersuchung der durch monosemierende Wirkung kennzeichnenden kontextuellen Einbettung eines Wortes führt somit zu dessen Identifikation als einer Wortschatzeinheit und hiermit auch zur Ermittlung anderer an dieser Identifikation im weiteren Sinne beteiligten Einheiten...
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Kollokabilität der partiell synonymischen Verben bewilligen und genehmigen und ihre Konfrontation mit dem Antonym verhindern untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Forschung der Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in der Kollokabilität der Verben und die Bestimmung des Einflusses der Kollokabilität auf Semantik der Verben. Die Untersuchung der Kollokabilität der sprachlichen Einheiten ist wichtig, weil es für jede Sprache gilt, dass die kombinatorischen Eigenschaften der sprachlichen Einheiten spezifisch und einzigartig sind...
Das Thema des Beitrags ist praktisch orientiert und knüpft an das VEGA Projekt „Verbale Kollokationen im Deutschen und Slowakischen“ unter der Leitung von Prof. Peter Ďurčo am Institut für Germanistik der Universität der hl. Kyrill und Method in Trnava an. Das Projekt setzt sich zum Ziel, verbale Kollokationen zu analysieren und zu beschreiben. Es setzt also voraus, dass man die Kollokabilität der sprachlichen Mittel definieren und messen kann...
Zum Begriff des Turnens
(2014)
Die Sportkultur war immer ein Spiegel der Gesellschaft. Sie wandelte sich mit ihr und stand immer in einem Zusammenhang mit soziokulturellen und politischen Bedingungen der Gesellschaft. Die bunte Welt von Sport und Spiel erweckt schon immer das Interesse vieler Menschen, und zwar sowohl als Zuschauer als auch als Sporttreibende...
Das Kolloquium zur Lexikographie und Wörterbuchforschung wurde erstes Mal im Jahre 2000 von Herbert Ernst Wiegand und Pavel Petkov veranstaltet. Seit dieser Zeit treffen sich Lexikographen im Zwei-Jahres- Rhythmus und führen Diskussionen über die aktuellen Themen im Bereich der Lexikographie und Wörterbuchforschung. Das Kolloquium bietet einen internationalen Raum zum Austausch von Erfahrungen und zur Präsentation von Forschungsergebnissen...
Biodiversity is unevenly distributed on Earth and hotspots of biodiversity are often associated with areas that have undergone orogenic activity during recent geological history (i.e. tens of millions of years). Understanding the underlying processes that have driven the accumulation of species in some areas and not in others may help guide prioritization in conservation and may facilitate forecasts on ecosystem services under future climate conditions. Consequently, the study of the origin and evolution of biodiversity in mountain systems has motivated growing scientific interest. Despite an increasing number of studies, the origin and evolution of diversity hotspots associated with the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) remains poorly understood. We review literature related to the diversification of organisms linked to the uplift of the QTP. To promote hypothesis-based research, we provide a geological and palaeoclimatic scenario for the region of the QTP and argue that further studies would benefit from providing a complete set of complementary analyses (molecular dating, biogeographic, and diversification rates analyses) to test for a link between organismic diversification and past geological and climatic changes in this region. In general, we found that the contribution of biological interchange between the QTP and other hotspots of biodiversity has not been sufficiently studied to date. Finally, we suggest that the biological consequences of the uplift of the QTP would be best understood using a meta-analysis approach, encompassing studies on a variety of organisms (plants and animals) from diverse habitats (forests, meadows, rivers), and thermal belts (montane, subalpine, alpine, nival). Since the species diversity in the QTP region is better documented for some organismic groups than for others, we suggest that baseline taxonomic work should be promoted.
