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U radu se analiziraju eliptični oblici anglizama u ruskome i hrvatskome jeziku i dopunjuje pristup njihove dosadašnje kvalifikacije i klasifikacije. Preciznijim definicijama stupnja elipse u anglizmu predlaže se jednostavnije i jasnije određivanje njihovih granica i razlika. Na temelju rezultata analize anglizama uočene su nove mogućnosti u njihovu formiranju. U formiranju eliptičnoga oblika anglizma nije nužno samo ispuštanje određenih elemenata, već se eliptični oblik anglizma može formirati i s pomoću kombinacija drugih tvorbenih načina: kombinacijom elipse i supstitucije, elipse i kompozicije, elipse i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i kompozicije te kombinacijom elipse, adicije i kompozicije.
A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) was used to measure the water uptake (hygroscopicity) of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during the chemical and photochemical oxidation of several organic precursors in a smog chamber. Electron ionization mass spectra of the non-refractory submicron aerosol were simultaneously determined with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), and correlations between the two different signals were investigated. SOA hygroscopicity was found to strongly correlate with the relative abundance of the ion signal m/z 44 expressed as a fraction of total organic signal (f44). m/z 44 is due mostly to the ion fragment CO2+ for all types of SOA systems studied, and has been previously shown to strongly correlate with organic O/C for ambient and chamber OA. The analysis was also performed on ambient OA from two field experiments at the remote site Jungfraujoch, and the megacity Mexico City, where similar results were found. A simple empirical linear relation between the hygroscopicity of OA at subsaturated RH, as given by the hygroscopic growth factor (GF) or "κorg" parameter, and f44 was determined and is given by κorg=2.2×f44−0.13. This approximation can be further verified and refined as the database for AMS and HTDMA measurements is constantly being expanded around the world. The use of this approximation could introduce an important simplification in the parameterization of hygroscopicity of OA in atmospheric models, since f44 is correlated with the photochemical age of an air mass.
EUROTRANS is a European research program for the transmutation of high level nuclear waste in an accelerator-driven system (ADS). As proposed, the driver linac needs to deliver a 2.5–4 mA, 600 MeV continuous-wave (CW) proton beam and later a 20 mA, 800 MeV one to the spallation target in the prototype-scale and industrial-scale demonstration phases, respectively. This paper is focusing on the conceptual studies performed with respect to the 17 MeV injector. First, the special beam dynamics strategies and methods, which have been developed and applied to design a current-variable injector up to 30 mA for allowing an easy upgrade without additional R&D costs, will be introduced. Then the error study made for evaluating the tolerance limits of the designed injector will be presented as well.
Welche Rolle spielt Religion – abseits von radikalem Extremismus – im politischen Geschehen der modernen westlichen Gesellschaften? Diese Frage motivierte unser Forschungsprojekt; wir untersuchen dabei einen ganz spezifischen Sachverhalt: Welchen Einfluss hat Religion darauf, ob Bürger staatliche Umverteilungspolitik unterstützen? ...
Auf Basis einer Literaturauswertung paläobotanischer Befunde werden Facetten zur Entstehung, Bedeutung und Erhaltung der Phytodiversität heimischer Offenland-Lebensräume im Waldland Bayern aufgezeigt: Bayern liegt in der temperaten Waldregion mit sommergrünen Laubwäldern, die zu 80 % von Buchenwald-Gesellschaften dominiert werden. Der heutigen Dominanz der Buche steht eine fehlende Kontinuität der Buche in der quartären Vegetationsgeschichte Mitteleuropas gegenüber. 70–80 % des Quartärs überwogen offene oder halboffene Landschaften. Die Buche erlangte ihre Vorherrschaft erst im Spätholozän vor ca. 5.000 Jahren. Die heimische Diversität entwickelte sich im Quartär zu 99,7 % außerhalb von Buchenwäldern. So war Bayern die letzten 1,8 Mio. Jahre vorrangig von periglazialen Steppentundra-Komplexen dominiert. Aus dieser Habitattradition entstammen zahlreiche Relikt - arten der Steppen und Tundren, die heute als Glazialrelikte in Sonder-Lebensräume eingebunden sind. Sie sind das historische Zeugnis des mehrfachen und tiefgreifenden Landschafts- und Florenwandels während des Quartärs, der in seiner Intensität weltweit einmalig ist. Wie Auswertungen der Floristischen Kartierung Bayerns zeigen, sind die nur auf wenigen Prozent der Landesfläche vorkommenden lichten Mager-, Trocken- und Nass-Standorte die entscheidenden Refugien für das Überleben der seltenen Gefäßpflanzen und die entscheidenden Inseln für den Erhalt der Phytodiversität, die die regional - typischen Vegetationsausprägungen ausmachen und den wesentlichen Genpool für zukünftige Entwicklungen bergen. Nur etwa 12 % der bayerischen Gefäßpflanzen sind an Wald als Lebensraum gebunden, in dem zudem die besonders seltenen Sippen mit 9 % stark unterrepräsentiert sind. Fast alle (Sub-) Endemiten wachsen auf lückigen Offenland-Wuchsorten, keiner wächst in mehr oder minder dichten Wäldern. Populationsbiologisch betrachtet stehen Sippen auf räumlich isolierten Sonderstandorten im Spannungsfeld zwischen der Gefahr des Aussterbens (z. B. Carex capitata, Chondrilla chondrilloides usw.) und dem Impuls zur Ausbildung neuer Sippen (z. B. Gattung Cochlearia). Zudem lief, besonders für agamosperme Pflanzengruppen, die Evolution wohl v.a. in (halb-)offenen Landschaften ab und ließ schnell optimal angepasste Spezialisten entstehen, die bis heute auf Sonderstandorten erhalten geblieben sind. Insbesondere an den kleinen Arealen der Reliktarten und Endemiten auf Sonderstandorten werden die ausbreitungsbiologischen Probleme von Pflanzensippen deutlich, was neue Gesichtspunkte für die Biotopvernetzung hervorhebt. Entscheidend ist die Förderung der Prozesse, die eine Ausbreitung von Diasporen verbessern und eine Kontrolle ubiquitärer, starkwüchsiger Sippen. Die Ausführungen münden in eine konkrete Strategie für den Schutz der bayerischen Phytodiversität: Das Management der (halb-)offenen Lebensräume mit Reliktarten und regionaltypischen Endemiten ist eine große Herausforderung für den Naturschutz. Geeignete Konzepte und Maßnahmen müssen mit zielgerichteten Artenhilfsprogrammen erarbeitet werden.
