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In a recent discussion on how to deal with data analysis issues initiated by reviewers of pain-related scientific manuscripts in the European Journal of Pain, a seemingly simple statistical issue was raised: two subsets of data in a paper had the same mean and standard deviation. A reviewer asked for a statistical test for or against the identity of the subset distributions. The authors insisted that if the mean and standard deviation were the same, this was sufficient evidence that the subsets of data were not significantly different.
This prompted a discussion among pain researchers, who are not necessarily primarily from the field of data science, a discussion of the importance of carefully examining the distribution of pain-related data in a journal whose primary audience is pain researchers seems warranted...
Objectives In this early retrospective cohort study, a total of 26 patients with SARS-CoV-2 were treated with bamlanivimab or casirivimab/imdevimab, and the reduction of the viral load associated with the developed clinical symptoms was analyzed.
Methods: Patients in the intervention groups received bamlanivimab or casirivimab/imdevimab. Patients without treatment served as control. Outcomes were assessed by clinical symptoms and change in log viral load from baseline based on the cycle threshold over a period of 18 days.
Results: Median log viral load decline was higher in both intervention groups after 3 and 6 days compared to control. However, at later time points, the decline of the viral load was more distinct in the control group. Mild symptoms of COVID-19 were observed in 6.3% of the intervention groups and in no patient of the control. No patients treated with bamlanivimab, 18.8% treated with casirivimab/imdevimab, and 14.2% in the control group developed moderate symptoms. Severe symptoms were recorded only in the control group (14.2%), including one related death.
Conclusion: Treatment with monoclonal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seems to accelerate decline of virus loads, especially in the first 6 days after administration, compared to control. This may be associated with a reduced likeliness of a severe course of COVID-19.
Das Glioblastom ist eine tödliche maligne Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems. Etablierte Therapiekonzepte resultieren in einer Fünfjahresüberlebensrate von fünf Prozent. Die derart infauste Prognose wird unter anderem bedingt durch die Heterogenität des Tumors. Insbesondere einer Population stammzellartiger Zellen wird die Verantwortung für Resistenz und Rekurrenz des Glioblastoms zugesprochen. Die genuine Plastizität des Glioblastoms mit entsprechender Fähigkeit zur Änderungen tumorweiter Expressionsprofile und Ausbildung einzigartiger funktioneller Fähigkeiten kann ohne gezielte Beeinträchtigung von stammzellartigen Zellen womöglich nicht ausreichend überwunden werden. Als Urheber kritischer Eigenschaften erscheint die erfolgreiche Elimination dieser Population innerhalb des Glioblastoms notwendig um nachhaltige Therapieerfolge zu erzielen. Mögliche Strategien der Elimination stammzellartiger Zellen setzen an Differenzierung und Ausbeutung stammzelltypischer Signalwege zur Modulation dieser Zellen an. Hierdurch sollen zentrale Fähigkeiten der Population stammzellartiger Zellen, wie Selbsterneuerung, Resistenz gegenüber Strahlen- und Chemotherapie und erneute Formation heterogener Tumore, überwunden werden.
Zentrale zelluläre Prozesse, welche zum Erhalt des stammzellartigen Zustandes dieser Zellen beitragen, sind unter anderem der Hedgehog- und Notch-Signalweg. Einer Beeinträchtigung dieser Signalwege wohnt womöglich die Fähigkeit der effektiven Modulation zentraler Eigenschaften stammzellartiger Zellen inne. Neben diesen Signalwegen gibt es eine Reihe weiterer Prozesse, welchen eine Urheberschaft an der Resistenz der Zellen zugesprochen wird. Hierzu zählt beispielweise der Prozess der Autophagie. Die Autophagie ist ein hochkonservierter zellulärer Mechanismus zur Selbsterneuerung durch Selbstdegradation fehlerhafter zellulärer Komponenten. Gleichzeitig kann die Autophagie durch eine Überaktivität zu einem spezifischen, autophagischen Zelltod beitragen. Die Modulation dieses Dualismus kann in einer Vielzahl von Tumoren, so auch im Glioblastom, das Schicksal einer tumorfördernden Autophagie in eine antitumorale Autophagie ändern.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde erstmalig eine Modulation zentraler Eigenschaften stammzellartiger Zellen durch die Beeinflussung ihrer zellulären Prozesse mittels kombinierter Therapie durch Arsentrioxid oder GANT und (-)-Gossypol gezeigt. Arsentrioxid wirkt unspezifisch unter anderem als Inhibitor von Notch- und Hedgehog-Signalweg. Diese Inhibition wurde auch in den untersuchten Zellen nachgewiesen und führte zu einer Reduktion von stammzelltypischen Markerproteinen und Fähigkeiten der Tumorgenese in -vitro und ex -vivo, sowie zur Sensitivierung gegenüber strahleninduzierten Schäden. Gegenüber einer spezifischen Hedgehog-Inhibition durch eine GANT-vermittelte Bindung an Gli-Transkriptionsfaktoren zeigten sich deutliche Vorteile der dualen Inhibition durch Arsentrioxid hinsichtlich der genannten Eigenschaften. Die Kombination der Substanzen mit dem pan-Bcl-Inhibitor (-)-Gossypol führte zu einer synergistischen Steigerung der antitumoralen Effekte. (-)-Gossypol wird in Gliomzellen insbesondere mit der Modulation der autophagischen Maschinerie und Auslösung eines autophagischen Zelltodes in Verbindung gebracht. Die Ergebnisse weisen parallele Signalweginteraktionen mit effektiver Modulation des DNA-Damage-Response-Systems durch die Reduktion des Proteins CHEK als kausalen Mechanismus des Synergismus der Substanzen aus.
Die beobachteten Änderungen der typischen Eigenschaften stammzellartiger Zellen durch die Therapie mit Arsentrioxid und (-)-Gossypol implizieren lohnende Folgeuntersuchungen zur weiteren Evaluation dieser Effekte in -vivo, um zukünftig translationale Ableitungen zu erlauben. Die Heterogenität des Glioblastoms und seine genuine Plastizität lassen sich womöglich erfolgreich durch multiple Eingriffe in unterschiedliche zelluläre Prozesse, hierunter Notch- und Hedgehog-Signaling, modulieren. Hierdurch könnten zentrale Eigenschaften des Glioblastoms eventuell effektiv verändert und Resistenz sowie Rekurrenz überwunden werden.
Oral e-Poster Presentations - Booth 1: Vascular 3, September 27, 2023, 10:00 AM - 10:40 AM
Background: Despite current clinical guidelines recommending suboccipital decompressive craniectomy (SDC) in patients with space-occupying cerebellar infarction when neurological deterioration occurs, the precise definition of such deterioration remains unclear. The current study aimed at characterizing whether clinical outcomes can be predicted by the GCS score immediately prior to SDC, and whether higher GCS scores are associated with better clinical outcomes. We aimed to characterize whether clinical outcomes can be predicted by the GCS score immediately prior to SDC, and if higher GCS scores are associated with better clinical outcomes.
Methods: In a single-center, retrospective analysis of 51 patients treated with SDC for space-occupying cerebellar infarction clinical and imaging data were evaluated at the timepoints of symptom onset, hospital admission and preoperatively. Clinical outcome was measured by mRS at the last available follow-up. Preoperative GCS scores were stratified into three groups (GCS 3-8, 9-11 and 12-15). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed using clinical and radiological parameters as predictors of clinical outcome.
Results: In Cox-regression analysis using mRS of 1-2 as a positive clinical outcome we found a significant increase in the proportional hazard ratio (HR) of 6.581 [CI 1.839-36.414]; p=0.031 for GCS scores of 12-15 prior to SDC. Clinical outcomes (mRS 3-6) were associated with infarct volume above 6.0 cm3 (HR 2.473 [CI 1.209-5.057]; p=0.013), tonsillar herniation (HR: 0.279 [CI 0.083-0.933]; p=0.038), brainstem compression (HR 0.304 [CI 0.123-0.749]; p=0.010) and a preoperative GCS score of 3-8 (HR 2.386 [CI 1.160-4.906]; p=0.018).
Conclusions: SDC should be considered in patients with infarct volumes above 6.0 cm3 with GCS scores higher than previously described in the literature, as these patients may show better long-term outcome than those in which surgery is delayed until a GCS score of 11 or lower.
Einleitung: Das Pseudoaneurysma (PSA) stellt eine der häufigsten Komplikationen nach arteriellen Punktionen dar. Dabei unterscheiden sich die Komplikationsraten kathetergestützter Verfahren bei diagnostischen Eingriffen deutlich von jenen bei therapeutischen Eingriffen. Zur Behandlung des Pseudoaneurysmas steht eine große Bandbreite an Therapieoptionen zur Verfügung, unter anderem die ultraschallgestützte Thrombininjektion (TI) sowie die Therapie mittels konventionellem Druckverband (DV). Jedoch werden venöse Thrombosen nach der Behandlung des Pseudoaneurysmas beschrieben. Der Einfluss von Antikoagulantien (AK) und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern (TAH) sowohl auf die Erfolgsraten der Pseudoaneurysmatherapie als auch die anschließende Entstehung venöser Thrombosen wurde bisher noch nicht analysiert.
Fragestellung: Die Effektivität des Druckverbands und der Thrombininjektion bei Patienten mit Pseudoaneurysma und damit assoziierten venösen Thrombosen wurde geprüft. Außerdem wurden die Auswirkungen von Antikoagulantien und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern auf die Erfolgsraten der Pseudoaneurysmatherapie und die damit assoziierten venösen Thrombosen untersucht.
Methoden: Es wurden von Januar 2010 bis Dezember 2018 insgesamt 468 Patienten mit Pseudoaneurysma untersucht, wovon 238 Patienten in die retrospektive Studie eingeschlossen wurden. Die Behandlung des Pseudoaneurysmas erfolgte mittels Thrombininjektion oder Druckverband. Nach Ablauf von 24 Stunden wurde der Therapieerfolg sonographisch kontrolliert, wobei auch auf das Neuauftreten venöser Beinvenenthrombosen geachtet wurde. Bei allen Patienten wurde die Medikation mit Antikoagulantien und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern zum Zeitpunkt der Pseudoaneurysmatherapie erhoben.
Ergebnisse: Die Thrombininjektion war dem Druckverband sowohl hinsichtlich des größeren Therapieerfolgs (TI 86% vs. DV 52%, p<0,001) als auch der geringeren Thromboseinzidenz (TI 7,7% vs. DV 21,3%, p=0,039) signifikant überlegen.
Insgesamt erlitten 40 der 238 Patienten eine neu aufgetretene venöse Thrombose der unteren Extremität. Auch bei Betrachtung des Einflusses von Antikoagulantien und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern erwies sich die 5 Thrombininjektion als dem Druckverband signifikant überlegen. Jedoch wurde bei der Thrombininjektion eine um 18% niedrigere Erfolgsrate unter Antikoagulation festgestellt (TIoAK 97% vs. TImAK 79%, p=0,22), wohingegen bei Druckverbandanlage unter Antikoagulation die Erfolgsrate nur um 6% geringer war (DVoAK 57% vs. DVmAK 51%, p=0,38). In Bezug auf die Thromboseraten nach Thrombininjektion bzw. Druckverband unter Antikoagulation oder Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede beobachtet werden.
Fazit: Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Thrombininjektion eine sichere Methode zur Behandlung des Pseudoaneurysmas darstellt und nach Ansicht der Autoren, bei vorhandener Expertise, primär angewandt werden sollte.
Denn die Thrombininjektion ist dem Druckverband in Bezug auf Erfolgs- und Thromboseraten signifikant überlegen. Antikoagulantien beeinträchtigen den Erfolg der Thrombininjektion stärker als den des Druckverbands, weshalb bei Notwendigkeit einer Pseudoaneurysmatherapie die Pausierung der Antikoagulantien im Rahmen einer patientenspezifischen Risiko-Nutzen-Abwägung in Betracht gezogen werden sollte.
Hintergrund: Die kardiale Magnetresonanztomographie (CMR) gilt als Referenzstandard für die Beurteilung der linksventrikulären Funktion und des Volumens des linken Ventrikels (LV). Neuartige Echtzeittechniken versprechen eine schnelle Bildgebung bei freier Atmung mit ähnlicher Qualität. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Genauigkeit der standardmäßigen Steady-State-Free-Precession (SSFP)-Cine-Bildgebung bei angehaltenem Atem mit der gleichen Sequenz unter Verwendung von drei Signalmittelungen, während freier Atmung sowie mit einer Compressed-Sensing (Cs)- Echtzeittechnik während der freien Atmung zur Beurteilung von LV-Volumen und Masse zu vergleichen.
Methoden: 24 Probanden wurden mit einer Standard-SSFP-Technik bei angehaltenem Atem (BH), mit derselben Technik bei freier Atmung unter Verwendung von drei durchschnittlichen Herzzyklen (SA-FB) sowie mit einem CS-Echtzeitprotokoll bei freier Atmung (CS-FB) untersucht. Verglichen wurden die Erfassungsdauer, die Genauigkeit sowie die Inter- und Intraobserver-Variabilität von LV-Funktion, Volumen und Masse.