The LPJ-GUESS dynamic vegetation model uniquely combines an individual- and patch-based representation of vegetation dynamics with ecosystem biogeochemical cycling from regional to global scales. We present an updated version that includes plant and soil N dynamics, analysing the implications of accounting for C–N interactions on predictions and performance of the model. Stand structural dynamics and allometric scaling of tree growth suggested by global databases of forest stand structure and development were well reproduced by the model in comparison to an earlier multi-model study. Accounting for N cycle dynamics improved the goodness of fit for broadleaved forests. N limitation associated with low N-mineralisation rates reduces productivity of cold-climate and dry-climate ecosystems relative to mesic temperate and tropical ecosystems. In a model experiment emulating free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) treatment for forests globally, N limitation associated with low N-mineralisation rates of colder soils reduces CO2 enhancement of net primary production (NPP) for boreal forests, while some temperate and tropical forests exhibit increased NPP enhancement. Under a business-as-usual future climate and emissions scenario, ecosystem C storage globally was projected to increase by ca. 10%; additional N requirements to match this increasing ecosystem C were within the high N supply limit estimated on stoichiometric grounds in an earlier study. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for C–N interactions in studies of global terrestrial N cycling, and as a basis for understanding mechanisms on local scales and in different regional contexts.
Strong seasonal variability of hygric and thermal soil conditions are a defining environmental feature in Northern Australia. However, how such changes affect the soil–atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and dinitrogen (N2) is still 5 not well explored. By incubating intact soil cores from four sites (3 savanna, 1 pasture) under controlled soil temperatures (ST) and soil moisture (SM) we investigated the release of the trace gas fluxes of N2O, NO and carbon dioxide (CO2). Furthermore, the release of N2 due to denitrification was measured using the helium gas flow soil core technique. Under dry pre-incubation conditions NO and N2O emission were very low (< 7.0± 5.0 μgNO-Nm−2 h−1; < 0.0± 1.4 μgN2O-Nm−2 h−1) or in case of N2O, even a net soil uptake was observed. Substantial NO (max: 306.5 μgNm−2 h−1) and relatively small N2O pulse emissions (max: 5.8±5.0 μgNm−2 h−1) were recorded following soil wetting, but these pulses were short-lived, lasting only up to 3 days. The total atmospheric loss of nitrogen was dominated by N2 emissions (82.4–99.3% of total N lost), although NO emissions contributed almost 43.2% at 50% SM and 30 °C ST. N2O emissions were systematically higher for 3 of 12 sample locations, which indicates substantial spatial variability at site level, but on average soils acted as weak N2O sources or even sinks. Emissions were controlled by SM and ST for N2O and CO2, ST and pH for NO, and SM and pH for N2.
Strong seasonal variability of hygric and thermal soil conditions are a defining environmental feature in northern Australia. However, how such changes affect the soil–atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and dinitrogen (N2) is still not well explored. By incubating intact soil cores from four sites (three savanna, one pasture) under controlled soil temperatures (ST) and soil moisture (SM) we investigated the release of the trace gas fluxes of N2O, NO and carbon dioxide (CO2). Furthermore, the release of N2 due to denitrification was measured using the helium gas flow soil core technique. Under dry pre-incubation conditions NO and N2O emissions were very low (<7.0 ± 5.0 μg NO-N m−2 h−1; <0.0 ± 1.4 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1) or in the case of N2O, even a net soil uptake was observed. Substantial NO (max: 306.5 μg N m−2 h−1) and relatively small N2O pulse emissions (max: 5.8 ± 5.0 μg N m−2 h−1) were recorded following soil wetting, but these pulses were short lived, lasting only up to 3 days. The total atmospheric loss of nitrogen was generally dominated by N2 emissions (82.4–99.3% of total N lost), although NO emissions contributed almost 43.2% to the total atmospheric nitrogen loss at 50% SM and 30 °C ST incubation settings (the contribution of N2 at these soil conditions was only 53.2%). N2O emissions were systematically higher for 3 of 12 sample locations, which indicates substantial spatial variability at site level, but on average soils acted as weak N2O sources or even sinks. By using a conservative upscale approach we estimate total annual emissions from savanna soils to average 0.12 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (N2O), 0.68 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (NO) and 6.65 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (N2). The analysis of long-term SM and ST records makes it clear that extreme soil saturation that can lead to high N2O and N2 emissions only occurs a few days per year and thus has little impact on the annual total. The potential contribution of nitrogen released due to pulse events compared to the total annual emissions was found to be of importance for NO emissions (contribution to total: 5–22%), but not for N2O emissions. Our results indicate that the total gaseous release of nitrogen from these soils is low and clearly dominated by loss in the form of inert nitrogen. Effects of seasonally varying soil temperature and moisture were detected, but were found to be low due to the small amounts of available nitrogen in the soils (total nitrogen <0.1%).
