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Wissenschaftler vom Exzellenzcluster »Makromolekulare Komplexe« der Goethe-Universität haben in Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität Freiburg die Architektur des größten Proteinkomplexes der zellulären Atmungskette aufgeklärt. Sie entdeckten einen bisher unbekannten Mechanismus der nergieumwandlung in diesem molekularen Komplex. Der Mechanismus ist notwendig, damit die Zelle die in der Nahrung gespeicherte Energie nutzen kann.
Background: Due to the use of organophosphates (OP) as pesticides and the availability of OP-type nerve agents, an effective medical treatment for OP poisonings is still a challenging problem. The acute toxicity of an OP poisoning is mainly due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS). This results in an increase in the synaptic concentration of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, overstimulation of cholinergic receptors and disorder of numerous body functions up to death. The standard treatment of OP poisoning includes a combination of a muscarinic antagonist and an AChE reactivator (oxime). However, these oximes can not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) sufficiently. Therefore, new strategies are needed to transport oximes over the BBB. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we combined different oximes (obidoxime dichloride and two different HI 6 salts, HI 6 dichloride monohydrate and HI 6 dimethanesulfonate) with human serum albumin nanoparticles and could show an oxime transport over an in vitro BBB model. In general, the nanoparticulate transported oximes achieved a better reactivation of OP-inhibited AChE than free oximes. Conclusions/Significance: With these nanoparticles, for the first time, a tool exists that could enable a transport of oximes over the BBB. This is very important for survival after severe OP intoxication. Therefore, these nanoparticulate formulations are promising formulations for the treatment of the peripheral and the CNS after OP poisoning.
Native vegetation of the NSW south coast, escarpment and southeast tablelands was classified into 191 floristic assemblages at a level of detail appropriate for the discrimination of Threatened Ecological Communities and other vegetation units referred to in government legislation. Assemblages were derived by a numerical analysis of 10832 field sample quadrats including 8523 compiled from 63 previous vegetation surveys. Past bias in the distribution of field data towards land under public tenure was corrected by extensive surveys carried out on private land. The classification revises and integrates the units described in recent vegetation studies of Eden, Cumberland Plain and Sydney-south coast into a single, consistent classification. Relationships between floristic assemblages and climate, terrain, substrate and vegetation structure were used to map the distribution of communities prior to clearing at 1:100 000 scale. The extent of clearing was mapped using interpretations of remote imagery (1991–2001) from previous work, standardised and merged into a single coverage and supplemented with additional work. Profiles for each assemblage, which we term ‘communities’ or ‘map units’, describe their species composition, vegetation structure, environmental habitat, the extent of clearing and conservation status. Lists of diagnostic species were defined using a statistical fidelity measure and a procedure for using these for community identification is described. Approximately 66% of the study area retains a cover of native vegetation, primarily in areas with low fertility soils and dissected topography. Communities subject to over-clearing (>70%) are concentrated in a few large areas characterised by clay/loam soils and flat to undulating terrain. These include the Sydney metropolis, Wingecarribee Plateau, Illawarra Plain, Shoalhaven floodplain, Araluen Valley and Bega Valley, and various smaller river valleys. Forty-one percent of remaining native vegetation is protected within conservation reserves while 31% occurs on private land, 20% in State Forests and 8% on other Crown lands. Forty-five Threatened Ecological Communities (TECs) were recorded in the study area. The majority of TECs are represented by a single map unit, although in some cases a TEC is included within a broader map unit. Twelve TECs are represented by combinations of two or more map units.
Navigare necesse est : de Magalhães a Vespúcio ; três navegadores reinventados por Stefan Zweig
(2010)
"Navigare necesse est" [...] Ao longo dos tempos, esta expressão de ousadia conservou-se no discurso literário da cultura ocidental. No século XX, serviram-se dela, por exemplo, dois autores indelevelmente inscritos na memória cultural da língua portuguesa: o poeta Fernando Pessoa, como vimos, e ainda o cantautor Caetano Veloso. […] Nesta linha de apropriação se situa também o escritor austríaco Stefan Zweig quando, em 1937, intitula “Navigare necesse est” o capítulo introdutório da biografia “Magellan. Der Mann und seine Tat”. Ao contrário dos autores de língua portuguesa acima mencionados, Zweig adopta apenas o primeiro segmento do axioma, pois no fenómeno de intertextualidade [...]. Zweig aproveita a expressão no enquadramento semântico original – as navegações –, para a aplicar à linhagem de bravos homens do mar e de eruditos cosmógrafos que tornaram possível a era dos Descobrimentos. Nesse capítulo inicial da narração biográfica, a voz autoral traça uma panorâmica da primeira fase das Descobertas, mostrando como o móbil económico, que desencadeou todo o processo, acabou por trazer à Humanidade ganhos de outra natureza. Assim, os Descobrimentos não terão permitido apenas chegar à Índia e às tão desejadas especiarias: a demanda corajosa e continuada ter-se-á justificado principalmente por desafiar os mitos do oceano, afastar os medos do mar e alargar a nossa dimensão do mundo.
Records of Nesticodes rufipes (Lucas, 1846) from Saxony, Germany are presented. The three females of Nesticodes rufipes were found associated with the zoo trade in the cities of Chemnitz and Plauen in cricket boxes. Female genitalia are illustrated.
Heparine sind die am häufigsten verwendeten Medikamente zur Kontrolle der Blutgerinnung. In hoher Dosierung werden sie in der Herzchirurgie eingesetzt, um Blutgerinnseln während einer Operation vorzubeugen. Ein am Institut für Biophysik entwickeltes Messverfahren erlaubt eine direkte und schnelle Messung des Heparinspiegels während des Eingriffs.
Das Scheitern der traditionellen, disziplinär verengten Umweltforschung bei der Lösung sehr komplexer Umweltprobleme förderte die Herausbildung eines neuen Forschungstyps: der Nachhaltigkeitsforschung, einer inter- oder transdisziplinären Wissenschaft, die im Spannungsfeld von Gesellschaft(-swissenschaften)und Natur(-wissenschaften) agiert. Bei ihrer Entstehung spielten in Deutschland kleine, gemeinnützige Forschungsinstitute eine zentrale Rolle.
Background: Studies on the development of the nervous system and the musculature of invertebrates have become more sophisticated and numerous within the last decade and have proven to provide new insights into the evolutionary history of organisms. In order to provide new morphogenetic data on opisthobranch gastropods we investigated the neuromuscular development in the nudibranch Aeolidiella stephanieae Valdez, 2005 using immunocytochemistry as well as F-actin labelling in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM). Results: The ontogenetic development of Aeolidiella stephanieae can be subdivided into 8 stages, each recognisable by characteristic morphological and behavioural features as well as specific characters of the nervous system and the muscular system, respectively. The larval nervous system of A. stephanieae includes an apical organ, developing central ganglia, and peripheral neurons associated with the velum, foot and posterior, visceral part of the larva. The first serotonergic and FMRFamidergic neural structures appear in the apical organ that exhibits an array of three sensory, flask-shaped and two non-sensory, round neurons, which altogether disappear prior to metamorphosis. The postmetamorphic central nervous system (CNS) becomes concentrated, and the rhinophoral ganglia develop together with the anlage of the future rhinophores whereas oral tentacle ganglia are not found. The myogenesis in A. stephanieae begins with the larval retractor muscle followed by the accessory larval retractor muscle, the velar or prototroch muscles and the pedal retractors that all together degenerate during metamorphosis, and the adult muscle complex forms de novo. Conclusions: Aeolidiella stephanieae comprises features of the larval and postmetamorphic nervous as well as muscular system that represent the ground plan of the Mollusca or even the Trochozoa (e. g. presence of the prototrochal or velar muscle ring). On the one hand, A. stephanieae shows some features shared by all nudibranchs like the postmetamorphic condensation of the CNS, the possession of rhinophoral ganglia and the lack of oral tentacle ganglia as well as the de novo formation of the adult muscle complex. On the other hand, the structure and arrangement of the serotonergic apical organ is similar to other caenogastropod and opisthobranch gastropods supporting their sister group relationship.
Butterflies of the superfamilies Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea collected in the Cape Verde Islands and deposited in the Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal, were studied. Some novelties are reported at the insular level and one Palearctic species of Nymphalidae is reported for the first time in the islands. The identification of the only species of Colias (Pieridae) present in the Cape Verde Islands and its biogeographical affinities are discussed.
This fourth paper in the NSW Vegetation Classification and Assessment series covers the Brigalow Belt South-/1(BBS) and Nandewar (NAN) Bioregions and the western half of the New England Bioregion (NET), an area of 9.3 million hectares being 11.6% of NSW. It completes the NSWVCA coverage for the Border Rivers-Gwydir and Namoi CMA areas and records plant communities in the Central West and Hunter–Central Rivers CMA areas. In total, 585 plant communities are now classified in the NSWVCA covering 11.5 of the 18 Bioregions in NSW (78% of the State). Of these 226 communities are in the NSW Western Plains and 416 are in the NSW Western Slopes. 315 plant communities are classified in the BBS, NAN and west-NET Bioregions including 267 new descriptions since Version 2 was published in 2008. Descriptions of the 315 communities are provided in a 919 page report on the DVD accompanying this paper along with updated reports on other inland NSW bioregions and nine Catchment Management Authority areas fully or partly classified in the NSWVCA to date. A read-only version of Version 3 of the NSWVCA database is on the DVD for use on personal computers. A feature of the BBS and NAN Bioregions is the array of ironbark and bloodwood Eucalyptusdominated shrubby woodlands on sandstone and acid volcanic substrates extending from Dubbo to Queensland. This includes iconic natural areas such as Warrumbungle and Mount Kaputar National Parks and the 500,000 ha Pilliga Scrub forests. Large expanses of basalt-derived soils support grassy box woodland and native grasslands including those on the Liverpool Plains; near Moree; and around Inverell, most of which are cleared and threatened. Wetlands occur on sodic soils near Yetman and in large clay gilgais in the Pilliga region. Sedgelands are rare but occupy impeded creeks. Aeolian lunettes occur at Narran Lake and near Gilgandra. Areas of deep sand contain Allocasuarina, eucalypt mallee and Melaleuca uncinata heath. Tall grassy or ferny open forests occur on mountain ranges above 1000m elevation in the New England Bioregion and on the Liverpool Range while grassy box woodlands occupy lower elevations with lower rainfall and higher temperatures. The vegetation classification and assessment is based on over 100 published and unpublished vegetation surveys and map unit descriptions, expert advice, extra plot sampling and data analysis and over 25 000 km of road traverse with field checking at 805 sites. Key sources of data included floristic analyses produced in western regional forest assessments in the BBS and NAN Bioregions, floristic analyses in over 60 surveys of conservation reserves and analysis of plot data in the western NET Bioregion and covering parts of the Namoi and Border Rivers- Gwydir CMA areas. Approximately 60% of the woody native vegetation in the study area has been cleared resulting in large areas of “derived” native grasslands. As of June 2010, 7% of the area was in 136 protected areas and 127 of the 315 plant communities were assessed to be adequately protected in reserves. Using the NSWVCA database threat criteria, 15 plant communities were assessed as being Critically Endangered, 59 Endangered, 60 Vulnerable, 99 Near Threatened and 82 Least Concern. 61 of these communities are assessed as part of NSW or Commonwealth-listed Threatened Ecological Communities. Current threats include expanding dryland and irrigated cropping on alluvial plains, floodplains and gently undulating topography at lower elevations; over-grazing of steep hills; altered water tables and flooding regimes; localized mining; and the spread of exotic species, notably Coolatai Grass (Hyparrhenia hirta).