Ergebnisse: Die Echtzeit-Bildgebung war erheblich schneller als die freie Atmung mit drei Signalmittelwerten (p<0.001). Die Korrelation zwischen dem Referenzstandard (BH) und den beiden anderen Techniken war ausgezeichnet mit einem r2 für SA-FB vs. BH zwischen 0.74 - 0.89 und einem r2 für CS-FB vs. BH zwischen 0.81 und 0.94. SA-FB ergab mittlere Fehler zwischen 5.9% und 15% für verschiedene LV-Parameter, während CS-FB zu mittleren Fehlern von 6.5%bis 13% führte. Die Inter- und Intraobserver-Variabilität war bei der Echtzeit-Bildgebung ausgezeichnet und bei der SSFP-Bildgebung (SA-FB und BH) gut.
Schlussfolgerung: Sowohl ein Standardprotokoll mit 3 Signalmittelungen, während der freien Atmung als auch die Compressed Sensing liefern genaue und reproduzierbare Messungen des LV, während die Echtzeit-Bildgebung wesentlich schneller ist.
Die kongenitale Zytomegalievirus Infektion (cCMV-Infektion) ist die häufigste kongenitale Infektionskrankheit weltweit und ist der häufigste Grund für angeborene nicht-genetische Hörstörungen und eine häufige Ursache neurologische Entwicklungsstörungen. Die Inzidenz der cCMV-Infektion liegt in Deutschland zwischen 0,2 % – 0,5 %. Bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen wird die Inzidenz mit 2,7 % – 11,4 % angegeben. Mit der erhöhten Inzidenz der cCMV-Infektion bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen ergibt sich für diese Kinder ebenfalls ein erhöhtes Risiko für Langzeitfolgen. Die genaue Inzidenz der cCMV-Infektion variiert je nach untersuchter Population. Für Deutschland existiert eine retrospektive Studie, welche eine Inzidenz von 2,7 % für cCMV-Infektionen bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen ermittelte. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde diese Inzidenz in einem prospektiven multizentrischem Studiendesign in Deutschland ermittelt.
Zur Ermittlung der Inzidenz der cCMV-Infektion bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen und Beurteilung der Umsetzbarkeit eines cCMV-Neugeborenen-Screenings wurde ein selektives cCMV-Neugeborenen-Screening für retroviral-exponierte Neugeborene mittels PCR-Untersuchung auf CMV aus einem Mundschleimhautabstrich innerhalb der ersten 21 Lebenstage an drei Studienstandorten innerhalb Deutschlands, Mannheim, München und Frankfurt am Main, durchgeführt. Bei positivem Ergebnis der PCR auf CMV-DNA erfolgte eine Bestätigungsdiagnostik mittels erweiterter Urin- und Blutuntersuchung auf CMV. Zur Diagnostik von cCMV-assoziierten Symptomen erfolgte eine Sonographie des Abdomens und des Schädels sowie eine ausführliche körperliche Untersuchung, eine augenärztliche Evaluation und erweiterte Testungen der Gehörfunktion. Nachuntersuchungen und Therapien wurden den betroffenen Familien außerhalb der Studie angeboten.
122 / 184 (66,3 %) HIV-exponierte Neugeborene von 111 Müttern wurden im Studienzeitraum zwischen dem 24.11.2017 und dem 31.03.2021 eingeschlossen. Eine cCMV-Infektion wurde bei einem Neugeborenen nachgewiesen, sodass die Inzidenz der cCMV-Infektion bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen in dieser Studie 0,8 % beträgt. Eine HIV-Mutter-Kind-Transmission wurde nicht detektiert. Die Seroprävalenz für CMV bei den HIV-positiven Frauen lag in diesem Kollektiv bei 96,1 %.
Das Neugeborene mit nachgewiesener cCMV-Infektion zeigte eine zerebrale Beteiligung mit ependymalen Zysten und einer thalamostriatalen Vaskulopathie und erhielt außerhalb der Studie eine zeitgerechte antivirale Therapie mit Beginn in der Neonatalper-ode. Im Verlauf zeigten sich trotz der antiviralen Therapie Entwicklungsstörungen mit autistischen Verhaltensweisen. Die cCMV-Infektion wäre ohne ein routinemäßiges Screening mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit nicht nachgewiesen worden.
Die frühzeitige Untersuchung der Probanden auf eine cCMV-Infektion hat sich in dieser Studie als vorteilhaft gezeigt, da bei Nachweis einer cCMV-Infektion zeitnah weiterführende Diagnostik und Therapien angeboten werden konnten. Auch die relativ große Anzahl an rekrutierten retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen im prospektiven Studiendesign in Zusammenarbeit mit mehreren Studienzentren in Deutschland spricht für die Validität dieser Studie. Als Limitation ist zu nennen, dass ein statistisch signifikantes Ergebnis nicht erzielt werden konnte. Aufgrund der Corona-Pandemie kam es organisationbedingt zu einer relativ hohen Anzahl an nicht eingeschlossenen Patienten. Auch die geplante Rekrutierung einer Vergleichsgruppe in Südafrika konnte aufgrund der Pandemie nicht umgesetzt werden. Falsch negative Befunde wurden im Sinne der Familie nicht mittels Goldstandardmethode überprüft, sodass eine Unterschätzung der Rate an cCMV-Infektionen möglich ist.
Insgesamt konnte diese Studie neben der Ermittlung der cCMV-Inzidenz bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen in Deutschland von 0,8 % aufgezeigt werden, dass selbst symptomatische cCMV-Infektionen ohne ein systematisches cCMV-Neugeborenen-Screening nicht sicher nachgewiesen werden konnte. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein systematisches cCMV-Neugeborenen-Screening mittels Mundschleimhautabstrich in Deutschland praktikabel ist und bei den Sorgeberechtigten Akzeptanz findet. Den erhobenen Daten zur Folge könnte ein Screening aller Neugeborener oder zumindest ein risikoadaptiertes Screening auf das Vorliegen einer cCMV-Infektion dazu beitragen, dass mehr Kinder mit asymptomatischer oder unentdeckter symptomatischer cCMV-Infektion diagnostiziert werden und so eine entsprechende Behandlung ermöglicht sowie ggf. Langzeitfolgen möglichst verringert werden.
Weitere Studien zum Effekt der verfügbaren antiviralen Therapie bei cCMV-Infektionen und regelmäßiger Kontrolluntersuchungen nach stattgehabter cCMV-Infektion sind zu empfehlen, um die Auswirkungen dieser Maßnahmen auf den Krankheitsverlauf zu evaluieren.
S100A12 ist ein Entzündungsmarker, der inflammatorische Prozesse präzise anzeigt. Entzündungsprozesse mit erhöhten S100A12 Konzentrationen spielen vor allem bei Autoimmunerkrankungen wie der der rheumatischen Arthritis (RA), autoinflammatorischen Erkrankungen wie der juvenilen idiopathische Arthritis (JIA) oder weiteren Erkrankungen wie dem familiären Mittelmeerfieber (FMF) eine wichtige Rolle. Das S100A12 Protein besitzt drei verschiedene Konformationen: das Dimer, das Tetramer und das Hexamer. In verschiedenen Studien konnte gezeigt werde, dass das Hexamer an proinflammatorische Rezeptoren wie dem Toll-like Rezeptor-4 (TLR-4) und dem „receptor for the advanced glycation end products“ (RAGE) bindet und so die Produktion von weiteren Entzündungsmediatoren stimuliert. Daher besitzt die S100A12 Hexamerkonformation eine entscheidende Rolle in Entzündungsprozessen. Das Ziel bestand somit in der Selektion von Peptiden oder „single chain variable fragment“ (scFv)-Konstrukten, die exklusiv an die hexamere Konformation von S100A12 binden.
Mittels Biopanning von Peptid- und scFv-Phagen Bibliotheken konnten Peptide und scFvs selektiert werden. Die selektierten Peptide und die selektierten scFvs wurden in ELISAs weiter auf ihre Bindungseigenschaften charakterisiert. Durch Umklonierung in einen Fc-Konstrukt Vektor konnten die scFvs als vollständige scFv-Fc-Konstrukte exprimiert werden. Die Bindung der selektierten Peptide bestätigte sich als Biotin-Fusion im anschließenden ELISA. Es zeigte sich eine sehr hohe Bindungsspezifität der Peptide und der produzierten scFv-Fc-Konstrukte an das S100A12 Hexamer.
Mit den selektierten Liganden ist es gelungen einen Test zu entwickeln: an Streptavidin immobilisierte Peptide binden spezifisch das S100A12 Hexamer aus dem Testmedium und mittels selektiertem scFv-Fc-Konstrukten lassen sich die gebundenen S100A12 Proteine detektieren. Ein Detektionsantikörper ermöglichte die Visualisierung der gebundenen scFv-Fc-Konstrukte mittels Farbreaktion. Das S100A12 Hexamer konnte durch den Testaufbau auch im Plasma spezifisch detekiert werden.
Dieser Test könnte es ermöglichen, die exakte Diagnose und vor allem das Überwachung von Patienten mit steigenden Entzündungsmarkern, wie im Rahmen der autoinflammtorischen Erkrankung JIA oder einer Erkrankung wie dem FMF, zu verbessern. Mit einem verbessertem Krankheitsmonitoring könnte ebenfalls die Therapie im frühen Stadium optimiert werden.
Zusätzlich könnte ein mögliches therapeutische Potential der S100A12 Hexamer Liganden getestet werden. Sollten die hexamerspezifischen Liganden die Interaktion von S100A12 mit ihren Rezeptoren wie TLR-4 oder RAGE blockieren, ist eine therapeutische Verwendung in der Behandlung von Autoimmun- und autoinflammatorischen Erkrankungen möglich.
Auf Grund einer hohen Inzidenz und Mortalität, welche in den nächsten Jahren voraussichtlich eine deutliche Zunahme erfahren wird, stellt die Behandlung eines HCC an alle beteiligten Fächer der Medizin, sowie an den Patienten und die Patientin, eine enorme Herausforderung dar. In der klinischen Routine hat sich die TACE, nicht nur bei Patienten im intermediären Stadium der Erkrankung, etabliert, sodass im Laufe der Erkrankung nahezu jeder zweite Patient mindestens eine TACE-Behandlung bekommt.
Der mit Radiomics betitelte, im medizinischen Bereich relativ junge, Forschungszweig beschäftigt sich mit der Idee, dass in den Schnittbildern eine für das menschliche Auge nicht sichtbare Ebene von Informationen vorliegt, welche mit den richtigen Mitteln extrahiert, relevante Daten und Informationen zur Genetik, Phänotypie und Pathophysiologie des Tumors liefern kann.
Hier greift der Ansatz dieser Arbeit an. In dieser Arbeit wird die Hypothese postuliert, dass durch die Auswertung und Integration von Lipiodolablagerungen in der Zielläsion nach der ersten durchgeführten TACE eine zuverlässigere Prognose zum Therapieansprechen und Gesamtüberleben mit Hilfe von Radiomics möglich ist, als dies klinische Scores alleine erlauben.
Dazu wurde in dieser Arbeit ein Patientenstamm von 61 Patienten untersucht. Alle Patienten litten an einem histologisch gesicherten HCC. Bei allen Patienten wurden innerhalb eines Zeitintervalls von 6 Monaten drei TACE durchgeführt mit einer nachfolgenden Verlaufskontrolle mittels kontrastmittelgestützter MRT oder CT.
In einem dezidierten, mehrstufigen Verfahren wurden aus der nativen 24 Stunden postinterventionellen CT-Kontrolle die Lipiodol anreichernden HCC-Herde segmentiert. Aus diesem segmentierten 3-D Bilddatensatz wurde eine Vielzahl von bildgebenden Biomarkern, Features, extrahiert. Die Features wurden im weiteren Prozess selektiert, redundante und nicht reproduzierbare Features wurden für das weitere Vorgehen verworfen.
Aus den vorliegenden Daten der Patienten wurden Informationen selektiert, mit welchen insgesamt 5 klinische Scores berechnet wurden, diese Scores wurden im weiteren Verfahren ebenfalls als Features angesehen.
Mehrere Machine Learning-Algorithmen wurden mit der Zielvariable: Größenregredienz des Tumors nach TACE als Folge eines annehmbaren Therapieansprechens, angelernt.
Das beste Ergebnis lieferte ein ML-Algorithmus mit einem Random Forrest Klassifikator auf der Grundlage des kombinierten, aus Radiomics-Features und klinischem Score-Features bestehendem Featuresets.
