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The present paper is a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the various relationships between language and law. It is impossible to deal with all these relationships in the present study. Therefore the relationship between language and law will be dealt with in this paper as far as it points out the relationships between linguistics and jurisprudence. Considering the diverse relationships between the fields of linguistics and jurisprudence, the interdisciplinary collaboration between these two disciplines could be improved by establishing a branch of study dealing with legal linguistics.
Ĉlánek popisuje lingvistické prostředky oznaĉující a popisující proţívání a emoce v němĉině. V první ĉásti jsou představeny konceptualizace proţívání a emocí, druhá ĉást popisuje detailně lingvistické prostředky. Poslední ĉást se zabývá některými problémy spojenými s vytvořením lexikonu emoĉních slov.
Jednou z hlavních úloh poezie je zprostředkování emocí. Ĉlánek poukazuje na jazykové prostředky, kterými jsou vyjádřeny emoce v básních Güntera Grasse a Bertolda Brechta. Textově lingvistická analýza je zaměřena především na slovotvorné konstrukce a jejich podíl na konstituci textu a kódování emocí.
Sprechen und Schweigen vor und nach der "Wende" : Analyse eines sprachbiografischen Interviews
(2010)
Am Anfang des Interviewprojekts stand ein noch relativ allgemeines Interesse an der Sprache und dem Sprechen in der DDR. Als Teil der Generation, die zwar noch in der DDR geboren wurde, sie aber kaum mehr bewusst erlebt hat, wollte ich von einem ehemaligen DDR-Bürger wissen, welche Erfahrungen er mit der Sprache und dem Sprechen vor 1989/90 gemacht hat. Ursprünglich zielte das Interview also nur auf eine Seite: den Sprachgebrauch und das Schweigen in der DDR. Unter welchen Bedingungen und mit welchen Folgen ist es möglich, in der DDR seine Meinung offen zu äußern? In welche Konflikte mit der Sprach- und Sprechregulierung in der DDR gerät einer, der sich selbst gar nicht als Staatsgegner, sondern als konstruktiver Kritiker und Verfechter dieser, wie er es im Interview nannte, "großartigen Idee" Sozialismus begreift? Wann wird geschwiegen und was bedeutet dieses Schweigen? Der Interviewte nahm jedoch im Verlauf der Gespräche immer wieder die Veränderungen in Sprech- und Schweigesituationen in den Blick, die er im Zuge des politischen Umbruchs 1989/1990 in seiner Sprachbiografie wahrnahm. So erschien eine Analyse mit einem verstärkten Fokus auf den Wandel des Sprachgebrauchs und der Bedeutungen des Schweigens vielversprechend.
Für die internationale Diskussion gibt es zunächst das Problem der Wissenschaftssprachen. In Polen spricht man, soweit ich das verstehe, stets vom "Staat der Piasten", selbst frühere Herrschaftsbildungen werden "Staat" genannt. Diese Gewohnheit der polnischen Kolleginnen und Kollegen steht in auffälligem Kontrast nicht nur zu deutschsprachigen, sondern auch zu frankophonen und anglophonen Historikern. In Frankreich unterscheidet man État und état. Die Orthographie (kleines oder großes "é") markiert das Konzept. Nur État mit Majuskel E bedeutet Staat, mit "l'état Carolingien" sagt niemand "der karolingische Staat". ...
Hollywood musicals combine two distinctive features: narrative and musical numbers, also referred to as “the real and the expressive” (Telotte 1980a, 4). These two equally important parts of any successful musical have to harmonize such that both seem appropriate in each scene and, ideally, supportive of each other. As musical numbers are traditionally seen as a “source of a tension” (ibid., 2) within the narrative, harmonization is not easy to achieve, and different directors as well as different sub-genres of the film musical have found different ways to deal with this tension. In this work, I will discuss two methods of integrating musical numbers into the plot of Hollywood musicals: the stage-worlds and the world-stages. While the former entails a certain kind of storyline, the latter refers to the setting of single numbers within the plot.
Viele Vögel ruhen auf einem Bein ohne erkennbare Spezialisierungen.
Das Bein wird so positioniert, dass der Körper
auch ohne besonderen Energieaufwand stabil steht. Bei langbeinigen
Vögeln sind Sperr- oder Schnappmechanismen
beschrieben worden, die das Intertarsalgelenk zwischen Unterschenkel
und Lauf beim Stehen auf einem Bein am Einknicken
hindern sollen. Beim Strauß (Struthio camelus) scheint
ein Schnappmechanismus tatsächlich zu existieren, allerdings
steht der Strauß nie auf einem Bein. Für ein Vorkommen
solcher Mechanismen bei Stelzvögeln, die auf einem Bein
stehen, gibt es bisher keine Belege. Beim Stehen auf einem
Bein könnte ein kürzlich entdecktes zusätzliches Gleichgewichtsorgan
im Beckenbereich der Wirbelsäule eine wichtige
Rolle spielen, da es im Bereich der Beine direkt auf die Beinmotorik
wirkt. Eine thermoregulatorische Funktion des Stehens
auf einem Bein steht mit den thermoregulatorischen
Eigenschaften der Beine in Einklang. Das Verbergen eines
Beines im Gefieder reduziert die Wärmeabgabe in kalter Umgebung
und trägt damit zur Konstanthaltung der Körpertemperatur
bei. Eine thermoregulatorische Funktion scheint allerdings
nicht die alleinige Funktion des Stehens auf einem
Bein zu sein, da das Bein nicht immer im Gefieder versteckt
wird und die Vögel auch in warmer Umgebung auf einem
Bein stehen. Eine weitere Möglichkeit, die diskutiert wird, ist
eine Entlastung der Muskulatur durch das Stehen auf einem
Bein. Da das Anziehen des Beines aber mit Muskelaktivität
verbunden ist, wäre es wichtig, den Energieverbrauch beim
Stehen auf einem Bein, mit dem beim Stehen auf beiden Beinen
zu vergleichen. Das gleiche gilt für die thermoregulatorische
Funktion. Solche Messungen, die Klarheit über die
Bedeutung des Stehens auf einem Bein schaffen könnten,
fehlen bisher.