New vegetation data of dry grasslands in the Western Carpathians and the northern Pannonian Basin
(2010)
The paper presents new vegetation data from dry grassland sites in the biogeographical regions of the Western Carpathians and the northern Pannonian Basin, mainly belonging to the alliances Bromo pannonici-Festucion pallentis and Festucion valesiacae (Festuco-Brometea). The 124 phytosociological relevés were sampled between 2005 and 2009 in Slovakia, the SE Czech Republic, NE Austria, and N Hungary. They are classified into 16 associations and four transitional vegetation types. The paper also brings new information on the distribution of grassland associations in the study area. A new locality of the rare association Teucrio botryos-Andropogonetum ischaemi was confirmed. During our recent investigation of historical sites of the Alopecuro pratensis-Festucetum pseudovinae (Cynosurion cristati, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) in the Slaná river floodplain, only one occurrence could be confirmed. Geographical principles in distribution of dry grassland associations and classification of the Stipa pulcherrima-dominated stands are also discussed.
Die Literaturgeschichte quillt über on Werken über den Krieg, aus dem Krieg, mit dem Krieg, gegen den Krieg. Ein Heldenepos schien jahrhundertelang nicht anders denkbar denn als Erzählung von Kämpfern, Kriegern, Eroberern. [...] Im 20. Jahrhundert entstehen, oft im Widerspruch zu solcher Privatisierung, neue Formen, mit dem Krieg, der dieses Jahrhundert noch entsetzlicher traf als vorhergegangene, literarisch fertig zu werden: Dokumentation, Erlebnisbericht, Lautgedicht, Medienkritik, aber auch Schriften, in denen Kriegskameraderie als Alternative zur bürgerlichen Lebenswelt erscheint. Die Jugoslawienkriege der neunziger Jahre haben Europa auch außerhalb der unmittelbar betroffenen Gebiete erschüttert. Innerhalb der deutschsprachigen Literatur haben ich in den letzten Jahren nicht wenige Autoren mit zeitgenössischen Kriegen befaßt. Aus der Fülle von Texten greife ich drei nicht-fiktionale heraus; drei Reiseberichte, wenn auch höchst unterschiedlicher Natur, von Angehörigen verschiedener Generationen verfßt. Peter Handke ist ein Kriegskind, 1942 geboren; Juli Zeh, Jahrgang 1974, hat die Jugoslawienkriege als Jugendliche über die Medien mitbekommen, Peter Waterhouse, Jahrgang 1956, steht zwischen den beiden Generationen, sein Vater war sowohl im Zweiten Weltkrieg wie auch im Kalten Krieg in einer Weise aktiv, die für den Autor Beweggrund zu vielerlei Fragen ist.
Der Naturpark Drömling ist das größte Niedermoorgebiet in Mitteldeutschland. Die Wiedervernässung des Moorkörpers, der Schutz und die Pflege des extensiven Grünlandes und die Verbesserung des ökologischen Zustandes der Gewässer sind als Hauptziele im Pflege- und Entwicklungsplan festgeschrieben. In 11 Teilgebieten hat die Wiedervernässung bereits begonnen bzw. ist in Kürze geplant. Durch Umgestaltungsmaßnahmen wie Uferabflachung und Anlage von Flachwasserzonen sowie Einschränkung der Unterhaltungsmaßnahmen konnten die Lebensbedingungen für Flora und Fauna in den Gräben und Kanälen deutlich verbessert werden. Während die Gräben und Kanäle früher zur schnellen Entwässerung der Flächen im Frühjahr genutzt wurden, dienen sie heute auch dem Wasserrückhalt und der Bewässerung in Trockenzeiten. Eine Reihe von Flachgewässern vorwiegend für die amphibische und Avifauna wurden in den letzten Jahren neu geschaffen. Alle diese Maßnahmen fördern die Vielfalt der Lebensräume und damit den Naturschutzwert des Gebietes, so dass auch zahlreiche geschützte und gefährdete Arten auftreten. Es konnten 50 Arten von Makroinvertebraten und 20 Pflanzenarten der Roten Listen nachgewiesen werden; wesentlich mehr als in anderen Niedermoorgebieten Norddeutschlands. Ein zunehmendes Problem ist das Auftreten von Neozoen. Der Erhalt der Vielfältigkeit der Landschaft und der Gewässerformen erfordert jedoch einen gewissen Unterhaltungsaufwand.
NO DIRECTION HOME: Ein Titel, der bereits andeutet, dass es kein Zurück gibt. Entnommen ist der Titel einer Zeile des 1965 von Bob Dylan geschriebenen Songs Like a Rolling Stone, der im selben Jahr auf dem bis dahin sechsten Album Highway 61 Revisited erschienen ist. Er thematisiert den Abstieg von der upper class zum underdog und die damit einhergehende Ignoranz und Verachtung seitens der Gesellschaft. Dieser Song wurde 2004 vom Rolling Stone Magazine zum besten Rocksong aller Zeiten gewählt. Doch was hat dieser Song mit dem Werk Bob Dylans zu tun, zumal die einführenden Worte Dylans den konträren Standpunkt vertreten und suggerieren, dass der folgende Film die Reise nach Hause dokumentieren wird?
Gibt es irgendeine Berechtigung, die ausgetretenen Pfade der Interpretation erneut zu beschreiten und sich den Liedern aus Goethes Roman Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre noch einmal und immer wieder zu nähern? Uferlos erscheint die Liste der Forschungsarbeiten, die sich mit diesen Liedern und/oder der Figur Mignon beschäftigen; gerade Mignon hat in der "Deutungstradition" von Goethes Bildungsroman ihren unbestrittenen Platz. Warum also noch einmal? Ein gewisses Anrecht auf ein wiederholtes und neues Lesen der bekannten Stellen genehmigt Goethes Roman selbst, sind es doch gerade Mignons Lieder, die sich zur mehrfachen und dauerhaften "Wiederholung" bekennen, ja die eine dauernde Wiederholung sogar einfordern. Man hat schon von einem "Wiederholungszwang" gesprochen, der durch diese Lieder vorangetrieben werde. Mignons Lieder arbeiten nicht nur häufig mit der Wiederholungsfigur des Refrains; auch ihr Hörer Wilhelm kann nicht umhin, sich diese Lieder mehrfach "wiederholen" zu lassen (234). Könnte es also sein, dass in dieser Wiederholungsmanie ein Hinweis darauf steckt, wie diese Lieder zu verstehen sind?
Der Tagungsvortrag von Herrn Pilch, und noch mehr dessen Ausarbeitung in diesem Band, weist im Verhältnis zu seinem Buch eine klarere Ausrichtung auf die rechtshistorische Problematik auf. Die doppelte Fragestellung gegenüber dem modernen Normbegriff und der mittelalterlichen Rechtsgewohnheit wurde zu Gunsten einer Konzentration auf die letztere reduziert. So steht die Thematik jetzt viel deutlicher vor uns. Ich kann mich deshalb darauf beschränken, einige grundsätzliche Probleme noch einmal aus meiner Sicht anzusprechen und schärfer zu beleuchten. ...
A new, two-channel instrument for simultaneous NO3 and N2O5 monitoring was used to make the first comprehensive set of nocturnal NOx measurements (NO, NO2, NO3 and N2O5) at the Taunus Observatory, a rural mountain site (Kleiner Feldberg) in South-western Germany. In May 2008, NO3 and N2O5 mixing ratios were well above the instrumental detection limit (a few ppt) on all nights of the campaign and were characterised by large variability resulting from inhomogeneously distributed sinks. The concentrations of NO3, N2O5 and NO2 were consistent with the equilibrium constant, K2, defining the rates of formation and thermal dissociation of N2O5. A steady-state lifetime analysis showed that nocturnal NOx losses were generally dominated by reaction of NO3 with volatile organic compounds in this forested region, with N2O5 uptake to aerosols of secondary importance. Analysis of a limited dataset obtained at high relative humidity indicated that the loss of N2O5 by reaction with water vapour is less efficient (> factor 3) than derived using laboratory kinetic data. The fraction of NOx present as NO3 and N2O5 reached ≈20% on some nights, with night-time losses of NOx competing with daytime losses.
A new, two-channel instrument for simultaneous NO3 and N2O5 monitoring was used to make the first comprehensive set of nocturnal NOx measurements (NO, NO2, NO3 and N2O5) at the Taunus Observatory, a rural mountain site (Kleiner Feldberg) in South-western Germany. In May 2008, NO3 and N2O5 mixing ratios were well above the instrumental detection limit (a few ppt) on all nights of the campaign and were characterised by large variability. The concentrations of NO3, N2O5 and NO2 were consistent with the equilibrium constant, K2, defining the rates of formation and thermal dissociation of N2O5. A steady-state lifetime analysis is consistent with the loss of nocturnal NOx being dominated by the reaction of NO3 with volatile organic compounds in this forested region, with N2O5 uptake to aerosols of secondary importance. Analysis of a limited dataset obtained at high relative humidity indicated that the loss of N2O5 by reaction with water vapour is less efficient (>factor 3) than derived using laboratory kinetic data. The fraction of NOx present as NO3 and N2O5 reached ~20% on some nights, with night-time losses of NOx competing with daytime losses.
Background: Many disabling human retinal disorders involve the central retina, particularly the macula. However, the commonly used rodent models in research, mouse and rat, do not possess a macula. The purpose of this study was to identify small laboratory rodents with a significant central region as potential new models for macular research.
Methodology/Principal Findings: Gerbillus perpallidus, Meriones unguiculatus and Phodopus campbelli, laboratory rodents less commonly used in retinal research, were subjected to confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO), fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) using standard equipment (Heidelberg Engineering HRA1 and Spectralis™) adapted to small rodent eyes. The existence of a visual streak-like pattern was assessed on the basis of vascular topography, retinal thickness, and the topography of retinal ganglion cells and cone photoreceptors. All three species examined showed evidence of a significant horizontal streak-like specialization. cSLO angiography and retinal wholemounts revealed that superficial retinal blood vessels typically ramify and narrow into a sparse capillary net at the border of the respective area located dorsal to the optic nerve. Similar to the macular region, there was an absence of larger blood vessels in the streak region. Furthermore, the thickness of the photoreceptor layer and the population density of neurons in the ganglion cell layer were markedly increased in the visual streak region.
Conclusions/Significance: The retinal specializations of Gerbillus perpallidus, Meriones unguiculatus and Phodopus campbelli resemble features of the primate macula. Hence, the rodents reported here may serve to study aspects of macular development and diseases like age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema, and the preclinical assessment of therapeutic strategies.
O estilo em Alfred Döblin
(2010)
O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar alguns aspectos teóricos postulados pelo escritor alemão Alfred Döblin em seus ensaios ao desenvolver sua própria concepção da obra épica na "era da técnica" à luz de questões estilísticas, propondo conceitos como "estilo cinematográfico", "despersonalização", "fantasia factual" e "fantasia cinética". Para uma delimitação conceitual em relação à noção de "estilo", serão tomadas por base as considerações de Antoine Compagnon, postuladas na obra "O demônio da teoria" (1999), bem como as reflexões de Walter Benjamin, presents na resenha "A crise do romance" (1930) e no ensaio "O narrador" (1936).
U radu se predstavljaju rezultati terenskog istraživanja o nazivima za uskršnju pletenicu, provedenog na gotovo dvjesto punktova duž hrvatske obale te u unutrašnjosti Istre i nadopunjenog podatcima iz objavljene literature. Istraživanjem su, radi usporedbe, zahvaćena i neka naselja u Gorskom kotaru te u unutrašnjosti Dalmacije. Analiza prikupljenog korpusa ukazuje na snažnu prisutnost slike sadržaja ‘ptica’ u našim jadranskim nazivima za uskršnju pletenicu, bilo da je riječ o nazivima slavenskog ili romanskog (dalmatskog, istroromanskog ili mletačkog) podrijetla. Na temelju tih zapažanja ponovno se razmatraju neka dosad predložena etimološka rješenja (Skok, Vinja) te donose novi etimološki prijedlozi.
