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Institute
- Physik (3398) (remove)
We demonstrate ultra-sharp (≲10 nm) lateral p-n junctions in graphene using electronic transport, scanning tunneling microscopy, and first principles calculations. The p-n junction lies at the boundary between differentially-doped regions of a graphene sheet, where one side is intrinsic and the other is charge-doped by proximity to a flake of α-RuCl3 across a thin insulating barrier. We extract the p-n junction contribution to the device resistance to place bounds on the junction width. We achieve an ultra-sharp junction when the boundary between the intrinsic and doped regions is defined by a cleaved crystalline edge of α-RuCl3 located 2 nm from the graphene. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy in heterostructures of graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and α-RuCl3 shows potential variations on a sub-10 nm length scale. First principles calculations reveal the charge-doping of graphene decays sharply over just nanometers from the edge of the α-RuCl3 flake.
We demonstrate ultra-sharp (≲10 nm) lateral p-n junctions in graphene using electronic transport, scanning tunneling microscopy, and first principles calculations. The p-n junction lies at the boundary between differentially-doped regions of a graphene sheet, where one side is intrinsic and the other is charge-doped by proximity to a flake of α-RuCl3 across a thin insulating barrier. We extract the p-n junction contribution to the device resistance to place bounds on the junction width. We achieve an ultra-sharp junction when the boundary between the intrinsic and doped regions is defined by a cleaved crystalline edge of α-RuCl3 located 2 nm from the graphene. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy in heterostructures of graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and α-RuCl3 shows potential variations on a sub-10 nm length scale. First principles calculations reveal the charge-doping of graphene decays sharply over just nanometers from the edge of the α-RuCl3 flake.
This study presents an ultra-wideband, elliptical slot, planar monopole antenna for early breast cancer microwave imaging. The on-body antenna's operation is optimised by direct contact with the patient's skin. With a compact size of 9 × 7 mm, the antenna covers a wide bandwidth from 16 to 24 GHz for reflection coefficients lower than –10 dB. Besides, it also features an electrode for electrical impedance tomography applications. Verification on a volunteer's breast gives an excellent agreement with the simulation for the defined bandwidth. Furthermore, as the first stage of the system's characterisation, pork fat is also used to demonstrate the possibility to enhance the transmission between the antennas within the high loss environment. Those results propose the feasibility of implementing a high-frequency radar system for breast cancer detection.
In der modernen Festkörperphysik spielen elektronisch stark korrelierte Systeme mit ihrem komplexen Vielteilchenverhalten eine zentrale Rolle. Insbesondere das Wechselspiel zwischen thermischen und Quantenfluktuationen in den Ladungs- und Spinfreiheitsgraden führt zur Entstehung verschiedenster neuartiger Grundzustände.
Die vorliegende Dissertation „Ultrasonic and Magnetic Investigations in frustrated Lowdimensional Spin Systems“ beschäftigt sich mit den besonderen physikalischen Eigenschaften niedrig dimensionaler Spinsysteme. Diese Materialklasse, die auch zu den stark korrelierten Systemen zählt, wird seit vielen Jahren intensiv sowohl experimentell als auch theoretisch untersucht. Auf theoretischer Seite sind die niedrigdimensionalen Spinsysteme besonders interessant, da sie als Modellsysteme die exakte Beschreibung des Grundzustandes und des Anregungsspektrums ermöglichen. Von experimenteller Seite ist es in den letzten Jahrzehnten gelungen, verschiedenste Materialklassen niedrigdimensionaler Spinsysteme zu synthetisieren.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die grundlegenden Theorien und physikalischen Konzepte niedrigdimensionaler Spinsysteme diskutiert. Insbesondere auch die Spin-Phonon-Wechselwirkung dieser Materialien, die für die hier beobachteten elastischen Anomalien verantwortlich ist. Weiterhin wird auch das elastische Verhalten bei magnetischen Phasenübergängen beschrieben.