In der Gemeinde Glandorf (Landkreis Osnabrück) wurde ein von der Bever abgetrennter Altarm im Rahmen eines Projektes wieder angebunden und renaturiert. Das Projekt wurde mit einem Monitoring der Besiedlung des neu geschaffenen Biotops über drei Jahre begleitet und die Entwicklung dokumentiert. Untersuchungsinhalte bildeten u.a. die chemisch-physikalischen Parameter und die Besiedlung des Altarms mit Fischen. Die chemisch-physikalischen Kenngrößen lieferten bereits nach kurzer Zeit des Wasserdurchflusses aussagekräftige Eindrücke. Die Messungen ergaben über die Untersuchungsjahre eine leichte Verbesserung der Werte, wenn auch nicht alle Werte unter den empfohlenen Grenzwerten für Tieflandbäche liegen. Verschmutzungszeiger wie auch Hinweise auf Einleitungen an Mineraldünger offenbaren überörtliche Einflüsse, die außerhalb der Renaturierungsmöglichkeiten liegen. Die Erfassung der Fische spiegelt vor allem bei den Herbstfängen eine Fischfauna wider, deren Artenund Jahrgangszusammensetzung typisch für Tieflandbäche ist. Vor dem Hintergrund des hohen Jungfischanteils wird die Bedeutung einer vielgestaltigen Renaturierung für die Fischbrut und als Rückzugsraum deutlich. Mit der Renaturierung des Bever-Altarms ist ein Schritt zur ökologischen Bereicherung gelungen, der über die Gewässerbesiedlung hinaus auch das direkte, landwirtschaftlich geprägte Umfeld positiv beeinflusst.
Background: Decoding of frequency-modulated (FM) sounds is essential for phoneme identification. This study investigates selectivity to FM direction in the human auditory system. Methodology/Principal Findings: Magnetoencephalography was recorded in 10 adults during a two-tone adaptation paradigm with a 200-ms interstimulus-interval. Stimuli were pairs of either same or different frequency modulation direction. To control that FM repetition effects cannot be accounted for by their on- and offset properties, we additionally assessed responses to pairs of unmodulated tones with either same or different frequency composition. For the FM sweeps, N1m event-related magnetic field components were found at 103 and 130 ms after onset of the first (S1) and second stimulus (S2), respectively. This was followed by a sustained component starting at about 200 ms after S2. The sustained response was significantly stronger for stimulation with the same compared to different FM direction. This effect was not observed for the non-modulated control stimuli. Conclusions/Significance: Low-level processing of FM sounds was characterized by repetition enhancement to stimulus pairs with same versus different FM directions. This effect was FM-specific; it did not occur for unmodulated tones. The present findings may reflect specific interactions between frequency separation and temporal distance in the processing of consecutive FM sweeps.
Background: The human chromosomal region 9p21.3 has been shown to be strongly associated with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in several Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS). Recently, this region has also been shown to be associated with Aggressive Periodontitis (AgP), strengthening the hypothesis that the established epidemiological association between periodontitis and CHD is caused by a shared genetic background, in addition to common environmental and behavioural risk factors. However, the size of the analyzed cohorts in this primary analysis was small compared to other association studies on complex diseases. Using our own AgP cohort, we attempted to confirm the described associations for the chromosomal region 9p21.3. Methods: We analyzed our cohort consisting of patients suffering from the most severe form of AgP, generalized AgP (gAgP) (n = 130) and appropriate periodontally healthy control individuals (n = 339) by genotyping four tagging SNPs (rs2891168, rs1333042, rs1333048 and rs496892), located in the chromosomal region 9p21.3, that have been associated with AgP. Results: The results confirmed significant associations between three of the four SNPs and gAgP. The combination of our results with those from the study which described this association for the first time in a meta-analysis of the four tagging SNPs produced clearly lower p-values compared with the results of each individual study. According to these results, the most plausible genetic model for the association of all four tested SNPs with gAgP seems to be the multiplicative one. Conclusion: We positively replicated the finding of an association between the chromosomal region 9p21.3 and gAgP. This result strengthens support for the hypothesis that shared susceptibility genes within this chromosomal locus might be involved in the pathogenesis of both CHD and gAgP.
Residual circulation trajectories and transit times into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere
(2010)
Transport into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere (LMS) can be divided into a slow part (time-scale of several months to years) associated with the global-scale stratospheric residual circulation and a fast part (time-scale of days to a few months) associated with (mostly quasi-horizontal) mixing (i.e. two-way irreversible transport, including stratosphere-troposphere exchange). The stratospheric residual circulation can be considered to consist of two branches: a deep branch more strongly associated with planetary waves breaking in the middle to upper stratosphere, and a shallow branch more strongly associated with synoptic-scale waves breaking in the subtropical lower stratosphere. In this study the contribution due to the stratospheric residual circulation alone to transport into the LMS is quantified using residual circulation trajectories, i.e. trajectories driven by the (time-dependent) residual mean meridional and vertical velocities. This contribution represents the advective part of the overall transport into the LMS and can be viewed as providing a background onto which the effect of mixing has to be added. Residual mean velocities are obtained from a comprehensive chemistry-climate model as well as from reanalysis data. Transit times of air traveling from the tropical tropopause to the LMS along the residual circulation streamfunction are evaluated and compared to recent mean age of air estimates. A clear time-scale separation with much smaller transit times into the mid-latitudinal LMS than into polar LMS is found that is indicative of a clear separation of the shallow from the deep branch of the residual circulation. This separation between the shallow and the deep circulation branch is further manifested in a clear distinction in the aspect ratio of the vertical to meridional extent of the trajectories as well as the integrated mass flux along the residual circulation trajectories. The residual transit time distribution reproduces qualitatively the observed seasonal cycle of youngest air in the extratropical LMS in fall and oldest air in spring.