Questions about how human-environment-relations can be conceptualized in a non-dualistic way have been intensively discussed throughout the last decades. The majority of the established realist and constructivist perspectives aim at explaining a given situation by analytically dissecting it. Unfortunately, such an interactionist perspective systematically reproduces the dualistic division between humans, environment and nature.
In contrast, this paper offers a transactive perspective origin in classical pragmatism and discusses its meta-theoretical consequences for human-environment-research. A transactionist perspective interprets the world as a flow of unique and entangled events. Instead of ontologically separating humans and environment, it advocates to look at their relations as being part of a "connatural world". Such a point of view raises new ethical and political questions for geographical human-environment research, argues for a renaissance of ideographic methodologies and hints to a fruitful unity of geographical inquiry.
The prediction of climate on time scales of years to decades is attracting the interest of both climate researchers and stakeholders. The German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) has launched a major research programme on decadal climate prediction called MiKlip (Mittelfristige Klimaprognosen, Decadal Climate Prediction) in order to investigate the prediction potential of global and regional climate models (RCMs). In this paper we describe a regional predictive hindcast ensemble, its validation, and the added value of regional downscaling. Global predictions are obtained from an ensemble of simulations by the MPI-ESM-LR model (baseline 0 runs), which were downscaled for Europe using the COSMO-CLM regional model. Decadal hindcasts were produced for the 5 decades starting in 1961 until 2001. Observations were taken from the E-OBS data set. To identify decadal variability and predictability, we removed the long-term mean, as well as the long-term linear trend from the data. We split the resulting anomaly time series into two parts, the first including lead times of 1–5 years, reflecting the skill which originates mainly from the initialisation, and the second including lead times from 6–10 years, which are more related to the representation of low frequency climate variability and the effects of external forcing. We investigated temperature averages and precipitation sums for the summer and winter half-year. Skill assessment was based on correlation coefficient and reliability. We found that regional downscaling preserves, but mostly does not improve the skill and the reliability of the global predictions for summer half-year temperature anomalies. In contrast, regionalisation improves global decadal predictions of half-year precipitation sums in most parts of Europe. The added value results from an increased predictive skill on grid-point basis together with an improvement of the ensemble spread, i.e. the reliability.
In old and heavily weathered soils, the availability of P might be so small that the primary production of plants is limited. However, plants have evolved several mechanisms to actively take up P from the soil or mine it to overcome this limitation. These mechanisms involve the active uptake of P mediated by mycorrhiza, biotic de-occlusion through root clusters, and the biotic enhancement of weathering through root exudation. The objective of this paper is to investigate how and where these processes contribute to alleviate P limitation on primary productivity. To do so, we propose a process-based model accounting for the major processes of the carbon, water, and P cycles including chemical weathering at the global scale. Implementing P limitation on biomass synthesis allows the assessment of the efficiencies of biomass production across different ecosystems. We use simulation experiments to assess the relative importance of the different uptake mechanisms to alleviate P limitation on biomass production. We find that active P uptake is an essential mechanism for sustaining P availability on long timescales, whereas biotic de-occlusion might serve as a buffer on timescales shorter than 10 000 yr. Although active P uptake is essential for reducing P losses by leaching, humid lowland soils reach P limitation after around 100 000 yr of soil evolution. Given the generalized modelling framework, our model results compare reasonably with observed or independently estimated patterns and ranges of P concentrations in soils and vegetation. Furthermore, our simulations suggest that P limitation might be an important driver of biomass production efficiency (the fraction of the gross primary productivity used for biomass growth), and that vegetation on old soils has a smaller biomass production rate when P becomes limiting. With this study, we provide a theoretical basis for investigating the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to P availability linking geological and ecological timescales under different environmental settings.
Introduction
(2014)
BACKGROUND: Micro-RNAs (miRNA) are attributed to the systems biological role of a regulatory mechanism of the expression of protein coding genes. Research has identified miRNAs dysregulations in several but distinct pathophysiological processes, which hints at distinct systems-biology functions of miRNAs. The present analysis approached the role of miRNAs from a genomics perspective and assessed the biological roles of 2954 genes and 788 human miRNAs, which can be considered to interact, based on empirical evidence and computational predictions of miRNA versus gene interactions.