Um die initial aufgestellte Hypothese zu überprüfen wurde die Zielvariable von Größenregredienz der TL auf OS verändert. Die Performance des ML-Algorithmus in Bezug auf die neu definierte Zielvariable OS wurde hierbei mit dem C-index bewertet. Im Test-Set liegt ein C-Index von 0,67 vor. Das kombinierte Modell aus klinischem Score und Radiomics zeigt hierbei eine Überlegenheit gegenüber dem klinischen Score allein (C-Index 0,58) und dem Radiomics score (C-Index 0,60). Dies bestätigt die aufgestellte Hypothese. Das kombinierte Modell hat die Fähigkeit, anhand der Lipiodolanreicherung in der 24 Stunden postinterventionell durchgeführten CT, zur Prädiktion eines Gesamtüberlebens von HCC-Patienten nach einer TACE.
Die Patienten mit der kürzesten und längsten Überlebenszeit innerhalb der Studienpopulation dienten als Grundlage für eine Kaplan-Meier-Schätzung und Berechnung eines Risiko-Scores (siehe Abbildung 37). Dabei zeigt sich eine signifikante Differenz zwischen den Risiko-Scores. Eine Kurve dieser Art könnte zukünftig theoretisch als Schätzung zur Überprüfung der Indikation einer TACE- Wiederholung für einzelne Patienten dienen. Für eine entsprechende Generalisierbarkeit sind weiterführende Studien zur Validierung nötig. Unsere Studie liefert hier erste vielversprechende Hinweise, wobei unsere Limitationen nicht zu vernachlässigen sind, wie im Detail diskutiert.
Zusammenfassend zeigt unsere Arbeit, dass ein von uns definierter kombinierter Score, bestehend aus bildgebenden Biomarkern (Radiomics) und einem klinischen Score (m- HAP-II-Score), eine Prognose zum Gesamtüberleben nach der ersten TACE- Behandlung liefern kann. Mit Hilfe dieses kombinierten Scores war es in unserer Studienkohorte möglich abzuschätzen, ob ein Patient von weiteren TACE-Prozeduren profitieren würde. Der Behandlungsalgorithmus könnte auf dieser Basis individuell angepasst werden.
Der kombinierte Score hätte somit nicht nur das Potenzial Nebenwirkungen zu verhindern und Kosten im System einzusparen, sondern ebenfalls den Patienten potentiell individuell effektiveren Therapiealternativen zuzuführen.
The Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) as well as the T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) are rare types of malignant lymphomas. Both NLPHL and THRLBCL are frequently observed in middle-aged men with THRLBCL presenting frequently with an advanced Ann-Arbor stage with B-symptoms and associated with more aggressive courses.3 However, due to the limited number of tumor cells in the tissue of both NLPHL and THRLBCL, limited numbers of studies have been conducted on these lymphomas and current results are mainly based on general molecular genetic studies.
In order to obtain a better understanding for these disease forms as well as possible changes in their nuclear and cytoplasmatic sizes, the following study relied on the comparison of the different NLPHL forms and THRLBCL in terms of nuclear size and nuclear volume. This was carried out using both 2D and 3D analysis. During the 2D analysis of nuclear size and nuclear volume no significant differences could be presented between those groups. However, the 3D analysis of NLPHL and THRLBCL pointed out a slightly enlarged nuclear volume in THRLBCL. Furthermore, the analysis indicated a significantly increased cytoplasmatic size of THRLBCL compared to NLPHL forms. Nevertheless, differences occurred not only between the tumor cells of both disease forms, but also the T cells presented a larger nuclear volume in THRLBCL. B cells, which were considered as the control group, did not demonstrate any significant differences between the different groups. The presented results suggest an increased activity of T cells in THRLBCL, which is most likely to be interpreted as a response against the surrounding tumor cells and probably limits the proliferation of the tumor cells. Based on these results, the importance of 3D analysis is also evident due to the fact that it is clearly superior to 2D analysis. For a better understanding of both disease forms, it is therefore recommended to use the 3D technique in combination with molecular genetic analysis in future research.
The MICOS complex subunit MIC13 is essential for mitochondrial cristae organization. Mutations in MIC13 cause severe mitochondrial hepato-encephalopathy displaying defective cristae morphology and loss of the MIC10-subcomplex. Here we identified SLP2 as a novel interacting partner of MIC13 and decipher a critical role of SLP2 for MICOS assembly at distinct steps. SLP2 provides a large interaction hub for MICOS subunits and loss of SLP2 imparted YME1L-mediated proteolysis of MIC26 and drastic alterations in cristae morphology. We further identified a MIC13-specific role in stabilizing the MIC10-subcomplex via a MIC13-YME1L axis. SLP2 together with the stabilized MIC10-subcomplex promotes efficient assembly of the MIC60-subcomplex forming the MICOS-MIB complex. Consistently, super-resolution nanoscopy showed a dispersed distribution of the MIC60 in cells lacking SLP2 and MIC13. Our study reveals converging and interdependent assembly pathways for the MIC10- and MIC60-subcomplexes which are controlled in two ways, the MIC13-YME1L and the SLP2-YME1L axes, revealing mechanistic insights of these factors in cristae morphogenesis. These results will be helpful in understanding the human pathophysiology linked to mutations in MIC13 or its interaction partners.
SAMHD1 is discussed as a tumour suppressor protein, but its potential role in cancer has only been investigated in very few cancer types. Here, we performed a systematic analysis of the TCGA (adult cancer) and TARGET (paediatric cancer) databases, the results of which did not suggest that SAMHD1 should be regarded as a bona fide tumour suppressor. SAMHD1 mutations that interfere with SAMHD1 function were not associated with poor outcome, which would be expected for a tumour suppressor. High SAMHD1 tumour levels were associated with increased survival in some cancer entities and reduced survival in others. Moreover, the data suggested differences in the role of SAMHD1 between males and females and between different races. Often, there was no significant relationship between SAMHD1 levels and cancer outcome. Taken together, our results indicate that SAMHD1 may exert pro-or anti-tumourigenic effects and that SAMHD1 is involved in the oncogenic process in a minority of cancer cases. These findings seem to be in disaccord with a perception and narrative forming in the field suggesting that SAMHD1 is a tumour suppressor. A systematic literature review confirmed that most of the available scientific articles focus on a potential role of SAMHD1 as a tumour suppressor. The reasons for this remain unclear but may include confirmation bias and publication bias. Our findings emphasise that hypotheses, perceptions, and assumptions need to be continuously challenged by using all available data and evidence.
Recent advances in mathematical modelling and artificial intelligence have challenged the use of traditional regression analysis in biomedical research. This study examined artificial and cancer research data using binomial and multinomial logistic regression and compared its performance with other machine learning models such as random forests, support vector machines, Bayesian classifiers, k-nearest neighbours and repeated incremental clipping (RIPPER). The alternative models often outperformed regression in accurately classifying new cases. Logistic regression had a structural problem similar to early single-layer neural networks, which limited its ability to identify variables with high statistical significance for reliable class assignment. Therefore, regression is not always the best model for class prediction in biomedical datasets. The study emphasises the importance of validating selected models and suggests that a mixture of experts approach may be a more advanced and effective strategy for analysing biomedical datasets.
Background: Eukaryotic gene expression is controlled by cis-regulatory elements (CREs), including promoters and enhancers, which are bound by transcription factors (TFs). Differential expression of TFs and their binding affinity at putative CREs determine tissue- and developmental-specific transcriptional activity. Consolidating genomic data sets can offer further insights into the accessibility of CREs, TF activity, and, thus, gene regulation. However, the integration and analysis of multi-modal data sets are hampered by considerable technical challenges. While methods for highlighting differential TF activity from combined chromatin state data (e.g., ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, or DNase-seq) and RNA-seq data exist, they do not offer convenient usability, have limited support for large-scale data processing, and provide only minimal functionality for visually interpreting results.
Results: We developed TF-Prioritizer, an automated pipeline that prioritizes condition-specific TFs from multi-modal data and generates an interactive web report. We demonstrated its potential by identifying known TFs along with their target genes, as well as previously unreported TFs active in lactating mouse mammary glands. Additionally, we studied a variety of ENCODE data sets for cell lines K562 and MCF-7, including twelve histone modification ChIP-seq as well as ATAC-seq and DNase-seq datasets, where we observe and discuss assay-specific differences.
Conclusion: TF-Prioritizer accepts ATAC-seq, DNase-seq, or ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data as input and identifies TFs with differential activity, thus offering an understanding of genome-wide gene regulation, potential pathogenesis, and therapeutic targets in biomedical research.
Oral e-Poster Presentations - Booth 3: Spine 2 (Tumors), September 26, 2023, 4:10 PM - 4:50 PM
Background: Spinal metastasis remains a persistent and oftentimes urgent challenge in the neurosurgical operating room. We aim to understand metastatic spread to the spinal bone on a molecular level in endothelial cells and tumor cells to facilitate improved therapeutic approaches and diagnostics.
Methods: We established a murine syngeneic spinal bone metastasis model. In vivo dissemination was first evaluated using fluorescent beads, followed by murine cancer cell lines (B16, LLC1). We investigated short-term seeding and long-term growth to identify correlations between seeding and tumor formation. EphrinB2-Eph4 interaction has been described as a crucial mediator of spinal bone metastasis. Transient (pharmacological) and permanent (genetical) ephrinB2-Eph4 interventions were performed.
Results: Dissemination of microbeads to distinct spinal segments depended on segment and particle size. Disseminated tumor cells on the contrary showed less frequent arrest in the bone and equal distribution among segments. EphrinB2 intervention changed the dissemination behavior towards the lumbar segment. Interestingly, only transient intervention retained this distribution, permanent ephrinB2 depletion on endothelial cells (efnb2iΔEC) resulted in equal dispersion of metastases. Histological staining revealed a reduction of Endomucin (Emcn) positive structures in combination with a reduction of Type H (Emcn high/CD31 high) endothelial cells in naïve efnb2iΔEC animals. In tumor tissue, these Type H endothelial cells were unaffected. However, an increase in CD31-expressing endothelial cells was observed under endothelial ephrinB2 depletion. These CD31-expressing endothelial cells have been recently described as Type E (Emcn low/CD31 high) and implicated in angiogenesis and osteogenesis.
Conclusions: We here describe a subpopulation of endothelial cells in efnb2iΔEC mice that seems to resemble pro-angiogenic and possibly pro-adhesive type E endothelial cells. Based on these finding we propose a compensatory pro-angiogenic mechanism in efnb2iΔEC mice that is highjacking pre-existing developmental pathways, which is critical for late-stage spinal metastatic growth independent of the initial seeding and extravasation of metastatic cells.
Oral e-Poster Presentations - Booth 2: Neuro-Oncology C (Imaging&Monitoring), September 27, 2023, 1:00 PM - 2:30 PM
Background: Repetitive TMS (rTMS) can be used to non-invasively map cortical language areas. Commonly, frequencies of 5-10 Hz are used to induce speech errors. We could recently show that frequencies of 30 and 50 Hz are advantageous to achieve higher reliability. However, high-frequent rTMS applied over perisylvian regions still suffer from limited tolerability. Using short-train or paired-pulse TMS (pp-TMS) might offer a good alternative to rTMS to interfere with speech production. In this study, we, therefore, compared 30 Hz rTMS to pp-TMS aiming at improved language mapping.
Methods: 13 healthy, right-handed subjects (f=6, 25-41 years) were investigated using two different rTMS protocols: (i) 30 Hz rTMS and (ii) pp-TMS. TMS protocols were applied in a pseudo-randomized order during a picture naming task (picture-to-trigger interval: 0 ms) over cortical language areas. In a subsequent study, we compared pp-TMS also to short trains of three TMS pulses and repetitive paired pulse TMS. Language errors were post-hoc analysed by two independent raters and were assigned to eight different error categories. The level of pain was assessed on a subjective 0-10 numeric rating scale (NRS). Moreover, language error distribution was analysed using a cortical parcellation system.
Results: 30 Hz rTMS evoked a significantly higher number of errors than the pp-protocol, i.e., 18 ± 12 % vs. 10 ± 7 % (p<0.05). However, pp-TMS was significantly better tolerated with a mean NRS of 2.3 ± 1.6 vs. 3.4 ± 1.5 (p<0.05, FDR-corrected). Of note, pp-TMS could induce a higher number of anomias (15 ± 15 %) than repetitive TMS protocols (4 ± 7 %; p<0.1, FDR-corrected), but less dysarthria. The cortical distribution of errors differed between the two protocols. The results of train-of-three TMS were similar to the pp-TMS protocol.
Conclusions: Due to its better tolerability, pp-TMS might offer the possibility to stimulate regions which are particularly prone to direct facial / trigeminal nerve stimulation, e.g., the inferior frontal gyrus. Moreover, pp-TMS seems advantageous for mapping patients who are comparatively susceptible to rTMS side effects and with regard to safety in general.