Respiratory chain complexes in dynamic mitochondria display a patchy distribution in life cells
(2010)
Background: Mitochondria, the main suppliers of cellular energy, are dynamic organelles that fuse and divide frequently. Constraining these processes impairs mitochondrial is closely linked to certain neurodegenerative diseases. It is proposed that functional mitochondrial dynamics allows the exchange of compounds thereby providing a rescue mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings: The question discussed in this paper is whether fusion and fission of mitochondria in different cell lines result in re-localization of respiratory chain (RC) complexes and of the ATP synthase. This was addressed by fusing cells containing mitochondria with respiratory complexes labelled with different fluorescent proteins and resolving their time dependent re-localization in living cells. We found a complete reshuffling of RC complexes throughout the entire chondriome in single HeLa cells within 2–3 h by organelle fusion and fission. Polykaryons of fused cells completely re-mixed their RC complexes in 10–24 h in a progressive way. In contrast to the recently described homogeneous mixing of matrix-targeted proteins or outer membrane proteins, the distribution of RC complexes and ATP synthase in fused hybrid mitochondria, however, was not homogeneous but patterned. Thus, complete equilibration of respiratory chain complexes as integral inner mitochondrial membrane complexes is a slow process compared with matrix proteins probably limited by complete fusion. In co-expressing cells, complex II is more homogenously distributed than complex I and V, resp. Indeed, this result argues for higher mobility and less integration in supercomplexes. Conclusion/Significance: Our results clearly demonstrate that mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics favours the re-mixing of all RC complexes within the chondriome. This permanent mixing avoids a static situation with a fixed composition of RC complexes per mitochondrion.
Bare incrusted soils are a degradation stage often encountered in the Sahel zone. Our study documents the success of restoration (= regreening) experiments using deep ploughing in an experimental site south of Gorom-Gorom in the Oudalan province of Burkina Faso. We used phytosociological relevés and maximum likelihood classifications of digital photography to analyze changes in vegetation. Plant cover in treated plots was found to be about 20 times higher than in control plots, mean species richness more than twice as high. Therefore, this promising restoration method should be tested also in other Sahelian regions. Our approach to combine phytosociological relevés and maximum likelihood classifications of digital photography proved to be very useful.
As a part of the interdisciplinary research project ”Integration of nature protection goals with organic farming: an the example from the Hessian ”state domain” [Staatsdomäne] area Frankenhausen”, different restoration measures have been carried out within this site, 15 km north of Kassel. Since 1998, intensive conventional agricultural practices have been substituted with organic farming here. One intention of the agricultural restructuring was to realise nature protection goals in cooperation with sustainable organic agricultural production.
The hydrologic portion of the project addresses both the implementation of restoration measures in rivers and streams and their scientific monitoring. Starting in July 2007, several restoration measures were carried out in the hydrologic systems of the Jungfernbach and Esse streams within the Frankenhausen site. Both systems are formed by typical loess streams (catchment size about 9 km2) which had been heavily degraded for several hundred years by intensive agriculture. The most important restoration measures were removal of a piped section of a tributary of the Jungfernbach at Totenhof, restoration of biological passability by removal of weirs and substitution of narrow pipes under farm paths, relocation of a section of the Jungfernbach from the edge of the floodplain to its original location in the centre, widening of narrow sections and partial raising of the deepened stream bed by means of rough ramps (stone bars) and racks made of oak wood or iron.
These physical restoration measures were accompanied by a scientific monitoring programme comprising morphological, hydrochemical and biological (aquatic macrophytes, aquatic macroinvertebrates, fish and amphibians) aspects.
The aim of this study was to document the original ecological conditions, the restoration measures and the early ecological effects on the stream sections for the first six months following restoration as a basis for further ecological monitoring.
The restoration measures effected clear morphological changes in cross-section and passability. The chemical condition of the streams showed slight changes in some aspects following the restoration, e. g. a reduction of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium concentration. Other than macrophytic algae in the newly shaped sections, aquatic macrophytes did not develop over the winter season before the end of the monitoring phase in April 2008. Within the newly shaped stream sections of a small tributary and of the Jungfernbach, up to 14 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa started to colonise the new habitats 6 months after restoration.
Fish fauna were very poorly represented in the streams and included only a few specimens of brown trout (Salmo trutta). This did not change markedly after restoration, possibly due to the isolation of the population caused by impassable weirs downstream of the investigation area.
During a 4-week run in October–November 2006, a pilot experiment was performed at the CERN Proton Synchrotron in preparation for the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment, whose aim is to study the possible influence of cosmic rays on clouds. The purpose of the pilot experiment was firstly to carry out exploratory measurements of the effect of ionising particle radiation on aerosol formation from trace H2SO4 vapour and secondly to provide technical input for the CLOUD design. A total of 44 nucleation bursts were produced and recorded, with formation rates of particles above the 3 nm detection threshold of between 0.1 and 100 cm -3 s -1, and growth rates between 2 and 37 nm h -1. The corresponding H2O concentrations were typically around 106 cm -3 or less. The experimentally-measured formation rates and htwosofour concentrations are comparable to those found in the atmosphere, supporting the idea that sulphuric acid is involved in the nucleation of atmospheric aerosols. However, sulphuric acid alone is not able to explain the observed rapid growth rates, which suggests the presence of additional trace vapours in the aerosol chamber, whose identity is unknown. By analysing the charged fraction, a few of the aerosol bursts appear to have a contribution from ion-induced nucleation and ion-ion recombination to form neutral clusters. Some indications were also found for the accelerator beam timing and intensity to influence the aerosol particle formation rate at the highest experimental SO2 concentrations of 6 ppb, although none was found at lower concentrations. Overall, the exploratory measurements provide suggestive evidence for ion-induced nucleation or ion-ion recombination as sources of aerosol particles. However in order to quantify the conditions under which ion processes become significant, improvements are needed in controlling the experimental variables and in the reproducibility of the experiments. Finally, concerning technical aspects, the most important lessons for the CLOUD design include the stringent requirement of internal cleanliness of the aerosol chamber, as well as maintenance of extremely stable temperatures (variations below 0.1 °C)
Der Rock‘n‘Roll-Film ist ein kleines Genre der Musikfilmgeschichte, das seine Blütezeit zwischen 1955 und 1965 erlebte. Es wird heute nicht nur als filmische Verarbeitung der Hochphase des jugendlichen Modetanzes Rock‘n‘Roll gewertet, sondern als allgemeinerer Ausdruck der Ablösung einer eigenständigen Jugendkultur aus einer umfassenden, alters- und generationenneutralen Gesamtkultur. Oft geht es um Probleme jugendlicher Dekultivierung, um aufkommende Gewalttätigkeit, Drogenabhängigkeit, Verdummung und gar Kriminalisierung der Jugend. Die Filme legen aber auch Zeugnis ab über eine neue, ekstatischere Unterhaltungskultur. Insbesondere die Tanzformen, die sich aus der formalen Organisiertheit der Gesellschaftstänze lösen und einem individuelleren, körpernahen, ja akrobatischen Ausdruckverhalten im Tanz Raum verschaffen, sind bis heute auffallend. (Es mag verwundern, dass Sexualität, die allen hier berichteten Filmen eine Rolle spielt, demgegenüber höchst konventionell behandelt wird.) Viele Erzählungen des kleinen Genres thematisieren die Krisenhaftigkeit dieser Prozesse unmittelbar und belegen, dass die rock‘n‘roll-tanzenden Jugendlichen der gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung nicht entzogen sind. Deutlich ist aber fast immer der Konflikt mit der Elterngeneration, seien es die Eltern selbst oder die Vertreter der kommunalen Kultur, die den Rock‘n‘Roll zu unterbinden suchen.