Stop Making Sense : USA 1984
(2010)
Die Aufzeichnungen zu "Stop Making Sense" fanden an drei Abenden im Dezember 1983 im Pantages Theatre in Hollywood statt. David Byrne und seine Band machten dort im Rahmen der Promotiontour zu ihrem damals neuem Album 'Speaking in Tounges' Station. Als Regisseur holten sich die Talking Heads den filmerfahrenen Jonathan Demme, der später auch Blockbuster wie "The Silence of the Lambs" und "Philadelphia" schuf, und den Kameramann Jordan Cronenweth (Blade Runner) in die Tourneecrew. "Stop Making Sense" ist Demmes Dokumentarfilm-Debüt.
Human Transformer2-beta (hTra2-beta) is an important member of the serine/arginine-rich protein family, and contains one RNA recognition motif (RRM). It controls the alternative splicing of several pre-mRNAs, including those of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) protein and the tau protein. Accordingly, the RRM of hTra2-beta specifically binds to two types of RNA sequences [the CAA and (GAA)2 sequences]. We determined the solution structure of the hTra2-beta RRM (spanning residues Asn110–Thr201), which not only has a canonical RRM fold, but also an unusual alignment of the aromatic amino acids on the beta-sheet surface. We then solved the complex structure of the hTra2-beta RRM with the (GAA)2 sequence, and found that the AGAA tetra-nucleotide was specifically recognized through hydrogen-bond formation with several amino acids on the N- and C-terminal extensions, as well as stacking interactions mediated by the unusually aligned aromatic rings on the beta-sheet surface. Further NMR experiments revealed that the hTra2-beta RRM recognizes the CAA sequence when it is integrated in the stem-loop structure. This study indicates that the hTra2-beta RRM recognizes two types of RNA sequences in different RNA binding modes.
Gradation and intensification can be subject to different linguistic procedures. The present paper focuses on aspects of intensification and gradation by means of word formation in adjectives. The argument is that German and Romanian, as languages belonging to different language families, operate with different means to express high intensity in adjectives. The critical analysis on dictionary items (German-Romanian) aims at disclosing how mental representations are being formally structured at language level. It argues that correct equivalence in translation work can be achieved only if the deep structure level is properly understood by the translator.
Studying the role of human parietal cortex in visuospatial attention with concurrent TMS-fMRI
(2010)
Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows study of how local brain stimulation may causally affect activity in remote brain regions. Here, we applied bursts of high- or low-intensity TMS over right posterior parietal cortex, during a task requiring sustained covert visuospatial attention to either the left or right hemifield, or in a neutral control condition, while recording blood oxygenation-level–dependent signal with a posterior MR surface coil. As expected, the active attention conditions activated components of the well-described “attention network,” as compared with the neutral baseline. Also as expected, when comparing left minus right attention, or vice versa, contralateral occipital visual cortex was activated. The critical new finding was that the impact of high- minus low-intensity parietal TMS upon these visual regions depended on the currently attended side. High- minus low-intensity parietal TMS increased the difference between contralateral versus ipsilateral attention in right extrastriate visual cortex. A related albeit less pronounced pattern was found for left extrastriate visual cortex. Our results confirm that right human parietal cortex can exert attention-dependent influences on occipital visual cortex and provide a proof of concept for the use of concurrent TMS–fMRI in studying how remote influences can vary in a purely top–down manner with attentional demands. Key words: concurrent TMS--fMRI, posterior parietal cortex, statedependence, visuospatial attention
Kurzfassung der Dissertation an der Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät (2009), angefertigt im Museum für Naturkunde Berlin in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Vogelforschung "Vogelwarte Helgoland", betreut von Prof. Dr. Franz Bairlein und Dr. Sylke Frahnert
At the edge of the Harz Mountains in Lower Saxony a population of the hart's tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium) threatened by destruction by a gypsum quarry were transplanted into a dolina which was not populated by the species at that time, and the new population was followed over ten years. 90% of the 59 transplanted plants survived this period and grew larger during the first six years after transplantation. Progenies appeared in the third year after transplantation. Nowadays, in the tenth year after transplantation, there are 1110 progenies, 171 of which are reproducing. Overall, the population increased by 1781% in the ten years. Plants that were planted on a rocky slope or a boulder heap in the new habitat, where soil was available, grew better than plants in rock faces without soil. In contrast, in the rock faces, where substrate was not covered with autumn foliage, more juveniles established. The distance between juveniles and mother plants rarely exceeded three meters, which indicates a limited dispersal potential of the hart’s tongue fern and may explain together with low diaspore pressure as a result of local rarity of the species that the dolina had not been colonized spontaneously. We conclude that transplantations of adult plants or introduction of spores are a suitable measure for preserving hart’s tongue fern populations that are endangered by destruction. In the long run, however, such measures cannot compensate for ongoing destruction of natural habitats by mining activities in the gypsum karst region at the southern edge of the Harz Mountains.
Sucrose- and H+-dependent charge movements associated with the gating of sucrose transporter ZmSUT1
(2010)
Background: In contrast to man the majority of higher plants use sucrose as mobile carbohydrate. Accordingly proton-driven sucrose transporters are crucial for cell-to-cell and long-distance distribution within the plant body. Generally very negative plant membrane potentials and the ability to accumulate sucrose quantities of more than 1 M document that plants must have evolved transporters with unique structural and functional features.
Methodology/Principal Findings: To unravel the functional properties of one specific high capacity plasma membrane sucrose transporter in detail, we expressed the sucrose/H+ co-transporter from maize ZmSUT1 in Xenopus oocytes. Application of sucrose in an acidic pH environment elicited inward proton currents. Interestingly the sucrose-dependent H+ transport was associated with a decrease in membrane capacitance (Cm). In addition to sucrose Cm was modulated by the membrane potential and external protons. In order to explore the molecular mechanism underlying these Cm changes, presteady-state currents (Ipre) of ZmSUT1 transport were analyzed. Decay of Ipre could be best fitted by double exponentials. When plotted against the voltage the charge Q, associated to Ipre, was dependent on sucrose and protons. The mathematical derivative of the charge Q versus voltage was well in line with the observed Cm changes. Based on these parameters a turnover rate of 500 molecules sucrose/s was calculated. In contrast to gating currents of voltage dependent-potassium channels the analysis of ZmSUT1-derived presteady-state currents in the absence of sucrose (I = Q/τ) was sufficient to predict ZmSUT1 transport-associated currents.