U ovome su radu obradena 232 obiteljska nadimka u Puciscima na otoku Bracu. Obiteljski su nadimci, kao dodatan vid identifikacije koji se razvio još u pretprezimenskome razdoblju, a kasnije je sve zastupljeniji zbog brojnosti nositelja pojedinih prezimena, svojevrsni specifikum hrvatskih otoka koji dosad nije dostatno proucen. U Puciscima se obiteljski nadimci bilježe od konca 16. st. te se na temelju njihove motivacije može djelomicno rekonstruirati fond osobnih imena (odnos hrvatskih narodnih imena te hrvatskih i novijih romanskih prilagodenica kršcanskih imena), vanjština (posebice tjelesne mane), karakterne crte (uglavnom nekonvencionalne) te podrijetlo i svakodnevni život Puciscana. Fond je obiteljskih nadimaka znatno otvoreniji inojezicnim sustavima (poglavito romanskim) te je odraz svojevrsne tisucljetne hrvatsko-romanske simbioze na istocnoj obali Jadranskoga mora.
This paper investigates the potential impact of secondary information on rainfall mapping applying Ordinary Kriging. Secondary information tested is a natural area indicator, which is a combination of topographic features and weather conditions. Cross validation shows that secondary information only marginally improves the final mapping, indicating that a one-day accumulation time is possibly too short.
On demand treatment and home therapy of hereditary angioedema in Germany - the Frankfurt experience
(2010)
Background: Manifestation of acute edema in hereditary angioedema (HAE) is characterized by interindividual and intraindividual variability in symptom expression over time. Flexible therapy options are needed. Methods: We describe and report on the outcomes of the highly individualized approach to HAE therapy practiced at our HAE center in Frankfurt (Germany). Results: The HAE center at the Frankfurt University Hospital currently treats 450 adults with HAE or AAE and 107 pediatric HAE patients with highly individualized therapeutic approaches. 73.9% of the adult patients treat HAE attacks by on-demand therapy with pasteurized pd C1-INH concentrate, 9.8% use additional prophylaxis with attenuated androgens, 1% of the total patient population in Frankfurt has been treated with Icatibant up to now. In addition adult and selected pediatric patients with a high frequency of severe attacks are instructed to apply individual replacement therapy (IRT) with pasteurized pd C1-INH concentrate. Improvement on Quality of Life items was shown for these patients compared to previous long-term danazol prophylaxis. Home treatment of HAE patients was developed in the Frankfurt HAE center in line with experiences in hemophilia therapy and has so far been implemented over a period of 28 years. At present 248 (55%) of the adult patients and 26 (24%) of the pediatric patients are practicing home treatment either as on demand or IRT treatment. Conclusions: In conclusion, the individualized home therapies provided by our HAE center, aim to limit the disruption to normal daily activities that occurs for many HAE patients. Furthermore, we seek to optimize the economic burden of the disease while offering a maximum quality of life to our patients.
The arid and semi-arid southwest of New South Wales has received disproportionately less attention from botanists than other similar-sized geographic regions of the state. Recent work has extended our knowledge of three extremely rare plant taxa from this part of the state. Zygophyllum compressum (Zygophyllaceae) and Elachanthus glaber (Asteraceae) are restricted to gypseous rises within active saline groundwater discharge complexes with limited distribution in southwest New South Wales and occur within the plant community “Gypseous shrubland on rises and semi-arid plains” (ID253) which is listed as threatened (vulnerable) within the state. Eremophila crassifolia (Myoporaceae) is restricted to a few plants on a roadside and adjacent mallee vegetation approximately 35 km east of Wentworth. Based on IUCN criteria it is suggested that Eremophila crassifolia is critically endangered and Zygophyllum compressum and Elachanthus glaber endangered in New South Wales and all should be listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.
Background: Environmental noise is ubiquitous in population growth processes, with a well acknowledged potential to affect populations regardless of their sizes. It therefore deserves consideration in population dynamics modelling. The usual approach to incorporating noise into population dynamical models is to make some model parameter(s) (typically the growth rate, the carrying capacity, or both) stochastic and responsive to environment fluctuations. It is however still unclear whether including noise in one or/and another parameter makes a difference to the model performance. Here we investigated this issue with a focus on model fit and predictive accuracy. To do this, we developed three population dynamical models of the Ricker type with the noise included in the growth rate (Model 1), in the carrying capacity (Model 2), and in both (Model 3). We generated several population time series under each model, and used a Bayesian approach to fit the three models to the simulated data. We then compared the model performances in fitting to the data and in forecasting future observations. Results: When the mean intrinsic growth rate, r, in the data was low, the three models had roughly comparable performances, irrespective of the true model and the level of noise. As r increased, Models 1 performed best on data generated from it, and Model 3 tended to perform best on data generated from either Models 2 or Model 3. Model 2 was uniformly outcompeted by the other two models, regardless of the true model and the level of noise. The correlation between the deviance information criterion (DIC) and the mean square error (MSE) used respectively as measure of fit and predictive accuracy was broadly positive. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the way environmental noise is incorporated into a population dynamical model may profoundly affect its performance. Overall, we found that including noise in one or/and another parameter does not matter as long as the mean intrinsic growth rate, r, is low. As r increased, however, the three models performed differently. Models 1 and 3 broadly outperformed Model 2, the first having the advantage of being simple and more computationally tractable. A comforting result emerging from our analysis is the broad positive correlation between MSEs and DICs, suggesting that the latter may also be informative about the predictive performance of a model.
In this paper we present evidence that the observed increase in tropical upwelling after the year 2000 may be attributed to a change in the Brewer-Dobson circulation pattern. For this purpose, we use the concept of transit times derived from residual circulation trajectories and different in-situ measurements of ozone and nitrous dioxide. Observations from the Canadian midlatitude ozone profile record, probability density functions of in-situ N2O observations and a shift of the N2O-O3 correlation slopes, taken together, indicate that the increased upwelling in the tropics after the year 2000 appears to have triggered an intensification of tracer transport from the tropics into the extratropics in the lower stratosphere below about 500 K. This finding is corroborated by the fact that transit times along the shallow branch of the residual circulation into the LMS have decreased for the same time period (1993–2003). On a longer time scale (1979–2009), the transit time of the shallow residual circulation branch show a steady decrease of about −1 month/decade over the last 30 years, while the transit times of the deep branch remain unchanged. This highlights the fact that a change in the upwelling across the tropical tropopause is not a direct indicator for changes of the whole Brewer-Dobson circulation.
ONE NIGHT IN PARIS entstand am 9. und 10. Oktober 2001 im Palais Omnisport, Paris. Zwar wird nur der 10. Oktober als Aufnahmedatum angegeben, der Song It Doesn’t Matter Two, der im Film zu sehen ist, wurde jedoch nur am 9. Oktober gespielt und zeigt somit, dass Material von beiden Auftritten verwendet wurde. An den fast zweistündigen Konzertmitschnitt schließt sich umfangreiches Zusatzmaterial an, unter anderem Interviews und Hintergrundinformationen über die Vorbereitung und Umsetzung der Tour.
'One Plus One' entstand während einer über mehrere Monate verteilten Aufnahmestudio-Session der Rolling Stones im Juni und August 1968 in den Olympic Studios in London. Die Band kam ohne Vorbereitung ins Studio und entwickelte den Song 'Sympathy for the Devil' improvisatorisch im Laufe der Sessions. Die Arbeit am Stück begann mit einem Liedtext von Sänger Mick Jagger unter dem Arbeitstitel 'The Devil Is My Name'. Jagger hatte diesen Text unter dem Eindruck des Romans 'Der Meister und Margarita' des russischen Schriftstellers Michail Bulgakov verfasst - ein Buch, das er von seiner Partnerin Marianne Faithfull erhalten hatte. In Bulgakovs Roman stattet der Teufel dem Moskau der 1930er Jahre einen Besuch ab, in dessen Verlauf er viele Menschen tötet oder in den Wahnsinn treibt. Der Film zeigt die Arbeit an dem Song, der auf einem treibenden Samba-Rhythmus aufruht, in den verschiedenen Entwicklungsstufen, in immer neuen Ansätzen, sich dem späteren Format annähernd. Der Song wurde 1968 auf dem Studioalbum 'Beggars Banquet' als erstes von zehn Liedern veröffentlicht.
Only the strong survive
(2010)
Der zum Zeitpunkt des Films 72jährige Don A. Pennebaker und seine Ehefrau Chris Hegedus gelten als Pioniere des amerikanischen Direct Cinema. Mit Filmen wie 'Don't Look Back' (1967) über Bob Dylan oder 'Monterey Pop' (1968) über das gleichnamige Musikfestival an der Westküste der USA haben die beiden sich in der Geschichte des Dokumentarfilms einen Namen gemacht, der weit über die Fans der jeweiligen Musik hinausgeht. Direct Cinema wurde von den beiden als das unmittelbare Abfilmen der Realität verstanden, die sich vor ihrer Kamera befand. Ein Eingreifen in das Geschehen wurde ebenso strikt abgelehnt wie jeglicher Kommentar. Pennebaker schuf damit einerseits Konzertfilme, die auch die Stimmung, das Publikum, das gesamte Setting mit einfingen (wie eben in 'Monterey Pop'). Andererseits gelang ihm etwa in 'Don't Look Back' ein Porträt des jungen Bob Dylan, das über reine Konzertaufnahmen weit hinausgeht und in der Konzentration auf einen Protagonisten auch imstande ist, einiges über das Verhältnis zwischen Fans und Star, deren Projektionen und den Umgang von Akteuren der Rockmusik mit schnell erworbenem Starstatus zu erzählen.
V lingvistickém výzkumu byla malá pozornost věnována onomatopoickým výrazŧm ĉasto uţívaným zvláště v komiksech a v dětské literatuře jako nástroj k vyjádření emocí. Ĉlánek, jehoţ cílem je vyplnit mezeru ve výzkumu, nejprve podává přehled o vztazích mezi onomatopoi a emocemi. Autor zdŧrazňuje, ţe konkrétní realizace onomatopoických slov je v kaţdém jazyce jiná a závisí na jazykových konvencích. Následně jsou srovnána německá a ĉeská onomatopoická slovesa s emoĉními konotacemi. Srovnání ukazuje širokou škálu rozdílŧ, které se týkají nejen formálních aspektŧ, ale také významu těchto sloves. Závěrem vyplývá, ţe emoce jsou vázány na jazykový kontext, a proto nemohou být přesně přeloţeny.
Oomyceten – schön, nützlich und gefährlich : sie sind überall zu finden und dennoch kaum bekannt
(2010)
Auf Pflanzen sind sie klein, unscheinbar und leicht verwechselbar. Den Betrachter betören sie beim Blick ins Mikroskop durch wunderschön geformte Sporenträger. Doch Oomyceten, die lange Zeit mit Pilzen verwechselt wurden, können als Pflanzenschädlinge beträchtlichen landwirtschaftlichen Schaden anrichten. Die einzelnen Arten zu unterscheiden und ihre Wirtspflanzen zu kennen, ist eine Voraussetzung dafür, ihre Verbreitung zu kontrollieren. Denn auch in Europa könnten exotische Arten aufgrund der Erderwärmung heimisch werden – mit erwünschten und unerwünschten Folgen.
Family members provide most of the patient care and administer most of the treatments to patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Family caregivers have an important impact on clinical outcomes, such as quality of life (QoL). As a consequence of this service, family caregivers suffer high rates of psychological and physical illness as well as social and financial burdens. Hence, it is important to involve family caregivers in multimodal treatment settings and provide interventions that are both suitable and specifically tailored to their needs. In recent years, several clinical guidelines have been presented worldwide for evidence-based treatment of AD and other forms of dementia. Most of these guidelines have considered family advice as integral to the optimal clinical management of AD. This article reviews current and internationally relevant guidelines with emphasis on recommendations concerning family advice.