Da die Ultraschallexperimente einen Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bilden, wird der Versuchsaufbau zur phasenempfindlichen Detektion von Schallgeschwindigkeit und Ultraschalldämfung ausführlich beschrieben. Diese Messmethode ist ideal zur Untersuchung der Spin-Phonon Wechselwirkung geeignet.
In this thesis, Planck size black holes are discussed. Specifically, new families of black holes are presented. Such black holes exhibit an improved short scale behaviour and can be used to implement gravity self-complete paradigm. Such geometries are also studied within the ADD large extra dimensional scenario. This allows black hole remnant masses to reach the TeV scale. It is shown that the evaporation endpoint for this class of black holes is a cold stable remnant. One family of black holes considered in this thesis features a regular de Sitter core that counters gravitational collapse with a quantum outward pressure. The other family of black holes turns out to nicely fit into the holographic information bound on black holes, and lead to black hole area quantization and applications in the gravitational entropic force. As a result, gravity can be derived as emergent phenomenon from thermodynamics.
The thesis contains an overview about recent quantum gravity black hole approaches and concludes with the derivation of nonlocal operators that modify the Einstein equations to ultraviolet complete field equations.
In this Letter, we propose a new scenario emerging from the conjectured presence of a minimal length ℓ in the spacetime fabric, on the one side, and the existence of a new scale invariant, continuous mass spectrum, of un-particles on the other side. We introduce the concept of un-spectral dimension DU of a d-dimensional, euclidean (quantum) spacetime, as the spectral dimension measured by an “un-particle” probe. We find a general expression for the un-spectral dimension DU labelling different spacetime phases: a semi-classical phase, where ordinary spectral dimension gets contribution from the scaling dimension dU of the un-particle probe; a critical “Planckian phase”, where four-dimensional spacetime can be effectively considered two-dimensional when dU=1; a “Trans-Planckian phase”, which is accessible to un-particle probes only, where spacetime as we currently understand it looses its physical meaning.
To gain a better understanding of complex mechanisms in biological systems, simultaneous control over multiple processes is key. To this purpose selective photouncaging has been developed. Photo-uncaging is an experimental scheme in which a molecule of interest has been inactivated synthetically and is activated by light. Usually a bond is cleaved and a leaving group is set free. The molecule which inactivates the molecule of interest and sets the leaving group free is called (photo-)cage. In a selective photo-uncaging scheme a number of leaving groups can be released independently, usually by irradiation with light of different wavelengths. This approach is, however, seriously limited in its applicability due to the properties of the involved cages and irradiation schemes. A major drawback is the usually quite broad UV-Vis absorption of the cages. This makes a selective activation by light difficult and limits the maximal number of independent cages severely.
Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to introduce the Vibrationally Promoted Electronic Resonance (VIPER) 2D-IR pulse sequence in a alternative selective uncaging scheme.
The VIPER 2D-IR pulse sequence is a spectroscopic tool which allows to generate 2D-IR signals whose lifetime are independent of the vibrational relaxation lifetime. It has been first used to monitor chemical exchange. It consists of a narrowband infared pump pulse, a subsequent UV-Vis pump pulse and a broadband infrared probe pulse. The UV-Vis pump pulse is off-resonant with regard to the UV-Vis absorption band. Electronic excitation becomes only possible, if the infrared pump pulse modulates the UV-Vis transition of the IR-excited molecule. This modulation brings the UV-Vis transition in resonance with the UV-Vis pump pulse. Thereby, only the molecules which were pre-excited with the infrared pulse can be excited into the electronically excited state. A computational prediction of the modulation was carried out by Jan von Cosel in the Burghardt group.
The narrowband infrared pump pulse can be used to selectively excite a subensemble of molecules in a mixture into an electronically excited state even if the UV-Vis spectra of all molecules are virtually identical. For this the sub-ensemble needs to exhibit an identifiable infrared spectrum. Combined with the introduction of isotope labels, which lead to changes in the infrared absorption spectra, the larger selectivity in the infrared region can be exploited for an alternative selective uncaging approach. In VIPER uncaging the infrared pump pulse selects the species and the subsequent UV-Vis pulse provides the energy needed for electronic excitation upon which the photo cleavage can occur.