Conclusions: Taken together our results indicate that in the absence of sucrose, ‘trapped’ protons move back and forth between an outer and an inner site within the transmembrane domains of ZmSUT1. This movement of protons in the electric field of the membrane gives rise to the presteady-state currents and in turn to Cm changes. Upon application of external sucrose, protons can pass the membrane turning presteady-state into transport currents.
Der typische Sukzessionsverlauf auf basenreichen offenen Sandstandorten im Binnenland führt von Pionierstadien der Koelerio-Corynephoretea zu artenreichen Allio-Stipetum-Beständen (Festuco-Brometea). Innerhalb weniger Jahre können sich aber auch artenarme Dominanzbestände mit hohem Ruderalisierungsgrad entwickeln, die durch generalistische konkurrenzstarke Graminoide bestimmt werden. 32 Dauerbeobachtungsflächen, die ohne Pflegemanagement sind und mittlerweile seit bis zu 15 Jahren von uns untersucht werden, ermöglichen einen detaillierten Blick auf die unterschiedlichen Sukzessionslinien und die Geschwindigkeiten, mit denen sich Änderungen in der Artenzusammensetzung vollziehen. Dabei stehen uns neben den Daten der Vegetationsaufnahmen und den daraus abgeleiteten Informationen (wie z. B. mittleren Ellenberg-Zeigerwerten) für verschiedene Flächen auch Boden-Daten (N, P, pH) zur Verfügung. Eine Analyse aller Flächen dokumentiert die relative Stabilität offener Sandvegetation nährstoffarmer Standorte für die untersuchten Zeitfenster. Pioniergesellschaften des Sileno conicae-Cerastietum semidecandri s. l. und Jurineo-Koelerietum glaucae zeigen z. T. strukturelle Änderungen (so z. B. Zunahmen der Kryptogamendeckung). Eine Zunahme von Stipa capillata kann z. T. in 11–12 Untersuchungsjahren im Jurineo-Koelerietum festgestellt werden; dies korrespondiert mit einer Abnahme von Koeleria glauca und z. T. mit einer Ablösung von Tortula ruraliformis durch Hypnum cupressiforme var. lacunosum. Dennoch konnten sich während der Untersuchungsjahre in den Beständen die Arten des Jurineo-Koelerietum halten. Bestände des Allio-Stipetum zeigen in der spontanen Sukzession z. T. lange Stagnationen von mehr als 14 Jahren; vereinzelt tritt der Polykormonbildner Prunus spinosa auf. Stellenweise kommt es mit zunehmender Deckung von Stipa capillata jedoch zu gravierenden Abnahmen der Artenzahl. Bestände, die in ihrer Pionierphase durch höhere Bodennährstoffgehalte (besonders Phosphat) und höhere Ellenberg-Feuchtezahlen gekennzeichnet sind, entwickeln sich innerhalb weniger Jahre zu artenarmen Ruderalbeständen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden in einem Sukzessionsmodell dargestellt. Für ein Pflegemanagement ergibt sich aus den Ergebnissen, dass intakte Koelerion glaucae-Flächen oft nur sehr extensiv beweidet werden müssen. Insbesondere zur Dämpfung der Ruderalisierung in den nährstoffreicheren Flächen sowie zur Dynamisierung in größeren homogenen Beständen des Allio-Stipetum ist ein Pflegemanagement jedoch eine essentielle Maßnahme. Die in unseren Fällen eingesetzte Schaf- und/oder Eselbeweidung führt zur partiellen Förderung der besonders gefährdeten Pionierstadien im Mosaik mit dem Allio-Stipetum.
Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV have been measured by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC. The data are presented for central and peripheral collisions, corresponding to 0–5% and 70–80% of the hadronic Pb–Pb cross section. The measured charged particle spectra in |η|<0.8 and 0.3<pT<20 GeV/c are compared to the expectation in pp collisions at the same sNN, scaled by the number of underlying nucleon–nucleon collisions. The comparison is expressed in terms of the nuclear modification factor RAA. The result indicates only weak medium effects (RAA≈0.7) in peripheral collisions. In central collisions, RAA reaches a minimum of about 0.14 at pT=6–7 GeV/c and increases significantly at larger pT. The measured suppression of high-pT particles is stronger than that observed at lower collision energies, indicating that a very dense medium is formed in central Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC.
Although a variety of genetic strategies have been developed to inhibit HIV replication, few direct comparisons of the efficacy of these inhibitors have been carried out. Moreover, most studies have not examined whether genetic inhibitors are able to induce a survival advantage that results in an expansion of genetically-modified cells following HIV infection. We evaluated the efficacy of three leading genetic strategies to inhibit HIV replication: 1) an HIV-1 tat/rev-specific small hairpin (sh) RNA; 2) an RNA antisense gene specific for the HIV-1 envelope; and 3) a viral entry inhibitor, maC46. In stably transduced cell lines selected such that >95% of cells expressed the genetic inhibitor, the RNA antisense envelope and viral entry inhibitor maC46 provided the strongest inhibition of HIV-1 replication. However, when mixed populations of transduced and untransduced cells were challenged with HIV-1, the maC46 fusion inhibitor resulted in highly efficient positive selection of transduced cells, an effect that was evident even in mixed populations containing as few as 1% maC46-expressing cells. The selective advantage of the maC46 fusion inhibitor was also observed in HIV-1-infected cultures of primary T lymphocytes as well as in HIV-1-infected humanized mice. These results demonstrate robust inhibition of HIV replication with the fusion inhibitor maC46 and the antisense Env inhibitor, and importantly, a survival advantage of cells expressing the maC46 fusion inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo. Evaluation of the ability of genetic inhibitors of HIV-1 replication to confer a survival advantage on genetically-modified cells provides unique information not provided by standard techniques that may be important in the in vivo efficacy of these genes.