This essay examines the differing contexts and modes of encounter with Islamic culture in the travel writing of two contrasting women, the Prussian Countess Ida Hahn-Hahn and the Austrian Maria Schuber: both travelled to and wrote from the Middle East in the 1830s and 1840s and published their letters as collections. The encounters both women had with Islam were conditioned, at least in part, by their respective stance on religion, issues of gender and social class, and by the obligations of patronage and the expectations of distinct readerships. Whilst both women can be seen to write about Islam as a religion and culture defined by its difference to Christianity, both can also be seen in differing ways and to differing extents to represent Islam and Muslims as simultaneously belonging to a universal and inclusive notion of humanity and human religion. Thus, without embracing high philosophical discourse of Kant or Hegel, both women can be seen to demonstrate cosmopolitan impulses towards Islam, although these jostle for ascendancy with a more Eurocentric, Christian and indeed völkisch vision of the relationship between cultures.
It could be said that learner’s dictionaries are the most reliable expression of lexicography in terms of providing the necessary tools to help the learning process of a foreign language. This paper analyses three English learner’s dictionaries in order to establish its stylistic patterns as well as to compare them with four German learner’s dictionaries. Undoubtly, the lexicography of English learner’s dictionaries is a model. However, we argue that this model can not be transfered to German lexicography since each language has its own particularities which demand specific solutions.
Dieses Buch (mit einem Vorwort des leider verstorbenen Jean-Pierre Maelfait) wurde von einem Kollektiv von 10 Autoren verfasst und besteht aus zwei Teilen. Der erste Teil, welchem eine Liste aller im Buch vorgestellten Gattungen und Arten vorangestellt ist, enthält eine kurze allgemeine Einleitung in die Biologie der Spinnen, mit Beschreibungen von Anatomie, Physiologie, Reproduktion und des Netzbaus (S. 1-63), sowie eine Einführung in das Sammeln von Spinnen (S. 64-69). Zusätzlich sind dort noch zwei Schlüssel zu Spinnenfamilien, einer basierend auf morphologischen Merkmalen und ein zweiter basierend auf den Netztypen, vorhanden.
Palystes kreutzmanni sp. n. is described from habitats close to Kleinmond, in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Spiders of this new species live in the typical fynbos vegetation of the Western Cape region. They build retreats between apical leaves of Leucadendron bushes. The systematic position of Palystes kreutzmanni sp. n. is discussed. Male and female show characters of different species groups, especially the female copulatory organ seems to be unique within the genus Palystes L. Koch, 1875.
Pancreatic resections for advanced M1-pancreatic carcinoma : the value of synchronous metastasectomy
(2010)
Background: For M1 pancreatic adenocarcinomas pancreatic resection is usually not indicated. However, in highly selected patients synchronous metastasectomy may be appropriate together with pancreatic resection when operative morbidity is low.
Materials and Methods: From January 1, 2004 to December, 2007 a total of 20 patients with pancreatic malignancies were retrospectively evaluated who underwent pancreatic surgery with synchronous resection of hepatic, adjacent organ, or peritoneal metastases for proven UICC stage IV periampullary cancer of the pancreas. Perioperative as well as clinicopathological parameters were evaluated.
Results: There were 20 patients (9 men, 11 women; mean age 58 years) identified. The primary tumor was located in the pancreatic head (n=9, 45%), in pancreatic tail (n=9, 45%), and in the papilla Vateri (n=2, 10%). Metastases were located in the liver (n=14, 70%), peritoneum (n=5, 25%), and omentum majus (n=2, 10%). Lymphnode metastases were present in 16 patients (80%). All patients received resection of their tumors together with metastasectomy. Pylorus preserving duodenopancreatectomy was performed in 8 patients, distal pancreatectomy in 8, duodenopancreatectomy in 2, and total pancreatectomy in 2. Morbidity was 45% and there was no perioperative mortality. Median postoperative survival was 10.7 months (2.6–37.7 months) which was not significantly different from a matched-pair group of patients who underwent pancreatic resection for UICC adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (median survival 15.6 months; =.1).
Conclusion: Pancreatic resection for M1 periampullary cancer of the pancreas can be performed safely in well-selected patients. However, indication for surgery has to be made on an individual basis.
Tento ĉlánek se zabývá sémantikou německých ĉástic wohl a vielleicht a ĉeské ĉástice snad ve zvolacích větách. Uvádí se argumenty pro analýzu, podle které si v těchto typech vět – na rozdíl od jiných – zachovaly tyto ĉástice svoje pŧvodní "zesilující" významy, a proto by tento kontext měl být povaţován za autonomní. Dále ĉlánek podává vysvětlení pro toto sémantické/pragmatické chování.
Partnerwahl bei Zebrafinken
(2010)
Kurzfassung zu: "Causes of between-individual differences in mating preferences". Dissertation an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Biologie, durchgeführt am Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie in Seewiesen, betreut von Dr. Wolfgang Forstmeier und Prof. Bart Kempenaers (2009).
Paul Scheerbarts astrale Hermeneutik : Vorschlag zu einer Bestimmung des Begriffs "Neoromantik"
(2010)
Im Februar 1904 erscheint in der Zeitschrift "Kunst" eine Reihe von Zeichnungen Paul Scheerbarts unter dem Titel "Der magnetische Spiegel". Eingebettet in einen pseudodokumentarischen Rahmentext illustrieren Kopffüßler und andere groteske Kreaturen den Erfahrungsbericht eines optisch-physikalischen Versuchs. Mit Hilfe einer in Schottland entdeckten Bauanleitung konstruiert der namenlose Berichterstatter einen magnetischen Spiegel, der ihm den Blick auf eine neue Kunst ermöglicht:
Rein äußerlich betrachtet, sind die geheimnisvollen Spiegel ganz einfache, spiegelnde Metallplatten. Wird nun die nach der Vorschrift hergestellte Metallplatte zur Erdbebenzeit in die richtige Lage gebracht, so zeigt sich bei Beobachtung der Platte mit eigens präparierter Lupe ein Bild von besonderer Anziehungskraft. Und wer diese Bilder in den Hauptzügen richtig zu kopieren vermag, der hat die "neue Kunst" entdeckt.
Magnetismus und 'neue Kunst' verweisen auf eine romantische Poetik und deren Projekt einer wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Paranormalen; ein solches Amalgam von Technologie und esoterischem Wissen zielt auf eine naturwissenschaftliche Metaphysik und die Sichtbarmachung des Unsichtbaren.
The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and effects of peer-victimization on mental health problems among adolescents. Parental and school support were assumed as protective factors that might interact with one another in acting as buffers for adolescents against the risk of peer-victimization. Besides these protective factors, age and gender were additionally considered as moderating factors. The Social and Health Assessment survey was conducted among 986 students aged 11-18 years in order to assess peer-victimization, risk and protective factors and mental health problems. For mental health problems, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used. Effects of peer-victimization on mental health problems were additionally compared with normative SDQ data in order to obtain information about clinically relevant psychopathology in our study sample. Results of this study show that peer-victimization carries a serious risk for mental health problems in adolescents. School support is effective in both male and female adolescents by acting as a buffer against the effect of victimization, and school support gains increasing importance in more senior students. Parental support seems to be protective against maladjustment, especially in peer-victimized girls entering secondary school. Since the effect of peer-victimization can be reduced by parental and school support, educational interventions are of great importance in cases of peer-victimization.
L’étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de la valorisation des bois sacrés dans un contexte de conservation de la biodiversité, elle a pour objectifs de recenser les différents bois sacrés au nord du Burkina Faso, d’évaluer leur richesse floristique et d’appréhender leurs mécanismes de gestion par les populations locales. Des prospections ont été conduites sur l’ensemble de la zone d’étude en vue de recenser les bois sacrés. Dans chaque localité des enquêtes ont été conduites auprès des populations directement ou indirectement impliquées dans la gestion de ces formations. Des relevés phytosociologiques ont été réalisés dans les différentes formations végétales (bois sacrés et formations adjacentes) suivant la méthode Braun-Blanquet (1932) sur des placeaux de 1000 m2 et de 100 m2 respectivement pour les ligneux et les herbacées, en vue de déterminer les différentes phytocoenoses. 190 bois sacrés ont été recensés dont 35 ont fait l’objet d’inventaires phytosociologiques. 35 formations adjacentes ont également fait l’objet d’inventaires afin de mieux apprécier l’importance des bois sacrés dans la conservation des espèces. Le traitement des données phytosociologiques s’est effectué sur la base de 162 relevés, au moyen du logiciel CAP (Community Analysis Package). Les résultats ont révélé que les systèmes de gestion des ressources naturelles dans les bois sacrés sont basés sur des règles et des principes traditionnels. Ces bois sont pour la plupart des cimetières (50% du total), fétiches (17% du total) et fétiche-cimetières (27% du total). Le traitement des données phytosociologiques a permis de discriminer 11 groupements végétaux dont 05 pour la strate ligneuse et 06 pour la strate herbacée. Les relevés de 7 groupements ont été réalisés dans les bois sacrés et ceux de 4 groupements hors des bois sacrés. L’analyse de la richesse floristique d’ensemble (bois sacrés et environs) des ligneux a révélé la dominance de la famille des Leguminosae-Mimosoideae (16%) et des Combretaceae (12%). La flore herbacée quant à elle est dominée par les Poaceae (24%) et les Leguminosae- Papilionoideae (12%).
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are implicated in the regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis. PPAR agonists have been shown to control inflammatory processes, in part by inhibiting distinct proinflammatory genes (e.g. Il-1β and IFN-γ). IL-8 is a member of the proinflammatory chemokine family that is important for various functions, such as mediating the adhesion of eosinophilic granulocytes onto endothelial cells. The influence of PPARδ activators on the expression of IL-8 in noninduced quiescent endothelial cells is unclear. Therefore, we explored the influence of PPARδ activators on the expression of IL-8 in nonstimulated endothelial cells. PPARδ agonists induce IL-8 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. This induction is demonstrated at the level of both protein and mRNA expression. Transcriptional activation studies using IL-8 reporter gene constructs and DNA binding assays revealed that PPARδ agonists mediated their effects via an NFκB binding site. It is well known that IL-8 is also regulated by mRNA stability. To provide further evidence for this concept, we performed mRNA stability assays and found that PPARδ agonists induce the mRNA stability of IL-8. In addition, we showed that PPARδ agonists induce the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, which are known to be involved in the increase of mRNA stability. The inhibition of these MAPK signaling pathways resulted in a significant suppression of the induced IL-8 expression and the reduced mRNA stability. Therefore, our data provide the first evidence that PPARδ induces IL-8 expression in nonstimulated endothelial cells via transcriptional as well as posttranscriptional mechanisms.
In this chapter we develop an agenda for future research on the personalization of politics. To do so, we clarify the propositions of the personalization hypothesis, critically discuss the normative standard on which most studies base their evaluation of personalization, and systematically summarize empirical research findings. We show that the condemnation of personalization is based on a trivial logic and on a maximalist definition of democracy. The review of empirical studies leads us to question the assumption that personalization has steadily increased in all areas of politics. Finally, our normative considerations help us develop new research questions on how personalized politics affects democracy. Moreover, this review also makes clear that another weakness of today's empirical research on the personalization of politics lies in methodological problems and a lack of analysis of the impacts of systemic and contextual variables. Consequently, we suggest methodological pathways and possible explanatory factors for the study of personalization.