RESULTS: From a genomics perspective, the biological processes in which the genes that are influenced by miRNAs are involved comprise of six major topics comprising biological regulation, cellular metabolism, information processing, development, gene expression and tissue homeostasis. The usage of this knowledge as a guidance for further research is sketched for two genetically defined functional areas: cell death and gene expression. Results suggest that the latter points to a fundamental role of miRNAs consisting of hyper-regulation of gene expression, i.e., the control of the expression of such genes which control specifically the expression of genes.
CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory research identified contributions of miRNA regulation to several distinct biological processes. The present analysis transferred this knowledge to a systems-biology level. A comprehensible and precise description of the biological processes in which the genes that are influenced by miRNAs are notably involved could be made. This knowledge can be employed to guide future research concerning the biological role of miRNA (dys-) regulations. The analysis also suggests that miRNAs especially control the expression of genes that control the expression of genes.
Recently a considerable amount of effort has been put into quantifying how interactions of the carbon and nitrogen cycle affect future terrestrial carbon sinks. Dynamic vegetation models, representing the nitrogen cycle with varying degree of complexity, have shown diverging constraints of nitrogen dynamics on future carbon sequestration. In this study, we use LPJ-GUESS, a dynamic vegetation model employing a detailed individual- and patch-based representation of vegetation dynamics, to evaluate how population dynamics and resource competition between plant functional types, combined with nitrogen dynamics, have influenced the terrestrial carbon storage in the past and to investigate how terrestrial carbon and nitrogen dynamics might change in the future (1850 to 2100; one representative "business-as-usual" climate scenario). Single-factor model experiments of CO2 fertilisation and climate change show generally similar directions of the responses of C–N interactions, compared to the C-only version of the model as documented in previous studies using other global models. Under an RCP 8.5 scenario, nitrogen limitation suppresses potential CO2 fertilisation, reducing the cumulative net ecosystem carbon uptake between 1850 and 2100 by 61%, and soil warming-induced increase in nitrogen mineralisation reduces terrestrial carbon loss by 31%. When environmental changes are considered conjointly, carbon sequestration is limited by nitrogen dynamics up to the present. However, during the 21st century, nitrogen dynamics induce a net increase in carbon sequestration, resulting in an overall larger carbon uptake of 17% over the full period. This contrasts with previous results with other global models that have shown an 8 to 37% decrease in carbon uptake relative to modern baseline conditions. Implications for the plausibility of earlier projections of future terrestrial C dynamics based on C-only models are discussed.
Sandrart.net
(2014)
Sandrart.net describes itself as a ‘research platform for the history of art and culture of the 17th century’. It is a digital edition of Joachim von Sandrart’s magnum opus, the ‘Teutsche Academie’, published between 1675 and 1680 in a German and between 1680 and 1684 in a Latin version. Facsimiles and full texts for both publications are provided as well as a bibliography and additional texts. Browse and search functionalities allow for easy access. Particular emphasis lies on commenting the text and identifying entities such as places, works of art or persons, for which extensive dossiers are provided. These kind of information can also be downloaded as raw XML and as semantic data expressed in RDF. The project undoubtedly marks the state of the art in the critically digitizing and editing 17th century prints.
Cryptochrome 1a, located in the UV/violet-sensitive cones in the avian retina, is discussed as receptor molecule for the magnetic compass of birds. Our previous immunohistochemical studies of chicken retinae with an antiserum that labelled only activated cryptochrome 1a had shown activation of cryptochrome 1a under 373 nm UV, 424 nm blue, 502 nm turquoise and 565 nm green light. Green light, however, does not allow the first step of photoreduction of oxidized cryptochromes to the semiquinone. As the chickens had been kept under ‘white’ light before, we suggested that there was a supply of the semiquinone present at the beginning of the exposure to green light, which could be further reduced and then re-oxidized. To test this hypothesis, we exposed chickens to various wavelengths (1) for 30 min after being kept in daylight, (2) for 30 min after a 30 min pre-exposure to total darkness, and (3) for 1 h after being kept in daylight. In the first case, we found activated cryptochrome 1a under UV, blue, turquoise and green light; in the second two cases we found activated cryptochrome 1a only under UV to turquoise light, where the complete redox cycle of cryptochrome can run, but not under green light. This observation is in agreement with the hypothesis that activated cryptochrome 1a is found as long as there is some of the semiquinone left, but not when the supply is depleted. It supports the idea that the crucial radical pair for magnetoreception is generated during re-oxidation.