The C-type lectin-like receptor CLEC-2 signals via phosphorylation of a single cytoplasmic YXXL sequence known as a hem-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (hemITAM). In this study, we show that phosphorylation of CLEC-2 by the snake toxin rhodocytin is abolished in the absence of the tyrosine kinase Syk but is not altered in the absence of the major platelet Src family kinases, Fyn, Lyn, and Src, or the tyrosine phosphatase CD148, which regulates the basal activity of Src family kinases. Further, phosphorylation of CLEC-2 by rhodocytin is not altered in the presence of the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2, even though PLCγ2 phosphorylation and platelet activation are abolished. A similar dependence of phosphorylation of CLEC-2 on Syk is also seen in response to stimulation by an IgG mAb to CLEC-2, although interestingly CLEC-2 phosphorylation is also reduced in the absence of Lyn. These results provide the first definitive evidence that Syk mediates phosphorylation of the CLEC-2 hemITAM receptor with Src family kinases playing a critical role further downstream through the regulation of Syk and other effector proteins, providing a new paradigm in signaling by YXXL-containing receptors.
Gamma synchronization has generally been associated with grouping processes in the visual system. Here, we examine in monkey V1 whether gamma oscillations play a functional role in segmenting surfaces of plaid stimuli. Local field potentials (LFPs) and spiking activity were recorded simultaneously from multiple sites in the opercular and calcarine regions while the monkeys were presented with sequences of single and superimposed components of plaid stimuli. In accord with the previous studies, responses to the single components (gratings) exhibited strong and sustained gamma-band oscillations (30–65 Hz). The superposition of the second component, however, led to profound changes in the temporal structure of the responses, characterized by a drastic reduction of gamma oscillations in the spiking activity and systematic shifts to higher frequencies in the LFP (~10% increase). Comparisons between cerebral hemispheres and across monkeys revealed robust subject-specific spectral signatures. A possible interpretation of our results may be that single gratings induce strong cooperative interactions among populations of cells that share similar response properties, whereas plaids lead to competition. Overall, our results suggest that the functional architecture of the cortex is a major determinant of the neuronal synchronization dynamics in V1. Key words: attention , gamma , gratings , oscillation , visual cortex
Dynamical systems driven by Gaussian noises have been considered extensively in modeling, simulation, and theory. However, complex systems in engineering and science are often subject to non-Gaussian fluctuations or uncertainties. A coupled dynamical system under a class of Lévy noises is considered. After discussing cocycle property, stationary orbits, and random attractors, a synchronization phenomenon is shown to occur, when the drift terms of the coupled system satisfy certain dissipativity and integrability conditions. The synchronization result implies that coupled dynamical systems share a dynamical feature in some asymptotic sense.
L’esthétique a grandi dans les bras maternels de la philosophie. Mais la philosophie a toujours le droit de se porter vers l’esthétique sans perdre pour autant de son essence : le philosophe se tournant de tous les côtés pour trouver la signification et le fondement de ce qui est donné n’a pas besoin de détourner son regard des faits esthétiques. S’il veut appréhender en toute rigueur conceptuelle ce qui est et se manifeste en tant que beau, laid, sublime, etc., il doit pouvoir rapporter des constats empiriques (comme par exemple le caractère satisfaisant de certains couples de couleurs) à un concept plus général (par exemple celui d’harmonie), et rapporter ce dernier à son tour à une attitude intellectuelle plus large (disons, celle de la pure contemplation gratuite). C’est par cette réduction progressive aux principes les plus généraux que peuvent apparaître les relations [Zusammenhang] qu’entretiennent entre elles les connaissances singulières, ces dernières pouvant souvent prendre alors un nouveau sens. Grâce à cette méthode, on peut en particulier espérer saisir dans leur dernier fondement le caractère différent des grandes formes de culture que sont la religion, la science et l’art. Si des forces particulières sont à l’œuvre dans chacun de ces trois grands domaines, si des attitudes intellectuelles différentes constituent le préalable à ces formes de culture, il est sans doute aussi possible de définir la fonction rationnelle à travers laquelle l’esprit humain construit le champ de valeur esthétique. Si l’on pose que, dans le plaisir et la création artistiques, le donné est circonscrit et mis en forme par la fonction intellectuelle de la pure contemplation, non seulement l’attitude esthétique s’avère distincte des attitudes religieuse et scientifique mais, en outre, le trait fondamental qui traverse toute la vie esthétique se voit ainsi qualifié. ...
In dieser Betrachtung wird versucht, die Besonderheiten und Schwächen von Ehrensteins 'Pe-Lo-Thien' zu erläutern und aus einer chinesischen Perspektive zu bewerten, ob seine Nachdichtungen den ursprünglichen Stil und Wert von Pe Lo Thiens Gedichten beibehalten, ferner: durch die Analyse der Hauptthemen und des Sprachgebrauchs herauszufinden, ob seine Nachdichtungen expressionistische Elemente enthalten. Außerdem wird Pe Lo Thiens Gedicht 'In der Nacht einen Singenden hören. Übernachten in E Zhou' mit Ehrensteins Nachdichtung 'Ein Mensch weint in der Nacht' und mit Klabunds Nachdichtung 'Das nächtliche Lied und die fremde Frau' verglichen, um die Mehrdeutigkeit von Pe Lo Thiens Gedicht aufzuzeigen und einige Unterschiede zwischen der westlichen und der chinesischen Dichtung zu verdeutlichen.
For many services, consumers can choose among a range of optional tariffs that differ in their access and usage prices. Recent studies indicate that tariff-specific preferences may lead consumers to choose a tariff that does not minimize their expected billing rate. This study analyzes how tariff-specific preferences influence the responsiveness of consumers’ usage and tariff choice to changes in price. We show that consumer heterogeneity in tariff-specific preferences leads to heterogeneity in their sensitivity to price changes. Specifically, consumers with tariff-specific preferences are less sensitive to price increases of their preferred tariff than other consumers. Our results provide an additional reason why firms should offer multiple tariffs rather than a uniform nonlinear pricing plan to extract maximum consumer surplus.