Krokusse gehören zu den frühesten Boten des Frühlings. Wenn es im Spätherbst und Winter wärmer ist als gewöhnlich, sprießen schon sehr zeitig die charakteristischen grasartigen, aber fleischigen Blätter mit dem deutlich abgesetzten weißen Mittelstreifen (Unterschied zum Milchstern [Ornithogalum], bei dem das Weiß eher verschwommen und undeutlich abgesetzt ist). Die Blüten der ersten Arten öffnen sich bei uns ab dem zweiten Februardrittel, je nachdem wie die Witterung es zulässt. Diese Schwertliliengewächse (Iridaceae) besitzen wie die meisten Einkeimblättrigen eine einfache Blütenhülle, diese ist trichter- bis becherförmig ("Große Trichterblume"), mit gleich langen Abschnitten und einem röhrig erweiterten Schlund. Die Blüten öffnen sich nur bei Sonnenschein.
Eines der markantesten Symbole der Advents- und Weihnachtszeit sind die in unterschiedlichsten Farben, Formen und sogar Düften angebotenen Kerzen. Ihr Licht gibt der Jahreszeit eine besondere Atmosphäre, sie unterstützen neben anderen Dekorationsartikeln die erwünschte besinnliche Stimmung. Kerzen stehen traditionell sinnbildlich für Licht, Wärme und Reinheit und symbolisieren damit im Christentum das Lebenslicht des Menschen und Christus als das Licht der Welt. Man könnte nun meinen, dass Kerzen auf den Seiten des Bochumer Botanischen Vereins nichts zu suchen haben, sondern eher dem Bereich Chemie (Stearin) oder Zoologie (Bienenwachs) zugeordnet werden sollten. Aber die Botanik hat auch hier schon immer eine wesentliche Rolle gespielt und steht auch heute noch im wörtlichen Sinne im Zentrum jeder Kerze, denn Wachs brennt ohne sie nicht: die Kerzendochte. Dabei ist die Erfindung des Dochtes weitaus älter als die der Kerzen. Bei den alten Griechen z. B. waren Kerzen noch weitestgehend unbekannt, man verwendete Öllampen, die einen (meist) pflanzlichen Docht enthielten.
Abstract We consider the phase structure of hadronic and hadron-quark models at finite temperature and density. The basis for the hadronic part is an extension of a flavor-SU(3) ? ? ? model. We study the effect on the phase diagram by adding additional hadronic resonances to the model. With the resulting equation of state we investigate heavy-ion c... collisions using hydrodynamical simulations. In a combined approach we include quarks and the Polyakov loop field in the calculation and study chiral symmetry restoration and the deconfinement transition.
Příspěvek se věnuje problematice adekvátního uchopení a popisu frazémŧ v dvoujazyĉných slovnících na základě kritické analýzy jednoho elektronického německo-ĉeského a ĉesko-německého slovníku. Rŧzné lexikografické aspekty (objasnění pouţívané terminologie v lexikografických metatextech, makro- a mikrostruktura, urĉení základního tvaru, problémy ekvivalence, typografické ztvárnění, význam lexikografických příkladŧ) jsou osvětlovány na vybraných frazémech ze sémantického pole ZLOST.
Clathrates are candidate materials for thermoelectric applications because of a number of unique properties. The clathrate I phases in the Ba-Ni-Ge ternary system allow controlled variation of the charge carrier concentration by adjusting the Ni content. Depending on the Ni content, the physical properties vary from metal-like to insulator-like and show a transition from p-type to n-type conduction. Here we present first results on the characterization of millimeter-sized single crystals grown by the Bridgman technique. Single crystals with a composition of Ba8Ni3.5Ge42.1h0.4 show metallic behavior (dp/dT > 0) albeit with high resistivity at room temperature [p (300 K) = 1 mOhm cm]. The charge carrier concentration at 300 K, as determined from Hall-effect measurements, is 2.3 e-/unit cell. The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit estimated at 680 K is ZT ~ 0.2. Keywords Clathrates - thermoelectric material - intermetallic compound - nickel
Im Rahmen eines vom Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz
und Reaktorsicherheit geförderten Projekts zu
Auswirkungen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen auf den
Vogelzug wurden vom Herbst 2003 bis Ende 2006 Vogelzugplanbeobachtungen
in der Deutschen Bucht durchgeführt.
Die Sichtbeobachtungen ziehender Vogelarten über See
(Seawatching) und über dem Land (Islandwatching) erfolgten
tagsüber mit etablierten Methoden an den drei Standorten
Sylt, Helgoland und Wangerooge. Der besondere Wert der
Studie liegt in der synoptischen Beobachtung an drei Standorten
zumindest während der Zugzeiten.
Von wenigen Ausnahmen abgesehen wurde beim Seawatching
an allen drei Standorten und bei fast allen Arten in den Morgenstunden
der stärkste Zug bemerkt, mittags und abends
war die Zugintensität deutlich geringer. Unterschiede zwischen
den Stationen bestanden vor allem in der Zusammensetzung
der dominierenden Arten, was vor allem auf die
unterschiedliche Lage von Brut- und Rastgebieten zurückzuführen
ist, wodurch die Vögel die drei Stationen auf dem Zug
mehr oder weniger stark tangierten (besonders auffällig bei
den Gänsen).
Beim Seawatching in den ersten drei Morgenstunden konnten
insgesamt 185 Arten, davon 154 bei Sylt, 137 bei Helgoland
und 148 bei Wangerooge registriert werden. Für 23 Arten, die
besonders häufig auftraten bzw. die hinsichtlich der Gefährdung
durch Offshore-Windenergieanlagen als kritisch gelten,
werden jahres- und tageszeitliche Muster der Zugintensität
geschildert und grafisch dargestellt, die beobachteten Truppgrößen
für 11 Arten und die Zugintensität im Tagesverlauf
für 15 Arten. Bei vielen Arten war bei Sylt der Wegzug und
bei Wangerooge der Heimzug stärker ausgeprägt, während
für Helgoland ein ausgeglichenes Verhältnis zwischen den
beiden Zugperioden typisch war. In beiden Jahreszeiten war
die tägliche Zugintensität zwischen den drei Stationen hochsignifikant
korreliert und zwar sowohl bezogen auf die gesamte
Zugintensität aller Arten als auch auf die vieler einzelner
Arten. Auch wenn aufgrund der Lage von Brut- und
Überwinterungsgebieten im Bereich der Deutschen Bucht vor
allem mit Zug entlang einer SW-NE-Achse gerechnet werden
muss, wurde dies beim Seawatching nur auf Helgoland festgestellt.
Bei Sylt und Wangerooge zogen die meisten Vögel
entlang der Küstenlinie, d. h. entlang einer S‑N- Achse bzw.
einer W‑E-Achse.
Beim Islandwatching in den ersten drei Morgenstunden wurden
insgesamt 189 Arten beobachtet, davon 165 über Sylt, 133
über Helgoland und 161 über Wangerooge. Ebenfalls für
23 häufigere Arten wird die Phänologie beschrieben und
grafisch dargestellt, die Truppgrößen für 10 Arten. Auch beim
Islandwatching war die Zugintensität über Helgoland deutlich
geringer als über den beiden küstennahen Inseln, mit etwa
gleichstarkem Aufkommen zu beiden Zugperioden. Küstennah
galt für vielen Arten, dass sie als Folge des von den meisten Singvogelarten gezeigten Leitlinienzuges über Wangerooge
vor allem auf dem Heimzug und über Sylt vor allem
während des Wegzuges beobachtet wurden: Während nur
vergleichsweise wenige Individuen über Sylt (Herbst) bzw.
Wangerooge (Frühjahr) auf See hinaus flogen, folgte die
große Mehrheit der Vögel der Küstenlinie nach S (Sylt im
Herbst) bzw. nach O (Wangerooge im Frühjahr). Offensichtlich
scheuten sich Landvögel tagsüber vor dem Zug auf das
offene Meer hinaus und folgten stattdessen der Küste. Die
demzufolge wenigen von See ankommenden Vögel bedingten
daher eine geringe Zugintensität im Frühjahr über Sylt
bzw. im Herbst über Wangerooge. Nur für Helgoland konnte
die in Mitteleuropa vorherrschende SW-NE-Richtung des
Zuges bestätigt werden. Doch selbst dort hatten anscheinend
bereits die Hafenmolen eine Leitlinienwirkung, denn im
Herbst zogen zahlreiche Singvögel nach SE und S ab. Die
starken Leitlinienwirkungen von Wangerooge (Frühjahr)
und Sylt (Herbst) sorgten dafür, dass die den Zug über das
offene Meer widerspiegelnden Standorte (Helgoland und
Ankunft Sylt im Frühjahr bzw. Helgoland und Ankunft
Wangerooge im Herbst) sowohl für alle Arten gemeinsam
als auch bei Betrachtung einzelner Arten jeweils am engsten
miteinander in Beziehung standen.
Geblendet, verwirrt, unbeachtet und trotzdem irgendwie begeistert - so werden sich viele Zuschauer nach dem Besuch des Pink Floyd-Konzertes am 20. Oktober 1994 in der Londoner Earl Court Arena gefühlt haben; und dasselbe Gefühl kommt auf, wenn man sich den daraus entstandenen Konzertmitschnitt P.U.L.S.E ansieht. Genau 30 Jahre nach der Bandgründung ist für Pink Floyd an diesem Abend Technik Trumpf, der Mensch steht in jeder Hinsicht im Hintergrund.
Der folgende Artikel entstand für ein Buch über Filmmusik, das Hans-Christian Schmidt (Universität Osnabrück) bei der Wissenschaftlichen Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt mit zahlreichen in- und ausländischen Beiträgen 1994 herausgeben wollte. Leider scheiterte das Vorhaben, da es ihm nicht gelang, die versprochenen Aufsätze rechtzeitig zu bekommen. 1996 wurde das Buchprojekt abgesagt. Mein Beitrag war damals zwar rechtzeitig fertig, droht nun allerdings durch den immer länger werdenden Zeitverzug - und neue Bücher über Greenaway - an Aktualität zu verlieren. Vielleicht ist dies hier ein geeigneter nostalgischer Ort zur Veröffentlichung.
Plant species diversity and species ranges were investigated in two siliceous mountain regions: the Central Alps (Nature Park Texelgruppe, South Tyrol, Italy) and Central Greater Caucasus (Cross Pass area, Kazbegi region, Georgia). Altitudinal gradients from the treeline ecotone to the upper alpine/ subnival and nival zone, respectively, are compared. The research was carried out within the projects GLORIA-Europe (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments) and GLORIA-worldwide. The idea of the GLORIA projects is to describe the actual diversity (= task of the first recording), and to observe diversity changes and migrations of low-altitude species to higher altitudes (= task of the monitoring every 5–10 years). The objective of this paper is to analyse (1) altitudinal gradients from the treeline to the nival zone in the Central Caucasus and in the Central Alps, (2) floristic similarities between the two mountain regions, (3) signs of migrating montane species to higher altitudes in both regions. In each mountain region four summits were selected and 3 x 3 m square clusters were established at the 5 m contour line below the highest summit point in each of the four main compass directions. In the four corner plots (4 x 1 m²) of the square cluster plots frequency analyses were performed and vegetation cover was estimated. Additionally, species sampling was made from the highest summit point down to the 10 m contour line of each summit. The species were classified according to their distribution (endemic vs. non-endemic species) and their altitudinal range (colline-montane-treeline-alpine-subnival-nival species). The total species number of the GLORIA summits in the Central Caucasus was 116, in the Central Alps 140. Differences between the two mountain regions were detected regarding species diversity per summit, number of endemic species and altitudinal ranges of the species. In the Central Alps, a high number of montane species was present at the treeline ecotone in contrast to the Central Caucasus, where species of lower altitudes did hardly occur at the investigated summits.