Leukemia cells reciprocally interact with their surrounding bone marrow microenvironment (BMM), rendering it hospitable to leukemia cell survival, for instance through the release of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). In contrast, we show here that BMM deficiency of pleckstrin homology domain family M member 1 (PLEKHM1), which serves as a hub between fusion and secretion of intracellular vesicles and is important for vesicular secretion in osteoclasts, accelerates murine BCR-ABL1+ B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) via regulation of the cargo of sEVs released by BMM-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). PLEKHM1-deficient MSCs and their sEVs carry increased amounts of syntenin and syndecan-1, resulting in a more immature B-cell phenotype and an increased number/function of leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) via focal adhesion kinase and AKT signaling in B-ALL cells. Ex vivo pretreatment of LICs with sEVs derived from PLEKHM1-deficient MSCs led to a strong trend toward acceleration of murine and human BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL. In turn, inflammatory mediators such as recombinant or B-ALL cell–derived tumor necrosis factor α or interleukin-1β condition murine and human MSCs in vitro, decreasing PLEKHM1, while increasing syntenin and syndecan-1 in MSCs, thereby perpetuating the sEV-associated circuit. Consistently, human trephine biopsies of patients with B-ALL showed a reduced percentage of PLEKHM1+ MSCs. In summary, our data reveal an important role of BMM-derived sEVs for driving specifically BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL, possibly contributing to its worse prognosis compared with BCR-ABL1− B-ALL, and suggest that secretion of inflammatory cytokines by cancer cells in general may similarly modulate the tumor microenvironment.
Sex differences in pain perception have been extensively studied, but precision medicine applications such as sex-specific pain pharmacology have barely progressed beyond proof-of-concept. A data set of pain thresholds to mechanical (blunt and punctate pressure) and thermal (heat and cold) stimuli applied to non-sensitized and sensitized (capsaicin, menthol) forearm skin of 69 male and 56 female healthy volunteers was analyzed for data structures contingent with the prior sex structure using unsupervised and supervised approaches. A working hypothesis that the relevance of sex differences could be approached via reversibility of the association, i.e., sex should be identifiable from pain thresholds, was verified with trained machine learning algorithms that could infer a person's sex in a 20% validation sample not seen to the algorithms during training, with balanced accuracy of up to 79%. This was only possible with thresholds for mechanical stimuli, but not for thermal stimuli or sensitization responses, which were not sufficient to train an algorithm that could assign sex better than by guessing or when trained with nonsense (permuted) information. This enabled the translation to the molecular level of nociceptive targets that convert mechanical but not thermal information into signals interpreted as pain, which could eventually be used for pharmacological precision medicine approaches to pain. By exploiting a key feature of machine learning, which allows for the recognition of data structures and the reduction of information to the minimum relevant, experimental human pain data could be characterized in a way that incorporates "non" logic that could be translated directly to the molecular pharmacological level, pointing toward sex-specific precision medicine for pain.
Selecting the k best features is a common task in machine learning. Typically, a few features have high importance, but many have low importance (right-skewed distribution). This report proposes a numerically precise method to address this skewed feature importance distribution in order to reduce a feature set to the informative minimum of items. Computed ABC analysis (cABC) is an item categorization method that aims to identify the most important items by partitioning a set of non-negative numerical items into subsets "A", "B", and "C" such that subset "A" contains the "few important" items based on specific properties of ABC curves defined by their relationship to Lorenz curves. In its recursive form, the cABC analysis can be applied again to subset "A". A generic image dataset and three biomedical datasets (lipidomics and two genomics datasets) with a large number of variables were used to perform the experiments. The experimental results show that the recursive cABC analysis limits the dimensions of the data projection to a minimum where the relevant information is still preserved and directs the feature selection in machine learning to the most important class-relevant information, including filtering feature sets for nonsense variables. Feature sets were reduced to 10% or less of the original variables and still provided accurate classification in data not used for feature selection. cABC analysis, in its recursive variant, provides a computationally precise means of reducing information to a minimum. The minimum is the result of a computation of the number of k most relevant items, rather than a decision to select the k best items from a list. In addition, there are precise criteria for stopping the reduction process. The reduction to the most important features can improve the human understanding of the properties of the data set. The cABC method is implemented in the Python package "cABCanalysis" available at https://pypi.org/project/cABCanalysis/.
Introduction: Lumbosacral fixation is a common procedure in primary and revision spine surgery but leads to high biomechanical stress on adjacent segments and the SIJ, resulting in implant failure such as breakage and loosening and pain. This frequently results in further surgery. For patients showing clinical and radiological signs of SIJ affection/arthrosis who fail conservative therapy, transarticular lumbopelvic fusion via the SIJ may be considered. The Bedrock™ technique has been described as a new option for reinforced lumbopelvic fixation, fusing the SIJ with additional triangular titanium implants, thereby reducing biomechanical loads off the S2AI screws. We share our experiences with 19 patients treated with this technique since January 2019.
Materials and Methods: 19 patients suffering from persisting low back pain (LBP) with indication for reinforced lumbopelvic fixation and SIJ fusion were treated with reinforced lumboplevic fixation with S2AI screw and a triangular titanium implant. 14 cases were revisions. All surgeries were carried out by a single surgeon at a orthopedic university hospital. Data was gathered retrospectively.
Results: From 1/2019 - 9/2021 19 patients (11f, 8m) were treated with reinforced lumbopelvic fixation and SIJ fusion with a mean follow up of 18,2 months. Mean age 68 years (range 62-78y). Preop. walking distance was reduced to an average <100 m. Standard treatment involved S2AI screws and triangular titanium implants (SIBone, iFuse 3D™). 14 revision cases split into 5 low grade infections with screw loosening, 3 cases with rod breakage, 5 cases of painful lumbopelvic screw prominence, 7 cases with proximal junctional kyphosis, 2 cases with misplaced implants, 8 cases of poor bone mineral density. 5 patients without prior spine surgery. All patients were treated bilaterally using freehand technique. Average implant length was 65 mm. There were no intraoperative or implant associated adverse events (AE) or serious adverse events (SAE). Postoperative imaging demonstrated good implant positioning and function. All patients regained walking ability for distances > 1000 m and were satisfied with the result. All patients reported significant reduction of SIJ pain.
Conclusion: We report results of 19 patients with a reinforced lumbopelvic fixation and fusion by S2AI screws augmented by one parallelly placed triangular titanium implant fusing the SIJ bilaterally with a mean follow-up of 18.2 months. Intra- and postoperatively we experienced no implant associated adverse event. Patients regained significant walking ability and significant reduction of SIJ pain. Radiologically no signs of implant loosening or failure were detected at the end of follow-up. Our results demonstrate a safe and efficacious surgical technique for reinforced lumbopelvic fixation with fusion of SIJ with significant improvement of the health care related quality of life. Further studies need to be conducted in order to obtain additional evidence.
Background: Biological psychiatry aims to understand mental disorders in terms of altered neurobiological pathways. However, for one of the most prevalent and disabling mental disorders, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), patients only marginally differ from healthy individuals on the group-level. Whether Precision Psychiatry can solve this discrepancy and provide specific, reliable biomarkers remains unclear as current Machine Learning (ML) studies suffer from shortcomings pertaining to methods and data, which lead to substantial over-as well as underestimation of true model accuracy.
Methods: Addressing these issues, we quantify classification accuracy on a single-subject level in N=1,801 patients with MDD and healthy controls employing an extensive multivariate approach across a comprehensive range of neuroimaging modalities in a well-curated cohort, including structural and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Diffusion Tensor Imaging as well as a polygenic risk score for depression.
Findings Training and testing a total of 2.4 million ML models, we find accuracies for diagnostic classification between 48.1% and 62.0%. Multimodal data integration of all neuroimaging modalities does not improve model performance. Similarly, training ML models on individuals stratified based on age, sex, or remission status does not lead to better classification. Even under simulated conditions of perfect reliability, performance does not substantially improve. Importantly, model error analysis identifies symptom severity as one potential target for MDD subgroup identification.
Interpretation: Although multivariate neuroimaging markers increase predictive power compared to univariate analyses, single-subject classification – even under conditions of extensive, best-practice Machine Learning optimization in a large, harmonized sample of patients diagnosed using state-of-the-art clinical assessments – does not reach clinically relevant performance. Based on this evidence, we sketch a course of action for Precision Psychiatry and future MDD biomarker research.
The selective autophagy of mitochondria is linked to mitochondrial quality control and is critical to a healthy organism. Ubiquitylation is sometimes needed for marking damaged mitochondria for disposal but also for governing the expression and turnover of critical regulatory proteins. We have conducted a CRISPR/Cas9 screen of human E3 ubiquitin ligases for influence on mitophagy under both basal cell culture conditions and following acute mitochondrial depolarisation. We identify two Cullin RING ligases, VHL and FBXL4 as the most profound negative regulators of basal mitophagy. Here we show that these converge through control of the mitophagy adaptors BNIP3 and BNIP3L/NIX, but that this is achieved through different mechanisms. FBXL4 suppression of BNIP3 and NIX levels is mediated via direct interaction and protein destabilisation rather than suppression of HIF1α-mediated transcription. Depletion of NIX but not BNIP3 is sufficient to restore mitophagy levels. Our study enables a full understanding of the aetiology of early onset mitochondrial encephalomyopathy that is supported by analysis of a disease associated mutation. We further show that the compound MLN4924, which globally interferes with Cullin RING ligase activity, is a strong inducer of mitophagy which can provide a research tool in this context as well as a candidate therapeutic agent for conditions linked to mitochondrial quality control.
Glioblastoma is a very aggressive tumor and represents the most common primary brain malignancy. Key characteristics include its high resistance against conventional treatments, such as radio- and chemotherapy and its diffuse tissue infiltration, preventing complete surgical resection. The analysis of migration and invasion processes in a physiological microenvironment allows for enhanced understanding of these processes and can lead to improved therapeutic approaches. Here, we combine two state-of-the-art techniques, adult organotypic brain tissue slice culture (OTC) and light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) of cleared tissues in a combined method termed OTCxLSFM. Using this methodology, we can show that glioblastoma tissue infiltration can be effectively blocked through treatment with arsenic trioxide, as well as genetic depletion of the tetraspanin, transmembrane receptor CD9. With our analysis-pipeline we gain single-cell level, three-dimensional information, as well as insights into the morphological appearance of the tumor cells.
VASP is a member of the Enabled/VASP protein family that is involved in cortical actin dynamics and may also contribute to the formation of gap junctions. In vessels, gap junctional coupling allows the transfer of signals along the vessel wall and coordinates vascular behavior. Moreover, VASP is reportedly a mediator of NO-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation. Therefore, we hypothesized that VASP exerts also important physiologic functions in arterioles. We examined the spread of vasodilations enabled by gap junctional coupling in endothelial cells as well as NO-induced arteriolar dilations in VASP-deficient mice by intravital microscopy of the microcirculation in a skeletal muscle in anesthetized mice. Conducted dilations were initiated by brief, locally confined stimulation of the arterioles with acetylcholine. The maximal diameters of the arterioles under study ranged from 30 to 40 μm. Brief stimulation with acetylcholine induced a short dilation at the local site that was also observed at remote, upstream sites without an attenuation of the amplitude up to a distance of 1.2 mm in control animals (wild-type). In contrast, remote dilations were reduced in VASP-deficient mice despite a similar local dilation indicating an impairment of conducted dilations. Superfusion of NOdonors induced a concentration-dependent dilation in wild-type mice. However, these dilations were slightly reduced in VASP-deficient animals. In contrast, dilations induced by the endothelial stimulator acetylcholine were fully preserved in VASP-deficient mice. In summary, this study suggests that VASP exerts critical functions in arteriolar diameter control. It is crucial for the conduction of dilator signals along the endothelial cell layer. The impairment possibly reflects a perturbed formation of gap junctions in the endothelial cell membrane. VASP also participates in the full dilatory potential of NOdonors although the effect of its deficiency is only subtle. In contrast, VASP is not required for dilations initiated by endothelial stimulation which are mediated in the murine microcirculation by an EDH-mechanism.
Dendritic spines are crucial for excitatory synaptic transmission as the size of a spine head correlates with the strength of its synapse. The distribution of spine head sizes follows a lognormal-like distribution with more small spines than large ones. We analysed the impact of synaptic activity and plasticity on the spine size distribution in adult-born hippocampal granule cells from rats with induced homo- and heterosynaptic long-term plasticity in vivo and CA1 pyramidal cells from Munc-13-1-Munc13-2 knockout mice with completely blocked synaptic transmission. Neither induction of extrinsic synaptic plasticity nor the blockage of presynaptic activity degrades the lognormal-like distribution but changes its mean, variance and skewness. The skewed distribution develops early in the life of the neuron. Our findings and their computational modelling support the idea that intrinsic synaptic plasticity is sufficient for the generation, while a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic synaptic plasticity maintains lognormal like distribution of spines.