'Übergang' ist eine Metapher für die Beschreibung ideengeschichtlicher Prozesse. Sicher ist ihr Bedeutungsfeld weiter. Kurt Röttgers (2007) nennt neben der anthropologischen Konstante: dem Übergang als Erfahrung von Tod und Geburt, den Übergang als Metamorphose, den Übergang als Transzendieren sowie dessen Negation: nämlich das Transzendieren als ein unstatthaftes, gar mit Tabu belegtes Übergehen von einer Sphäre in die andere. Hinüberzugehen kann, so Röttgers weiter, auch bedeuten, über eine Schwelle zu gehen, fortzuschreiten zu Neuem und in diesem Akt des Fortschreitens das Werden und die Geschichte, ja die Geschichtlichkeit selbst, auch in ihrer radikalen Verneinung alles Vorangegangenen, zu bejahen. Gerade im Zusammenhang mit letzteren Bedeutungszuschreibungen hat die Metapher des Übergangs im geschichtsphilosophischen beziehungsweise bewusstseinsphilosophischen Konzept des Deutschen Idealismus ihre Nobilitierung erfahren. Bewusstseinsphilosophisch ist dieses Konzept insofern, als es von den seit Descartes zentralen Prämissen der Orientierung an sich selbst sowie der Bildung von Allgemeinbegriffen ausschließlich auf der Grundlage von Erfahrung und damit auf der Grundlage von etwas zunächst in der Vorstellung Gegebenem ausgeht (vgl. Zeuch 2001). Die Frage, der ich im Folgenden nachgehe, ist, ob diesem Konzept, das seinen Kairos um 1800 hat, ein besonderes Potential zukommt, das der Ideengeschichte gegen ihre Kritiker auch in der Gegenwart eine 'raison d'etre' verleiht, wenn es um den Rekonstruktionsversuch komplexer gesellschaftlicher, politischer, philosophischer Zusammenhänge und Kontinuitäten über mehrere Epochen oder Zeitabschnitte hinweg geht.
Taxonomische Neukombinationen zur Flora Mittel- und Osteuropas, insbesondere Nordrhein-Westfalens
(2010)
Im Rahmen der Erarbeitung mehrerer umfassender floristischer Inventare von Regionen Mittel- und Osteuropas wurden umfangreiche phytotaxonomische Studien durchgeführt. Als ein Ergebnis dieser Untersuchungen werden Neu- und Umkombinationen bei Sippen verschiedener Familien in den Art- und Unterartstatus vorgenommen und kommentiert sowie einige Gattungen und infragenerische Taxa neu aufgestellt.
The title compound, [Tl4(C4H9O)4], featuring a (Tl—O)4 cube, crystallizes with a quarter-molecule (located on a special position of site symmetry An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is e-66-m1621-efi1.jpg..) and a half-molecule (located on a special position of site symmetry 23.) in the asymmetric unit. The Tl—O bond distances range from 2.463 (12) to 2.506 (12) Å. All O—Tl—O bond angles are smaller than 90° whereas the Tl—O—Tl angles are wider than a rectangular angle.
Ad fontes. Wir wissen, daß fast alle Werke Thomas Manns ihre langen Wurzeln haben, und kaum ein anderer Roman hat längere als die Geschichte des Doktor Faustus. Sie sind, wenn man so sagen darf, über vierzig Jahre lang, und es versteht sich von selbst, daß sich der Stoff über einen so großen Zeitraum wandelte. Wir kennen den berühmten Dreizeilenplan aus dem Jahre 1901 - so wurde er von Thomas Mann selbst am 17. März 1943 benannt. Aber es war - darauf hat Peter de Mendelssohn in seinem Nachwort zur Frankfurter Ausgabe des Romans hingewiesen - nicht ein Dreizeilenplan, sondern es gab derer zwei. Der erste lautete (in Thomas Manns Notizbuch 7 festgehalten): "Zum Roman. Der syphilitische Künstler nähert sich von Sehnsucht getrieben einem reinen, süßen jungen Mädchen, betreibt die Verlobung mit der Ahnungslosen und erschießt sich dicht vor der Hochzeit". Man kann diesen Plan durchaus als Variation der Verführungsgeschichte Fausts und Gretchens lesen, auch wenn von einem Teufelspakt nicht die Rede ist und nicht Gretchen umkommt, sondern der Künstler, der Opfer einer venerischen Erkrankung ist. Aber das "reine, süße junge Mädchen": unverkennbar eine Gretchen-Gestalt. Der zweite Plan, wohl auf Ende 1904 zu datieren, ist von Mendelssohn als Variante und Fortführung der ersten Niederschrift charakterisiert worden, aber bei genauerem Hinsehen zeigt sich, daß es eigentlich ein ganz anderer Plan ist, in den der erste zwar aufgenommen ist, aber darin ein Fremdkörper bleibt.
Ĉlánek je zasazen do kontextu vyuĉování němĉiny jako cizího jazyka. Zabývá se vztahem mezi deskriptivním, resp. narativním textem a textovou prací zaloţenou na naraci ţáka na straně jedné a emocemi ţáka na straně druhé. Výsledky dosavadních výzkumŧ tohoto vztahu, jeţ vycházejí z posledních konceptŧ narace jako základní existenciální struktury bytí, naznaĉují, ţe narativní text a receptivní i produktivní narativní pracovní postupy ve vyuĉování a uĉení se jazyku indukují specifický potenciál pozitivních emocí a postojŧ ţáka.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES LIKE GRID COMPUTING WHICH CAN CONNECT RESOURCES AT DIVERSE LOCATIONS ARE MORE AND MORE ADOPTED FROM ORGANIZATIONS. SUCH TECHNOLOGIES CAN BOTH TRIGGER LINKAGES BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONS AND DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS IN ONE SINGLE ORGANIZATION. WE DEVELOP A MODEL WHICH ACCOUNTS BOTH FOR INTER- AND INTRA-ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCE FACTORS ON THE ADOPTION PROCESS AND EMPIRICALLY IDENTIFIES THE MOST SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE FACTORS.