After an introduction of the principle idea of uncaging and VIPER spectroscopy, the concept of VIPER uncaging is introduced and its limits and requirements are discussed. Some examples for possible VIPER cages are reviewed.
A coumarin molecule (7-diethylamino coumarin) which can release an azide group was chosen as a first test molecule for VIPER uncaging. Its isotopomers were characterized to determine suitable spectroscopic markers for successful uncaging and to find fitting experimental conditions. The chosen coumarin cage has an UV-Vis absorption band at approximately 380 nm and a steep flank on the high wavelength side of the band. The quantum yield for the azide compound is between 10-20 % depending on the solvent’s water content. The release was found to be on a picosecond timescale which is among the fastest known photo reactions, but the photo reaction mechanism has proven to be not straightforward. For the VIPER experiment on the mixture two isotopomers were chosen with a 13C atom at different positions. In one species a ring mode of the coumarin is changed by the 13C atom. In the other isotopomer the carbonyl stretching mode is influenced. The change in the ring mode region allows to select one species or the other with the infrared pre-excitation. Because of experimental difficulties only isotopomers with the same leaving group could be used. The successful selective electronic excitation of the individual isotopomers in a mixture was monitored by probing the carbonyl region.
As a second VIPER cage, para-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) was chosen. A thiocyanate group was selected as leaving group. pHP cages have their electronic transition in the UV, with a maximum absorption at 290 nm. The shape of the spectrum is suitable and the quantum yield is very high, with values in the literature of up to 90 %. Also the photo reaction is well studied and the expected byproducts are well characterized. The chosen isotopologues were characterized spectroscopically. The resulting data on the photo reaction were in agreement with the mechanism proposed in the literature. The mixture for the VIPER experiment consisted of two isotopologues, where for one species all the C atoms in the ring were labelled and for the other the C-atom in the thiocyanate leaving group was labelled. Here the release of the different leaving groups, labelled and unlabelled thiocyanate, could be monitored selectively. This shows that it is possible to selectively release a molecule in a mixture of caged molecules by applying the VIPER pulse sequence.
The samples were synthesized by Matiss Reinfelds from the Heckel group and the VIPER experiments were done together with Carsten Neumann and with support
of the Bredenbeck group.
The leaving groups were chosen because of their infrared absorption which allowed to directly monitor the successful cleavage by spectroscopy. This was needed for the proof-of-concept experiment and to allow direct optimization of the experimental parameters but is not necessarily a requirement for VIPER uncaging.
Concerning the selectivity of the VIPER uncaging, the approach is at the moment mainly limited by the infrared pulse energy. The selective VIPER excitation is competing with unselective excitation directly by just the UV-Vis pulse. A more intense infrared pump pulse would increase only the selective VIPER excitation and thereby improve the contrast to the unspecific background.
To address this issue, the first steps towards an alternative infrared light generation are undertaken. In this alternative approach the infrared light for preexcitation is directly generated by difference frequency generation of the laser output, i.e. the high energy 800 nm fundamental, and the output of a non-collinear optical parametric amplifier (NOPA). To achieve a narrowband pump pulse the pulses are chirped before mixing. In the scope of this thesis a NOPA has been installed and the mixing has been tested with available test crystal medium. While infrared wavelength region and power were not in the aspired range with this alternative crystal the feasibility of mixing between a NOPA output and the fundamental could be shown.
Other possibilities to increase the contrast to the unspecific background excitation by the UV-Vis pump pulse are discussed. For most applications of selective VIPER uncaging the detection by fs-laser spectroscopy will not be needed and could be replaced by other methods e.g. chromatography. This will allow the experimental parameters of the VIPER pulse sequence to be changed in a way which reduces unspecific excitation i.e. reducing the UV-Vis-pump energy and result in much better contrast.
In conclusion, the experimental data in this thesis shows the VIPER pulse sequence to be applicable to selective uncaging schemes and indicates measures to arrive at the specificity necessary for uncaging applications. This thesis was focused on uncaging photo reactions with isotopomers and isotopologues, but other types of photo reactions could in principle be controlled in the same way. It should be possible to address different isomers in mixtures or different ground states of proteins selectively. The discussed experiments are a significant step towards control over photo reactions in mixtures.