Reliable, easy-to-handle phenotypic screening platforms are needed for the identification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds. Here, we present caspase 3/7 activity as a readout for monitoring the replication of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from different variants, including a remdesivir-resistant strain, and of other coronaviruses in numerous cell culture models, independently of cytopathogenic effect formation. Compared to other models, the Caco-2 subline Caco-2-F03 displayed superior performance. It possesses a stable SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility phenotype and does not produce false-positive hits due to drug-induced phospholipidosis. A proof-of-concept screen of 1,796 kinase inhibitors identified known and novel antiviral drug candidates including inhibitors of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), CDC like kinase 1 (CLK-1), and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). The activity of the PHGDH inhibitor NCT-503 was further increased in combination with the hexokinase II (HK2) inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose, which is in clinical development for COVID-19. In conclusion, caspase 3/7 activity detection in SARS-CoV-2-infected Caco-2-F03 cells provides a simple phenotypic high-throughput screening platform for SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates that reduces false-positive hits.
Non-coding variations located within regulatory elements may alter gene expression by modifying Transcription Factor (TF) binding sites and thereby lead to functional consequences like various traits or diseases. To understand these molecular mechanisms, different TF models are being used to assess the effect of DNA sequence variations, such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). However, few statistical approaches exist to compute statistical significance of results but they often are slow for large sets of SNPs, such as data obtained from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) or allele-specific analysis of chromatin data.
Results We investigate the distribution of maximal differential TF binding scores for general computational models that assess TF binding. We find that a modified Laplace distribution can adequately approximate the empirical distributions. A benchmark on in vitro and in vivo data sets showed that our new approach improves on an existing method in terms of performance and speed. In applications on large sets of eQTL and GWAS SNPs we could illustrate the usefulness of the novel statistic to highlight cell type specific regulators and TF target genes.
Conclusions Our approach allows the evaluation of DNA changes that induce differential TF binding in a fast and accurate manner, permitting computations on large mutation data sets. An implementation of the novel approach is freely available at https://github.com/SchulzLab/SNEEP.
Motivation DNA CpG methylation (CpGm) has proven to be a crucial epigenetic factor in the gene regulatory system. Assessment of DNA CpG methylation values via whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) is, however, computationally extremely demanding.
Results We present FAst MEthylation calling (FAME), the first approach to quantify CpGm values directly from bulk or single-cell WGBS reads without intermediate output files. FAME is very fast but as accurate as standard methods, which first produce BS alignment files before computing CpGm values. We present experiments on bulk and single-cell bisulfite datasets in which we show that data analysis can be significantly sped-up and help addressing the current WGBS analysis bottleneck for large-scale datasets without compromising accuracy.
Availability An implementation of FAME is open source and licensed under GPL-3.0 at https://github.com/FischerJo/FAME.
Human behaviour is inextricably linked to the interaction of emotion and cognition. For decades, emotion and cognition were perceived as separable processes, yet with mutual interactions. Recently, this differen-tiation has been challenged by more integrative approaches, but without addressing the exact neurophysiological basis of their interaction. Here, we aimed to uncover neurophysiological mechanisms of emotion-cognition interaction. We used an emotional Flanker task paired with EEG/FEM beamforming in a large cohort (N=121) of healthy human participants, obtaining high temporal and fMRI-equivalent spatial resolution. Spatially, emotion and cognition processing overlapped in the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), specifically in pars triangularis. Temporally, emotion and cognition processing overlapped during the transition from emotional to cognitive processing, with a stronger interaction in β-band power leading to worse behavioral performance. Despite functionally segregated subdivisions in rIFG, frequency-specific information flowed extensively within IFG and top-down to visual areas (V2, Precuneus) – explaining the behavioral interference effect. Thus, for the first time we here show the neural mechanisms of emotion-cognition interaction in space, time, frequency and information transfer with high temporal and spatial resolution, revealing a central role for β-band activity in rIFG. Our results support the idea that rIFG plays a broad role in both inhibitory control and emotional interference inhibition as it is a site of convergence in both processes. Furthermore, our results have potential clinical implications for understanding dysfunctional emotion-cognition interaction and emotional interference inhibition in psychiatric disor-ders, e.g. major depression and substance use disorder, in which patients have difficulties in regulating emotions and executing inhibitory control.
Improved integration of single cell transcriptome data demonstrated on heart failure in mice and men
(2023)
Biomedical research frequently uses murine models to study disease mechanisms. However, the translation of these findings to human disease remains a significant challenge. In order to improve the comparability of mouse and human data, we present a cross-species integration pipeline for single-cell transcriptomic assays.
The pipeline merges expression matrices and assigns clear orthologous relationships. Starting from Ensembl ortholog assignments, we allocated 82% of mouse genes to unique orthologs by using additional publicly available resources such as Uniprot, and NCBI databases. For genes with multiple matches, we employed the Needleman-Wunsch global alignment based on either amino acid or nucleotide sequence to identify the ortholog with the highest degree of similarity.
The workflow was tested for its functionality and efficiency by integrating scRNA-seq datasets from heart failure patients with the corresponding mouse model. We were able to assign unique human orthologs to up to 80% of the mouse genes, utilizing the known 17,492 orthologous pairs. Curiously, the integration process enabled the identification of both common and unique regulatory pathways between species in heart failure.
In conclusion, our pipeline streamlines the integration process, enhances gene nomenclature alignment and simplifies the translation of mouse models to human disease. We have made the OrthoIntegrate R-package accessible on GitHub (https://github.com/MarianoRuzJurado/OrthoIntegrate), which includes the assignment of ortholog definitions for human and mouse, as well as the pipeline for integrating single cells.
Complexome profiling (CP) is a powerful tool for systematic investigation of protein interactors that has been primarily applied to study the composition and dynamics of mitochondrial protein complexes. Here, we further optimised this method to extend its application to survey mitochondrial DNA- and RNA-interacting protein complexes. We established that high-resolution clear native gel electrophoresis (hrCNE) is a better alternative to preserve DNA- and RNA-protein interactions that are otherwise disrupted when samples are separated by the widely used blue native gel electrophoresis (BNE). In combination with enzymatic digestion of DNA, our CP approach improved the identification of a wide range of protein interactors of the mitochondrial gene expression system without compromising the detection of other multi-protein complexes. The utility of this approach was particularly demonstrated by analysing the complexome changes in human mitochondria with impaired gene expression after transient, chemically-induced mtDNA depletion. Effects of RNase on mitochondrial protein complexes were also evaluated and discussed. Overall, our adaptations significantly improved the identification of mitochondrial DNA- and RNA-protein interactions by CP, thereby unlocking the comprehensive analysis of a near-complete mitochondrial complexome in a single experiment.
RBFOX1 is a highly pleiotropic gene that contributes to several psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Both rare and common variants in RBFOX1 have been associated with several psychiatric conditions, but the mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic effects of RBFOX1 are not yet understood. Here we found that, in zebrafish, rbfox1 is expressed in spinal cord, mid- and hindbrain during developmental stages. In adults, expression is restricted to specific areas of the brain, including telencephalic and diencephalic regions with an important role in receiving and processing sensory information and in directing behaviour. To investigate the effect of rbfox1 deficiency on behaviour, we used rbfox1sa15940, a rbfox1 loss-of-function line. We found that rbfox1sa15940 mutants present hyperactivity, thigmotaxis, decreased freezing behaviour and altered social behaviour. We repeated these behavioural tests in a second rbfox1 loss-of-function line with a different genetic background, rbfox1del19, and found that rbfox1 deficiency affects behaviour similarly in this line, although there were some differences. rbfox1del19 mutants present similar thigmotaxis, but stronger alterations in social behaviour and lower levels of hyperactivity than rbfox1sa15940 fish. Taken together, these results suggest that rbfox1 deficiency leads to multiple behavioural changes in zebrafish that might be modulated by environmental, epigenetic and genetic background effects, and that resemble phenotypic alterations present in Rbfox1-deficient mice and in patients with different psychiatric conditions. Our study thus highlights the evolutionary conservation of rbfox1 function in behaviour and paves the way to further investigate the mechanisms underlying rbfox1 pleiotropy on the onset of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
Das schnelle und unkontrollierte Wachstum von Tumorzellen bedingt beim Glioblastom ein heterogenes Tumormikromilieu, mit lokalem Sauerstoff- und Nährstoffmangel. Lokaler Selektionsdruck bedingt eine Evolution besonders anpassungsfähiger Klone. Die integrierte Stressantwort (integrated stress response, ISR) ist ein zelluläres Programm, das durch zahlreiche Stressoren, wie endoplasmatische Retikulum Stress (ER-Stress), durch die Akkumulation ungefalteter Proteine, Hypoxie, Glukose- oder Aminosäuremangel aktiviert wird. Ein zentraler Schritt zur Aktivierung der ISR ist die Phosphorylierung der alpha Untereinheit des eukaryotischen Translationsinitiationsfaktors 2 (eIF2α) an Serin 51. Die Phosphorylierung von eIF2α führt zur Modulation der Translation mit Induktion des Transkriptionsfaktors ATF4 (Activating Transcription Factor 4), der dann zelluläre Anpassungsvorgänge einleitet.
Unsere Hypothese lautete, dass ATF4-vermittelte molekulare Anpassungsmechanismen menschlicher Glioblastom (GB)-Zellen an die Bedingungen der Tumormikroumgebung (wie z.B. Hypoxie und Nährstoffentzug) maßgeblich zur Therapieresistenz beitragen und auch die Empfindlichkeit gegen TMZ-Chemotherapie beeinflussen. Somit könnte eine Inhibition der integrierten Stressantwort über den zentralen Mediator ATF4 zu einem gesteigerten Ansprechen auf Therapiebedingungen führen.
Um die ISR und ATF4 als mögliche therapeutische Angriffspunkte im Glioblastom zu evaluieren, wurde die ATF4 Induktion in Glioblastomzellen pharmakologisch und genetisch moduliert und im Zusammenhang mit TMZ-Behandlung sowie Glukose- und Sauerstoffentzug untersucht. Unter Glutaminentzug, Hypoxie und TMZ-Behandlung, welche Aspekte der GB-Mikroumgebung widerspiegeln, zeigten sich erhöhte ATF4 Proteinspiegel. ATF4-gensupprimierte GB-Zellen (ATF4sh) exprimierten unter gleicher Behandlung wesentlich weniger ATF4.
Im Einklang mit der Hypothese, dass ATF4 zur Therapieresistenz humaner Glioblastomzellen beiträgt, waren ATF4-gensupprimierte GB-Zellen (ATF4sh) im Vergleich zur Kontrollzelllinie empfindlicher gegen Hypoxie-induzierten Zelltod und zeigten einen erhöhten Sauerstoffverbrauch. Umgekehrt zeigten GB-Zellen nach pharmakologischer ISR Induktion einen verminderten Sauerstoffverbrauch. Auch nach Behandlung mit TMZ war die Überlebensrate in ATF4sh Zellen im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe geringer. Zur Hemmung der ISR wurden verschiedenen Inhibitoren der Kinase PERK (Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase) entwickelt. In unseren Untersuchungen war nach der Behandlung der GB-Zelllinien eine verminderte ATF4 Expression festzustellen. Dabei kam es allerdings gleichzeitig bei der Behandlung mit höheren Inhibitorkonzentrationen zu einer Induktion von ATF4. Für den PERK-Inhibitor GSK 414 wurde in der Literatur auch die Hemmung anderer Kinasen wie KIT und RIPK1 gezeigt. Daher konnte bei den Konzentrationen, die für eine vollständige PERK-Inhibition erforderlich waren, keine selektive Hemmung von PERK mehr gewährleistet werden. Besonders aufgrund ihrer Toxizität auf die Funktion des Pankreas eignen sich diese Inhibitoren nicht für eine in vivo Erprobung. Da aber durch die Inhibition der ISR eine neuroprotektive Wirkung beschrieben ist, besteht die Notwendigkeit, weitere Inhibitoren zur Hemmung der ISR zu entwickeln. ISRIB (Integrated Stress Response Inhibitor) ist ein partieller ISR Inhibitor, der eIF2B angreift, was als Guanidin-Nukleotid-Austauschfaktor im Translationsinitiationsprozess benötigt wird. Für ISRIB wurde bereits in vitro und in vivo eine neuroprotektive, aber keine toxische Wirkung beschrieben.
Zusammenfassend lieferten unsere Untersuchungen Hinweise auf die wichtige Rolle von ATF4 für die Anpassung humaner GB-Zellen an Bedingungen der Tumormikroumgebung und für die Entstehung von TMZ-Resistenzen. Die Hemmung der ISR in GB-Zellen könnte daher ein vielversprechender Therapieansatz sein.
Recent findings indicate that visual feedback derived from episodic memory can be traced down to the earliest stages of visual processing, whereas feedback stemming from schema-related memories only reach intermediate levels in the visual processing hierarchy. In this opinion piece, we examine these differences in light of the 'what' and 'where' streams of visual perception. We build upon this new framework to propose that the memory deficits observed in aphantasics might be better understood as a difference in high-level feedback processing along the ‘what’ stream, rather than an episodic memory impairment.