The design, construction, and commissioning of the ALICE Time-Projection Chamber (TPC) is described. It is the main device for pattern recognition, tracking, and identification of charged particles in the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. The TPC is cylindrical in shape with a volume close to 90 m3 and is operated in a 0.5 T solenoidal magnetic field parallel to its axis.
In this paper we describe in detail the design considerations for this detector for operation in the extreme multiplicity environment of central Pb–Pb collisions at LHC energy. The implementation of the resulting requirements into hardware (field cage, read-out chambers, electronics), infrastructure (gas and cooling system, laser-calibration system), and software led to many technical innovations which are described along with a presentation of all the major components of the detector, as currently realized. We also report on the performance achieved after completion of the first round of stand-alone calibration runs and demonstrate results close to those specified in the TPC Technical Design Report.
Moderately elevated levels of plasma plant sterols have been suspected to be causally involved in atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether plant sterols and other markers of sterol metabolism predicted all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in participants of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular health (LURIC) study. A total of 1,257 individuals who did not use statins and at baseline had a mean (± SD) age of 62.8 (± 11.0) years were included in the present analysis. Lathosterol, cholestanol, campesterol, and sitosterol were measured to estimate cholesterol synthesis and absorption. The mean (± SD) time of the follow-up for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was 7.32 (± 2.3) years. All-cause (P = 0.001) and cardiovascular (P = 0.006) mortality were decreased in the highest versus the lowest lathosterol to cholesterol tertile. In contrast, subjects in the third cholestanol to cholesterol tertile had increased all-cause (P < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (P = 0.010) compared with individuals in the first tertile. The third campesterol to cholesterol tertile was associated with increased all-cause mortality (P = 0.025). Sitosterol to cholesterol tertiles were not significantly related to all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. The data suggest that high absorption and low synthesis of cholesterol predict increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in LURIC participants.
From the 1980 Maitatsine uprising to the 2009 Boko Haram uprising, Nigeria was bedevilled by ethno-religious conflicts with devastating human and material losses. But the Boko Haram uprising of July 2009 was significant in that it not only set a precedent, but also reinforced the attempts by Islamic conservative elements at imposing a variant of Islamic religious ideology on a secular state. Whereas the religious sensitivity of Nigerians provided fertile ground for the breeding of the Boko Haram sect, the sect’s blossoming was also aided by the prevailing economic dislocation in Nigerian society, the advent of party politics (and the associated desperation of politicians for political power), and the ambivalence of some vocal Islamic leaders, who, though they did not actively embark on insurrection, either did nothing to stop it from fomenting, or only feebly condemned it. These internal factors coupled with growing Islamic fundamentalism around the world make a highly volatile Nigerian society prone to violence, as evidenced by the Boko Haram uprising. Given the approach of the Nigerian state to religious conflict, this violence may remain a recurring problem. This paper documents and analyses the Boko Haram uprising, as well as its links with the promotion of Islamic revivalism and the challenges it poses to the secularity of the Nigerian state.
Central elements of the Bologna declaration have been implemented in a huge variety of curricula in humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and engineering sciences at German universities. Overall the results have been nothing less than disastrous. Surprisingly, this seems to be the perfect time for German universities to talk about introducing a curriculum that is fully compatible with the Bologna declaration for medical education as well. However, German medical education does not have problems the Bologna declaration is intended to solve, such as quality, mobility, internationalization and employability. It is already in the Post-Bologna age.
The Nep1 (Emg1) SPOUT-class methyltransferase is an essential ribosome assembly factor and the human Bowen–Conradi syndrome (BCS) is caused by a specific Nep1D86G mutation. We recently showed in vitro that Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Nep1 is a sequence-specific pseudouridine-N1-methyltransferase. Here, we show that in yeast the in vivo target site for Nep1-catalyzed methylation is located within loop 35 of the 18S rRNA that contains the unique hypermodification of U1191 to 1-methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-pseudouri-dine (m1acp3Psi). Specific 14C-methionine labelling of 18S rRNA in yeast mutants showed that Nep1 is not required for acp-modification but suggested a function in Psi1191 methylation. ESI MS analysis of acp-modified Psi-nucleosides in a DeltaNep1-mutant showed that Nep1 catalyzes the Psi1191 methylation in vivo. Remarkably, the restored growth of a nep1-1ts mutant upon addition of S-adenosylmethionine was even observed after preventing U1191 methylation in a deltasnr35 mutant. This strongly suggests a dual Nep1 function, as Psi1191-methyltransferase and ribosome assembly factor. Interestingly, the Nep1 methyltransferase activity is not affected upon introduction of the BCS mutation. Instead, the mutated protein shows enhanced dimerization propensity and increased affinity for its RNA-target in vitro. Furthermore, the BCS mutation prevents nucleolar accumulation of Nep1, which could be the reason for reduced growth in yeast and the Bowen-Conradi syndrome.
The transcription factor p63 is expressed as at least six different isoforms, of which two have been assigned critical biological roles within ectodermal development and skin stem cell biology on the one hand and supervision of the genetic stability of oocytes on the other hand. These two isoforms contain a C-terminal inhibitory domain that negatively regulates their transcriptional activity. This inhibitory domain contains two individual components: one that uses an internal binding mechanism to interact with and mask the transactivation domain and one that is based on sumoylation. We have carried out an extensive alanine scanning study to identify critical regions within the inhibitory domain. These experiments show that a stretch of ~13 amino acids is crucial for the binding function. Further, investigation of transcriptional activity and the intracellular level of mutants that cannot be sumoylated suggests that sumoylation reduces the concentration of p63. We therefore propose that the inhibitory function of the C-terminal domain is in part due to direct inhibition of the transcriptional activity of the protein and in part due to indirect inhibition by controlling the concentration of p63. Keywords: p63, transcriptional regulation, auto-inhibition, sumoylation
The canopy spiders of the floodplain forest in Leipzig have become a focus of ecological studies in recent years. In 2006 we sampled 30 tree canopies in the ‘Burgaue’ nature reserve with pyrethrum knock-down fogging, recording 502 adult spiders belonging to 48 species and 11 families. Based on these data and the results of a previous fogging study, the studied spider community was dominated by forest and forest-edge species with a preference for the shrub and canopy strata as well as by spiders of the web spider feeding guild. The community structure was typical for arboreal spider communities from northern temperate forests but very different from communities in the tropics. Species richness and evenness were similar to the old growth near-primary Białowieża Forest in Poland. The checklist of 96 canopy spider species of the floodplain forest of Leipzig includes 54 additions to the spider fauna of Leipzig and vicinity by recent canopy studies and eight first canopy records for Leipzig from our field work. The theridiid Dipoena torva (Thorell, 1875) was recorded for the first time in Saxony. The floodplain forest of Leipzig sustains a large and species-rich arboreal spider community and is thus a valuable habitat for a large proportion of endangered species (12%).
