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Institute
- Physik (3316) (remove)
Walter Greiner: in memoriam
(2017)
Walter Greiner (29 October 1935 - 6 October 2016) was a German theoretical physicist. His scientific research interests include the thematic areas of atomic physics, heavy ion physics, nuclear physics, elementary particle physics (particularly quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics). He is most known in Germany for his series of books in theoretical physics, but he is also well known around the world. Greiner was born on October 29, 1935, in Neuenbau, Sonnenberg, Germany. He studied physics at the University of Frankfurt (Goethe University in Frankfurt Am Main), receiving in this institution a BSci in physics and a Master’s degree in 1960 with a thesis on plasma-reactors, and a PhD in 1961 at the University of Freiburg under Hans Marshal, with a thesis on the nuclear polarization in μμ-mesic atoms. During the period of 1962 to 1964 he was assistant professor at the University of Maryland, followed by a position as research associate at the University of Freiburg, in 1964. Starting in 1965, he became a full professor at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at Goethe University until 2003. Greiner has been a visiting professor to many universities and laboratories, including Florida State University, the University of Virginia, the University of California, the University of Melbourne, Vanderbilt University, Yale University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory. In 2003, with Wolf Singer, he was the founding Director of the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), and gave lectures and seminars in elementary particle physics. He died on October 6, 2016 at the age of 80.
Walter Greiner was an excellent teacher, researcher, friend. And he was a great supporter of the series of events known by the acronyms IWARA - International Workshop on Astronomy and Relativistic Astrophysics, STARS - Caribbean Symposium on Cosmology, Gravitation, Nuclear and Astroparticle Physics, and SMFNS - International Symposium on Strong Electromagnetic Fields and Neutron Stars. Walter Greiner left us. But his memory will remain always alive among us who have had the privilege of knowing him and enjoy his wisdom and joy of living.
The colour-singlet axial-vector vertex plays a pivotal role in understanding dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and numerous hadronic weak interactions, yet scant model-independent information is available. We therefore use longitudinal and transverse Ward–Green–Takahashi (WGT) identities, together with kinematic constraints, in order to ameliorate this situation and expose novel features of the axial vertex: amongst them, Ward-like identities for elements in the transverse piece of the vertex, which complement and shed new light on identities determined previously for components in its longitudinal part. Such algebraic results are verified via solutions of the Bethe–Salpeter equation for the axial vertex obtained using two materially different kernels for the relevant Dyson–Schwinger equations. The solutions also provide insights that suggest a practical Ansatz for the axial-vector vertex.
Accurate spectroscopy of highly-charged high-Z ions in a storage ring is demonstrated to be feasible by the use of specially adapted crystal optics. The method has been applied for the measurement of the 1s Lamb shift in hydrogen-like gold (Au+78) in a storage ring through spectroscopy of the Lyman x-rays. This measurement represents the first result obtained for a high-Z element using high-resolution wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy in the hard x-ray regime, paving the way for sensitivity to higher- order QED effects.
Die vorliegende Dissertation behandelt das Thema der Wechselstromleitfähigkeit nano-granularer Metalle, welche mit Hilfe der fokussierten elektronenstrahlinduzierten Direktabscheidung (FEBID) hergestellt wurden, sowie der dielektrischen Relaxation in metall-organischen Gerüstverbindungen (MOFs). Sie war eingebettet in das interdisziplinäre Projekt „Dielectric and Ferroelectric Surface-Mounted Metal-Organic Frameworks (SURMOFs) as Sensor Devices“ im Rahmen des DPG-Schwerpunktsprogramms „Coordination Networks: Building Blocks for Functional Systems“ (SPP 1928, COORNETs). Dabei verfolgt sie ein Sensorkonzept zur selektiven Detektion von Analytgasen. Der zentrale Erfolg der Arbeit besteht dabei in neuen Erkenntnissen über die Wechselstromleitfähigkeit nano-granularer Pt(C)-FEBID-Deponate. Die hierbei gewonnen Erkenntnisse können in Zukunft einen weiteren Baustein in der theoretischen Beschreibung dieses grundlegend interessanten und für sensorische Anwendungen wichtigen Teilgebiets der Festkörperphysik darstellen.
Nichtinvasive Detektoren für ortsaufgelöste Strahlprofilmessungen gewinnen mit zunehmenden Strahlströmen und -energien immer mehr an Bedeutung. An der Universität Frankfurt im Institut für Angewandte Physik (IAP) wird ein “Figure Eight”-förmiger magnetostatischer Speichering mit Stellarator-Konfiguration (F8SR) entwickelt. Einige Aspekte der Strahldynamik in einem solchen Ring können mit einem experimentellen Aufbau am IAP untersucht werden. Die Herausforderung bei der Entwicklung eines Detektors an einem (F8SR) liegt auf der einen Seite darin den Strahl nichtinvasiv zu detektieren, und andererseits müssen magnetisch unempfindliche Komponenten für den Detektor ausgewählt werden. Dabei sollte der Detektor so flexibel sein, dass der Strahl entlang der Flugbahn transversal gemessen werden kann. In dieser Arbeit geht es um einen Detektor mit radial um den Strahl angeordneten Photodioden, mit deren Hilfe die strahlinduzierte Fluoreszenz detektiert wird und mit einem geeigneten Rekonstruktionsverfahren, Strahlposition und den Strahldurchmesser ermittelt werden kann. Die Messungen werden mit einem weiteren schon erprobten Detektor - einem Szintillationsschirm verglichen.
Ein Laserblitz von unvorstellbarer Intensität pulverisiert im Labor ein Molekül. Wachsam zeichnen die Instrumente die Flugbahn und Geschwindigkeit jedes Bruchstücks auf. Physiker gewinnen daraus hochpräzise Informationen über die Molekülstruktur. Auch links- und rechtshändige Formen lassen sich unterscheiden.
Weltweit arbeiten Astrophysiker noch immer mit einer Theorie, die bereits vor rund 100 Jahren aufgestellt wurde – die Einstein’sche Relativitätstheorie. Nahezu jeder hat den genialen Kopf dahinter vor Augen: Albert Einstein. Was aber ist der von Einstein prognostizierte gekrümmte Raum, was sind schwarze Löcher und Neutronensterne und wer sind die Menschen, die auf diesen Gebieten forschen? Luciano Rezzolla, seit Oktober 2013 Professor für Theoretische Astrophysik an der Goethe-Universität sowie Leiter einer Arbeitsgruppe am Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik in Potsdam, ist einer dieser Forscher.
What is the magnetic field distribution for the equation of state of magnetized neutron stars?
(2017)
In this Letter, we report a realistic calculation of the magnetic field profile for the equation of state inside strongly magnetized neutron stars. Unlike previous estimates, which are widely used in the literature, we find that magnetic fields increase relatively slowly with increasing baryon chemical potential (or baryon density) of magnetized matter. More precisely, the increase is polynomial instead of exponential, as previously assumed. Through the analysis of several different realistic models for the microscopic description of stellar matter (including hadronic, hybrid and quark models) combined with general relativistic solutions endowed with a poloidal magnetic field obtained by solving Einstein–Maxwell's field equations in a self-consistent way, we generate a phenomenological fit for the magnetic field distribution in the stellar polar direction to be used as input in microscopic calculations.
Behavior is characterized by sequences of goal oriented conducts, such as food uptake, socializing and resting. Classically, one would define for each task a corresponding satisfaction level, with the agent engaging, at a given time, in the activity having the lowest satisfaction level. Alternatively, one may consider that the agent follows the overarching objective to generate sequences of distinct activities. To achieve a balanced distribution of activities would then be the primary goal, and not to master a specific task. In this setting the agent would show two types of behaviors, task-oriented and task-searching phases, with the latter interseeding the former. We study the emergence of autonomous task switching for the case of a simulated robot arm. Grasping one of several moving objects corresponds in this setting to a specific activity. Overall, the arm should follow a given object temporarily and then move away, in order to search for a new target and reengage. We show that this behavior can be generated robustly when modeling the arm as an adaptive dynamical system. The dissipation function is in this approach time dependent. The arm is in a dissipative state when searching for a nearby object, dissipating energy on approach. Once close, the dissipation function starts to increase, with the eventual sign change implying that the arm will take up energy and wander off. The resulting explorative state ends when the dissipation function becomes again negative and the arm selects a new target. We believe that our approach may be generalized to generate self-organized sequences of activities in general.
canning tunneling microscopy (STM) is perhaps the most promising way to detect the superconducting gap size and structure in the canonical unconventional superconductor Sr2RuO4 directly. However, in many cases, researchers have reported being unable to detect the gap at all in simple STM conductance measurements. Recently, an investigation of this issue on various local topographic structures on a Sr-terminated surface found that superconducting spectra appeared only in the region of small nanoscale canyons, corresponding to the removal of one RuO surface layer. Here, we analyze the electronic structure of various possible surface structures using first principles methods, and argue that bulk conditions favorable for superconductivity can be achieved when removal of the RuO layer suppresses the RuO4 octahedral rotation locally. We further propose alternative terminations to the most frequently reported Sr termination where superconductivity surfaces should be observed.