It is common practice to use a 30-year period to derive climatological values, as recommended by the World Meteorological Organization. However this convention relies on important assumptions, of which the validity can be examined by deriving the uncertainty inherent to using a limited time-period for deriving climatological values. In this study a new method, aiming at deriving this uncertainty, has been developed with an application to precipitation for a station in Europe (Westdorpe) and one in Africa (Gulu). The weather generator framework is used to produce synthetic daily precipitation time-series that can also be regarded as alternative climate realizations. The framework consists of an improved Markov model, which shows good performance in reproducing the 5-day precipitation variability. The sub-seasonal, seasonal and the inter-annual signals are introduced in the weather generator framework by including covariates. These covariates are derived from an empirical mode decomposition analysis with an improved stability and significance assessment. Introducing covariates was found to substantially improve the monthly precipitation variability for Gulu. From the weather generator, 1,000 synthetic time-series were produced. The divergence between these time-series demonstrates an uncertainty, inherent to using a 30-year period for mean precipitation, of 11 % for Westdorpe and 15 % for Gulu. The uncertainty for precipitation 10-year return levels was found to be 37 % for both sites.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) offers an effective interventional option for treating symptomatic chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy is performed to facilitated endoscopic treatment. Pancreatic duct strictures can be treated by inserting plastic stents, and a 10 Fr endoprosthesis is adequate in many cases. Before stent insertion, hydrostatic balloon dilation is needed in some cases. Pancreatic stones can be removed with a dormia basket, but combining ERCP and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) is often most effective.
Standard and advanced endoscopic treatment approaches are delineated in this article and include stricture dilation with a Soehendra retriever, cSEMS placement and multi-stenting.
Most available knowledge on fungal arginine metabolism is derived from studies on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which arginine catabolism is initiated by releasing urea via the arginase reaction. Orthologues of the S. cerevisiae genes encoding the first three enzymes in the arginase pathway were cloned from Kluyveromyces lactis and shown to functionally complement the corresponding deletion in S. cerevisiae. Surprisingly, deletion of the single K. lactis arginase gene KlCAR1 did not completely abolish growth on arginine as nitrogen source. Growth rate of the deletion mutant strongly increased during serial transfer in shake-flask cultures. A combination of RNAseq-based transcriptome analysis and 13C-15N-based flux analysis was used to elucidate the arginase-independent pathway. Isotopic 13C15N-enrichment in γ-aminobutyrate revealed succinate as the entry point in the TCA cycle of the alternative pathway. Transcript analysis combined with enzyme activity measurements indicated increased expression in the Klcar1Δ mutant of a guanidinobutyrase (EC.3.5.3.7), a key enzyme in a new pathway for arginine degradation. Expression of the K. lactis KLLA0F27995g (renamed KlGBU1) encoding guanidinobutyrase enabled S. cerevisiae to use guanidinobutyrate as sole nitrogen source and its deletion in K. lactis almost completely abolish growth on this nitrogen source. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this enzyme activity is widespread in fungi.
The first cultural influences come out in Dobruja together with the appearance of the first German colonists, beginning from 1840 till 1891. The colonization process develops itself in three stages and colonies in places like Tulcea, Malcoci, Almagea, Ciucurova, Cogealac, Tariverde, M. Kogălniceanu and others set up as a result. The German population has created an original culture, an ethnic and spiritual communication being deeply set up, but at the same time a communication struck by the specific conditions imposed by the history of this south-eastern European area. On the other side, the Turkish invasion of Dobruja started earlier, in 1388, when it was actually defeated by Mircea cel Bătrân. In 1393 the Turks succeeded in taking Dobruja and Silistra, but in 1404 Micea cel Bătrân re-conquered the greatest part of these regions. Many Turkish and Tartars moved into Dobruja during the long period of Ottoman rule. The 19th century ethnographic maps show a mainly Turkish population in the area of modern day Dobruja, Tartars and Turks in the southern part of Dobruja and Romanians dominating the north of Dobruja. The paper aims at presenting aspects regarding these two different identities and cultures which are to be found in Dobruja, as well as their integration process within the Romanian Dobrujan modern society.