Species-rich wet grasslands in floodplains are on focus of European nature conservation policy. However, since the seventies of the last century large areas with grasslands in floodplains have been meliorated, ploughed and used for intensive cropping in Germany. Therefore, restoration strategies for large-scale conversion of former arable land into species-rich grasslands and integration into a long-term sustainable land use regime are needed. Dealing with large areas in restoration projects causes high costs which often exceed the possibilities of NGO’s or other stakeholders. Aiming to develop and implement new cost-efficient strategies for restoration and long-term management of wetlands on former arable land local NGO’s and the Anhalt University of Applied Sciences started a co-operation within a project in a heavily degraded floodplain in the Elbe river valley. Up to now, more than 40 ha former arable land was successively bought and immediately grazed by large herbivores (Heck-cattle and Przewalski-horses). The local farmers apply a year-round grazing regime without additional feeding and low stocking density. Scientific evaluation of the project progress and experiments with different re-vegetation variants (natural recovery, hay transfer, seeding of commercial seed mixture) revealed the following results: (1) on former arable land immediate grazing with large herbivores without additional feeding is possible and leads to a successive development of typical grassland communities with low nutrient status, (2) integration of old pastures into the grazing system enhances colonization of native grassland species alongside animal tracks, (3) seeding of a commercial seed mixture impedes the colonization of native grassland species, (4) transfer of species-rich hay accelerates the colonization rate of several grassland species, and (5) highest cover of target species was found on regularly wet sites. Therefore, we conclude that grazing with large herbivores proved to be successful in converting former arable land into species-rich grasslands. Nevertheless, rising of the groundwater table is most important for further development of species-rich wet grasslands in the Wulfener Bruch.
Since the world today is so significantly shaped by media technologies, it has become crucial for organizations, institutions and political parties to embrace this phenomenon in order for them to be able to communicate their message and programmes effectively. If they fail to do so, they in effect fail to exist in the public consciousness. Mass media hugely influence how culture is created: intelligence, artistic talent and technological innovation become visible through the media. The Roman Catholic Church, the world’s largest religious organization has, for the longest time, on the one hand denied the influence of the media, while on the other hand calling it ‘the work of evil’. When the Church eventually came to acknowledge the media as a powerful force, it proceeded to use this power as a mouthpiece for its authorities. The Catholic Church is still not wholly at ease with the media. The question is whether the Catholic Church has sufficiently familiarized itself with how the media function, in order to utilise the media to communicate the Church’s message to a large public audience. Against the background of ecclesial documents this article investigates the attitude of the Catholic Church towards the media as it has developed over the past 50 years.
Als Rückseite des Erzählens ist das dynamisierte Unbewußte deessentialisiert und in gewissem Sinne deterritorialisiert. In dieser Hinsicht ist die Allegorisierung des Unbewußten als dem Verschütteten, das es auszugraben gilt, gerade nicht zutreffend. Das Erzählmodell, das dieser Erzählung zugrunde liegt, ist aber andererseits nur die Quintessenz des 19. Jahrhunderts, weil es zugleich auf eine restlose Essentialisierung und Reterritorialisierung hinausläuft. Das Verschüttete, das wiedergewonnen werden muß, ist ja die tote schwesterliche Geliebte als das globale Signifikat, auf das alle Signifikanten, alle Fehlleistungen verweisen (und das den Rückseiten des Erzählens allemal ein Ende setzt).
Surface measurements of aerosol and ice nuclei (IN) at a Central European mountain site during an episode of dust transport from the Sahara are presented. Ice nuclei were sampled by electrostatic precipitation on silicon wafers and were analyzed in an isothermal static vapor diffusion chamber. The transport of mineral dust is simulated by the Eulerian regional dust model DREAM. Ice nuclei and mineral dust are significantly correlated, in particular IN number concentration and aerosol surface area. The ice nucleating characteristics of the aerosol as analyzed with respect to temperature and supersaturation are similar during the dust episode than during the course of the year. This suggests that dust may be a main constituent of ice nucleating aerosols in Central Europe.
Surface measurements of aerosol and ice nuclei (IN) at a Central European mountain site during an episode of dust transport from the Sahara are presented. Transport is simulated by the Eulerian regional dust model DREAM. Ice nuclei and mineral dust are significantly correlated. The highest correlation is found between IN concentration and aerosol surface area. The ice nucleating characteristics of the aerosol with respect to temperature and supersaturation are similar during the dust episode than during the course of the year. This suggests that dust is always a dominant constituent of ice nucleating aerosols in Central Europe.