Welche Art Strahlung geht vom Handy und von Relaisstationen aus? Wie kann sie auf den Menschen wirken, welche Wirkmechanismen werden ausgelöst? Welche Vorschriften und Grenzwerte gibt es? Wohl kaum ein Thema wurde in den vergangenen Jahren in Medien und in Öffentlichkeit so heiß und kontrovers diskutiert wie das "Strahlenrisiko" durch Mobilfunkanlagen, Mobiltelefone und schnurlose Telefone. Insbesondere, wenn Relaisstationen für mobile Kommunikationseinrichtungen in Verbindung mit dem neuen UMTS-Netz eingerichtet werden, beobachtet man oft erbitterte Konfrontationen zwischen Betreibern und Gegnern, die manchmal zu merkwürdigen Entwicklungen führen; so wurde beispielsweise die Antenne auf einem Kirchendach als Kreuz getarnt. Oft nutzen auch erklärte Gegner von Relaisanlagen am Wohnort beruflich oder privat ihr Handy.
We study the Wigner function for massive spin-1/2 fermions in electromagnetic fields. The Wigner function is analytically solved in five cases when electromagnetic fields are constants. For a general space-time dependent field configuration, we use the method of semi-classical expansion and solved the Wigner function at linear order in the Planck's constant. At the same order, we obtained a generalized Boltzmann equation for particle distribution, and a generalized BMT equation for spin polarization. Using the Wigner function, we calculated some physical quantities in a thermal equilibrium system.
Wilhelm H. Kegel : Nachruf
(2019)
Chern numbers can be calculated within a frame of vortex fields related to phase conventions of a wave function. In a band protected by gaps the Chern number is equivalent to the total number of flux carrying vortices. In the presence of topological defects like Dirac cones this method becomes problematic, in particular if they lack a well-defined winding number. We develop a scheme to include topological defects into the vortex field frame. A winding number is determined by the behavior of the phase in reciprocal space when encircling the defect's contact point. To address the possible lack of a winding number we utilize a more general concept of winding vectors. We demonstrate the usefulness of this ansatz on Dirac cones generated from bands of the Hofstadter model.
Chern numbers can be calculated within a frame of vortex fields related to phase conventions of a wave function. In a band protected by gaps the Chern number is equivalent to the total number of flux carrying vortices. In the presence of topological defects like Dirac cones this method becomes problematic, in particular if they lack a well-defined winding number. We develop a scheme to include topological defects into the vortex field frame. A winding number is determined by the behavior of the phase in reciprocal space when encircling the defect's contact point. To address the possible lack of a winding number we utilize a more general concept of winding vectors. We demonstrate the usefulness of this ansatz on Dirac cones generated from bands of the Hofstadter model.
Chern numbers can be calculated within a frame of vortex fields related to phase conventions of a wave function. In a band protected by gaps the Chern number is equivalent to the total number of flux carrying vortices. In the presence of topological defects like Dirac cones this method becomes problematic, in particular if they lack a well-defined winding number. We develop a scheme to include topological defects into the vortex field frame. A winding number is determined by the behavior of the phase in reciprocal space when encircling the defect's contact point. To address the possible lack of a winding number we utilize a more general concept of winding vectors. We demonstrate the usefulness of this ansatz on Dirac cones generated from bands of the Hofstadter model.
Das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die energieabhängigen Wirkungsquerschnitte von (γ,n)-Reaktionen für 169Tm, 170Yb, 176Yb und 130Te mittels der Photoaktivierungsmethode zu bestimmen.
Dazu wurden zunächst die Effizienzen der verwendeten Detektoren mithilfe von Simulationen korrigiert, da die verwendeten Targets eine ausgedehnte Geometrie aufweisen im Gegensatz zu den punktförmigen Eichquellen. Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass mit den Simulationen die Effizienzen der MCA-Detektoren energieabhängig korrigiert werden konnten, da die Simulationen die Form der gemessenen Effizienzen gut reproduzieren konnten. Bei den Effizienzen der LEPS-Detektoren hingegen konnte keine energieabhäangige Korrektur vorgenommen werden, da die LEPS-Detektoren aufgrund des geringen Abstandes zu den Detektoren hohe Summeneffekte zeigten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten diese Summeneffekte jedoch nicht korrigiert bzw. berücksichtigt werden.
Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a direct-write nanofabrication technique able to pattern three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures at resolutions comparable to the characteristic magnetic length scales. FEBID is thus a powerful tool for 3D nanomagnetism which enables unique fundamental studies involving complex 3D geometries, as well as nano-prototyping and specialized applications compatible with low throughputs. In this focused review, we discuss recent developments of this technique for applications in 3D nanomagnetism, namely the substantial progress on FEBID computational methods, and new routes followed to tune the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic FEBID materials. We also review a selection of recent works involving FEBID 3D nanostructures in areas such as scanning probe microscopy sensing, magnetic frustration phenomena, curvilinear magnetism, magnonics and fluxonics, offering a wide perspective of the important role FEBID is likely to have in the coming years in the study of new phenomena involving 3D magnetic nanostructures.
W±-boson production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 8.16 TeV and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2022)
The production of the W± bosons measured in p−Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon−nucleon collision sNN−−−−√=8.16 TeV and Pb−Pb collisions at sNN−−−−√=5.02 TeV with ALICE at the LHC is presented. The W± bosons are measured via their muonic decay channel, with the muon reconstructed in the pseudorapidity region −4<ημlab<−2.5 with transverse momentum pμT>10 GeV/c. While in Pb−Pb collisions the measurements are performed in the forward (2.5<yμcms<4) rapidity region, in p−Pb collisions, where the centre-of-mass frame is boosted with respect to the laboratory frame, the measurements are performed in the backward (−4.46<yμcms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<yμcms<3.53) rapidity regions. The W− and W+ production cross sections, lepton-charge asymmetry, and nuclear modification factors are evaluated as a function of the muon rapidity. In order to study the production as a function of the p−Pb collision centrality, the production cross sections of the W− and W+ bosons are combined and normalised to the average number of binary nucleon−nucleon collision ⟨Ncoll⟩. In Pb−Pb collisions, the same measurements are presented as a function of the collision centrality. Study of the binary scaling of the W±-boson cross sections in p−Pb and Pb−Pb collisions is also reported. The results are compared with perturbative QCD (pQCD) calculations, with and without nuclear modifications of the Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs), as well as with available data at the LHC. Significant deviations from the theory expectations are found in the two collision systems, indicating that the measurements can provide additional constraints for the determination of nuclear PDF (nPDFs) and in particular of the light-quark distributions.
W±-boson production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 8.16 TeV and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2022)
The production of the W± bosons measured in p−Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon−nucleon collision sNN−−−−√=8.16 TeV and Pb−Pb collisions at sNN−−−−√=5.02 TeV with ALICE at the LHC is presented. The W± bosons are measured via their muonic decay channel, with the muon reconstructed in the pseudorapidity region −4<ημlab<−2.5 with transverse momentum pμT>10 GeV/c. While in Pb−Pb collisions the measurements are performed in the forward (2.5<yμcms<4) rapidity region, in p−Pb collisions, where the centre-of-mass frame is boosted with respect to the laboratory frame, the measurements are performed in the backward (−4.46<yμcms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<yμcms<3.53) rapidity regions. The W− and W+ production cross sections, lepton-charge asymmetry, and nuclear modification factors are evaluated as a function of the muon rapidity. In order to study the production as a function of the p−Pb collision centrality, the production cross sections of the W− and W+ bosons are combined and normalised to the average number of binary nucleon−nucleon collision ⟨Ncoll⟩. In Pb−Pb collisions, the same measurements are presented as a function of the collision centrality. Study of the binary scaling of the W±-boson cross sections in p−Pb and Pb−Pb collisions is also reported. The results are compared with perturbative QCD (pQCD) calculations, with and without nuclear modifications of the Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs), as well as with available data at the LHC. Significant deviations from the theory expectations are found in the two collision systems, indicating that the measurements can provide additional constraints for the determination of nuclear PDF (nPDFs) and in particular of the light-quark distributions.
W±-boson production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 8.16 TeV and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2023)
The production of the W± bosons measured in p−Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon−nucleon collision sNN−−−−√=8.16 TeV and Pb−Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV with ALICE at the LHC is presented. The W± bosons are measured via their muonic decay channel, with the muon reconstructed in the pseudorapidity region −4<ημlab<−2.5 with transverse momentum pμT>10 GeV/c. While in Pb−Pb collisions the measurements are performed in the forward (2.5<yμcms<4) rapidity region, in p−Pb collisions, where the centre-of-mass frame is boosted with respect to the laboratory frame, the measurements are performed in the backward (−4.46<yμcms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<yμcms<3.53) rapidity regions. The W− and W+ production cross sections, lepton-charge asymmetry, and nuclear modification factors are evaluated as a function of the muon rapidity. In order to study the production as a function of the p−Pb collision centrality, the production cross sections of the W− and W+ bosons are combined and normalised to the average number of binary nucleon−nucleon collision ⟨Ncoll⟩. In Pb−Pb collisions, the same measurements are presented as a function of the collision centrality. Study of the binary scaling of the W±-boson cross sections in p−Pb and Pb−Pb collisions is also reported. The results are compared with perturbative QCD (pQCD) calculations, with and without nuclear modifications of the Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs), as well as with available data at the LHC. Significant deviations from the theory expectations are found in the two collision systems, indicating that the measurements can provide additional constraints for the determination of nuclear PDF (nPDFs) and in particular of the light-quark distributions.