Plasticity resembling spike-timing dependent synaptic plasticity: the evidence in human cortex
(2010)
Spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) has been studied extensively in a variety of animal models during the past decade but whether it can be studied at the systems level of the human cortex has been a matter of debate. Only recently newly developed non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have made it possible to induce and assess timing dependent plasticity in conscious human subjects. This review will present a critical synopsis of these experiments, which suggest that several of the principal characteristics and molecular mechanisms of TMS-induced plasticity correspond to those of STDP as studied at a cellular level. TMS combined with a second phasic stimulation modality can induce bidirectional long-lasting changes in the excitability of the stimulated cortex, whose polarity depends on the order of the associated stimulus-evoked events within a critical time window of tens of milliseconds. Pharmacological evidence suggests an NMDA receptor mediated form of synaptic plasticity. Studies in human motor cortex demonstrated that motor learning significantly modulates TMS-induced timing dependent plasticity, and, conversely, may be modulated bidirectionally by prior TMS-induced plasticity, providing circumstantial evidence that long-term potentiation-like mechanisms may be involved in motor learning. In summary, convergent evidence is being accumulated for the contention that it is now possible to induce STDP-like changes in the intact human central nervous system by means of TMS to study and interfere with synaptic plasticity in neural circuits in the context of behavior such as learning and memory. Keywords: spike-timing dependent plasticity, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, paired associative stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, human, cortex, translational neuroscience
Die Wissens'poetologie' bezeichnet eine 'Praxis', die ein Tableau verschiedener Wissensfelder freilegt, um die Bedingungen der historisch-epistemologischen Möglichkeiten verschiedener Wissensordnungen zu hinterfragen und zu untersuchen. Doch wie werden diese Praktiken 'in concreto' von der Literatur vollzogen? Zwei mögliche wissenspoetologische Praktiken sollen anhand der Schriften Walter Benjamins und Jorge Luis Borges' verdeutlicht werden, um sie weiterführend als Paradigma für komparatistische Nachforschungen in der Wissenspoetologie zu verwenden: die 'Fiktionalisierung' und das 'Experiment'.
Doppeltgänger — man fasst diesen Begriff bei Jean Paul gerne im heutigen Sinne auf, also als Beschreibung zweier Menschen, die sich äußerlich gleichen und daher von dritten miteinander verwechselt werden. Das 18. und frühe 19. Jahrhundert hat jedoch vor allem die Dimension des "geistige[n] Doppeltgänger[s]" im Blick, also die psychische, ja psychopathologische Innenansicht einer solchen Verwechslung. Es handelt sich bei einem oder mehreren Doppeltgängern dementsprechend um "Leute, die sich selber sehen" oder genauer:'um "eine Person, von verbrannter Embildungskraft, welche wahnt, daß sie doppelt zu sehen sei, oder zu einer und derselben Zeit an zwei verschiedenen Orten zugleich sei".'
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [K(C5HF6N2)(H2O)2]n, is composed of two 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolide anions, two potassium cations and four water molecules. The water molecules and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolide anions act as bridges between the potassium cations. Each potassium cation is surrounded by four O atoms [K—O = 2.705 (3)–2.767 (3) Å] and four F atoms [K—F = 2.870 (7)–3.215 (13) Å]. The water molecules and the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolide anions are connected by O—H ... N hydrogen bonds, forming layers in the ab plane. All –CF3 groups show rotational disorder between two orientations each.
Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders which are characteristically comprised of impairments in social interaction, communication and restricted interests/behaviours. Several cell adhesion transmembrane leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins are highly expressed in the nervous system and are thought to be key regulators of its development. Here we present an association study analysing the roles of four promising candidate genes - LRRTM1 (2p), LRRTM3 (10q), LRRN1 (3p) and LRRN3 (7q) - in order to identify common genetic risk factors underlying ASDs.
Methods: In order to gain a better understanding of how the genetic variation within these four gene regions may influence susceptibility to ASDs, a family-based association study was undertaken in 661 families of European ancestry selected from four different ASD cohorts. In addition, a case-control study was undertaken across the four LRR genes, using logistic regression in probands with ASD of each population against 295 ECACC controls.
Results: Significant results were found for LRRN3 and LRRTM3 (P < 0.005), using both single locus and haplotype approaches. These results were further supported by a case-control analysis, which also highlighted additional SNPs in LRRTM3.
Conclusions: Overall, our findings implicate the neuronal leucine-rich genes LRRN3 and LRRTM3 in ASD susceptibility.
Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are produced during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (H/R), which may contribute to multiple organ failure. The AIM of this study was to test the hypothesis that green tea (Camellia sinenesis) extract containing 85% polyphenols decreases injury after H/R in rats by scavenging ROS and RNS. Method: S: Female Sprague Dawley rats were given 100 mg polyphenol extract/kg body weight or vehicle 2 h prior to hemorrhagic shock. H/R was induced by two protocols: 1) withdrawal of blood to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg followed by further withdrawals to decrease blood pressure progressively to 28 mm Hg over 1 h (severe), and 2) withdrawal of blood to a sustained hypotension of 40 mm Hg for 1 h (moderate). Rats were then resuscitated over 1 h with 60% of the shed blood volume plus twice the shed blood volume of lactated Ringer's solution. Serum samples were collected at 10 min and 2 h after resuscitation. At 2 or 18 h, livers were harvested for cytokine and 3-nitrotyrosine quantification, immunohistochemical detection of 4-hydroxynonenol (4-HNE) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression. Results: After severe H/R, 18-h survival increased from 20% after vehicle to 70% after polyphenols (p<0.05). After moderate H/R, survival was greater (80%) and not different between vehicle and polyphenols. In moderate H/R, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased at 10 min and 2 h postresuscitation to 345 and 545 IU/L, respectively. Polyphenol treatment blunted this increase to 153 and 252 IU/L at 10 min and 2 h (p<0.01). Polyphenols also blunted increases in liver homogenates of TNFalpha (7.0 pg/mg with vehicle vs. 4.9 pg/mg with polyphenols, p<0.05), IL-1beta (0.80 vs. 0.37 pg/mg, p<0.05), IL-6 (6.9 vs. 5.1 pg/mg, p<0.05) and nitrotyrosine (1.9 pg/mg vs. 0.6 pg/mg, p<0.05) measured 18 h after H/R. Hepatic 4-HNE immunostaining indicative of lipid peroxidation also decreased from 4.8% after vehicle to 1.5% after polyphenols (p<0.05). By contrast, polyphenols did not block increased iNOS expression at 2 h after H/R. CONCLUSION: Polyphenols decrease ROS/RNS formation and are beneficial after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.
This paper presents a study on a population of Pulsatilla patens conducted in 2009 in the Natura 2000 wildlife refuge called "Grasslands in the Military Training Grounds in Orzysz" in the Masurian Lake District (NE Poland). The purpose of the study was to determine the population structure of Pulsatilla patens, especially with regard to abundance, density, and percentage of life cycle stages in the total population. Correlations were examined between these population features and selected environmental characteristics including cover of phanerogams, cryptogams, litter, and bare soil. For the evaluation of the linear relationship between the variables, Spearman's correlation coefficient was used. In order to identify the factors that have significant influence on the values of the dependent variables, a multiple regression analysis was performed. In total, 316 individuals of Pulsatilla patens were recorded: 62 flower ing adults, 202 vegetative adults and 52 juveniles. The number of flowers per individual varied from one to 12, the average being three flowers. Most individuals occurred in dry heath, and the smallest number of individuals was found in pine forest. The mean density per habitat ranged from one to 11 individuals per 4 m2. Increased cover of phanerogams and cryptogams caused a decrease in the density of Pulsatilla patens individuals.
Turmfalke (Falco tinnunculus) und Schleiereule (Tyto alba)
sind seit Jahrhunderten avifaunistischer Bestandteil der Kulturräume
Süddeutschlands, wobei deren jährliche Reproduktionsraten
erheblichen Schwankungen unterliegen und bei
beiden Arten nicht synchron verlaufen müssen. Diese Arbeit
beruht auf Untersuchungen der Populationsentwicklung von
Schleiereule und Turmfalke, die über zehn Jahre auf einer
Probefläche in der Region Kraichgau (Südwestdeutschland)
durchgeführt wurden. Unsere Daten belegen einen positiven
Effekt der Schaffung neuer bzw. der Optimierung alter Brutplätze
auf die Populationsentwicklung beider Vogelarten. 81 %
der gebäudebrütenden Turmfalken und 99 % der Schleiereulen
brüteten in künstlichen Nisthilfen. Die Brutpaardichte der
Schleiereule schwankte von 1,4 Paaren/100 km2 bis 8,6
Paaren/100km2, die des Turmfalken von 6,6 Paaren/100 km2
bis 19,7 Paaren/100 km2. Im Mittel lag die Reproduktionsrate
der Schleiereule während des Untersuchungszeitraumes bei
4,7 Jungvögeln pro erfolgreicher Erstbrut, die des Turmfalken
ebenfalls bei 4,7 Jungvögeln pro erfolgreicher Brut. Für die
Schleiereule zeigte sich aktuell im Vergleich zu früheren Perioden
keine direkte Abhängigkeit der Brutpopulation von der
Anzahl der Schneetage des vorausgegangenen Winters. Beim
Turmfalken fiel eine ausgeprägte Jugenddispersion auf. Unsere
Daten sprechen zudem für eine Brutplatzkonkurrenz zwischen
Dohle, Turmfalke und Schleiereule im Siedlungsraum.
Posljedice globalizacijskih procesa vidljive su i u jeziku kao tendencija k internacionalizaciji. Internacionalizacija, ili možda preciznije angloamerikanizacija, zahvatila je sve jezike modernoga svijeta. Hrvatski jezik nije iznimka. U ovom ćemo radu spomenuti samo neke od posljedica internacionalizacije, i to na leksičkoj, tvorbenoj i semantičkoj razini.
The article analyses the early novels stillborn, Terminifera und Magma by Michael Stavarič in respect of their compliance with the theory of postmodern novels. The analysis concludes that the works of th e academically educated writer correspond in very high proportions to the theory and attitudes of post-modernism.
Potentiation of glycine-gated NR1/NR3A NMDA receptors relieves Ca2+-dependent outward rectification
(2010)
Glycine has diverse functions within the mammalian central nervous system. It inhibits postsynaptic neurons via strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors (GlyRs) and enhances neuronal excitation through co-activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Classical Ca2+-permeable NMDA receptors are composed of glycine-binding NR1 and glutamate-binding NR2 subunits, and hence require both glutamate and glycine for efficient activation. In contrast, recombinant receptors composed of NR1 and the glycine binding NR3A and/or NR3B subunits lack glutamate binding sites and can be activated by glycine alone. Therefore these receptors are also named “excitatory glycine receptors”. Co-application of antagonists of the NR1 glycine-binding site or of the divalent cation Zn2+ markedly enhances the glycine responses of these receptors. To gain further insight into the properties of these glycine-gated NMDA receptors, we investigated their current-voltage (I–V) dependence. Whole-cell current-voltage relations of glycine currents recorded from NR1/NR3B and NR1/NR3A/NR3B expressing oocytes were found to be linear under our recording conditions. In contrast, NR1/NR3A receptors displayed a strong outwardly rectifying I–V relation. Interestingly, the voltage-dependent inward current block was abolished in the presence of NR1 antagonists, Zn2+ or a combination of both. Further analysis revealed that Ca2+ (1.8 mM) present in our recording solutions was responsible for the voltage-dependent inhibition of ion flux through NR1/NR3A receptors. Since physiological concentrations of the divalent cation Mg2+ did not affect the I–V dependence, our data suggest that relief of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ block of NR1/NR3A receptors by Zn2+ may be important for the regulation of excitatory glycinergic transmission, according to the Mg2+-block of conventional NR1/NR2 NMDA receptors. Keywords: NMDA receptor, excitatory glycine receptor, voltage block, NR3 subunit, supralinear potentiation, Zn2+, NR1 antagonist, ligand-binding domain
Background: Current conventional vaccination approaches do not induce potent CD8 T-cell responses for fighting mostly variable viral diseases such as influenza, avian influenza viruses or HIV. Following our recent study on vaccine penetration by targeting of vaccine to human hair follicular ducts surrounded by Langerhans cells, we tested in the first randomized Phase-Ia trial based on hair follicle penetration (namely transcutaneous route) the induction of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses. Methods and Findings: We chose the inactivated influenza vaccine – a conventional licensed tetanus/influenza (TETAGRIP®) vaccine – to compare the safety and immunogenicity of transcutaneous (TC) versus IM immunization in two randomized controlled, multi-center Phase I trials including 24 healthy-volunteers and 12 HIV-infected patients. Vaccination was performed by application of inactivated influenza vaccine according to a standard protocol allowing the opening of the hair duct for the TC route or needle-injection for the IM route. We demonstrated that the safety of the two routes was similar. We showed the superiority of TC application, but not the IM route, to induce a significant increase in influenza-specific CD8 cytokine-producing cells in healthy-volunteers and in HIV-infected patients. However, these routes did not differ significantly for the induction of influenza-specific CD4 responses, and neutralizing antibodies were induced only by the IM route. The CD8 cell response is thus the major immune response observed after TC vaccination. Conclusions: This Phase Ia clinical trial (Manon05) testing an anti-influenza vaccine demonstrated that vaccines designed for antibody induction by the IM route, generate vaccine-specific CD8 T cells when administered transcutaneously. These results underline the necessity of adapting vaccination strategies to control complex infectious diseases when CD8 cellular responses are crucial. Our work opens up a key area for the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for diseases in which CD8 cells play a crucial role.