Poster presentation at 5th German Conference on Cheminformatics: 23. CIC-Workshop Goslar, Germany. 8-10 November 2009 Protein kinases are important targets for drug development. The almost identical protein folding of kinases and the common co-substrate ATP leads to the problem of inhibitor selectivity. Type II inhibitors, targeting the inactive conformation of kinases, occupy a hydrophobic pocket with less conserved surrounding amino acids. Human polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) represents a promising target for approaches to identify new therapeutic agents. Plk1 belongs to a family of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases, and is a key player in mitosis, where it modulates the spindle checkpoint at metaphase/anaphase transition. Plk1 is over-expressed in all today analyzed human tumors of different origin and serves as a negative prognostic marker in cancer patients. The newly identified inhibitor, SBE13, a vanillin derivative, targets Plk1 in its inactive conformation. This leads to selectivity within the Plk family and towards Aurora A. This selectivity can be explained by docking studies of SBE13 into the binding pocket of homology models of Plk1, Plk2 and Plk3 in their inactive conformation. SBE13 showed anti-proliferative effects in cancer cell lines of different origins with EC50 values between 5 microM and 39 microM and induced apoptosis. Increasing concentrations of SBE13 result in increasing amounts of cells in G2/M phase 13 hours after double thymidin block of HeLa cells. The kinase activity of Plk1 was inhibited with an IC50 of 200 pM. Taken together, we could show that carefully designed structure-based virtual screening is well-suited to identify selective type II kinase inhibitors targeting Plk1 as potential anti-cancer therapeutics.
Die Paradigmen des Schlachtgemäldes und der Schlachtbeschreibung dienen Sebald und Simon als Kontrastfolie für ihre Versuche, sich den historischen Katastrophen des 20. Jahrhunderts anzunähern. Auf unterschiedliche Weise demontieren beide Autoren den Anspruch dieser Paradigmen auf Transparenz und wenden sich damit auch gegen das Pathos einer bestimmten Tradition der Darstellung des Krieges. Aber zugleich reflektieren beide Autoren die sich zu einem einheitlichen und sinnhaften Ganzen zusammenfügenden Erfahrungen des 20. Jahrhunderts gerade in dieser auf Totalität abzielenden Form. Sie ermöglicht ihnen die spielerische Suggestion von Unmittelbarkeit und Intensität bei gleichzeitigem Beharren auf der Unverfügbarkeit einer Erfahrung, die nicht vergessen, aber auch nicht erinnert werden kann.
Schlangengifte enthalten einen ganzen Arzneischrank voller hochwirksamer Stoffe, die binnen kurzer Zeit zu Schock, Lähmung oder unstillbaren Blutungen führen können. Forscher interessieren sich vor allem für Verbindungen, welche die Blutgerinnung hemmen, denn sie könnten pharmakologisch interessante Leitstrukturen für neue Wirkstoffe sein, die das Risiko eines Herzinfarkts, Gehirnschlags und anderer Thrombosen mindern.
Ausgehend von Rüdiger Campes literaturtheoretischen Überlegungen zur literarischen Schreibszene wird die enge gegenseitige Bedingung des Ensembles von Schreibgeste, Instrumentalität und Schrift für die Selbst-Bewusstwerdung Bill Lees - das filmische Pendant William S. Burroughs‘ – als homosexueller Schriftsteller aufgedeckt werden. In den diversen Schreib(-)szenen wird unter Einbezug der Vorstellung der Homographesis, also einer „eingeschriebenen“ Homosexualität, die Cronenberg’sche Geschlechterkonzeption ebenso offengelegt wie die Ursprünge und Motivationen, die einer Schriftstellerexistenz zugrunde liegen. Dass dabei sowohl die richtige Schreibgeste, als auch die richtige Instrumentalität des Schreibens vonnöten sind und ferner attraktiv visualisiert werden können, zeigen die außergewöhnlich gelungenen Schrei-Szenen.
In Fühmanns letzten Jahren ist die Erfahrung des Scheiterns an die Stelle getreten, die seit seinen literarischen Anfängen eine andere Erfahrung eingenommen hatte: die von Schuld und von der Notwendigkeit und Möglichkeit einer Wandlung. Wie beide Erfahrungen – Schuld und Scheitern – zusammenhängen, darum wird es im folgenden gehen.
Background: Leishmaniasis is a chronic disease that is found in various countries of the world. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of leishmaniasis on the world's research output. The present study assessed benchmarking of research output for the period between 1957 and 2006. Using large database analyses, research in the field of leishmaniasis was evaluated. Furthermore, cooperation between different countries was identified.
Results: The number of publications increased with time. Most publications came from Western countries such as the US, UK or Germany. Interestingly, countries like Brazil and India had a high research output. We found a substantial amount of cooperation between countries.
Conclusion: Although leishmaniasis is of limited geographic distribution it attracts a wide research interest. The central hub of research cooperation is the USA.
Methanogenic archaea are a group of strictly anaerobic microorganisms characterized by their strict dependence on the process of methanogenesis for energy conservation. Among the archaea, they are also the only known group synthesizing proteins containing selenocysteine or pyrrolysine. All but one of the known archaeal pyrrolysine-containing and all but two of the confirmed archaeal selenocysteine-containing protein are involved in methanogenesis. Synthesis of these proteins proceeds through suppression of translational stop codons but otherwise the two systems are fundamentally different. This paper highlights these differences and summarizes the recent developments in selenocysteine- and pyrrolysine-related research on archaea and aims to put this knowledge into the context of their unique energy metabolism.
U ovom članku razmatraju se dokazi koje posuđenice nude za vrste kontakata između Praslavena i njihovih germanskih susjeda, Gota i različitih zapadnogermanskih naroda. Germanske posuđenice u praslavenskome uglavnom pripadaju određenom skupu semantičkih polja. Posuđene riječi mogu se podijeliti u nekoliko semantičkih polja: vlast i vojska, tehnička terminologija, novac i trgovinska razmjena, mjesta za pohranu (bačve, kutije itd.), kršćanska terminologija i imanje. Tehničke riječi i kršćanske riječi vjerojatno su zapadnogermanskoga podrijetla, dok sve ostale semantičke kategorije sadrže i gotske i zapadnogermanske posuđenice.