W±-boson production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 8.16 TeV and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2023)
The production of the W± bosons measured in p–Pb collisions at a centreof-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon collision √sNN = 8.16 TeV and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV with ALICE at the LHC is presented. The W± bosons are measured via their muonic decay channel, with the muon reconstructed in the pseudorapidity region −4 < ηµ lab < −2.5 with transverse momentum p µ T > 10 GeV/c. While in Pb–Pb collisions the measurements are performed in the forward (2.5 < yµ cms < 4) rapidity region, in p–Pb collisions, where the centre-of-mass frame is boosted with respect to the laboratory frame, the measurements are performed in the backward (−4.46 < yµ cms < −2.96) and forward (2.03 < yµ cms < 3.53) rapidity regions. The W− and W+ production cross sections, leptoncharge asymmetry, and nuclear modification factors are evaluated as a function of the muon rapidity. In order to study the production as a function of the p–Pb collision centrality, the production cross sections of the W− and W+ bosons are combined and normalised to the average number of binary nucleon–nucleon collision hNcolli. In Pb–Pb collisions, the same measurements are presented as a function of the collision centrality. Study of the binary scaling of the W±-boson cross sections in p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions is also reported. The results are compared with perturbative QCD calculations, with and without nuclear modifications of the Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs), as well as with available data at the LHC. Significant deviations from the theory expectations are found in the two collision systems, indicating that the measurements can provide additional constraints for the determination of nuclear PDFs and in particular of the light-quark distributions.
Im Zentrum dieser Arbeit stehen die Überstrukturphasen des Yb-Cu-Systems. Als Ausgangspunkt für die Kristallzüchtung wird die kongruent schmelzende Verbindung YbCu4:5 gewählt. Um einen genauen Einblick in das Erstarrungsverhalten dieser Phase zu erhalten, werden zunächst im Bereich zwischen 17.3 und 22.4 at-% Yb eine Reihe von DSC-Messungen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich nur bedingt mit den in der Literatur veröffentlichten Phasendiagrammen (Moffat [Mo92] bzw. Massalski [Ma90] und Giovannini et al. [Gi08]) vereinbaren. Zwar kann eine kongruent schmelzende Phase der Zusammensetzung YbCu4:5 nachgewiesen werden, die Messungen deuten aber die Existenz zusätzlicher Verbindungen an, die allerdings mit Hilfe der EDX-Analyse nicht weiter spezifiziert werden können. Um diese Phasen genauer zu analysieren, werden Einkristallzüchtungsversuche nach der Bridgman-Methode im Bereich zwischen 19 und 19.2 at-% Yb durchgeführt und mittels Einkristallbeugungsmethoden (SC-XRD und SAED) charakterisiert. Auf diese Weise können neben YbCu4:5 die bisher noch unbekannten berstrukturphasen YbCu4:4 und YbCu4:25 nachgewiesen werden, deren Schmelztemperaturen mittels DSC-Untersuchungen zu 934(2)°C und 931(3)°C bestimmt werden. Die Entdeckung der beiden Verbindungen bestätigt die von Cerný et al. [Ce03] bisher nur theoretisch vorhergesagte Existenz der Überstrukturphasen SECux (x=4.4 und 4.25) für das Yb-Cu-System. Mit Hilfe von Polarisations- und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und unter Anwendung der Laue-Methode wird das Wachstumsverhalten dieser Überstrukturphasen analysiert. Man beobachtet ein Schichtwachstum, wobei sich die Schichten parallel zur a- und b-Richtung ausbilden und in c-Richtung gestapelt vorliegen. Da eine zuverlässige Unterscheidung der YbCux-Verbindungen nur mit Hilfe von Einkristallbeugungsmethoden gelingt, wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersucht, inwiefern eine Charakterisierung mittels Pulverdiffraktometrie möglich ist. Die Messungen mit Synchrotronstrahlung am ESRF in Grenoble erlauben eine eindeutige Unterscheidung der Überstrukturphasen allerdings nicht. Die Analyse des an das Überstrukturgebiet angrenzenden Zusammensetzungsbereichs von 12.5 bis 17.24 at-% Yb bestätigt die Existenz der Verbindung YbCu6:5, eine kupferärmere Phase der Zusammensetzung YbCu5 kann in den DSC-Experimenten nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die Messungen belegen die Existenz einer Phasenbreite von YbCu6:0+x mit 0 <= x <= 0:5 ist, was im Gegensatz zu dem von Giovannini et al. [Gi08] publizierten Phasendiagramm steht. SC-XRD-Aufnahmen an nach der Bridgman-Methode gezüchteten Einkristallen der Zusammensetzung YbCu6:31(9) untermauern das von Hornstra und Buschow [Ho72] gefundene Strukturmodell. Die Verschiebungen der Atompositionen bedingt durch den im Gegensatz zur YbCu5-Verbindung erhöhten Kupferanteil werden mit Hilfe der gemessenen und berechneten Paarverteilungsfunktion nachvollzogen. Phasendiagrammuntersuchungen und Einkristallzüchtungsergebnisse für weitere SE-Cu-Systeme (SE =Ho, Gd) bestätigen die Existenz der Verbindung HoCu4:5 und erhärten den Verdacht sowohl in diesem als auch in den anderen Systemen noch weitere Überstrukturphasen finden zu können.
Z-boson production in p-Pb collisions at √sNN = 8.16 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2020)
Measurement of Z-boson production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 8.16 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV is reported. It is performed in the dimuon decay channel, through the detection of muons with pseudorapidity −4 < ημ < −2.5 and transverse momentum pμT > 20 GeV/c in the laboratory frame. The invariant yield and nuclear modification factor are measured for opposite-sign dimuons with invariant mass 60 < mμμ < 120 GeV/c2 and rapidity 2.5 < yμμcms < 4. They are presented as a function of rapidity and, for the Pb-Pb collisions, of centrality as well. The results are compared with theoretical calculations, both with and without nuclear modifications to the Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs). In p-Pb collisions the center-of-mass frame is boosted with respect to the laboratory frame, and the measurements cover the backward (−4.46 < yμμcms < −2.96) and forward (2.03 < yμμcms < 3.53) rapidity regions. For the p-Pb collisions, the results are consistent within experimental and theoretical uncertainties with calculations that include both free-nucleon and nuclear-modified PDFs. For the Pb-Pb collisions, a 3.4σ deviation is seen in the integrated yield between the data and calculations based on the free-nucleon PDFs, while good agreement is found once nuclear modifications are considered.
Z-boson production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 8.16 TeV and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2021)
Measurement of Z-boson production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=8.16 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV is reported. It is performed in the dimuon decay channel, through the detection of muons with pseudorapidity −4<ημ<−2.5 and transverse momentum pμT>20 GeV/c in the laboratory frame. The invariant yield and nuclear modification factor are measured for opposite-sign dimuons with invariant mass 60<mμμ<120 GeVc2 and rapidity 2.5<yμμcms<4. They are presented as a function of rapidity and, for the Pb-Pb collisions, of centrality as well. The results are compared with theoretical calculations, both with and without nuclear modifications to the Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs). In p-Pb collisions the center-of-mass frame is boosted with respect to the laboratory frame, and the measurements cover the backward (−4.46<yμμcms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<yμμcms<3.53) rapidity regions. For the p-Pb collisions, the results are consistent within experimental and theoretical uncertainties with calculations that include both free-nucleon and nuclear-modified PDFs. For the Pb-Pb collisions, a 3.4σ deviation is seen in the integrated yield between the data and calculations based on the free-nucleon PDFs, while good agreement is found once nuclear modifications are considered.
Z-boson production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 8.16 TeV and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2020)
Measurement of Z-boson production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=8.16 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV is reported. It is performed in the dimuon decay channel, through the detection of muons with pseudorapidity −4<ημ<−2.5 and transverse momentum pμT>20 GeV/c in the laboratory frame. The invariant yield and nuclear modification factor are measured for opposite-sign dimuons with invariant mass 60<mμμ<120 GeVc2 and rapidity 2.5<yμμcms<4. They are presented as a function of rapidity and, for the Pb-Pb collisions, of centrality as well. The results are compared with theoretical calculations, both with and without nuclear modifications to the Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs). In p-Pb collisions the center-of-mass frame is boosted with respect to the laboratory frame, and the measurements cover the backward (−4.46<yμμcms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<yμμcms<3.53) rapidity regions. For the p-Pb collisions, the results are consistent within experimental and theoretical uncertainties with calculations that include both free-nucleon and nuclear-modified PDFs. For the Pb-Pb collisions, a 3.4σ deviation is seen in the integrated yield between the data and calculations based on the free-nucleon PDFs, while good agreement is found once nuclear modifications are considered.