In two-dimensional (2D) NbSe2 crystal, which lacks inversion symmetry, strong spin-orbit coupling aligns the spins of Cooper pairs to the orbital valleys, forming Ising Cooper pairs (ICPs). The unusual spin texture of ICPs can be further modulated by introducing magnetic exchange. Here, we report unconventional supercurrent phase in van der Waals heterostructure Josephson junctions (JJs) that couples NbSe2 ICPs across an atomically thin magnetic insulator (MI) Cr2Ge2Te6. By constructing a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), we measure the phase of the transferred Cooper pairs in the MI JJ. We demonstrate a doubly degenerate nontrivial JJ phase (ϕ), formed by momentum-conserving tunneling of ICPs across magnetic domains in the barrier. The doubly degenerate ground states in MI JJs provide a two-level quantum system that can be utilized as a new dissipationless component for superconducting quantum devices. Our work boosts the study of various superconducting states with spin-orbit coupling, opening up an avenue to designing new superconducting phase-controlled quantum electronic devices.
This article reports measurements characterizing the Underlying Event (UE) associated with hard scatterings at midrapidity (|η| < 0.8) in pp collisions at s√ = 13 TeV. The hard scatterings are identified by the leading particle, the charged particle with the highest transverse momentum (pleadingT) in the event. Charged-particle number-densities and summed transverse-momentum densities are measured in different azimuthal regions defined with respect to the leading particle direction: Toward, Transverse, and Away. The Toward and Away regions contain the fragmentation products of the hard scatterings in addition to the UE contribution, whereas particles in the Transverse region are expected to originate predominantly from the UE. The study is performed as a function of pleadingT with three different pT thresholds for the associated particles, ptrackT > 0.15, 0.5, and 1.0 GeV/c. The charged-particle density in the Transverse region rises steeply for low values of pleadingT and reaches a plateau. The results confirm the trend that the charged-particle density in the Transverse region shows a stronger increase with s√ than the inclusive charged-particle density at midrapidity. The UE activity is increased by approximately 20% when going from 7 TeV to 13 TeV pp collisions. The plateau in the Transverse region (5 <pleadingT< 40 GeV/c) is further characterized by the probability distribution of its charged-particle multiplicity normalized to its average value (relative transverse activity, RT) and the mean transverse momentum as a function of RT. Experimental results are compared to model calculations using PYTHIA 8 and EPOS LHC. The overall agreement between models and data is within 30%. These measurements provide new insights on the interplay between hard scatterings and the associated UE in pp collisions.
This article reports measurements characterizing the Underlying Event (UE) associated with hard scatterings at midrapidity in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV. The hard scatterings are identified by the leading particle, the charged particle with the highest transverse momentum (pleadingT) in the event. Charged-particle number and summed transverse-momentum densities are measured in different azimuthal regions defined with respect to the leading particle direction: Toward, Transverse, and Away. The Toward and Away regions contain the fragmentation products of the hard scatterings in addition to the UE contribution, whereas particles in the Transverse region are expected to originate predominantly from the UE. The study is performed as a function of pleadingT with three different pT thresholds for the associated particles, pminT> 0.15, 0.5, and 1.0 GeV/c. The charged-particle density in the Transverse region rises steeply for low values of pleadingT and reaches a plateau. The results confirm the trend that the charged-particle density in the Transverse region shows a stronger increase with s√ than the inclusive charged-particle density at midrapidity. The UE activity is increased by approximately 20% when going from 7 to 13 TeV. The plateau in the Transverse region (5<pleadingT< 40 GeV/c ) is further characterized by the probability distribution of its charged-particle multiplicity normalized to its average value (relative transverse activity, RT) and the mean transverse momentum as a function of RT. Experimental results are compared to model calculations using PYTHIA 8 and EPOS LHC. The overall agreement between models and data is within 30%. These measurements provide new insights on the interplay between hard scatterings and the associated UE in pp collisions.