Terry Eagleton stellt in seinem kleinen Büchlein über Shakespeare eine provozierende These hinsichtlich der Bedeutung der Hexen in 'Macbeth' auf: "The witches", so behauptet er, "are the heroines of the piece, […] however much the critics have set out to defame them" (Eagleton 1986, 2). Die Hexen sind die eigentlichen Heldinnen des Dramas - und das, obwohl, ja gerade weil sie als bloße Randfiguren in Erscheinung treten. Denn die Hexen werden in 'Macbeth' gezielt in einem Schwellen- und Randbereich der kulturellen und sozialen Ordnung plaziert - "its shadowy borderlands". Genauer: Als ambivalentes Grenzphänomen stellen sie das Funktionieren der kategorialen Oppositionen in Frage, die diese Ordnung begründen. Die Welt der Hexen ist keine böse und häßliche Gegenwelt zu der durch vernünftige Gesetze strukturierten, durch göttliche Autorität legitimierten Welt der Menschen. Vielmehr hebt sie den fundierenden Gegensatz zwischen gut und böse, schön und häßlich aus den Angeln: "Fair is foul, and foul is fair (1.1.12). Die Hexen in Macbeth sind Grenzwesen, die der Grenze zugleich ihre ordnende und unterscheidende Kraft rauben.
In 2007 the residents of the town of Sannieshof in North West Province declared a dispute with the Tswaing Local Municipality on the grounds that the state of local service delivery left much to be desired. The ratepayers then formed the Sannieshof Inwoners Belastingbetalers Unie (SIBU) which literally took over the functions of local government of the town, functioning as a local government within a local government.
This article provides a historical narrative of the conflict between SIBU and Tswaing Local Municipality, a dispute which was taken as far as the provincial High Court. Then follows an outline of conditions in Sannieshof and the townships of Agisanang and Phelindaba. Attention is given to the perceptions of local residents on the prevalent conditions, specifically in respect of water supply and sanitation service delivery. In the third section there are some theoretical perspectives on political culture, socialisation and happiness. A debate is provided on how these phenomena manifest under existing conditions in Sannieshof, and more particularly, in its adjacent townships of Agisanang and Phelindaba.
In einer 1170 ha großen Probefläche im Nationalpark Donau-
Auen (Niederösterreich) wurden Siedlungsdichten und
Habitatpräferenzen des Grünspechts Picus viridis untersucht.
Im Rahmen einer rationalisierten Revierkartierung zwischen
Februar und April 2008 wurden 14 Reviere ermittelt (Revierdichte:
0,12 Reviere/10 ha). Basierend auf dem Vorkommen
der Art in 400 m x 400 m Rastern wurde der Einfluss
der vorherrschenden Baumarten, des Bestandesalters, der
Länge der Waldrandgrenze sowie der Länge der Seitenarme
auf das Vorkommen des Grünspechts mittels verallgemeinerter
linearer Modelle analysiert. Der beste Prädiktor für
das Vorkommen der Art war der Grenzlinienanteil zwischen
Wald und Nicht-Wald-Bereichen. Die meisten Reviere befanden
sich in Bereichen des Untersuchungsgebiets, die
durch einen Damm vor Hochwasser geschützt sind. Die
Harte Au wurde im Vergleich zur Weichen Au signifikant
bevorzugt. Dies ist höchstwahrscheinlich mit einer besseren
Nahrungsverfügbarkeit (Ameisen) in den trockeneren Gebieten
zu erklären. Es konnten keine signifikanten Präferenzen
für bestimmte Baumarten festgestellt werden, Hybridpappeln
und Weiden (Arten der Weichen Au) wurden jedoch
scheinbar gemieden, was aber wohl eher auf die weniger
günstigen Bedingungen in feuchteren Lebensräumen zurückzuführen
ist. Alle Reviere lagen im Waldrandbereich
und beinhalteten Wiesen, Teile des Damms, aber auch landwirtschaftlich
genutzte Felder. Bei fünf Revieren dürften
intensiv genutzte Getreidefelder den einzigen Offenlandanteil
darstellen.
SIVIM (Sistema de Información de la Vegetación Ibérica y Macaronésica) is an information system designed for capturing, hosting, editing, analyzing and outputting georeferenced plot data of Iberian and Macaronesian vegetation. It currently hosts 86,000 relevés, mainly from the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, and will grow to 100,000 relevés in the near future. SIVIM has been conceived to offer direct and free on-line access to relevés, tables, as well as to floristic, syntaxonomical and bibliographical records. The system also offers on-line software for edition and analysis of vegetation data. The main characteristics of SIVIM are presented, and its particular technical solutions to typical data banking problems as well as its future objectives are briefly commented.
Recent data on status and distribution of resident and migrant birds in the Cape Verde Islands are presented, including records of 25 taxa new to the archipelago, viz. Mareca penelope, M. americana, Anas carolinensis, A. clypeata, Pterodroma arminjoniana, Sula dactylatra, Egretta thula, Ardea melanocephala, Hieraaetus pennatus, Porzana porzana, Crecopsis egregia, Porphyrula martinica, Pluvialis apricaria, Calidris fuscicollis, C. bairdii, Gallinago delicata, Larus audouinii, L. atricilla, Streptopelia decaocto, Ceryle rudis, Ptyonoprogne rupestris, Motacilla citreola, Erithacus rubecula, Oenanthe leucopyga and Lanius senator. The current situation of some endemic taxa is discussed, some of which (e.g. Ardea bournei) are critically endangered, while others (e.g. Acrocephalus brevipennis) have been shown to be more widespread than previously known.
Snake bite is one of the most neglected public health issues in poor rural communities living in the tropics. Because of serious misreporting, the true worldwide burden of snake bite is not known. South Asia is the world's most heavily affected region, due to its high population density, widespread agricultural activities, numerous venomous snake species and lack of functional snake bite control programs. Despite increasing knowledge of snake venoms' composition and mode of action, good understanding of clinical features of envenoming and sufficient production of antivenom by Indian manufacturers, snake bite management remains unsatisfactory in this region. Field diagnostic tests for snake species identification do not exist and treatment mainly relies on the administration of antivenoms that do not cover all of the important venomous snakes of the region. Care-givers need better training and supervision, and national guidelines should be fed by evidence-based data generated by well-designed research studies. Poorly informed rural populations often apply inappropriate first-aid measures and vital time is lost before the victim is transported to a treatment centre, where cost of treatment can constitute an additional hurdle. The deficiency of snake bite management in South Asia is multi-causal and requires joint collaborative efforts from researchers, antivenom manufacturers, policy makers, public health authorities and international funders.