Im Zentrum dieser Arbeit steht die Diagnostik eines Wasserstoff-Theta-Pinch-Plasmas hinsichtlich der integrierten Elektronen- und Neutralgasdichte mittels Zweifarben Interferometrie. Die integrierte Elektronen- und Neutralgasdichte sind essenzielle Größen, aus welchen sich die Ratenkoeffizienten der Ionisation und Rekombination bei einer Plasma-Ionenstrahl-Wechselwirkung bestimmen lassen.
Ein Theta-Pinch-Plasma ist ein induktiv gezündetes Plasma, wobei das zur Zündung notwendige elektrische Feld durch ein magnetisches Wechselfeld generiert wird. Das induzierte, azimutale elektrische Feld beschleunigt freie Elektronen im Arbeitsgas, welches durch Stoßionisation in den Plasmazustand gebracht wird. Der azimutale Plasmastrom erzeugt einen radialen magnetischen Druckgradienten, der das Plasma komprimiert. Da in axialer Richtung keine Kompressionskraft wirkt, weicht das Plasma einer weiteren Kompression aus, wodurch es zu einer axialen Expansion des Plasmas kommt. Die Expansion erzeugt eine Ionisationswelle im kalten Restgas und es wird eine lange, hoch ionisierte Plasmasäule gebildet.
Dieser hochdynamische Prozess ist mit einem Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer bei der Verwendung von zwei verschiedenen Versionen des Theta-Pinchs zeitaufgelöst untersucht worden. Der Unterschied dieser Versionen liegt in der Geometrie und Induktivität der Spulen, wobei zum einen eine zylindrische und zum anderen eine sphärische Spule eingesetzt worden ist. Das grundlegende Messprinzip beruht darauf, dass das Plasma einen Brechungsindex besitzt, welcher von den Dichten der im Plasma enthaltenen Teilchenspezies abhängt. In einem Wasserstoffplasmas sind dies der Beitrag der freien Elektronen und der des Neutralgases, wodurch ein Zweifarben-Interferometer eingesetzt wird. Um eine von den Laserintensitäten unabhängige Messung zu ermöglichen, wird das heterodyne Verfahren benutzt, bei dem die Referenzstrahlen beider Wellenlängen jeweils mit einem akusto-optischen Modulator frequenzverschoben werden. Durch einen Vergleich mit einem stationären Referenzsignal mittels eines I/Q-Demodulators wird die interferometrische Phasenverschiebung aus dem Messsignal extrahiert.
Mit diesem diagnostischen Verfahren ist die integrierte Elektronen- und Neutralgasdichte des Theta-Pinch-Plasmas bei Variation des Arbeitsdrucks und der Ladespannung der Kondensatorbank untersucht worden. Mit der zylindrischen Experimentversion ist eine optimale Kombination aus integrierter Elektronendichte und effektivem Ionisationsgrad η von (1,45 ± 0,04) · 1018 cm−2 bei η = (0,826 ± 0,022) bei einem Arbeitsdruck von 20 Pa und einer Ladespannung von 16 kV ermittelt worden. Dagegen beträgt die optimale Kombination bei einem Arbeitsdruck von 20 Pa und einer Ladespannung von 18 kV bei Verwendung der sphärischen Experimentversion lediglich (1,23 ± 0,03) · 1018 cm−2 bei η = (0,699 ± 0,019).
Des Weiteren ist bei beiden Experimentversionen nachgewiesen worden, dass die integrierte Elektronendichte dem oszillierenden Strom folgend periodische lokale Maxima zeigt, welche zeitlich mit signifikanten Einbrüchen in der integrierten Neutralgasdichte zusammenfallen. Diese Einbrüche werden durch die axiale Expansion des Plasmas und der damit verbundenen Ionisationswelle im Restgas erzeugt. Neben diesem zentralen Teil dieser Arbeit ist eine lasergestützte polarimetrische Diagnostik durchgeführt worden, mit der die longitudinale Komponente der magnetischen Flussdichte der Theta-Pinch-Spulen zeit- und ortsaufgelöst bestimmt worden ist. Als Messprinzip ist der Faraday-Effekt eines magneto-optischen TGGKristalls verwendet worden.
Vor der polarimetrischen Diagnostik ist der TGG-Kristall bezüglich seiner Verdet- Konstante kalibriert worden, wobei ein Wert von V = (−149,7 ± 6,4) rad/Tm gemessen worden ist. Die ortsaufgelöste polarimetrische Diagnostik ist durch einen Seilzug ermöglicht worden, mit dem der TGG-Kristall auf einem Schlitten an unterschiedliche Positionen entlang der Spulenachse gefahren werden konnte. An den jeweiligen Messpunkten ist für beide Experimentversionen die magnetische Flussdichte für verschiedene Ladespannungen zeitaufgelöst bestimmt worden. Als Messverfahren ist dabei das Δ/Σ-Verfahren eingesetzt worden, mit dem sich eine intensitätsunabhängige Messung erzielen ließ.
Die ortsaufgelösten Messergebnisse fallen gegenüber Simulationen allerdings zu niedrig aus. Bei der zylindrischen Spule betragen die Abweichungen im Spulenzentrum circa 14 - 16% und bei der sphärischen Spule in etwa 16 - 18%. Bei einer Normierung der Messwerte und der simulierten Werte auf den jeweiligen Wert im Zentrum ist dagegen innerhalb der Fehler eine völlige Übereinstimmung zwischen den Messwerten und der Simulation für die zylindrische Spule erzielt worden. Als Ursache der negativen Abweichungen wird die Hysterese des TGG-Kristalls diskutiert. Es zeigt sich insbesondere zu Beginn der Entladung eine zeitliche Verzögerung der gemessenen magnetischen Flussdichte gegenüber dem Strom, die in der Umgebung des Stromnulldurchgangs besonders stark ausgeprägt ist.
Zellulare Nichtlineare Netzwerke bzw. Zellulare Neuronale Netzwerke, sogenannte CNN, wurden 1988 von L.O. Chua und L.Yang eingeführt und seither intensiv untersucht. Diese sind als Simulations-Software und als schaltungstechnische Realisierungen, in Hardware, verfügbar.
Als analog arbeitende Hardware Schaltungen können diese Netzwerke erhebliche Rechenleistungen erzielen.
Durch ihren Aufbau ermöglichen sie eine parallele Daten- und Signalverarbeitung.
Eine Einführung in CNN wird gegeben und das EyeRIS 1.1 Systems des Unternehmens ANAFOCUS Ltd. vorgestellt.
Das EyeRIS 1.1 System ist mit einem analog arbeitenden Focal Plane Prozessor (FPP) und einem digitalen Prozessor ausgestattet, wobei der Focal Plane Prozessor auch als Kamera zur Aufnahme von Bildern und Bildsequenzen benutzt werden kann.
Dies ermöglicht es, analoge CNN-Algorithmen zusammen mit digitalen Algorithmen auf einem System zu implementieren und so die Vorteile beider Ansätze zu nutzen. Der Datenaustausch zwischen dem analogen und digitalem Teil des EyeRIS 1.1 Systems geschieht mittels digital/analog und analog/digital Wandlung. Es werden Algorithmen auf dem EyeRIS 1.1 System untersucht und mit Ergebnissen die mittels Simulationen erzeugt wurden verglichen.
In Voruntersuchungen werden die Darstellungsgenauigkeit von Werten im analogen Teil des EyeRIS 1.1 Systems und die Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeiten des EyeRIS 1.1 Systems untersucht.
Im Weiteren wird besonderes Augenmerk auf medizinische und technische Anwendungsgebiete gelegt werden.
Im medizinischen Anwendungsbereich wird die Implementierung von Algorithmen zur Vorhersage epileptischer Anfälle untersucht.
Hierfür wird ein evolutionär motiviertes Optimierungsverfahren entwicklet und auf dem EyeRIS 1.1-System implementiert.
Hierbei werden Simulationen durchgeführt und mit Ergebnissen, die mittels Verwendung des EyeRIS 1.1 Systems erlangt wurden, verglichen.
Ein zweites Verfahren geht die Signalanalyse für die Vorhersage auf dem EyeRIS 1.1-System mittels Mustererkennung an.
Das Mustererkennungsverfahren wird eingehend beschrieben sowie die hierbei zu beachtenden Randbedingungen erläutert.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Algorithmen zur Vorhersage von epileptischen Anfällen auf schaltungstechnichen Realisierungen von CNN implementiert werden können.
Im technischen Bereich wird die Anwendbarkeit auf die Problemstellung der Bildverarbeitung gelegt und die Möglichkeit von CNN basierten Algorithmen zur Erkennung von Prozessparametern bei Laserschweißverfahren untersucht. Ein solcher Prozessparameter ist das sogenannte Key-Hole, welches in Bildsequenzen von Laserschweißprozessen als ein Maß für die zu erwartende Qualität einer Schweißnaht herangezogen werden kann. Ein CNN basierter Algorithmus für die Erkennung solcher Key-Holes wird in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt und untersucht.