BACKGROUND: Recent findings support the idea that interleukin (IL)-22 serum levels are related to disease severity in end-stage liver disease. Existing scoring systems--Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (SOFT) and Pre-allocation-SOFT (P-SOFT)--are well-established in appraising survival rates with or without liver transplantation. We tested the hypothesis that IL-22 serum levels at transplantation date correlate with survival and potentially have value as a predictive factor for survival.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: MELD, SOFT, and P-SOFT scores were calculated to estimate post-transplantation survival. Serum levels of IL-22, IL-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT) were collected prior to transplantation in 41 patients. Outcomes were assessed at 3 months, 1 year, and 3 years after transplantation.
RESULTS: IL-22 significantly correlated with MELD, P-SOFT, and SOFT scores (Rs 0.35, 0.63, 0.56 respectively, p<0.05) and with the discrimination in post-transplantation survival. IL-6 showed a heterogeneous pattern (Rs 0.40, 0.63, 0.57, respectively, p<0.05); CRP and PCT did not correlate. We therefore added IL-22 serum values to existing scoring systems in a generalized linear model (GLM), resulting in a significantly improved outcome prediction in 58% of the cases for both the P-SOFT (p<0.01) and SOFT scores (p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are needed to address the concept that IL-22 serum values at the time of transplantation provide valuable information about survival rates following orthotopic liver transplantation.
Caspase-2 represents the most conserved member of the caspase family, which exhibits features of both initiator and effector caspases. Using ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-immunoprecipitation assay, we identified the proapoptotic caspase-2L encoding mRNA as a novel target of the ubiquitous RNA-binding protein HuR in DLD-1 colon carcinoma cells. Unexpectedly, crosslinking-RNP and RNA probe pull-down experiments revealed that HuR binds exclusively to the caspase-2-5' untranslated region (UTR) despite that the 3' UTR of the mRNA bears several adenylate- and uridylate-rich elements representing the prototypical HuR binding sites. By using RNAi-mediated loss-of-function approach, we observed that HuR regulates the mRNA and in turn the protein levels of caspase-2 in a negative manner. Silencing of HuR did not affect the stability of caspase-2 mRNA but resulted in an increased redistribution of caspase-2 transcripts from RNP particles to translational active polysomes implicating that HuR exerts a direct repressive effect on caspase-2 translation. Consistently, in vitro translation of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of an upstream caspase-2-5'UTR was strongly impaired after the addition of recombinant HuR, whereas translation of caspase-2 coding region without the 5'UTR is not affected by HuR confirming the functional role of the caspase-2-5'UTR. Functionally, an elevation in caspase-2 level by HuR knockdown correlated with an increased sensitivity of cells to apoptosis induced by staurosporine- and pore-forming toxins as implicated by their significant accumulation in the sub G1 phase and an increase in caspase-2, -3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage, respectively. Importantly, HuR knockdown cells remained insensitive toward STS-induced apoptosis if cells were additionally transfected with caspase-2-specific siRNAs. Collectively, our findings support the hypothesis that HuR by acting as an endogenous inhibitor of caspase-2-driven apoptosis may essentially contribute to the antiapoptotic program of adenocarcinoma cells by HuR.
This article reviews the most recent results concerning second harmonic generation (SHG) experiments of non-phase matchable and phase matchable powder samples at high pressures and explains the pressure dependence of the intensity of the SHG signal by correlating it to the ratio between the average coherence length and the average particle size. The examples discussed here include pressure-induced structural changes in quartz, ZnO, ice VII and KIO3. It is shown that the second harmonic generation technique is a unique tool for the detection of pressure-induced structural phase transitions. It is laboratory based and allows fast measurements. It is complementary to X-ray diffraction and provides additional information about the presence of an inversion center for unknown or controversially discussed structures at high pressure.
BACKGROUND: Transient episodes of ischemia in a remote organ or tissue (remote ischemic preconditioning, RIPC) can attenuate myocardial injury. Myocardial damage is associated with tissue remodeling and the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2/9) are crucially involved in these events. Here we investigated the effects of RIPC on the activities of heart tissue MMP-2/9 and their correlation with serum concentrations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a marker for myocardial damage.