Hintergrund: Die Aortenklappenstenose stellt in Europa und Nordamerika das häufigste Klappenvitium dar und ist vor allem auf eine degenerative Genese zurückzuführen. Da das Auftreten erster Symptome mit einer schlechten Prognose assoziiert ist, ist die transfemorale Aortenklappenimplantation mittels Katheter (TAVI) als minimalinvasive Therapie schon seit längerem eine Alternative zum operativen Ersatz der Aortenklappe und aktuelles Thema der Forschung. Zwar existiert eine Vielzahl an Transkatheterklappen und es werden fortlaufend neue Generationen entwickelt, allerdings liegt bislang noch keine Studie vor, die einen direkten Vergleich der intraannularen Portico-Prothese (Abbott) mit der ebenfalls selbstexpandierbaren, aber supraannularen, Symetis-Prothese (Boston Scientific) präsentiert.
Methoden: Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Analyse von 142 gematchten (nach Alter, BMI, NYHA-Klasse, EuroScore, insulinpflichtiger Diabetes Mellitus, arterielle Hypertonie, COPD, KHK, präinterventionelle eGFR, cAVK, Schlaganfall, TIA in der Vorgeschichte) Patienten je Klappenmodell im medianen Alter von 83 Jahren, die sich mit einer hochgradigen symptomatischen Aortenklappenstenose im Zeitraum vom 12.10.2015 bis zum 07.01.2020 einer transfemoralen TAVI im Universitätsklinikum in Frankfurt am Main unterzogen. Untersucht wurde als primärer Endpunkt die Gesamtmortalität nach 1 Jahr. Darüber hinaus wurden mittels multivariater Cox-Regression unabhängige Risikofaktoren identifiziert. Als sekundäre Endpunkte wurden Komplikationen innerhalb von 30 Tagen gemäß den Definitionen des Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) 2 gewählt wie die Implantationen neuer Schrittmacher, paravalvuläre Leckage, Gefäßkomplikationen und akutes Nierenversagen. Analysiert wurden außerdem prozedurale Faktoren, die Symptomatik anhand der NYHA-Klasse sowie einige Laborparameter vor und nach der TAVI.
Ergebnisse: In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die 1-Jahres-Mortalität mit der Portico-Prothese signifikant höher ist als mit der Symetis-Prothese (25,2% vs. 12,2%; p=0,011). Dabei gelten neben der Portico-Prothese eine reduzierte linksventrikuläre Funktion und die NYHA-Klassen III/IV gemäß multivariater Cox-Regressionsanalyse als unabhängige Risikofaktoren. Postinterventionell war in der Portico-Kohorte ein neuer Linksschenkelblock (34,5% vs. 23,2%; p=0,036), die Implantation neuer Schrittmacher (22,6% vs. 11,8%; p=0,011) sowie ein akutes Nierenversagen (25,5% vs. 12,8%; p=0,006) signifikant häufiger. Hinsichtlich prozedurbezogener Faktoren hat sich herausgestellt, dass mit der Symetis-Prothese häufiger nachdilatiert (41,5% vs. 25,3%; p=0,004), mit der Portico-Prothese hingegen häufiger vordilatiert (92,2% vs. 82,3%; p=0,012) wurde. Außerdem wurde in der Portico-Kohorte signifikant mehr Kontrastmittel eingesetzt und das Verfahren mit der Durchleuchtung dauerte signifikant länger. Echokardiographisch resultierte post TAVI mit der Symetis-Prothese eine signifikant andere bzw. günstigere Verteilung der Aortenklappeninsuffizienzgrade. Laborchemisch war der Wert für NT-proBNP als biochemischer Marker für eine Herzinsuffizienz signifikant höher als in der Symetis-Gruppe.
Schlussfolgerung: Diese Arbeit zeigte eine signifikant höhere Mortalität nach 1 Jahr mit der Portico-Prothese im direkten Vergleich mit der Symetis-Prothese. Außerdem ergab der Vergleich signifikant höhere Komplikationsraten in der Portico-Kohorte hinsichtlich Schrittmacherimplantationen, neuem Linksschenkelblock und akutem Nierenversagen. Weitere Studien sollten die beiden Prothesen im längerfristigen Verlauf vergleichend analysieren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie können zur Optimierung neuer Klappengenerationen beitragen, indem sie auf potenziell prognosebestimmende Aspekte des Designs und der Implantationstechnik aufmerksam machen. Außerdem sensibilisert die Studie für eine individuell für jeden Patienten angepasste Prothesenauswahl. Möglicherweise sollte bei Vorerkrankungen der Niere oder bei vorbekannten Herzleitungsstörungen die Symetis- gegenüber der Portico-Prothese vorgezogen werden.
Resistenzen gegenüber Carbapenemen sind eine Bedrohung für die globale Gesundheit mit wenigen verbleibenden Therapieoptionen. Ceftazidim/Avibavtam (CZA) ist die Kombination aus einem Cephalosporin und einem Diazabicyclooctan, mit der Eigenschaft eine Vielzahl von Carbapenemasen der Ambler Klasse A und D zu inhibieren. Resistenzen gegenüber Carbapenemen in gramnegativen Bakterien sind in Kolumbien und anderen Ländern Lateinamerikas weit verbreitet. In den hier vorgestellten Arbeiten wurden 2.235 Enterobakterien und 492 P. aeruginosa Isolate aus fünf Lateinamerikanischen Ländern auf ihre Empfindlichkeit gegenüber CZA und anderen klinisch verfügbaren Antibiotika untersucht. Die CZA-resistenten Isolate wurden mittels PCR und Genomsequenzierung auf die zugrundeliegenden Resistenzmechanismen hin analysiert. CZA zeigte Aktivitäten gegenüber 99,2% (2.217/2.235) aller untersuchten Enterobacterales und 77,8% (383/492) aller P. aeruginosa Isolate. Als plausible Erklärung für die Resistenz gegen CZA konnte mittels qPCR bei allen Enterobakterien und bei 38,5% (42/109) der P. aeruginosa Isolate ein Metallo-β-Laktamase (MBL)-kodierendes Gen nachgewiesen werden. Die verbleibenden P. aeruginosa Isolate wurden einer Genomsequenzierung unterzogen, dabei zeigten sich Mutationen in Genen, die zuvor mit einer verringerten Empfindlichkeit gegen CZA assoziiert wurden, wie z.B. Genen die mit der Überexpression von MexAB-OprM und AmpC (PDC) in Verbindung stehen, sowie Genen, die PoxB (blaOXA-50-like), FtsI (PBP3), DacB (PBP4) und OprD kodieren. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit von Therapieoptionen gegenüber MBL-produzierenden und anderen Carbapenem-resistenten Mikroorganismen. Des Weiteren sind diese Studien eine Momentaufnahme der Empfindlichkeit gegen CZA vor dessen Verfügbarkeit in Lateinamerika und dienen deswegen als Ausgangspunkt um die Entwicklung von Resistenzen in dieser Region zu verfolgen.
Hintergrund: Der Hypoparathyreoidismus (Hypopara) ist neben der Recurrensparese eine typische postoperative Komplikation nach Thyreoidektomie. Ziel dieser Arbeit soll die Prozessoptimierung des postoperativen Managements sein, um einen p.o. Hypopara frühzeitig zu erkennen und zu therapieren und somit die klinischen Symptome zu lindern oder zu vermeiden.
Methoden: Es wurden alle Patienten mit einer beidseitigen Schilddrüsenresektion eingeschlossen. Ausschlusskriterien waren simultane Nebenschilddrüsen- erkrankungen sowie fortgeschrittene Schilddrüsenmalignome mit geplantem Tumordebulking und/oder langem ITS-Aufenthalt. Postoperativ wurden Parathormon (EDTA) sowie Kalzium (Serum) bestimmt. Bei einem Parathormon (PTH) - Wert unter dem Referenzbereich (15,0-68,3 pg/ml) und/oder einer ausgeprägten Hypokalzämie mit einem Kalziumwert < 1,9 (Ref. 2,20-2,65 mmol/l) und/oder klinischen Zeichen wie Kribbelparästhesien oder Tetanie wurde Kalzium und Vitamin D mittels festem Schema verordnet. Die Symptombesserung wurde klinisch dokumentiert.
Ergebnisse: Am AGAPLESION Elisabethenstift gGmbH in Darmstadt wurden im Zeitraum zwischen Januar 2019 und Juni 2022 Schilddrüseneingriffe bei insgesamt 465 Patienten durchgeführt. Nach Berücksichtigung der Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien wurden 193 Patienten mit Thyreoidektomie in die Auswertung einbezogen. Ein p.o. Hypopara wurde bei 51 Patienten (26,4 %) festgestellt. Bei 40 Patienten (20,7 %) traten Symptome auf (39x Kribbelparästhesie, 1xTetanie). Von den 51 Patienten lag bei 26 (51 %) ein nur leicht erniedrigter Kalziumwert am 1. p.o. Tag vor (zwischen 2,00 und 2,20 mmol/l), bei 10 Patienten (19,6 %) war der Kalziumwert im Normbereich (2,20-2,65 mmol/l). Im Vergleich dazu lag bei 6 von 51 Patienten (11,8 %) ein normwertiger PTH-Wert vor. Bei 20 Patienten (10,4 %) erfolgte intraoperativ eine Nebenschilddrüsen-Replantation in den ipsilateralen M. sternocleidomastoideus. Davon trat bei 8 Patienten (40 %) ein Hypopara auf. Bei 29 Patienten (15 %) wurde in der Histologie ein akzidentiell mitentferntes Epithelkörperchen nachgewiesen. Davon trat bei 13 Patienten (44,8 %) ein Hypopara auf. Die mittlere Zeit nach OP zur PTH-Bestimmung lag bei 2,41 Tagen. Die mittlere Aufenthaltsdauer der Patienten mit Hypopara betrug 3,86 Tage (± 2,272), die der restlichen Patienten betrug 2,69 Tage (± 1,759), p < 0,001.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die PTH-Bestimmung ist neben der klinischen Visite essentiell zur Früherkennung eines p.o. Hypopara. Eine mehrtägige Kalziumbestimmung ist damit nicht zwingend erforderlich, sodass die Verweildauer verkürzt werden kann. Das verordnete Schema zur oralen Substitution von Kalzium und Vitamin D ist auch ambulant fortführbar. Die Replantation einer nicht erhaltbaren NSD hat bei 60 % einen Hypopara verhindert. Die gezielte Darstellung und Erhalt der NSD sollte bei jedem Eingriff eingehalten werden. Insgesamt zeigt diese Arbeit den höheren Stellenwert des postoperativen PTH-Wertes sowie der klinischen Zeichen als das Serumkalzium zur Erkennung und Therapie des Hypopara nach Thyreoidektomie.
MutLα is essential for human DNA mismatch repair (MMR). It harbors a latent endonuclease, is responsible for recruitment of process associated proteins and is relevant for strand discrimination. Recently, we demonstrated that the MMR function of MutLα is regulated by phosphorylation of MLH1 at serine (S) 477. In the current study, we focused on S87 located in the ATPase domain of MLH1 and on S446, S456 and S477 located in its linker region. We analysed the phosphorylation-dependent impact of these amino acids on DNA binding, MMR ability and thermal stability of MutLα. We were able to demonstrate that phosphorylation at S87 of MLH1 inhibits DNA binding of MutLα. In addition, we detected that its MMR function seems to be regulated predominantly via phosphorylation of serines in the linker domain, which are also partially involved in the regulation of DNA binding. Furthermore, we found that the thermal stability of MutLα decreased in relation to its phosphorylation status implying that complete phosphorylation might lead to instability and degradation of MLH1. In summary, we showed here, for the first time, a phosphorylation-dependent regulation of DNA binding of MutLα and hypothesized that this might significantly impact its functional regulation during MMR in vivo.
Die kathetergestützte Thrombektomie ist, spätestens seitdem 2015 verschiedene Studien ihre Überlegenheit zur alleinigen medikamentösen Behandlung gezeigt haben, die bevorzugte Therapie bei Patienten mit akutem ischämi-schem Schlaganfall und embolischen Verschluss einer großen intrakraniellen Arterie. Obwohl die mechanische Thrombektomie mittlerweile zur Standardthe-rapie zählt, ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Lokalisation des Infarktareals und klinischem Behandlungsergebnis nach Thrombektomie bisher nicht gut untersucht. Die dieser Studie zugrunde liegende Hypothese war, dass Infarktdemar-kationen in der zentralen Corona radiata, Capsula interna und/oder den Ba-salganglien aufgrund einer potenziellen Schädigung der Fasern des Tractus corticospinalis mit einem schlechten Behandlungsergebnis (mRS 3 bis 6) nach mechanischer Thrombektomie assoziiert sind. Ziel dieser Studie war es somit, den Behandlungserfolg nach Thrombektomie bei Patienten mit entsprechender Infarktlokalisation zu untersuchen.