Für die Überwachung eines Laserschweißverfahrens wird der entwickelte Algorithmius und seine Funktionsweise beschrieben.
Dieser wird in Teilalgorithmen auf die analog bzw. digital arbeitenden Komponenten des EyeRIS 1.1 Systems verteilt.
Die Teilalgorithmen und die möglichen Aufteilungen und deren Laufzeitverhalten werden beschrieben und untersucht.
Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, daß eine Prozessüberwachung mittels CNN möglich ist und heben die Vorteile hervor, welche die Bildaufnahme und -verarbeitung mittels analoger CNN-Hardware bietet.
Eine Untersuchung des Laufzeitverhaltens auf Grafikkarten Prozessoren (GPU's) wird im Anhang vorgestellt.
In dieser Arbeit wurde die Zentralitätsabhängigkeit der K0S -Produktion in Pb+Pb Stößen für 40A und 158A GeV untersucht. Sie wurden über den Zerfallskanal K0S → π+π− der schwachen Wechselwirkung nachgewiesen und bilden zusammen mit den geladenen Kaonen den Großteil der entstehenden Strangeness einer Kollision. Die Bestimmung der Zentralität erfolgte anhand der im Veto-Kalorimeter detektierten Spektatoren. Die Messergebnisse unterliegen aufgrund der limitierten geometrischen Akzeptanz des Detektors, Effizienzverlusten in der V 0-Rekonstruktion und gewählter Qualitätskriterien einigen Verlusten. Auf diese Verluste konnte mit Hilfe eines Simulationsverfahren, dem so genannten Embedding, korrigiert werden. Dabei wurden Korrekturfaktoren für differentielle Phasenraumbereiche ermittelt und auf die gemessenen Signalinhalte der invarianten Massenspektren angewendet. Des Weiteren wurde eine Vielzahl von Studien durchgeführt um die Stabilität der Ergebnisse im Rahmen eines systematischen Fehler zu bestimmen.
Die korrigierten Transversalimpuls-Spektren und Spektren der invarianten Massen verschiedener Phasenraumbereiche und Zentralitäten wurden präsentiert. Darüber hinaus wurden der inverse Steigungsparameter, die Rapiditätsspektren, sowie die berechneten Gesamtmultiplizitäten der K0S in Abhängigkeit der Zentralität und anhand der "wounded" Nukleonen diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse konnten mit vorangegangenen Analysen von NA49, NA57 und CERES verglichen werden. Dabei wurden insbesondere geringe Unstimmigkeiten mit den NA49-Ergebnissen der geladenen Kaonen bei 158A GeV festgestellt. Des Weiteren wurde die Diskrepanz zu den NA57-Ergebnissen, welche aus Analysen anderer Teilchensorten bekannt ist, für mittlere Rapiditäten bestätigt. Die Zentralitäatsabhängigkeit der Ergebnisse wurde zusätzlich mit UrQMD-Modellrechnungen geladener Kaonen verglichen und kann durch diese näherungsweise beschrieben werden.
Zentralitätsabhängigkeit der Produktion von Protonen und Antiprotonen in Pb+Pb Stößen bei 158A GeV
(2008)
An der Goethe Universität in Frankfurt wird ein Konzept für ein magnetostatischen Hochstromspeicherring für Protonen- und Ionenstrahlen entwickelt und untersucht. Zur Zeit stehen dem Experiment zwei Toroidsegmente und eine Volumenionenquelle zur Verfügung. An diesem Aufbau werden Experimente mit dem Ziel die Strahldynamik zu untersuchen und die Strahldiagnose in toroidalen Magnetfeldern zu entwickeln, durchgeführt [Joshi] Für Experimente ist eine Strahldiagnose entlang der starken toroidalen Magnetfelder bis maximal 0, 6T nötig. Dabei sind die zur Verfügung stehenden Strahldiagnoseverfahren zum Einen ein Faraday-Cup und zum Anderen ein entlang des kompletten Aufbaus beweglicher Szintillatordetektor. Der Szintillatordetektor, besteht aus einem Phosphorschirm und einer Kamera, die hinter dem Schirm angebracht ist. [Nonn] Aufgrund der geschlossenen Ringgeometrie und dem Anspruch auf eine hohe Flexibilität des Detektors ist die Konstruktion eines neuen von starken Magnetfeldern unbeeinflussbaren und sehr kompakten Detektors notwendig. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein allgemeines Strahldiagnoseverfahren zu entwickeln.
The traffic AAA-ATPase PilF is essential for pilus biogenesis and natural transformation of Thermus thermophilus HB27. Recently, we showed that PilF forms hexameric complexes containing six zinc atoms coordinated by conserved tetracysteine motifs. Here we report that zinc binding is essential for complex stability. However, zinc binding is neither required for pilus biogenesis nor natural transformation. A number of the mutants did not exhibit any pili during growth at 64 °C but still were transformable. This leads to the conclusion that type 4 pili and the DNA translocator are distinct systems. At lower growth temperatures (55 °C) the zinc-depleted multiple cysteine mutants were hyperpiliated but defective in pilus-mediated twitching motility. This provides evidence that zinc binding is essential for the role of PilF in pilus dynamics. Moreover, we found that zinc binding is essential for complex stability but dispensable for ATPase activity. In contrast to many polymerization ATPases from mesophilic bacteria, ATP binding is not required for PilF complex formation; however, it significantly increases complex stability. These data suggest that zinc and ATP binding increase complex stability that is important for functionality of PilF under extreme environmental conditions.
Wir berichten im folgenden über histologische Befunde und physikalische Messungen, die zeigen, daß unter besonderen Beschallungsbedingungen in verschiedenen Säugetiergeweben Vorgänge ablaufen, die im Sinne einer Pseudokavitation gedeutet werden müssen. Die Einzelheiten der Untersuchungen sind teils in der Habilitationsschrift von O. Hug, Frankfurt a. M. 1953, teils in der Dissertation von R.Pape, Frankfurt a. M. 1953, niedergelegt.
Trockene Mildisäure-Dehydrogenase wurde mit Protonen verschiedener Energie bis maximal 80 keV in dünnen Schichten bestrahlt. Die Inaktivierungsquerschnitte betrugen bei Zimmertemperatur ca. 0,4·10-12 cm2 und waren in dem gemessenen Energiebereich konstant. Der Einfluß der Teilchenenergie auf den Inaktivierungsverlauf wurde insbesondere bei sehr kleinen Energien abgeschätzt. Bestrahlungen bei verschiedenen Temperaturen zeigten eine Abnahme des Strahleneffektes nach niedrigeren Temperaturen.
Es wird versucht, die Treffertheorie auf die indirekte Strahlenwirkung auszudehnen. Dazu wird angenommen, daß durch die Strahlung „Energieträger“ erzeugt werden, die durch Diffusion zu den „empfindlichen Bereichen“ gelangen und diese verändern können.
Der Berechnung des Wirkvolumens für derartige „indirekte Treffer“ folgt eine reaktionskinetische Betrachtung der indirekten Wirkung.
Durch die Einschaltung physikalisch-chemischer Prozesse zwischen Strahlenabsorption und „Treffer“ erscheint eine Berücksichtigung der physikalischen und chemischen Gegebenheiten im bestrahlten Objekt viel eher möglich als in der „klassischen“ Theorie der „direkten Trefferwirkung“.
Über das Absorptionsverhalten verschiedener Quarzglassorten im Spektralbereich von 150 μ bis 275 μ
(1961)
Um die von RAJEWSKY und WOLF aufgeworfene Frage nach dem Einfluß der DNS-Struktur auf die radiationschemische Veränderung der Basen zu untersuchen, wurde die DNS-Spirale bei einem Teil der Untersuchungen in dest. Wasser aufgelöst und mit Röntgenstrahlen bestrahlt. Es ergab sich eine Erhöhung der Strahlenempfindlichkeit der Basen, vor allem zu Beginn der Bestrahlung auf den Wert, den man bei der Bestrahlung der Monomerlösungen beobachtet. Bei Bestrahlung in 0,1 und 1-n. NaCl gelöster DNS sind dagegen die Basen gegen die Einwirkung der im Wasser gebildeten Radikale geschützt, solange sie innerhalb der intakten Spirale gebunden sind. Dieser strukturbedingte Schutzeffekt besteht nicht gegenüber der direkten Strahlenwirkung von UV-Licht. Dieses Ergebnis ist von strahlenbiologischem Interesse, da das Optimum der Strahlenwirkung auf den Mitoseablauf nach Arbeiten von CARLSON und GRAY in der frühen Prophase liegt17, also ebenfalls in einem Stadium, in dem die DNS-Spirale (vor der Verdoppelung) völlig aufgelöst ist. (Vgl. auch BACQ-ALEXANDER und FRITZ-NIGGLI.