Background: Up to the 1950s, there was an ongoing debate about the diversity of hereditary optic neuropathies, in particular as to whether all inherited optic atrophies can be ascribed to Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) or represent different disease entities. In 1954 W. Jaeger published a detailed clinical and genealogical investigation of a large family with explicit autosomal dominant segregation of optic atrophy thus proving the existence of a discrete disease different from LHON, which is nowadays known as autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA). Since the year 2000 ADOA is associated with genomic mutations in the OPA1 gene, which codes for a protein that is imported into mitochondria where it is required for mitochondrial fusion. Interestingly enough, the underlying mutation in this family has not been identified since then. Results: We have reinvestigated this family with the aim to identify the mutation and to further clarify the underlying pathomechanism. Patients showed a classical non-syndromic ADOA. The long term deterioration in vision in the two teenagers examined 50 years later is of particular note 5/20 to 6/120. Multiplex ligation probe amplification revealed a duplication of the OPA1 exons 7-9 which was confirmed by long distance PCR and cDNA analysis, resulting in an in-frame duplication of 102 amino acids. Segregation was verified in 53 available members of the updated pedigree and a penetrance of 88% was calculated. Fibroblast cultures from skin biopsies were established to assess the mitochondrial network integrity and to qualitatively and quantitatively study the consequences of the mutation on transcript and protein level. Fibroblast cultures demonstrated a fragmented mitochondrial network. Processing of the OPA1 protein was altered. There was no correlation of the OPA1 transcript levels and the OPA1 protein levels in the fibroblasts. Intriguingly an overall decrease of mitochondrial proteins was observed in patients' fibroblasts, while the OPA1 transcript levels were elevated. Conclusions: The thorough study of this family provides a detailed clinical picture accompanied by a molecular investigation of patients' fibroblasts. Our data show a classic OPA1-associated non-syndromic ADOA segregating in this family. Cell biological findings suggest that OPA1 is regulated by post-translational mechanisms and we would like to hypothesize that loss of OPA1 function might lead to impaired mitochondrial quality control. With the clinical, genetic and cell biological characterisation of a family described already more than 50 years ago, we span more than half a century of research in optic neuropathies.
Some kind of monster
(2010)
Alle Rockumentaries stehen vor dem Problem, Formen zu finden, die dem, was der Film zeigt, einen Eigenwert über die reine Dokumentation hinaus geben. Stehen sie schon auf Grund der ökonomischen Einbindung der Filmarbeit einerseits vor der Aufgabe, die gezeigten Bands oder Künstler in möglichst gutem Licht erscheinen zu lassen und ihnen ein positives Image zu verleihen, sind sie immer mit der Gefahr konfrontiert, den am Ende werblichen Zweck allzu deutlich auszustellen. Eine kritische oder auch nur skeptische Distanz zum Gegenstand (eine Band zu porträtieren, ein Konzert oder eine Tournee zu dokumentieren etc.) scheint sich schon im Vorfeld der Filmarbeit zu verbieten.
1974 wollten der südafrikanische Trompeter Hugh Masekela und der New Yorker Musiker und Produzent Stewart Levine ein Musikfestival in Afrika organisieren. Sie wandten sich an den Box-Impresario Don King mit der Bitte, das Festival im Vorfeld des Titelkampfes zwischen Muhammad Ali und George Foreman in Kinshasa (in der zentralafrikanischen Republik Zaire) zu veranstalten. Es war von Anfang an geplant, das Festival nach dem Vorbild erfolgreich im Kino ausgewerteter Beispiele - wie etwa dem 'Woodstock'-Film (USA 1970, Michael Wadleigh) - zu dokumentieren. Ein Kamerateam nahm daher das dreitägige Festival, die Vorbereitungen und eine Reihe von Backstage-Szenen auf. Das Kamerateam war prominent besetzt; zu ihm gehörte etwa der bekannte Direct-Cinema-Regisseur Albert Maysles. Auf Grund einer Verletzung von George Foreman musste der Boxkampf um fünf Wochen verschoben werden, was zur Folge hatte, dass das Festival zeitlich getrennt vom Kampf stattfand und dadurch nicht jene internationale Aufmerksamkeit erreichte, die sich die Organisatoren erhofft hatten.
Within the visual cortex, it has been proposed that interhemispheric interactions serve to re-establish the continuity of the visual field across its vertical meridian (VM) by mechanisms similar to those used by intrinsic connections within a hemisphere. However, other specific functions of transcallosal projections have also been proposed, including contributing to disparity tuning and depth perception. Here, we consider whether interhemispheric connections modulate specific response properties, orientation and direction selectivity, of neurons in areas 17 and 18 of the ferret by combining reversible thermal deactivation in one hemisphere with optical imaging of intrinsic signals and single-cell electrophysiology in the other hemisphere. We found interhemispheric influences on both the strength and specificity of the responses to stimulus orientation and direction of motion, predominantly at the VM. However, neurons and domains preferring cardinal contours, in particular vertical contours, seem to receive stronger interhemispheric input than others. This finding is compatible with interhemispheric connections being involved in horizontal disparity tuning. In conclusion, our results support the view that interhemispheric interactions mainly perform integrative functions similar to those of connections intrinsic to one hemisphere. Key words: cooling deactivation , corpus callosum , ferret , optical imaging , orientation selectivity
Qualitative und quantitative serologische Verfahren können durch Interferenzen gestört sein. Wir konnten in einem exemplarischen Fall anhand des Influenza A/H1N1v-Hämagglutinationshemmtests (H1N1-HHT) zeigen, dass auch Hyposensibilisierungstherapie und Vakzination zu Interaktionen in der serologischen Diagnostik führen und die Aussagekraft des H1N1-HHT massiv beeinträchtigen. Vor dem Hintergrund, dass Hyposensibilisierung und Vakzination im Klinik- und Praxisalltag häufig erbrachte Leistungen darstellen, erscheint dieser Umstand berichtenswert.