Background: Clock genes and their protein products regulate circadian rhythms in mammals but have also been implicated in various physiological processes, including bone formation. Osteoblasts build new mineralized bone whereas osteoclasts degrade it thereby balancing bone formation. To evaluate the contribution of clock components in this process, we investigated mice mutant in clock genes for a bone volume phenotype. Methodology/Principal Findings: We found that Per2Brdm1 mutant mice as well as mice lacking Cry2-/- displayed significantly increased bone volume at 12 weeks of age, when bone turnover is high. Per2Brdm1 mutant mice showed alterations in parameters specific for osteoblasts whereas mice lacking Cry2-/- displayed changes in osteoclast specific parameters. Interestingly, inactivation of both Per2 and Cry2 genes leads to normal bone volume as observed in wild type animals. Importantly, osteoclast parameters affected due to the lack of Cry2, remained at the level seen in the Cry2-/- mutants despite the simultaneous inactivation of Per2. Conclusions/Significance: This indicates that Cry2 and Per2 affect distinct pathways in the regulation of bone volume with Cry2 influencing mostly the osteoclastic cellular component of bone and Per2 acting on osteoblast parameters.
The concert for Bangladesh
(2010)
Hungersnöte, unzählige Millionen Kriegsopfer, Massenobdachlosigkeit und Flüchtlingswellen in zweistelliger Millionenhöhe - so präsentierten sich 1971 die Folgen des Krieges in Bangladesch. Weltweit berichtete die Presse von den dramatischen Elendszuständen. Eine Fülle von Hilfsorganisationen rief die Bevölkerung der Industriestaaten zur Hilfe auf. In diesem Kontext entstand auch ein Impuls, der den Gestus innergesellschaftlicher Opposition und eines allgemeinen Protestes gegen die moralischen und politischen Handlungsideale der westlichen Gesellschaften, der so typisch für die Rockmusik der späten 1960er und frühen 1970er zu sein schien, mit der Zuwendung zu den Zuständen in den Ländern der Dritten Welt verband. Der in den 1970ern so wichtige Nord-Süd-Konflikt war in der Rockmusikkultur angekommen. Das Concert for Bangladesh ging als erstes großes Wohltätigkeitskonzert in die Popgeschichte ein, wurde zum Vorbild vieler weiterer Großveranstaltungen (darunter die beiden Mammutveranstaltungen Live Aid, 1985, und Live 8, 2005). Angeleitet von dem Wunsch, die Situation der Bangladeschflüchtlinge zu verbessern, wandte sich der indische Musiker Radi Shankar an seinen Freund, den Ex-Beatle George Harrison. Dieser komponierte daraufhin die Benefiz-Single Bangla Desh und organisierte gemeinsam mit Shankar innerhalb von fünf Wochen zwei Konzerte, deren Erlöse der Flüchtlingshilfe zugute kommen sollten. Die beiden Konzerte, die am Mittag und Abend des 1. August 1971 im New Yorker Madison Square Garden vor insgesamt 40.000 Zuschauern stattfanden, wurden sowohl für ein Livealbum mitgeschnitten als auch gefilmt. Der Konzertfilm, der im Folgejahr erschien, enthielt im Gegensatz zu dem Album nicht die gesamte Setlist der Konzerte, dokumentiert dafür aber in einigen Szenen Phasen der Vorbereitung der beiden Shows.
Loggerhead Caretta caretta is now the only species of marine turtle nesting on the island of Sal, Cape Verde Islands. Since 2008, ADTMA - SOS Tartarugas has patrolled all the southern beaches of the island in order to protect nesting females and to collect nesting data. Although hunting is still a major issue, with 90 turtles killed in 2009, habitat loss and light pollution are becoming an ever more serious threat. Construction sites, hotels, apartment buildings and restaurants close to beaches, bright lights and illegal removal of sand are contributing to a marked decrease in the total number of nesting turtles on some beaches. In 2009, beaches on Sal experienced an average increase in nests of 200%, while the beach most affected by construction (Tortuga Beach) saw a decrease of nests of 7.3% (from 19.1% of total number of nests in 2008 to 11.8% in 2010). This beach also recorded a much lower nest to emergence ratio than normal (17.6% of emergences resulting in nests compared to 29.9% in other areas), indicating reluctance to nest due to light pollution and other disturbances.
An information system is more than just the information technology; it is the system that emerges from the complex interactions and relationships between the information technology and the organization. However, what impact information technology has on an organization and how organizational structures and organizational change influence information technology remains an open question. We propose a theory to explain how communication structures emerge and adapt to environmental changes. We operationalize the interplay of information technology and organization as language communities whose members use and develop domain-specific languages for communication. Our theory is anchored in the philosophy of language. In developing it as an emergent perspective, we argue that information systems are self-organizing and that control of this ability is disseminated throughout the system itself, to the members of the language community. Information technology influences the dynamics of this adaptation process as a fundamental constraint leading to perturbations for the information system. We demonstrate how this view is separated from the entanglement in practice perspective and show that this understanding has far-reaching consequences for developing, managing, and examining information systems.