Bei B. cadaveris, die in einem an organischen Substanzen reichen Medium kultiviert wurden, nimmt der O2-Verbrauch pro Zeiteinheit bei Glucoseveratmung mit der Röntgenstrahlendosis ab, während bei Bakterien, die in einem Salzmedium gewachsen sind, die Atmung bis zu einer Dosis von 2 - 3 Mr erst ansteigt, um erst bei höheren Dosen abzufallen. Die Atmung wird erst bei Dosen in der Größenordnung von 1 Million r merklich beeinflußt.
Die Atmung der Bakterien ist damit unter den hier untersuchten Bedingungen noch strahlenresistenter als die Gewebeatmung von Säugetierzellen.
In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird die Frage der Vereinheitlichung der Quantentheorie mit der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie behandelt, wobei entsprechend dem Titel der Arbeit der Beziehung der Grundbegriffe der beiden Theorien die entscheidende Bedeutung zukommt. Da das Nachdenken über Grundbegriffe in der Physik sehr eng mit philosophischen Fragen verbunden ist, werden zur Behandlung dieser Thematik zunächst in einem Kapitel, das die vier jeweils drei Kapitel umfassenden Teile vorbereitet, die Entwicklung der Theoretischen Physik betreffende wissenschaftstheoretische Betrachtungen sowie einige wesentliche Gedanken aus der Klassischen Philosophie vorgestellt, welche für die weitere Argumentation wichtig sind. Bei letzteren geht es neben einer kurzen Schilderung der Platonischen Ideenlehre in Bezug auf ihre Relevanz für die Physik insbesondere um die Kantische Auffassung von Raum und Zeit als a priori gegebenen Grundformen der Anschauung, deren Bezug zur Evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie ebenfalls thematisiert wird. In den beiden ersten Teilen werden die wesentlichen Inhalte der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie und der Quantentheorie vorgestellt, wobei der Deutung der beiden Theorien jeweils ein Kapitel gewidmet wird. In Bezug auf die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie wird diesbezüglich die Bedeutung der Diffeomorphismeninvarianz herausgestellt und in Bezug auf die Quantentheorie wird zunächst die Grundposition der Kopenhagener Deutung verdeutlicht, die im Mindesten als eine notwendige Bedingung zum Verständnis der Quantentheorie angesehen wird, um anschließend eine Analyse und Interpretation des Messproblems und vor allem entscheidende Argumente für die grundlegende Nichtlokalität der Quantentheorie zu geben. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wird die seitens Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker in der zweiten Hälfte des letzten Jahrhunderts entwickelte Quantentheorie der Ur-Alternativen beschrieben, in welcher die universelle Gültigkeit der allgemeinen Quantentheorie begründet und aus ihr die Existenz der in der Natur vorkommenden Entitäten hergeleitet werden soll, auf deren Beschreibung die konkrete Theoretische Physik basiert. Es werden sehr starke Argumente dafür geliefert, dass diese Theorie von den bislang entwickelten Ansätzen zu einer einheitlichen Theorie der Natur, welche die heute bekannte Physik in sich enthält, die vielleicht aussichtsreichste Theorie darstellt und damit die Aussicht bietet, auch für das Problem der Suche nach einer Quantentheorie der Gravitation den richtigen begrifflichen Rahmen zu bilden. Ihre große Glaubwürdigkeit erhält sie durch eine die Klassische Philosophie miteinbeziehende philosophische Analyse der Quantentheorie. Dieses Urteil behält seine Gültigkeit auch dann, wenn die Quantentheorie der Ur-Alternativen aufgrund der ungeheuren Abstraktheit der Begriffsbildung innerhalb der Theorie und der sich hieraus ergebenden mathematischen Schwierigkeiten bisher noch nicht zu einer vollen physikalischen Theorie entwickelt werden konnte. Die alles entscheidende Kernaussage dieser Dissertation besteht darin, dass aus einer begrifflichen Analyse der Quantentheorie und der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie mit nahezu zwingender Notwendigkeit zu folgen scheint, dass die physikalische Realität auf fundamentaler Ebene nicht-räumlich ist. Dies bedeutet, dass die These vertreten wird, dass es sich bei dem physikalische Raum, wie er gewöhnlich schlicht vorausgesetzt wird, wenn auch in unterschiedlicher Struktur, in Wahrheit nur um eine Darstellung dahinterstehender dynamischer Verhältnisse nicht-räumlicher Objekte handelt. Diese These stützt sich auf die Diffeomorphismeninvarianz in der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie und in noch höherem Maße auf die Nichtlokalität in der Quantentheorie, welche sich wiederum nicht nur in konkreten für die Quantentheorie konstitutiven Phänomenen, sondern dazu parallel ebenso im mathematischen Formalismus der Quantentheorie manifestiert. In Kombination mit der Kantischen Behandlung von Raum und Zeit ergibt sich damit ein kohärentes Bild in Bezug auf die eigentliche Natur des Raumes. Die Quantentheorie der Ur-Alternativen ist diesbezüglich als einzige derzeit existierende Theorie konsequent, indem sie auf der basalen Ebene den Raumbegriff nicht voraussetzt und rein quantentheoretische Objekte als fundamental annimmt, aus deren Zustandsräumen sie die Struktur der Raum-Zeit allerdings zu begründen in der Lage ist. Damit befinden sich diese fundamentalen durch Ur-Alternativen beschriebenen Objekte nicht in einem vorgegebenen Raum, sondern sie konstituieren umgekehrt den Raum. Dies ist eine Tatsache von sehr großer Bedeutung. Im vierten Teil wird schließlich die vorläufige Konsequenz aus diesen Einsichten gezogen. Nach einer kurzen Behandlung der wichtigsten bisherigen Ansätze zu einer quantentheoretischen Beschreibung der Gravitation, wird die Bedeutung der Tatsache, dass die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie und die Quantentheorie eine relationalistische Raumanschauung nahelegen, nun konkret in Bezug auf die Frage der Vereinheitlichung der beiden Theorien betrachtet. Das bedeutet, dass das Ziel also letztlich darin besteht, einen Ansatz zu einer quantentheoretischen Beschreibung der Gravitation zu finden, bei der so wenig räumliche Struktur wie möglich vorausgesetzt wird. In Kapitel 12 wird diesbezüglich ein von mir entwickelter Ansatz vorgestellt, um zumindest eine Theorie zu formulieren, bei der die metrische Struktur der Raum-Zeit nicht vorausgesetzt sondern in Anlehnung an die Eigenschaften eines fundamentalen Spinorfeldes konstruiert wird, das im Sinne der Heisenbergschen einheitlichen Quantenfeldtheorie die Elementarteilchen einheitlich beschreiben soll. Dieser Ansatz geht bezüglich der Sparsamkeit der Verwendung von a priori vorhandener räumlicher Struktur über die bisherigen Ansätze zu einer Quantentheorie der Gravitation hinaus. Er ist aber dennoch nur als ein erster Schritt zu verstehen. Die konsequente Weiterführung dieses Ansatzes würde in dem Versuch bestehen, eine Verbindung zur von Weizsäckerschen Quantentheorie der Ur-Alternativen herzustellen, die überhaupt keine räumliche Struktur mehr voraussetzt. Hierzu konnten bisher nur aussichtsreiche Grundgedanken formuliert werden. Es wird allerdings basierend auf den in dieser Dissertation dargelegten Argumentationen die Vermutung aufgestellt, dass es im Rahmen der von Weizsäckerschen Quantentheorie der Ur-Alternativen möglich ist, eine konsistente quantentheoretische Beschreibung der Gravitation aufzustellen. In jedem Falle scheint die Quantentheorie der Ur-Alternativen die einzige Theorie zu sein, die aufgrund ihrer rein quantentheoretischen Natur in ihrer Begriffsbildung grundsätzlich genug ist, um eine Aussicht zu bieten, diejenige Realitätsebene zu erfassen, in welcher die Dualität zwischen der Quantentheorie und der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie zu einer Einheit gelangt.
Die Primärwirkung von Röntgenstrahlung einer Dosis von 2 — 30 Millionen r auf kristallisiertes Lysozym wurde mit Hilfe physikalisch-chemischer (Elektrophorese, Ultrazentrifuge), chemischer, biochemischer und biologischer Arbeitsmethoden untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß durch Bestrahlung eine Reihe nah verwandter, jedoch weniger basischer Proteine verschiedenen Mol.-Gew. entsteht, deren Aminosäure-Bausteine als Folge der Bestrahlung teilweise in andere Verbindungen umgewandelt wurden. Bei der Untersuchung der amino- und carboxyl-endständigen Aminosäuren des bestrahlten Proteins wurden Unterschiede gegenüber Lysozym nur bei den carboxyl-terminalen Gruppen festgestellt. Die biologische Aktivität des Proteins blieb auch nach Bestrahlung mit einer Dosis von 5 Millionen r praktisch unverändert.