Hierfür wurden die Daten von 70 erwachsenen Patienten analysiert, die im Zeitraum von April 2016 bis Januar 2020 im Institut für Neuroradiologie des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt aufgrund eines ischämischen Infarktes mit entsprechender Infarktdemarkation eine mechanische Thrombektomie erhalten haben. Alle erhobenen Daten stammen aus der elektronischen Krankenakte, dem Radiologie-Informations-System oder einem prospektiven Register zur internen Qualitätssicherung. Es erfolgte außerdem eine Unterteilung der Studi-enkohorte anhand des zusätzlichen kortikalen Infarktausmaßes bzw. der kortikalen Infarktlokalisation, um den Einfluss kortikaler Infarkte auf das Behandlungsergebnis beurteilen zu können. Die wichtigsten Endpunkte der Studie waren das klinische Behandlungsergebnis gemessen anhand der mRS nach 90 Tagen sowie die Ergebnisse der Subgruppenanalyse.
51,4 % der Studienpopulation erzielten nach 90 Tagen ein gutes klinische Be-handlungsergebnis (mRS 0 bis 2), 32,9 % der Patienten erreichten sogar ein exzellentes Ergebnis (mRS 0 bis 1). Insgesamt verstarben innerhalb von 90 Tagen nach dem Schlaganfallereignis 15,7 % aller Patienten und 32,9 % konn-ten nur ein schlechtes Behandlungsergebnis (mRS 3 bis 5) erzielen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die in der routinemäßig angefertigten Bildgebung nachgewiesenen Infarktdemarkationen im Verlauf der langen Bahnen nicht zwingend ein schlechtes Behandlungsergebnis bedingen. Bei Patienten mit ausge-dehnter Beteiligung des Kortex und Infarkten in definierten eloquenten Arealen waren die klinischen Behandlungsergebnisse allerdings schlechter als in der Vergleichsgruppe mit isolierten Läsionen der langen Bahnen.
Um künftig ein besseres Verständnis darüber zu erlangen, welche Patienten mit bestimmter Infarktlokalisation von einer mechanischen Thrombektomie langfristig profitieren können, sind weitere prospektive Studien mit exakt definierten Vergleichsgruppen und höherwertiger MRT-basierter Bildgebung erforderlich.
Einleitung: Frailty (engl. für Gebrechlichkeit) bezeichnet eine mit hohem Alter zunehmende Verschlechterung des körperlichen und kognitiven Zustandes von Individuen, woraufhin der Körper nicht mehr in der Lage ist, adäquat auf äußere und innere Stressoren zu reagieren. Frailty ist mit einer erhöhten Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsrate sowie längerer Krankenhausverweildauer und erhöhter postoperativer Komplikationsrate verbunden und stellt folglich einen chirurgischen Risikofaktor dar.
Problemstellung: Die Relevanz eines strukturierten Frailty Assessments in der präoperativen Risikostratifizierung führte zur Indikationsstellung, diverse validierte Risk Assessment Tools auf ihre prädiktive Vorhersagekraft bezüglich des Auftretens von postoperativen Komplikationen und postoperativer Sterbewahrscheinlichkeit zu untersuchen.
Methoden: In die vorliegende Studie wurden Patienten, die in dem Zeitraum vom 01.09.2018 und 31.01.2019 in der allgemeinchirurgischen Ambulanz vorstellig waren und einen allgemeinchirurgischen Eingriff erhielten, aufgenommen. Mittels Fragebögen wurden die Scores „Risk Analysis Index“, „Edmonton Frail Scale“ sowie „Charlson Comorbidity Index“ präoperativ erhoben und retrospektiv mit Daten aus der digitalen Patientenakte zusammengeführt. Endpunkte waren die 90-Tages- Mortalität sowie das Auftreten von schweren postoperativen Komplikationen ab Clavien Dindo Grad 3b. Die Analyse erfolgte in SPSS mittels Chi-Quadrat Test, t- Test und ROC-Kurven Analysen.
Ergebnisse: Das durchschnittliche Alter der Studienkohorte lag bei 56 ± 15.9 Jahren und der Anteil männlicher Patienten überwog mit 59.2% (n=282).
Die Fragebögen wurden 739 Patienten vorlegt und 476 Patienten konnten in die Datenanalyse eingeschlossen werden. Die 90-Tages-Mortalität lag bei 2.7% (n=13) und 9% (n=43) erlitten schwere postoperative Komplikationen ab Clavien-Dindo Grad IIIb. Die Einteilung nach der ASA-Klassifikation (p=0.024), maligne Diagnosen -7-(p<0.001) und Majorkomplikationen (p<0.001) stellten präoperative Risikofaktoren für postoperative 90-Tage-Mortalität dar. Von den Risk Assessment Scores zeigte lediglich der Risk Analysis Index eine signifikante Korrelation auf (p=0.013). Ein mittels ROC-Analyse ermittelter Cut-Off Wert von 23 klassifizierte 166 (34.9%) Patienten als frail, die mit 69% Sensitivität und 66% Spezifität (AUC=0.735) ein erhöhtes Risiko für postoperatives Versterben innerhalb von 90 Tagen aufwiesen (p=0.008). Risikofaktoren für das Auftreten schwerer postoperativer Komplikationen waren die ASA-Klassifikation (p=0.041), längere Krankenhausverweildauer (p<0.001) und maligne Diagnosen (p<0.001). Der Charlson Comorbidity Index (p=0.031) und RAI-C Werte ≥ 23 (p<0.001) korrelierten signifikant mit Majorkomplikationen. Das Alter ab 65 Jahren stellte mit 77 % Spezifität und 69 % Sensitivität ebenfalls einen prädiktiven Risikofaktor für postoperative Mortalität dar (AUC=0,787).
Schlussfolgerung: Mithilfe validierter Risk Assessment Tools ist es möglich Patienten, die ein erhöhtes Risiko für postoperative negative Ereignisse aufweisen, bereits präoperativ zu erkennen. Dies ermöglicht eine bessere Beurteilung der chirurgischen Indikationsstellung sowie das rechtzeitige Ergreifen von risikominimierenden Maßnahmen. Es ist notwendig die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit künftig mit risikominimierenden Maßnahmen zu verknüpfen und zu untersuchen, ob die Implementierung der Risk Assessment Tools zu verbesserten postoperativen Ergebnissen führt, wenn modifizierbare Faktoren verbessert werden.
In den letzten Jahren haben sich die Therapiemöglichkeiten des Mammakarzinoms deutlich verbessert. Durch die Analyse von genetischen Veränderungen in den Tumorzellen oder in der Keimbahn ist eine zielgerichtete Tumortherapie bei einigen Subgruppen möglich; z.B. mit PARP- und PIK3CA-Inhibitoren.
In einer retrospektiven Analyse wurde in dieser Arbeit untersucht, wie genetische Mutationsanalysen in einer onkologischen Schwerpunktpraxis eingesetzt werden. Es sollte untersucht werden, wie häufig PatientInnen in einer onkologischen Praxis mit metastasiertem Mammakarzinom eine Mutationsanalyse brustkrebsassoziierter Gene erhalten haben, und welche Konsequenzen daraus gezogen wurden. Dabei wurde der Zeitraum von 2019 – 2022 betrachtet. Mithilfe der Software Albis wurden Daten von 49 PatientInnen identifiziert. 40 PatientInnen haben eine Keimbahndiagnostik der Gene BRCA1/2 erhalten. Von den PatientInnen, die die BRCA1/2-Analyse bekommen haben, konnten in 20% der PatientInnen eine Mutation in BRCA1 oder 2 detektiert werden. Bei den meisten dieser PatientInnen wurde der PARP Inhibitor Olaparib therapeutisch eingesetzt. 10 PatientInnen erhielten eine PIK3CA-Analyse, 9 von ihnen mittels PCR und eine mittels NGS. In dieser Gruppe wurde bei einer Patientin eine Mutation im PIK3CA-Gen ermittelt. 15 PatientInnen haben eine Multigenpanel-Diagnostik erhalten. Dabei ist eine Reihe weiterer genetischer Veränderungen nachgewiesen worden. Für einige dieser Veränderungen stehen therapeutische Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung, die zwar nicht für das Mammakarzinom, aber für andere Tumorentitäten bereits zugelassen sind.
Das periinterventionelle Management von antikoagulierten Patienten stellt eine große Herausforderung im klinischen Alltag dar. Die genaue Abwägung von Blutungs- und Thromboembolierisiko ist essentieller Bestandteil der Frage, ob und wann die blutgerinnungshemmende Medikation pausiert werden soll. Ist das Zeitintervall zur geplanten Intervention zu kurz gewählt und daher die antikoagulierende Wirkung der Arzneimittel noch ausgeprägt, kann es leichter zu intra- und postoperativen Blutungen kommen. Umgekehrt kann es bei einer zu langen Unterbrechung der Antikoagulation zur Entwicklung von Thromboembolien kommen. Um diese Risiken zu minimieren und die Patientensicherheit zu verbessern ist ein leitliniengerechtes Handeln von großer Bedeutung. Durch den Einfluss des demographischen Wandels und die steigende Inzidenz der Erkrankungen, die eine Antikoagulation notwendig machen, erhöht sich ebenso die Anzahl der antikoagulierten Patienten, die sich einer elektiven Operation unterziehen müssen, wodurch das Thema schon seit Jahren an Bedeutung gewinnt. Trotz diverser Leitlinien, die in den letzten Jahren publiziert wurden, findet man im klinischen Alltag oftmals nicht auf Anhieb die passende Empfehlung, da diese von dem Einfluss etlicher Risikofaktoren, wie Alter, Geschlecht, Nierenfunktion u.a. bestimmt werden sollte. Der Einsatz eines Clinic Decision Support Systems (CDSS) kann ein leitliniengerechtes Handeln möglicherweise verbessern, indem patientenspezifische Risikokonstellationen anhand europäischer Leitlinien geprüft werden und dem Nutzer eine optimale Vorgehensweise unterbreitet wird.
Zielsetzung: In dieser Arbeit, soll die Eignung eines klinischen Entscheidungs-Unterstützungssystems (CDSS) anhand eines Multiple Choice (MC) Tests mit 11 kliniknahen Fallbeispielen, bezüglich evidenzbasierten perioperativen Managements von antikoagulierten Patienten untersucht werden.
Methoden: Im Rahmen einer klinischen prospektiven randomisierten multizentrischen Simulationsstudie beantworteten Ärztinnen und Ärzte einen Multiple Choice Test bestehend aus 11 Fallbeispielen zum Thema periinterventionelles Management von antikoagulierten Patienten. Dabei sollte zu - 5 - jedem Beispiel zwei möglichst leitliniengerechte Empfehlung ausgewählt werden.
Die Ärztinnen und Ärzte wurden vorab in zwei Gruppen randomisiert. Der PERI-KOAG Gruppe wurde das CDSS zur Beantwortung der Fragen zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Kontroll-Gruppe hatte hingegen keinen Zugriff auf die Applikation und sollte den Test mit frei zugänglichen Hilfsmitteln, zum Beispiel Leitlinien oder anderen allgemein verfügbaren Apps beantworten. Die beiden Gruppen wurden anschließend in Bezug auf die Gesamtergebnisse, die Bearbeitungszeit und Berufserfahrung verglichen.
Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden 168 Teilnehmer in die beiden Gruppen randomisiert, wovon 76 Teilnehmer, 42 Teilnehmer der PERI-KOAG Gruppe und 34 Teilnehmer der Kontroll-Gruppe den MC-Test vollständig beendeten und in die weitere Auswertung eingeschlossen wurden. Der MC-Test konnte mit maximal 22 Punkten (=100%) abgeschlossen werden. Die PERI-KOAG Gruppe erreichte dabei im Durchschnitt signifikant bessere Ergebnisse als die Kontroll-Gruppe (82 ±15% vs. 70 ±10%; 18 ±3 vs. 15 ±2 Punkte; P =0,0003). Unter Berücksichtigung der Bearbeitungszeit erzielten Teilnehmer mit längerer Bearbeitung durchschnittlich höhere Ergebnisse, als Kollegen welche den Test schneller abschlossen. Dieser Effekt zeigte sich in beiden Gruppen. Ein signifikanter Unterschied konnte hierbei nur in der PERI-KOAG Gruppe gezeigt werden (PERI-KOAG Gruppe ≥33 min. 89 ±10% (20 ±2 Punkte) vs. <33 min. 73 ±15% (16 ±3 Punkte), P =0,0005). Innerhalb der PERI-KOAG Gruppe zeigten sich tendenziell höhere Ergebnisse innerhalb der erfahreneren Gruppe (>5 Jahre Berufserfahrung), aber keinen signifikanten Unterschied zu weniger (≤5 Jahre Berufserfahrung) erfahrenen Kollegen (87 ±10% (19 ±2 Punkte) vs. 78 ±17% (17 ±4 Punkte), P =0,08). Dagegen konnte in der Kontroll-Gruppe kein Unterschied zwischen den Testresultaten von mehr und weniger erfahrenen Teilnehmern gezeigt werden (>5 Jahre: 71 ±8% (16 ±2 Punkte) vs. ≤5 Jahre: 70 ±13% (15 ±3 Punkte) P =0,66).