The continuous progress in the structural and functional characterization of aquaporins increasingly attracts attention to study their roles in certain mammalian diseases. Although several structures of aquaporins have already been solved by crystallization, the challenge of producing sufficient amounts of functional proteins still remains. CF (cell free) expression has emerged in recent times as a promising alternative option in order to synthesize large quantities of membrane proteins, and the focus of this report was to evaluate the potential of this technique for the production of eukaryotic aquaporins. We have selected the mouse aquaporin 4 as a representative of mammalian aquaporins. The protein was synthesized in an E. coli extract based cell-free system with two different expression modes, and the efficiencies of two modes were compared. In both, the P-CF (cell-free membrane protein expression as precipitate) mode generating initial aquaporin precipitates as well as in the D-CF (cell-free membrane protein expression in presence of detergent) mode, generating directly detergent solubilized samples, we were able to obtain mg amounts of protein per ml of cell-free reaction. Purified aquaporin samples solubilized in different detergents were reconstituted into liposomes, and analyzed for the water channel activity. The calculated Pf value of proteoliposome samples isolated from the D-CF mode was 133 µm/s at 10°C, which was 5 times higher as that of the control. A reversible inhibitory effect of mercury chloride was observed, which is consistent with previous observations of in vitro reconstituted aquaporin 4. In this study, a fast and convenient protocol was established for functional expression of aquaporins, which could serve as basis for further applications such as water filtration.
U prilogu se s kontrastivnog aspekta analiziraju frazemi hrvatskoga i češkoga jezika kojima je sastavnica zoonim. Životinja je još od pradavnih vremena najbliži čovjekov suputnik. U svim se narodima životinjama pripisuju simbolična značenja i ljudske osobine i to najčešće one negativne što ćemo i pokušati dokazati ovim prilogom. Naime, ljudi su kroz povijest pripisivali životinjama određene stereotipe. Tako se pozitivno određuju domaće životinje i to one od kojih čovjek ima više koristi, za razliku od divljih prema kojima je puno kritičniji i skloniji negativnome određenju. S obzirom na to da zoonimska frazeologija obuhvaća širok dijapazon različitih značenja u ovome ćemo se prilogu baviti onim frazemima koji svojim značenjem ulaze u koncept ljudskih osobina, stanja, izgleda, načina kretanja te odnosa prema jelu i piću. Pri tome se objašnjava i simbolika pojedine životinje jer se time razumije i pozadinska slika pojedina frazema. Također u prilogu se provodi i kontrastivna analiza izdvojenih hrvatskih i čeških frazema s obzirom na navedene koncepte te se utvrđuju podudarnosti i razlike.
Ključne riječi: frazem; zoonim; frazemska pozadinska slika; kontrastivna analiza; hrvatski jezik; češki jezik
WE STUDY WHETHER PRIVATE EQUITY (PE) FIRMS HAVE A POSITIVE IMPACT ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THEIR GERMAN PORTFOLIO COMPANIES BEFORE AND AFTER THE IPO. OUR EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS IS BASED ON A UNIQUE AND LARGE DATASET OF ALL IPOS IN GERMANY BETWEEN 2000 AND 2007. WE FIND THAT PE FIRMS SELECT COMPANIES WITH BELOW AVERAGE PERFORMANCE AND THEN IMPROVE PERFORMANCE SUBSTANTIALLY UNTIL THE IPO DATE AND IN MANY CASES ALSO THEREAFTER. THIS IMPLIES THAT PE FIRMS FILL A VOID ALSO IN GERMAN FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THAT THEY WILL ALSO PLAY A FUTURE ROLE IN FINANCING GERMAN ENTERPRISES.
Fasst man das Konzept der Katharsis als die wohltuende Auflösung eines durch eine Erzählung ausgelösten, emotionalen Spannungszustandes auf, dann lässt sich wohl behaupten, dass diese nach wie vor das aristotelisch-klassische Ziel des modernen Mainstream Kinos ist. Das Besondere an dem Film The Reader ist nun, dass diese Katharsis nicht nur ein latent verfolgtes Ziel des Filmes, d.h. ein unbewusstes Nebenprodukt eines Happy Ends ist, sondern gleichzeitig auch expliziter Teil der Erzählung (und somit eine begriffliche Ausweitung erfährt): Ist eine Katharsis angesichts der Schrecken von Auschwitz überhaupt möglich? Die folgende Deutung glaubt, dass der Film diese Frage versucht zu bejahen, indem er auf die Möglichkeiten eines ‚poetischen Kinos’ verweist. Diese bestehen nicht zuletzt in der Symbolisierung des ‚Unaussprechlichen’, die zwar keine rationale, dafür aber eine emotionale Integration der NS-Vergangenheit zu leisten können beansprucht.
Anhand des Fallbeispiels studiumdigitale, der zentralen eLearning-Einrichtung der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, werden verschiedene Thesen zur Einrichtung und Entwicklung einer so genannten Third Space-Einrichtung dargelegt, die einerseits den Erfolg und das Überleben einer Einrichtung wie auch ihre Fortentwicklung betreffen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Ausgestaltung der Austauschbeziehung der Einrichtung zu ihren ‚Kunden’, den Lehrenden, zu ihren Nachbareinrichtungen und sowie der Definition und Ausprägung der Aufgaben der Institution.
On August 13, 2010 Horst Schuller, university professor, former head of the German Studies Department of the University of Sibiu, Romanian-born German critic and literary historian reached the age of 70 years. The present article pays homage to the well-known scientist at reaching the venerable age.
Programmatik und Verfahren des Direct Cinema (mit besonderem Augenmerk auf Don Alan Pennebaker)
(2010)
Das amerikanische Direct Cinema, wie es 1960 unter der Leitung von Robert Drew mit PRIMARY, dem ersten Film der Gruppe um Richard Leacock und D.A. Pennebaker, entstanden war, gab rasch dem amerikanischen Dokumentarfilm und bald auch der internationalen Szene revolutionierende und revitalisierende Impulse. Es basiert auf der Erfindung Leacocks und anderer, mithilfe der Pilotton-Technik ein tragbares Tonaufzeichnungsgerät mit der 16mm-Kamera zu synchronisieren. Damit war der Dokumentarfilm sozusagen freigesetzt, man konnte den gefilmten Personen überallhin folgen und den authentischen Ton vor Ort aufzeichnen, während zuvor ein Tonstudio nötig war.
The title compound, C15H14N2O4, has a trans–gauche [O/C/C/C–O/C/C/C] (TG) conformation. The angle between the planes of aromatic rings is 76.4 (3)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by van der Waals interactions and C—H ... O hydrogen bonds. The crystal used was a non-merohedral twin with a fractional contribution of the minor component of 0.443 (5).
The title compound. C15H14N2O4, (I), has a gauche–gauche (O/C/C/C—O/C/C/C or GG) conformation and is a positional isomer of propane-1,3-diyl bis(pyridine-3-carboxylate), (II). The molecule of (I) lies on a twofold rotation axis, which passes through the central C atom of the aliphatic chain, giving one half-molecule per asymmetric unit. There is excellent agreement of the geometric parameters of (I) and (II). The most obvious differences between them are the O/C/C/C—O/C/C/C torsion angles [56.6 (2)° in (I) and 174.0 (3)/70.2 (3)° in (II) for GG and TG conformations, respectively] and the dihedral angle between the planes of the aromatic rings [80.3 (10)° in (I) and 76.5 (3)° in (II)]. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak C—H ... N and C—H ... O hydrogen bonding.
Proteins can be acetylated at the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino acid (methionine or the penultimate amino acid after methionine removal) or at the epsilon-amino group of internal lysines. In eukaryotes the majority of proteins are N-terminally acetylated, while this is extremely rare in bacteria. A variety of studies about N-terminal acetylation in archaea have been reported recently, and it was revealed that a considerable fraction of proteins is N-terminally acetylated in haloarchaea and Sulfolobus, while this does not seem to apply for methanogenic archaea. Many eukaryotic proteins are modified by differential internal acetylation, which is important for a variety of processes. Until very recently, only two bacterial proteins were known to be acetylation targets, but now 125 acetylation sites are known for E. coli. Knowledge about internal acetylation in archaea is extremely limited; only two target proteins are known, only one of which--Alba--was used to study differential acetylation. However, indications accumulate that the degree of internal acetylation of archaeal proteins might be underestimated, and differential acetylation has been shown to be essential for the viability of haloarchaea. Focused proteomic approaches are needed to get an overview of the extent of internal protein acetylation in archaea.
Activation of Notch1 signaling in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induces self-renewal and inhibits neurogenesis. Upon neuronal differentiation, NPCs overcome this inhibition, express proneural genes to induce Notch ligands, and activate Notch1 in neighboring NPCs. The molecular mechanism that coordinates Notch1 inactivation with initiation of neurogenesis remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that Prox1, a transcription repressor and downstream target of proneural genes, counteracts Notch1 signaling via direct suppression of Notch1 gene expression. By expression studies in the developing spinal cord of chick and mouse embryo, we showed that Prox1 is limited to neuronal precursors residing between the Notch1+ NPCs and post-mitotic neurons. Physiological levels of Prox1 in this tissue are sufficient to allow binding at Notch1 promoter and they are critical for proper Notch1 transcriptional regulation in vivo. Gain-of-function studies in the chick neural tube and mouse NPCs suggest that Prox1-mediated suppression of Notch1 relieves its inhibition on neurogenesis and allows NPCs to exit the cell cycle and differentiate. Moreover, loss-of-function in the chick neural tube shows that Prox1 is necessary for suppression of Notch1 outside the ventricular zone, inhibition of active Notch signaling, down-regulation of NPC markers, and completion of neuronal differentiation program. Together these data suggest that Prox1 inhibits Notch1 gene expression to control the balance between NPC self-renewal and neuronal differentiation.