Die Primärwirkung von Röntgenstrahlen einer Dosis von etwa 0,5 bis 150 Millionen r auf die kristallisierte Trockensubstanz von Aminosäuren und Peptiden wurde mit Hilfe chemischer, biochemischer und physikalisch-chemischer Arbeitsmethoden untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß in allen prinzipiell möglichen Fällen folgende Reaktionen stets wiederkehren : Aminbildung infolge Decarboxylierung; Bildung einer α-Imino- bzw. α-Ketocarbonsäure infolge einer Dehydrierung in α-,β-Stellung; Bildung von β,γ- bzw. γ-δ-ungesättigten α-Aminocarbonsäuren oder deren γ- bzw. δ-Lactonen; Bruch und Vernetzung der aliphatischen Kohlenstoffketten. Bei Peptiden treten die gleichen Reaktionen wie bei den Aminosäuren auf, jedoch in einem anderen Verhältnis; hinzu kommt die strahlenchemische Dehydrierung einer Peptidbindung an der Aminogruppe zu einer energiereichen Iminoacyl-Bindung, welche bei Gegenwart von Wasser sofort hydrolysiert wird. Endprodukt namentlich bei längerkettigen Peptiden : Zwei Bruchstücke (daneben NH3); das eine mit alter amino-endständiger und neuer carboxyl-endständiger Aminosäure und das andere mit der alten carboxy-endständigen Aminosäure, statt Aminogruppe am anderen Ende jetzt Ketogruppe. — In fast allen Fällen wurden die Ionenausbeuten auch quantitativ bestimmt. Die lonenausbeuten für die Bildung von α-Ketosäuren aus α-Aminosäuren fallen exponentiell mit der eingestrahlten Dosis. Eine relativ einfache Funktion erklärt diese Verhältnisse. Die Ionenausbeute für die Bildung von Brenztraubensäure aus Serin ist dagegen unabhängig von der Dosis.
Die Feldstärke- und Wärmequellenverteilung im ebenen Körper aus Muskel, Fett und Haut bei Anstrahlung wird für den Wellenbereich von 1 m bis 1,27 cm jeweils bei verschiedenen Fettschichtdicken berechnet und graphisch dargestellt. Die mit der Strahlungsfeldmethode erreichbare Tiefendosis-Leistung im Zusammenhang mit der Hautdosisleistung sowie die Frage einer geeigneten Anpassung zur Erreichung einer gleichmäßigen Tiefendosis-Leistung werden diskutiert.
Unter der Voraussetzung, daß ein Strahler benutzt wird, der ein annähernd ebenes Wellenfeld liefert und in dem bestrahlten Körpergebiet ebene, parallele Schichten Haut, Fett, Muskel senkrecht getroffen werden, ergibt sich aus der Betrachtung der berechneten Feldstärke- und Wärmequellenverteilungen für die verschiedenen Wellenlängen etwa folgendes Bild:
Das Problem einer Fettüberlastung tritt bei dm-Bestrahlung bis herab zu 10 cm Wellenlänge nicht auf. Man erhält im Gegensatz zu UKW-Kondensatorfeld-Durchflutung eine starke Wärmeentwicklung in der Haut sowie in den oberen Schichten von Muskel oder inneren Organen. Der Abfall der Dosisleistung im Muskel nach der Tiefe zu wird ab λ = 30 cm mit kürzer werdender Wellenlänge zunehmend steiler. Es kann bei dm-Bestrahlung gegenüber UKW-C-Feld eine um das Mehrfache höhere Dosisleistung an der inneren Oberfläche des Körpers auch bei großen Dicken der Fettschicht erreicht werden, wenn gegebenenfalls durch zusätzliche äußere Maßnahmen (Kühlung) eine Überlastung der Haut bei bestimmten Dicken der Fettschicht (λF/4) vermieden wird.
Bei dm-Bestrahlung paralleler Schichten mit angepaßtem Sender lassen sich weitere qualitative Aussagen machen: Bei konstanter Intensität des Strahlers erfolgt bei längeren Wellen (1 m) mit wachsender Dicke der Fettschicht nur ein monotoner Abfall der Tiefendosis-Leistung auf etwa 60%. Im unteren dm-Bereich (30 cm, 10 cm) ergibt sich bei konstanter Intensität bei Vergrößerung der Fettschichtdicke von 0 bis λF/4 ein Abfall der Tiefendosis-Leistung auf etwa ⅓ und bei weiterer Zunahme der Fettschichtdicke von λF/4 bis λF/2 wieder eine Zunahme der Tiefendosis-Leistung im Verhältnis 1:2. Diese Zahlen gelten größenordnungsmäßig bei Anstrahlung aus einem Anpassungsmedium ε-Fett. Bei Anstrahlung aus Luft ist die absolute Tiefendosis-Leistung geringer und sind die Schwankungen größer. Diese Schwankungen der Tiefendosis-Leistung bei konstanter Intensität des Senders einer Wellenlänge können durch äußere Maßnahmen weitgehend verringert werden.
Wenn der Sender bei verschiedenen Fettschichtdicken jeweils auf gleiche Hautdosisleistung eingestellt wird (Dosierung nach der Hautempfindung), nimmt die Tiefendosis-Leistung bei Vergrößerung der Fettschichtdicke von 0 bis λF/4 stark ab auf etwa ⅙, die Tiefendosis-Leistungen bei weiterer Vergrößerung der Fettschichtdicke von λF/4 bis λF/2 verhalten sich dann etwa wie 1 : 3. Diese Schwankungen sind unabhängig von der Wahl des Anpassungsmediums. Eine Tiefendosierung nach der Hautempfindung ohne genauere Berücksichtigung der Fettschichtdicke wird daher bei Vorliegen von zu den Wellenflächen parallelen Schichten unzuverlässig sein. Es ergibt sich jedoch die Möglichkeit einer instrumentellen, brauchbaren Dosierung durch Einstellung der Intensität des Senders ohne Rücksichtnahme auf die Hautempfindung, wenn man die Schwankungen der Tiefendosis-Leistung mit der Fettschichtdicke bei konstanter Intensität durch die erwähnten Anpassungsmaßnahmen reduziert.
Die kurzen Wellenlängen von 3 cm und 1 cm sind für eine Wärmetherapie in der Tiefe wegen der hohen Absorptionsverluste in Haut und Fett kaum brauchbar, können jedoch zu einer Wärmetherapie der Haut und damit indirekten Beeinflussung innerer Erkrankungen oder zur Erwärmung oberflächiger bzw. weniger leitender Schichten herangezogen werden. Die Oberflächendosis-Leistung steigt bei derselben Intensität mit abnehmender Wellenlänge stark an.
Bezüglich der Angaben über die Dosisleistungs-Verteilung ist zu berücksichtigen, daß das Interferenz-Feld vor der Strahleröffnung bei der Rechnung vernachlässigt wurde. Ferner entspricht die Dosisleistungs-Verteilung nur dann der Temperaturverteilung während der Bestrahlung, wenn die Unterschiede in den Anfangstemperaturen und in den spezifischen Wärmen der biologischen Schichten außer Acht gelassen werden sowie intensiv und kurzzeitig bestrahlt wird, so daß noch kein merklicher Wärmetransport während der Bestrahlung stattfindet. Über die Temperaturverteilung bei Berücksichtigung des Wärmetransports, der bei schwacher, langdauernder Bestrahlung eine merkliche Erwärmung auch tieferer innerer Schichten, eine höhere Erwärmung des Fetts und eine geringere der Haut zur Folge haben kann, sind weitere Betrachtungen erforderlich.
Nach einer kurzen Zusammenstellung von Verfahren, die die Herstellung von Thermoelementen mit geringer Wärmekapazität und -ableitung ermöglichen, werden Konstruktion und thermische Daten der vom Verfasser entwickelten mikroskopisch feinen „Thermonadeln“ wiedergegeben. Um die meßtechnischen Möglichkeiten dieser Thermonadeln beurteilen zu können, wird zunächst eine einfache Theorie des Thermoelementes als Wärmekraftmaschine entwickelt: Der Nutzeffekt wird definiert als der Quotient aus der durch Peltier- und Thomson-Effekt erzeugten elektrischen Energie und den durch die an der Meßstelle des Thermoelementes reversibel und irreversibel aufgenommenen Wärmemengen. Mit Hilfe eines „Arbeitsfaktors A“ (der ein Maß für die Qualität des Thermopaares ist) wird ein theoretischer und praktischer „Gütefaktor G bzw. G“ als das Verhältnis des Nutzeffektes eines Thermoelementes zum Nutzeffekt einer Carnot-Maschine definiert. Dieses Verhältnis gibt an, um welchen Faktor der Nutzeffekt eines Thermoelementes „theoretisch“ und „praktisch“ hinter dem thermodynamisch größtmöglichen Nutzeffekt zurückbleibt. Aus der Tatsache, daß G niemals größer als 1 werden kann, wird eine obere Grenze für die Arbeitsfaktoren A ≦ 1 und damit (in Abhängigkeit.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Frequenzabhängigkeit des dielektrischen Verhaltens einer Suspension von Kugeln mit Schale untersucht. Es werden die allgemeine Lösung sowie spezielle Näherungsformeln angegeben. Das Frequenzverhalten wird exakt durch 2 Relaxationsausdrücke vom Debye - Typ, die sich superponieren, charakterisiert.