Diskussion: Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass im Rahmen eines MC-Tests mit Hilfe des CDSS ein leitliniengerechtes perioperatives Management von antikoagulierten Patienten signifikant verbessert werden kann. Eine fachgerechte Anwendung des Tools ist essentiell, um schwerwiegende Folgen, wie Blutungen oder Thromboembolien zu vermeiden. Eine längere Bearbeitungszeit und mutmaßlich intensivere Nutzung des CDSS, geht mit besseren Ergebnissen einher als eine schnelle Testbearbeitung. Ein insgesamt verbessertes leitliniengerechtes Management zeigt, unabhängig von der Berufserfahrung der Teilnehmer, das große Potential des CDSS.
Hintergrund: Amblyopie ist nach Fehlsichtigkeit die häufigste Sehstörung bei Kindern. Sie ist eine wesentliche Ursache für eine lebenslange Minderung der bestkorrigierten Sehschärfe und ist meist unilateral. Eine Asymmetrie in der Qualität des visuellen Eindrucks während der sensiblen Phase führt in der Regel zu einer unzureichenden Entwicklung des binokularen Sehsystems. Die Standardtherapie der Amblyopie besteht aus optimaler optischer Korrektur vorhandener Brechungsfehler und der direkten Okklusion, wobei das funktionsbessere Auge zeitweise mit einem Augenpflaster abgedeckt wird. Bisherige Studien haben gezeigt, dass besonders bei Patienten mit tiefer Amblyopie, die Therapietreue oft mäßig ist. In einigen Fällen kann das amblyope Auge nicht mit der Foveola fixieren. Diese exzentrische Fixation beeinflusst den Therapieerfolg negativ. Unser Ziel war, bei dieser speziellen Patientengruppe die Okklusionsdauer objektiv zu registrieren und deren Auswirkung auf die Visusentwicklung und die Fixationsänderung in Abhängigkeit vom Alter über einen langen Zeitraum zu untersuchen.
Methoden: In unserer prospektiven multizentrischen Pilotstudie untersuchten wir amblyope Kinder mit exzentrischer Fixation im Alter von 3-16 Jahren während 12-monatiger Okklusionsbehandlung. Der Nahvisus wurde mittels Landoltringen und Lea-Symbolen (jeweils Reihenoptotypen) bestimmt. Die Okklusionsdauer wurde kontinuierlich mit einem TheraMon®-Mikrosensor aufgezeichnet, der am Augenpflaster angebracht wurde. Der Fixationsort am Augenhintergrund wurde mit einem direkten Ophthalmoskop bestimmt. Unsere Ziele waren: Evaluierung der Sehfunktion, Therapieadhärenz und Beurteilung des Fixationsortes des amblyopen Auges. Der Anteil des korrigierten Visusdefizits, die Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung und die Therapieeffizienz wurden berechnet.
Ergebnisse: In unserer Studie wurden 12 Patienten mit Schiel- und kombinierter Schiel- und Anisometropieamblyopie im Alter von 2,9-12,4 Jahren (im Mittel 6,5 ± 3,4 Jahre) untersucht. Der Anfangsvisus der amblyopen Augen nach 3 Monaten refraktiver Adaptationsphase lag im Mittel bei 1,4 ± 0,4 logMAR (Spannweite 0,9-2,0), und der 5 Führungsaugen bei 0,3 ± 0,3 logMAR (Spannweite -0,1-0,8). Die mittlere interokuläre Visusdifferenz (IOVAD, Visusunterschied zwischen dem amblyopen Auge und dem Führungsauge) zu Beginn betrug im Mittel 1,1 ± 0,4 log Einheiten (Spannweite 0,5-1,8). Die verschriebene Okklusionsdauer lag im Median bei 7,7 Stunden/Tag (Spannweite 6,6-9,9), die tatsächlich erreichte bei 5,2 Stunden/Tag (Spannweite 0,7-9,7). Nach 12 Monaten betrug die mediane Visusbesserung der amblyopen Augen 0,6 log Einheiten (Spannweite 0-1,6), die mediane IOVAD 0,3 log Einheiten (Spannweite 0-1,8). Multiple Regressionsanalyse mit Rückwärtselimination zeigte, dass sowohl das Alter (p=0,0002) als auch die Okklusionsdosis (p=0,046) signifikante Einflussfaktoren für den Visusanstieg waren. Kinder unter 4 Jahren zeigten das beste Ansprechen mit der niedrigsten Rest-IOVAD (Median 0,1 log Einheiten, Spannweite 0-0,3). Die Effizienzberechnung ergab eine Visusbesserung von etwa einer log Visusstufe pro 100 Stunden Okklusion in den ersten zwei Monaten und einer halben log Visusstufe nach 6 Monaten. Die Therapieeffizienz nahm mit zunehmendem Alter ab (p = 0,01). Trotz einer gewissen Visusbesserung auch bei Patienten im Alter von ≥8 Jahren (Median 0,4 log Einheiten), zeigten diese eine geringere Therapieadhärenz sowie -effizienz (mediane Rest-IOVAD 0,8 log Einheiten). Zentrale Fixation wurde von 9 Patienten nach im Median 3 Monaten erreicht (Spannweite 1-4 Monate). Drei Patienten (>6 Jahre) erreichten keine zentrale Fixation.
Schlussfolgerung: Amblyopie mit exzentrischer Fixation stellt auch bei guter Adhärenz eine Herausforderung für den Therapieerfolg dar. Unsere Studie zeigte erstmals prospektive quantitative Daten basierend auf elektronischer Erfassung der Okklusion bei dieser seltenen Patientengruppe. Es konnte die deutliche Abnahme der Therapieeffizienz mit zunehmendem Alter gezeigt werden. Die Visusbesserung wurde viel stärker vom Alter als von der Okklusionsdosis beeinflusst. Nur Kinder, die zum Okklusionsbeginn jünger als 4 Jahre waren, konnten im Studienzeitraum in ihren amblyopen Augen eine für ihr Alter annähernd normale Sehschärfe und eine IOVAD <0,2 log Einheiten erreichen. Demzufolge sind, trotz möglicher geringer Visusbesserung auch bei älteren Patienten, eine frühzeitige Diagnose und Therapie dieser Patientengruppe unerlässlich für den Therapieerfolg.
Förderung: bereitgestellt durch den Forschungspreis des Vereins „Augenstern e.V.“
In Deutschland existieren nur wenige Ergebnisse aus der klinischen Forschung, die im Kontext der allgemeinmedizinischen Versorgung gewonnen wurden. Dies ist u.a. damit zu begründen, dass Forschung in der Allgemeinmedizin in den Praxisalltag eingebunden sein muss, worauf die gegenwärtige Versorgungsstruktur nicht ausgelegt ist. Damit für Hausärztinnen und Hausärzte Forschung im Praxisalltag möglich ist, müssen also Strukturen geschaffen werden, die Forschung ermöglichen. Eine solche Struktur bieten Forschungspraxennetze (FPN) wie beispielsweise das Forschungspraxennetz „ForN“. ForN wurde vom Institut für Allgemeinmedizin der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main im Jahr 2011 initiiert. In ForN tätige Forschungspraxen können sich mit einer Gültigkeit von fünf Jahren als „akademische Forschungspraxis“ akkreditieren lassen, wenn sie bestimmte Anforderungen erfüllen. Dazu gehört die Teilnahme an für Forschungsprojekte qualifizierenden Fortbildungen oder an Netz-begleitenden Treffen für Ärztinnen, Ärzte und Medizinische Fachangestellte (MFA) sowie die regelmäßige Teilnahme an Forschungsprojekten. Eine Verlängerung der Akkreditierung nach fünf Jahren ist möglich. Bisherige Publikationen über Forschung zu FPN bieten insbesondere Einblicke in Faktoren, welche den Beitritt in ein FPN fördern oder eher behindern. Forschung, die Faktoren der längerfristigen Mitwirkung der Praxen an FPN (wie Austrittsgründe, aber auch Motivation, eine Re-Akkreditierung anzustreben) untersucht, ist im Gegensatz dazu rar.
Diese Dissertation untersucht diese Faktoren anhand der folgenden Fragen: warum traten Forschungspraxen im Laufe der Zeit aus dem FPN ForN aus (ehemalige Mitglieder) und warum strebten andere eine Re-Akkreditierung an (aktive Mitglieder)? Weitere Unterfragen dieser Arbeit sind: welche Faktoren motivierten oder erschwerten hausärztlichen Teams eine Mitwirkung als Forschungspraxis? Wie wurde die bisherige Zusammenarbeit gesehen und als wie gut machbar wurden die Anforderungen zur Erlangung der Bezeichnung „akademische Forschungspraxis“ eingeschätzt?
Es wurde ein Fragebogen für ehemalige ärztliche ForN-Mitglieder entworfen und eingesetzt. Des Weiteren wurden Daten aus Fragebogenerhebungen von aktiven ForN-Mitgliedern (Hausärztinnen, Hausärzte, MFA) aufbereitetet. Die Daten wurden mithilfe der Datenanalysesoftware SPSS deskriptiv unter Angabe der Häufigkeiten, Mittelwerte, Standardabweichungen und Spannweiten ausgewertet.
Es konnten 14 Fragebögen von ehemaligen ärztlichen ForN-Mitgliedern aus 13 Praxen analysiert werden. Von den aktiven ForN-Mitgliedern wurden Fragebögen von 48 Ärztinnen und Ärzten sowie 57 MFA aus 41 Praxen ausgewertet. Als Gründe für den Austritt wurde von ehemaligen Mitgliedern insbesondere Zeitmangel und eine hohe Arbeitsbelastung angegeben. Weitere erschwerende Umstände waren ein Mangel an MFA, eine große Entfernung zum Standort des Instituts für Allgemeinmedizin und persönliche Gründe. Bis auf letztere Angabe waren dies auch die größten Hürden während der Teilnahme, die von aktiven Mitgliedern beschrieben wurden. Einen Beitrag für die Allgemeinmedizin zu leisten, persönliche Kompetenzen und Kompetenzen des Praxisteams zu erweitern sowie Abwechslung im Praxisalltag zu erleben, waren die wichtigsten motivierenden Faktoren einer Teilnahme im Forschungspraxennetz ForN, sowohl für aktive als auch für ehemalige Mitglieder. Die Anforderungen des FPN ForN an die Akkreditierung als Forschungspraxis wurden aus Perspektive der aktiven Mitglieder überwiegend als machbar empfunden. Nur die Umsetzung zusätzlicher, nicht verpflichtender Aktivitäten wurde als schwieriger erfüllbar bewertet. Bezüglich der Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Allgemeinmedizin gaben ehemalige ärztliche ForN-Mitglieder an, eine gute Vorbereitung auf Forschungsaufgaben erfahren zu haben, dem ForN-Team des Instituts für Allgemeinmedizin vertrauen zu können und dass die Kommunikation allgemein gut war.
Gründe für den Austritt aus dem FPN und Hindernisse während der Teilnahme in ForN waren überwiegend externe Faktoren wie Zeitmangel, eine hohe Arbeitsbelastung oder ein Mangel an MFA. Auf diese Faktoren hat das Institut für Allgemeinmedizin keinen direkten Einfluss, es kann lediglich die administrativen Aufgaben innerhalb eines Forschungsprojektes für das Team einer Forschungspraxis so vorstrukturieren, dass sie möglichst gut im Praxisalltag bewältigt werden können. Ein Vergleich mit Publikationen, die sich mit förderlichen und hinderlichen Faktoren eines Beitritts in ein FPN auseinandersetzen, zeigt, dass ähnliche Gründe auch die längerfristige Mitwirkung beeinflussen.
This study investigated the effects of a daily plyometric hopping intervention on running economy (RE) in amateur runners. In a randomized, controlled trial, thirty-four amateur runners (29 ± 7 years, 27 males) were allocated to a control or a hopping exercise group. During the six-week study, the exercise group performed 5 min of double-legged hopping exercise daily. To progressively increase loading, the number of hopping bouts (10 s each) was steadily increased while break duration between sets was decreased. Pre- and post-intervention, RE, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured during 4-min stages at three running speeds (10, 12, and 14 km/h). ANCOVAs with baseline values and potential cofounders as cofactors were performed to identify differences between groups. ANCOVA revealed an effect of hopping on RE at 12 km/h (df = 1; F = 4.35; p < 0.05; η2 = 0.072) and 14 km/h (df = 1; F = 6.72; p < 0.05; η2 = 0.098), but not at 10 km/h (p > 0.05). Exercise did not affect VO2peak (p > 0.05), but increased RER at 12 km/h (df = 1; F = 4.26; p < 0.05; η2 = 0.059) and 14 km/h (df = 1; F = 36.73; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.520). No difference in RER was observed at 10 km/h (p > 0.05). Daily hopping exercise is effective in improving RE at high running speeds in amateurs and thus can be considered a feasible complementary training program.
Clinical trial registration German Register of Clinical Trials (DRKS00017373).