METHODS: In cardiosurgical patients with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) RIPC was induced by four 5 minute cycles of upper limb ischemia/reperfusion. Cardiac tissue was obtained before as well as after CPB and serum cTnT concentrations were measured. Tissue derived from control patients (N = 17) with high cTnT concentrations (≥0.32 ng/ml) and RIPC patients (N = 18) with low cTnT (≤0.32 ng/ml) was subjected to gelatin zymography to quantify MMP-2/9 activities.
RESULTS: In cardiac biopsies obtained before CPB, activities of MMP-2/9 were attenuated in the RIPC group (MMP-2: Control, 1.13 ± 0.13 a.u.; RIPC, 0.71 ± 0.12 a.u.; P < 0.05. MMP-9: Control, 1.50 ± 0.16 a.u.; RIPC, 0.87 ± 0.14 a.u.; P < 0.01), while activities of the pro-MMPs were not altered (P > 0.05). In cardiac biopsies taken after CPB activities of pro- and active MMP-2/9 were not different between the groups (P > 0.05). Spearman's rank tests showed that MMP-2/9 activities in cardiac tissue obtained before CPB were positively correlated with postoperative cTnT serum levels (MMP-2, P = 0.016; MMP-9, P = 0.015).
CONCLUSIONS: Activities of MMP-2/9 in cardiac tissue obtained before CPB are attenuated by RIPC and are positively correlated with serum concentrations of cTnT. MMPs may represent potential targets for RIPC mediated cardioprotection.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00877305.
The question of whether most gliomas are infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been under dispute for more than 10 years. We recently reported our failure to detect HCMV in gliomas in Neuro-Oncology.1 Our article was accompanied by 2 related editorials,2,3 one of which boldly criticized our approach.3 Instead of fighting a petty, ivory tower dispute, we would like to lobby for a serious collaborative approach to providing conclusive evidence on the presence of HCMV in glioma (and other cancers). Since we developed the concept of oncomodulation (ie, that HCMV …
Telecommunications companies traditionally offer several tariffs from which their customers can choose the tariff that best suits their preferences. Yet, customers sometimes make choices that are not optimal for them because they do not minimize their bill for a certain usage amount. We show in this paper that companies should be very concerned about choices in which customers pick tariffs that are too small for them because they lead to a significant increase in customers churn. In contrast, this is not the case if customers choose tariffs that are too big for them. The reason is that in particular flat-rates provide customers with the additional benefit that they guarantee a constant bill amount that consumption can be enjoyed more freely because all costs are already accounted for.
U ovom se radu prijevodi starogrčkih tragedija Bratoljuba Klaića promatraju u odnosu na njegove prethodnike te na zahtjeve onovremene recepcije antičkih dramskih tekstova. Na odabranim se primjerima iz Sofoklovih drama Antigona i Kralj Edip, a u usporedbi sa starijim prijevodima Kolomana Raca, analizira status Klaićeva prijevoda u odnosu na izvornik, određuju bitna načela njegove prevoditeljske metodologije te uočavaju strategije kojima rješava neke od problema interpretacije starogrčkoga teksta.
Pogled u radom ispunjen život Bratoljuba Klaića pokazuje širinu njegovih interesa i pobuđuje na misao o tom što bi hrvatsko jezikoslovlje moglo napraviti da je djelovalo u povoljnijim uvjetima. Svakako je književnost i kazalište izrazito privlačilo našeg proučavatelja, osobito hrvatska književnost, grčka i rimska, pa je prirodno njegovo sudjelovanje u ediciji Pet stoljeća hrvatske književnosti. Među hrvatskim piscima davnih stoljeća osobito su ga zanimali Hanibal Lucić, Petar Hektorović, Marin Držić i Ivan Gundulić, ali se je pozabavio i komedijom Ljubovnici, kao i novijim piscima Šenoom, Matošem, Ujevićem, Krležom, Kolarom i drugima. Znatnu je pozornost posvetio i folkloru tumačeći njegove jezične značajke. Na zanimljiv način bavio se je akcentom, osobito kad je riječ o akcentu starih pisaca hrvatskih i o naglasku u njihovim suvremenim izvedbama. Bratoljub Klaić bio je jedan od znanstvenika što su hrvatsku književnost tumačili kao prirodnu cjelinu pisaca raznih stoljeća, iz raznih predjela i različitih dijalekatnih osobina.