Quantification of circulating endothelial progenitor cells using the modified ISHAGE protocol
(2010)
Aims: Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), involved in endothelial regeneration, neovascularisation, and determination of prognosis in cardiovascular disease can be characterised with functional assays or using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Combinations of markers, including CD34+KDR+ or CD133+KDR+, are used. This approach, however may not consider all characteristics of EPC. The lack of a standardised protocol with regards to reagents and gating strategies may account for the widespread inter-laboratory variations in quantification of EPC. We, therefore developed a novel protocol adapted from the standardised so-called ISHAGE protocol for enumeration of haematopoietic stem cells to enable comparison of clinical and laboratory data. Methods and Results: In 25 control subjects, 65 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD; 40 stable CAD, 25 acute coronary syndrome/acute myocardial infarction (ACS)), EPC were quantified using the following approach: Whole blood was incubated with CD45, KDR, and CD34. The ISHAGE sequential strategy was used, and finally, CD45dimCD34+ cells were quantified for KDR. A minimum of 100 CD34+ events were collected. For comparison, CD45+CD34+ and CD45-CD34+ were analysed simultaneously. The number of CD45dimCD34+KDR+ cells only were significantly higher in healthy controls compared to patients with CAD or ACS (p = 0.005 each, p<0.001 for trend). An inverse correlation of CD45dimCD34+KDR+ with disease activity (r = -0.475, p<0.001) was confirmed. Only CD45dimCD34+KDR+ correlated inversely with the number of diseased coronaries (r = -0.344; p<0.005). In a second study, a 4-week de-novo treatment of atorvastatin in stable CAD evoked an increase only of CD45dimCD34+KDR+ EPC (p<0.05). CD45+CD34+KDR+ and CD45-CD34+KDR+ were indifferent between the three groups. Conclusion: Our newly established protocol adopted from the standardised ISHAGE protocol achieved higher accuracy in EPC enumeration confirming previous findings with respect to the correlation of EPC with disease activity and the increase of EPC during statin therapy. The data of this study show the CD45dim fraction to harbour EPC.
O presente artigo oferece um breve panorama acerca do ensino da língua alemã no Brasil. Seguindo os conceitos e dimensões de bilinguismo e bilingualidade , identifica o ensino de língua alemã como segunda língua e trata do aspecto da interculturalidade restrito à análise da prática em duas escolas bilíngues do Rio de Janeiro, onde a língua/cultura alemã é a segunda língua.(L2) Propõese uma reflexão sobre a questão da interculturalidade no âmbito da comemoração de datas festivas em escolas bilíngues. Dentro dessa temática e no contexto escolar bilíngue, delimitamos o estudo a eventos comemorativos como a Páscoa, marcados pela distribuição de ovinhos de Páscoa/Ostereier. O estudo baseia-se em uma perspectiva sociocultural da linguagem e ressalta as relações entre língua, identidade e estrutura social.
Background: A delta and C fibers are the major pain-conducting nerve fibers, activate only partly the same brain areas, and are differently involved in pain syndromes. Whether a stimulus excites predominantly A delta or C fibers is a commonly asked question in basic pain research but a quick test was lacking so far. Methodology/Principal Findings: Of 77 verbal descriptors of pain sensations, "pricking", "dull" and "pressing" distinguished best (95% cases correctly) between A delta fiber mediated (punctate pressure produced by means of von Frey hairs) and C fiber mediated (blunt pressure) pain, applied to healthy volunteers in experiment 1. The sensation was assigned to A delta fibers when "pricking" but neither "dull" nor "pressing" were chosen, and to C fibers when the sum of the selections of "dull" or "pressing" was greater than that of the selection of "pricking". In experiment 2, with an independent cohort, the three-descriptor questionnaire achieved sensitivity and specificity above 0.95 for distinguishing fiber preferential non-mechanical induced pain (laser heat, exciting A delta fibers, and 5-Hz electric stimulation, exciting C fibers). Conclusion: A three-item verbal rating test using the words "pricking", "dull", and "pressing" may provide sufficient information to characterize a pain sensation evoked by a physical stimulus as transmitted via A delta or via C fibers. It meets the criteria of a screening test by being easy to administer, taking little time, being comfortable in handling, and inexpensive while providing high specificity for relevant information.
Background: R-flurbiprofen, one of the enantiomers of flurbiprofen racemate, is inactive with respect to cyclooxygenase inhibition, but shows analgesic properties without relevant toxicity. Its mode of action is still unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: We show that R-flurbiprofen reduces glutamate release in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord evoked by sciatic nerve injury and thereby alleviates pain in sciatic nerve injury models of neuropathic pain in rats and mice. This is mediated by restoring the balance of endocannabinoids (eCB), which is disturbed following peripheral nerve injury in the DRGs, spinal cord and forebrain. The imbalance results from transcriptional adaptations of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and NAPE-phospholipase D, i.e. the major enzymes involved in anandamide metabolism and synthesis, respectively. R-flurbiprofen inhibits FAAH activity and normalizes NAPE-PLD expression. As a consequence, R-Flurbiprofen improves endogenous cannabinoid mediated effects, indicated by the reduction of glutamate release, increased activity of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor PPAR gamma and attenuation of microglia activation. Antinociceptive effects are lost by combined inhibition of CB1 and CB2 receptors and partially abolished in CB1 receptor deficient mice. R-flurbiprofen does however not cause changes of core body temperature which is a typical indicator of central effects of cannabinoid-1 receptor agonists. Conclusion: Our results suggest that R-flurbiprofen improves the endogenous mechanisms to regain stability after axonal injury and to fend off chronic neuropathic pain by modulating the endocannabinoid system and thus constitutes an attractive, novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of chronic, intractable pain.
Background: Early inner ear development requires the strict regulation of cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation, coordinated by the concerted action of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Deregulation of these processes is associated with embryonic malformations and deafness. We have shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) plays a key role in embryonic and postnatal otic development by triggering the activation of intracellular lipid and protein kinases. RAF kinases are serine/threonine kinases that regulate the highly conserved RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade involved in transducing the signals from extracellular growth factors to the nucleus. However, the regulation of RAF kinase activity by growth factors during development is complex and still not fully understood.
Methodology/Principal Findings: By using a combination of qRT-PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we show that C-RAF and B-RAF are expressed during the early development of the chicken inner ear in specific spatiotemporal patterns. Moreover, later in development B-RAF expression is associated to hair cells in the sensory patches. Experiments in ex vivo cultures of otic vesicle explants demonstrate that the influence of IGF-I on proliferation but not survival depends on RAF kinase activating the MEK-ERK phosphorylation cascade. With the specific RAF inhibitor Sorafenib, we show that blocking RAF activity in organotypic cultures increases apoptosis and diminishes the rate of cell proliferation in the otic epithelia, as well as severely impairing neurogenesis of the acoustic-vestibular ganglion (AVG) and neuron maturation.
Conclusions/Significance: We conclude that RAF kinase activity is essential to establish the balance between cell proliferation and death in neuroepithelial otic precursors, and for otic neuron differentiation and axonal growth at the AVG.
Rani razvoj goranskih govora
(2010)
U radu se razmatra povijest hrvatskih govora u Gorskome kotaru, koji se obično smatraju kajkavskim govorima. Obrađuju se različite promjene u akcentuaciji, konsonantizmu i vokalizmu do približno 16. stoljeća. One se uspoređuju sa sličnim promjenama u susjednim kajkavskim, slovenskim, čakavskim i štokavskim dijalektima. Najstarije nam izoglose pokazuju da goranske govore ne možemo smatrati doseljenim izdaleka ili miješanim. Moramo ih smjestiti u Gorski kotar već prije otomanskih nadiranja u 15. i 16. stoljeću. Raspravlja se o tome da je Gorski kotar dijalektno područje kroz koje teče više izoglosa koje postaju razumljive kad smještamo ovo područje u perspektivu okolnih južnoslavenskih narječja.
Raoul Sage
(2010)
Raoul Sage
(2010)
Raoul Sage
(2010)
We report the first measurements of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), a substitute for ozone depleting compounds, in remote regions of the atmosphere and present evidence for its rapid growth. Observed mixing ratios ranged from below 0.01 ppt in deep firn air to 0.59 ppt in the northern mid-latitudinal upper troposphere. Firn air samples collected in Greenland were used to reconstruct a history of atmospheric abundance. Year-on-year increases were deduced, with acceleration in the growth rate from 0.026 ppt per year in 2000 to 0.057 ppt per year in 2007. Upper tropospheric air samples provide evidence for a continuing growth until late 2009. Fur- thermore we calculated a stratospheric lifetime of 370 years from measurements of air samples collected on board high altitude aircraft and balloons. Emission estimates were determined from the reconstructed atmospheric trend and suggest that current "bottom-up" estimates of global emissions for 2005 are too high by more than a factor of three.
Based on newly collected samples and data from the literature, an updated list of the marine bivalves of the Cape Verde Islands is presented. From 2004 to 2006, collections were made at 22 sampling points in the islands of Santiago, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, São Nicolau, Boavista and Maio. Using qualitative and direct sampling methods, 39 species of bivalves, belonging to 20 families, were identified. Families most represented were Veneridae (6 species), Cardiidae (5 species), Arcidae (4 species) and Mytilidae (4 species). Islands with the largest diversity of species were São Vicente (30 species) and Santiago (23 species), probably due to the larger number of sample points (64% of total). Six species not previously reported from the archipelago were collected, i.e. Irus irus, Venus declivis, Timoclea ovata, Diplodonta rotundata, Plagiocardium papillosum and Tagelus adansoni. Corbicula fluminea, supposedly a man assisted introduction, was also collected.
Based on both stranding and sighting records, recent data on the status and distribution of whales and dolphins in the Cape Verde Islands are presented, including records of four taxa new to the archipelago, viz. Common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Dwarf sperm whale Kogia sima, beaked whale Mesoplodon cf. europaeus and False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens. Distribution elsewhere in the tropical eastern Atlantic and some taxonomic issues are discussed.
Observations on the longevity and ecology of Isopogon prostratus McGill. (Proteaceae) based on 1985 and 2009 field measures on Newnes Plateau, near Lithgow, and a seed germination trial are provided. Its survival strategy appears to be that of a stress-tolerator with long-term persistence at (relatively few) suitable sites, and it remains a relatively rare plant. It is conjectured that it is likely to have been a species of greater abundance in the drier, colder and generally treeless conditions of the Newnes Plateau 15–20 000 years ago, but, as conditions became warmer and wetter it has become reduced to isolated populations as taller shrubs outcompeted it for light.
Ob eine Suche nach Rechtsbegriffen des Mittelalters förderlich sei, erscheine – so Harald Siems – zweifelhaft. Theoretische Reflexionen über Recht habe man im Frühen Mittelalter kaum angestellt. Jedenfalls nicht in der Intensität, dass sie sich zum Begriff verdichtet hätten. Die Frage nach dem Rechtsbegriff sei auch deshalb fehl am Platze, weil im Frühmittelalter so etwas zur Lösung von Rechtsfragen nichts hätte beitragen können. Warum sollte jemand auf die Idee kommen, "quasi auf Vorrat" Rechtsbegriffe zu entwickeln? Schon wenn es um konkrete Rechtsfragen wie beispielsweise die Behandlung von Diebstahl oder Raub geht, fehle es "noch lange an Begriff und System". Diese knappe Feststellung bringt Siems’ Ausführungen für einen kurzen Moment in die Nähe von Überlegungen, die Pilch anstellt und die auf dieser Tagung zu verfolgen sind. Aber wirklich nur für einen Augenblick blitzt das auf: Siems sagt, Rechtsbegriffe seien eine schwierige, abstrakte Kategorie, für die heute die Vertreter der Rechtstheorie und der Rechtsphilosophie zuständig seien. ...
Martin Pilchs rechtstheoretische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Begriff der Rechtsgewohnheit bzw. Rechtsgewohnheiten sowie dem Rechtsbegriff als solchem, wie sie seit geraumer Zeit innerhalb der Rechtsgeschichte des Mittelalters diskutiert werden, bietet Gelegenheit zu einer Stellungnahme aus der Perspektive der altorientalischen Rechtsgeschichte. Während in anderen Bereichen der antiken Rechtsgeschichte Rechtsgewohnheiten als Begriff und als Phänomen jedenfalls in jüngerer Zeit durchaus thematisiert werden, spielt dies im Zusammenhang mit Untersuchungen zu den Keilschriftrechten bislang eine allenfalls untergeordnete Rolle. ...