Else Buschheuer hat 2000 mit "Ruf! Mich! An!", Charlotte Roche 2008 mit "Feuchtgebiete" ein sogenanntes Skandalbuch veröffentlicht. Beide Romane wurden von der Literaturkritik meist auf eher fragwürdigem Niveau diskutiert. Der Aufsatz sucht Gründe für die oberflächlichen Urteile und stellt heraus, wie beide Romane gängige literarische Muster entgrenzen und damit Erwartungen an literarische 'Hochkultur' unterlaufen. Beide Autorinnen werden der TV-Kultur zugeordnet, was zusätzlich nicht der Vorstellung vom (männlichen) Dichter entspricht und Vorbehalte der Kritiker zu wecken scheint, die über solchen personenbezogenen Vorurteilen eine angemessene Auseinandersetzung mit den Werken unterlassen und damit Ausgrenzungsprozessen Vorschub leisten.
Pitfall traps were positioned for the investigation of the spider fauna at the northern and southern slopes of three mountain ridges (Chilchberg, Riedberg, and Buechenberg, municipalities Nunningen and Zullwil, canton Solothurn, Switzerland) within the Swiss Jura Mountains. The temperature in the upper litter was measured at three hour intervals. Independent of the weather more or less clear differences between northern and southern slopes could be observed. Maximum day temperature fluctuations of 15.8 °C were measured. There were no significant differences in spider communities based on quantitative comparison methods. However, a qualitative analysis showed major differences in species composition. More than 50% of all species per investigation area showed clear preferences for the northern or the southern slope, with more then two thirds of the individuals only found on either the north or south slopes.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a general principle that constitutes the underlying concept of a vast number of physical phenomena ranging from ferromagnetism and superconductivity in condensed matter physics to the Higgs mechanism in the standard model of elementary particles. I focus on manifestations of spontaneously broken symmetries in systems that are not Lorentz invariant, which include both nonrelativistic systems as well as relativistic systems at nonzero density, providing a self-contained review of the properties of spontaneously broken symmetries specific to such theories. Topics covered include: (i) Introduction to the mathematics of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Goldstone theorem. (ii) Minimization of Higgs-type potentials for higher-dimensional representations. (iii) Counting rules for Nambu–Goldstone bosons and their dispersion relations. (iv) Construction of effective Lagrangians. Specific examples in both relativistic and nonrelativistic physics are worked out in detail.
In seinem umstrittenen Erstlingswerk, "In Stahlgewittern" (1920), schreibt Ernst Jünger dem Ersten Weltkrieg weniger explizit einen ideologischen Sinn zu, als er ihn indirekt durch eine intensiv metaphorische Sprache mit Bedeutungen auflädt. Jünger codiert den Krieg in 32 bildlichen Sequenzen, die sich in den Feldern der Natur, der menschlichen Praxis, der Kultur und der Anthropomorphie verorten. Diese Sprachbilder lassen sich nach Typen differenzieren und in ihrer Dichte, Relation, Interferenz und Variation beschreiben. Dadurch dass dieselben Bilder auf beide Kriegsparteien angewandt werden, relativieren sie deren Gegensatz. Indem die Metaphern mit ihren realen Entsprechungen, mit sprechenden Namen und mit stereotypen Jargons konfrontiert werden, tritt ihre Künstlichkeit zutage und wird ihre epistemische Funktion deutlich. Die implizite Bedeutungs-Zuschreibung, die diese Metaphoriken erzielen, ist keineswegs einsinnig als Ästhetisierung oder Verherrlichung bzw. als kohärente faschistische Ideologie zu fassen. Die einzelnen Codes sind ungleichmäßig subtil, sie erzeugen verschiedene Bedeutungen, und sie konnotieren abweichende politische Positionen; sie geraten miteinander in Überschneidung und zueinander in Widerspruch. Es entsteht eine widerständige Semantik, die als Symptom einer Verunsicherung lesbar ist.
Ĉlánek se zabývá ambivalencí mluvy moci/smrti a umění/ţivota v básni Paula Celana "Todesfuge" (1945). Autor nejprve poukazuje na vnitřní spojení mezi strukturami psychosociálních imaginací a ztvárnění represivní identity – dokonce uvnitř (německé) obĉanské spoleĉnosti – jako na podmínku přeměny v totalitní skuteĉnost smrti. Celanova báseň odmítá jak reprezentativní ztvárnění, tak i umělecké zkrášlení situace v koncetraĉních táboech a implikuje tím fundamentální kritiku tradiĉních estetických konceptŧ, především Aristotelova konceptu Mimesis a romantického konceptu inverze, tj. kritiku, která umoţňuje inovativní psychoanalytické uchopení textu vzhledem k jeho tématu. S odvoláním na Celanovy vlastní názory v některých jeho blasfemických básních naznaĉuje ĉlánek v neposlední řadě historickou linii struktury křesťanských fantasmat k umělecké a sociální imaginaci romantiky a moderny.
Předloţená studie se zaměřuje na verbalizaci emocí v textech psaných v rámci internetového fóra hungrig-online.de. V první ĉásti jsou představeny teoretické informace z oblasti jazykové komunikace emocí. Další ĉást se zabývá ukázkou textu s tematikou partnerských vztahŧ, které ĉasto souvisí s poruchami příjmu potravy. Na základě tohoto textu je vypracován široký rejstřík termínŧ pro emoce. Je zajímavé, které emoce a jak se objevují, a závěry, ke kterým lze dospět. Poté jsou analyzovány všechny příspěvky dalšího uţivatele fóra hungig-online.de, které se týkají tématu partnerských vztahŧ. Diachronní perspektiva nám umoţňuje vysledovat vývoj a uskuteĉněné změny v uţití emoĉního jazyka.
Příspěvek se zabývá jazykem a emocemi v literárních textech Oty Filipa, které mají nejen funkci komunikativní a estetickou, nýbrţ také symbolicky vyjadřují autorovu dvojí identitu. Autor jako literát vnímá své identity především jazykově a během ţivota v exilu zaţívá období, kdy se vzdaluje ĉeskému jazyku a natolik si osvojuje jazyk německý, ţe se cítí plně integrován do německého kulturního prostředí. Později ovšem nastává krize a cítí se odcizen oběma jazykŧm. Přibliţně v posledních deseti letech píše autor ĉeské I německé verze svých románŧ sám. Uvádí však, ţe vzhledem k rozdílnosti výrazového potenciálu obou jazykŧ nevytváří věrné překlady, ale texty převypravuje.