Tubular carbonate concretions of up to 1 m in length and perpendicular to bedding, occur abundantly in the Upper Pliensbachian (upper Amaltheus margaritatus Zone, Gibbosus Subzone) in outcrops (Fontaneilles section) in the vicinity of Rivière-sûr-Tarn, southern France. Stable isotope analyses of these concretions show negative delta 13C values that decrease from the rim to the center from - 18.8‰ to - 25.7‰ (V-PDB), but normal marine delta 18 O values (- 1.8‰). Carbon isotope analyses of Late Pliensbachian bulk carbonate (matrix) samples from the Fontaneilles section show clearly decreasing C-isotope values across the A. margaritatus Zone, from +1‰ to - 3‰ (V-PDB). Isotope analyses of coeval belemnite rostra do not document such a negative C-isotope trend with values remaining stable around +2‰ (V-PDB). Computer tomographic (CT) scanning of the tubular concretions show multiple canals that are lined or filled entirely with pyrite. Previously, the formation of these concretions with one, two, or more central tubes, has been ascribed to the activity of an enigmatic organism, possibly with annelid or arthropod affinities, known asTisoa siphonalis. Our results suggest tisoan structures are abiogenic. Based on our geochemical analyses and sedimentological observations we suggest that these concretions formed as a combination of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction within the sediment. Fluids rich in methane and/or hydrocarbons likely altered local bulk rock carbon isotope records, but did not affect the global carbon cycle. Interestingly, Tisoa siphonalis has been described from many locations in the Grands Causses Basin in southern France, and from northern France and Luxemburg, always occurring at the same stratigraphic level. Upper Pliensbachian authigenic carbonates thus possibly cover an area of many thousand square kilometers. Greatly reduced sedimentation rates are needed to explain the stabilization of the sulfate-methane transition zone in the sedimentary column in order for the tubular concretions to form. Late Pliensbachian cooling, reducing run-off, and/or the influx of colder water and more vigorous circulation could be responsible for a halt in sedimentation. At the same time (thermogenic) methane may have destabilized during a major phase of Late Pliensbachian sea level fall. As such Tisoa siphonalis is more than a geological curiosity, and its further study could prove pivotal in understanding Early Jurassic paleoenvironmental change.
Tubular carbonate concretions of up to 1 m in length and perpendicular to bedding, occur abundantly in the Upper Pliensbachian (upper Amaltheus margaritatus Zone, Gibbosus Subzone) in outcrops (Fontaneilles section) in the vicinity of Rivière-sûr-Tarn, southern France. Stable isotope analyses of these concretions show negative δ13C values that decrease from the rim to the center from −18.8‰ to −25.7‰ (V-PDB), but normal marine δ18O values (−1.8‰). Carbon isotope analyses of Late Pliensbachian bulk carbonate (matrix) samples from the Fontaneilles section show clearly decreasing C-isotope values across the A. margaritatus Zone, from +1‰ to −3‰ (V-PDB). Isotope analyses of coeval belemnite rostra do not document such a negative C-isotope trend with values remaining stable around +2‰ (V-PDB). Computer tomographic (CT) scanning of the tubular concretions show multiple canals that are lined or filled entirely with pyrite. Previously, the formation of these concretions with one, two, or more central tubes, has been ascribed to the activity of an enigmatic organism, possibly with annelid or arthropod affinities, known as Tisoa siphonalis. Our results suggest tisoan structures are abiogenic. Based on our geochemical analyses and sedimentological observations we suggest that these concretions formed as a combination of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction within the sediment. Fluids rich in methane and/or hydrocarbons likely altered local bulk rock carbon isotope records, but did not affect the global carbon cycle. Interestingly, Tisoa siphonalis has been described from many locations in the Grands Causses Basin in southern France, and from northern France and Luxemburg, always occurring at the same stratigraphic level. Upper Pliensbachian authigenic carbonates thus possibly cover an area of many thousand square kilometers. Greatly reduced sedimentation rates are needed to explain the stabilization of the sulfate-methane transition zone in the sedimentary column in order for the tubular concretions to form. Late Pliensbachian cooling, reducing run-off, and/or the influx of colder water and more vigorous circulation could be responsible for a halt in sedimentation. At the same time (thermogenic) methane may have destabilized during a major phase of Late Pliensbachian sea level fall. As such Tisoa siphonalis is more than a geological curiosity, and its further study could prove pivotal in understanding Early Jurassic paleoenvironmental change.
The estimation model PhytoCalc allows a non-destructive quantification of dry weight and nutrient pools of understorey plants in forests by using the relationship between species biomass, cover and mean shoot length. The model has been validated with independent samples in several German forest types and can be a useful tool in forest monitoring. However, in open areas within forests (e.g. clearcuts), the current model version underestimates biomass and produces unreliable nutrient pool estimations. Thus, tissue density, as approximated by leaf dry matter content (LDMC), is systematically higher under high light compared to low light conditions. We demonstrate that the ratio of LDMC under clearcut conditions to LDMC under forest conditions can be used to adjust the PhytoCalc model to clearcut conditions. We investigated the LDMC ratio of five exemplary species commonly occurring on clearcuts. Integrating the square of the ratio as a correction factor improved estimates of biomass to more than 70% fit between observations and predictions. Results also suggest this ratio can be used to correct nutrient concentrations modelled in PhytoCalc, which tend to be overestimated in clearcuts. As morphological groups of plant species exhibit significantly different ratios, we advise using group-specific correction factors for clearcut adjustments in the future.
The Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (GBMWHA), immediately west of Sydney (33° 53’S; 151° 13’E), on the east coast of Australia was listed as World Heritage for its outstanding natural values, a major component of which is the high number of eucalypt species and eucalypt-dominated communities present, some 13 per cent of all eucalypt species in the world. They grow in a great variety of plant communities, from tall closed forests, through open forests and woodlands, to stunted mallee shrublands. This paper provides a definitive list of the 96 eucalypts (species of the genera Eucalyptus, Angophora and Corymbia in the family Myrtaceae), that have been recorded there (55 widespread, 41 restricted), together with the distribution of the eucalypts in the eight reserves that make up the GBMWHA, and information on the classification and habitat of the different species. The information is based on records held at the National Herbarium of New South Wales and the results of surveys by the NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW) over the past 20 years. The majority of species have components of both stress-tolerator and competitor ecological strategies and this has probably been a main contributor to their success. However details of the ecology of the majority of taxa are poorly-known and more research is needed to provide guidance for conservation management in the face of changing climate conditions.