Die vorgetragenen Formeln erlauben die Analyse der Impedanzkurven von Zellsuspensionen aus Erythrozyten, Bakterien, Seeigeleiern u. a. m., aber auch von Proteinlösungen und anderen Suspensionen.
Nach neueren Messungen besitzt das Auge eine definierte Empfindlichkeit noch bis etwa 1.0 μ. Es wird hier eine Formel mitgeteilt, die die Messungsresultate befriedigend darstellt. Ihre Auslegung deutet darauf hin, daß der Abfall der Augenempfindlichkeit in diesem "ultraroten" Bereich gerade hinreichend rasch erfolgt, daß keine Dunkelreaktion im Auge den Sehakt stört.
I. X-irradiation of isolated rat diaphragm with 10 to 200 kr produces a change in tissue metabolism which we schematize in two successive phases:
1st phase: Increase of oxygen comsumption, proportional to the dosage; an even greater increase of CO2 production; QCO2/QO2 > 1, that is, aerobic glycolysis; inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis.
2nd phase: Reduction of oxygen consumption, proportional to the dosage (over 65 kr the Qo2 decreases below the control); an even greater decrease of CO2 production: QCO2/QO2 > 1; a greater inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis.
With 200 kr or more no increase of respiration appears, but instead from the beginning there is a reduction of the metabolism as described in the second phase.
II. A similar effect is found in rat liver and in frog heart tissue.
III. When the tissue was incubated in the homologus serum no change in the quality of the described effect was observed. Under our experimental conditions the tissue was X-irradiated within a small quantity of incubation medium and immediately afterwards placed in a fresh medium; this limits the effect of oxidative radicals (arising in the X-irradiated water) upon the tissue.
IV. We set forth the experimental hypothesis that all the described changes in the metabolism of the cell after X-irradiation depend upon a primary alteration of electrolyte balance in the cell, especially of the potassium/sodium relationship. The well known decrease of glycolysis after X-irradiation is a consequence of the loss of potassium from the X-irradiated cell.
Die Wirkungsweise des Protonen-Wendellinearbeschleunigers und sein prinzipieller Aufbau werden kurz beschrieben und Angaben über die erreichbare Parallelimpedanz gemacht. Es wird gezeigt, wie durch sektionsweisen Aufbau eine variable Endenergie erzielt und die Kühl- und Fokussierprobleme gelöst werden können. Zwei Konstruktionsbeispiele für kontinuierlichen und gepulsten Betrieb werden näher ausgeführt.
In April and May 2012 data on Au+Au collisions at beam energies of Ekin = 1.23A GeV were recorded with the High Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer, which is located at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany. At this beam energy all hadrons containing strangeness are produced below their elementary production threshold. The required energy is not available in binary NN collisions but must be provided by the system e.g. through multi-particle interactions or medium effects like a modified in-medium potential (e.g. KN/ΛN potential). Thus, a high sensitivity to these medium effects is expected in the investigated system.
The baryon-dominated systems created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions (HIC) at SIS18 energies reach densities of about 2-3 times ground state density p0 and may be similar to the properties of matter expected in the inner core of neutron stars. It is in particular the behavior of hadrons containing strangeness, i.e. kaons and hyperons, and their potentials in the dense medium which may have severe implications on astrophysical objects and processes. As ab-initio calculations of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) cannot be performed rigorously on the lattice at finite baryo-chemical potentials due to the fermion sign problem, effective descriptions have to be used in order to model properties of dense systems and the involved particles. The only way to access the in-medium potential of strange hadrons above nuclear ground state density p0 is by comparing data from relativistic HIC to such effective microscopic models. Up to now, not much data on neutral kaons and Λ hyperons are available from heavy collision systems close to their NN production threshold. These two electromagnetically uncharged strange hadrons are in particular well suited to study their potential in a dense nucleon-dominated environment as their kinematic spectra are not affected by Coulomb interactions.
Λ+c production and baryon-to-meson ratios in pp and p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV at the LHC
(2021)
The prompt production of the charm baryon Λ+c and the Λ+c/D0 production ratios were measured at midrapidity with the ALICE detector in pp and p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02TeV. These new measurements show a clear decrease of the Λ+c/D0 ratio with increasing transverse momentum (pT) in both collision systems in the range 2<pT<12 GeV/c, exhibiting similarities with the light-flavour baryon-to-meson ratios p/π and Λ/K0S. At low pT, predictions that include additional colour-reconnection mechanisms beyond the leading-colour approximation; assume the existence of additional higher-mass charm-baryon states; or include hadronisation via coalescence can describe the data, while predictions driven by charm-quark fragmentation processes measured in e+e− and e−p collisions significantly underestimate the data. The results presented in this letter provide significant evidence that the established assumption of universality (colliding-system independence) of parton-to-hadron fragmentation is not sufficient to describe charm-baryon production in hadronic collisions at LHC energies.
Λ+c production and baryon-to-meson ratios in pp and p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV at the LHC
(2021)
The prompt production of the charm baryon Λ+c and the Λ+c/D0 production ratios were measured at midrapidity with the ALICE detector in pp and p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02TeV. These new measurements show a clear decrease of the Λ+c/D0 ratio with increasing transverse momentum (pT) in both collision systems in the range 2<pT<12 GeV/c, exhibiting similarities with the light-flavour baryon-to-meson ratios p/π and Λ/K0S. At low pT, predictions that include additional colour-reconnection mechanisms beyond the leading-colour approximation; assume the existence of additional higher-mass charm-baryon states; or include hadronisation via coalescence can describe the data, while predictions driven by charm-quark fragmentation processes measured in e+e− and e−p collisions significantly underestimate the data. The results presented in this letter provide significant evidence that the established assumption of universality (colliding-system independence) of parton-to-hadron fragmentation is not sufficient to describe charm-baryon production in hadronic collisions at LHC energies.
Λ+c production and baryon-to-meson ratios in pp and p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV at the LHC
(2021)
The prompt production of the charm baryon Λ+c and the Λ+c/D0 production ratios were measured at midrapidity with the ALICE detector in pp and p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02TeV. These new measurements show a clear decrease of the Λ+c/D0 ratio with increasing transverse momentum (pT) in both collision systems in the range 2<pT<12 GeV/c, exhibiting similarities with the light-flavour baryon-to-meson ratios p/π and Λ/K0S. At low pT, predictions that include additional colour-reconnection mechanisms beyond the leading-colour approximation; assume the existence of additional higher-mass charm-baryon states; or include hadronisation via coalescence can describe the data, while predictions driven by charm-quark fragmentation processes measured in e+e− and e−p collisions significantly underestimate the data. The results presented in this letter provide significant evidence that the established assumption of universality (colliding-system independence) of parton-to-hadron fragmentation is not sufficient to describe charm-baryon production in hadronic collisions at LHC energies.
Λ+c production and baryon-to-meson ratios in pp and p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV at the LHC
(2020)
The prompt production of the charmed baryon Λ+c and the Λ+c/D0 production ratios were measured at midrapidity with the ALICE detector in pp and p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02TeV. These new measurements show a clear decrease of the Λ+c/D0 ratio with increasing transverse momentum (pT) in both collision systems in the range 2<pT<12 GeV/c, exhibiting similarities with the light-flavour baryon-to-meson ratios p/π and Λ/K0S. At low pT, predictions that include additional colour-reconnection mechanisms beyond the leading-colour approximation; assume the existence of additional higher-mass charmed-baryon states; or include hadronisation via coalescence can describe the data, while predictions driven by charm-quark fragmentation processes measured in e+e− and e−p collisions significantly underestimate the data. The results presented in this letter provide significant evidence that the established assumption of universality (colliding-system independence) of parton-to-hadron fragmentation is not sufficient to describe charmed-baryon production in hadronic collisions at LHC energies.
A measurement of the production of prompt +c baryons in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC is reported. The +c and − c were reconstructed at midrapidity (|y| < 0.5) via the hadronic decay channel +c → pK0 S (and charge conjugate) in the transverse momentum and centrality intervals 6 < pT < 12 GeV/c and 0–80%. The +c /D0 ratio, which is sensitive to the charm quark hadronisation mechanisms in the medium, is measured and found to be larger than the ratio measured in minimum-bias pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV and in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV. In particular, the values in p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions differ by about two standard deviations of the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties in the common pT interval covered by the measurements in the two collision systems. The + c /D0 ratio is also compared with model calculations including different implementations of charm quark hadronisation. The measured ratio is reproduced by models implementing a pure coalescence scenario, while adding a fragmentation contribution leads to an underestimation. The + c nuclear modification factor, RAA, is also presented. The measured values of the RAA of + c , D+ s and non-strange D mesons are compatible within the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties. They show, however, a hint of a hierarchy (RD0 AA < RD+ s AA < R+ c AA ), conceivable with a contribution from coalescence mechanisms to charm hadron formation in the medium.
A measurement of the production of prompt Λ+c baryons in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC is reported. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c were reconstructed at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) via the hadronic decay channel Λ+c→pK0S (and charge conjugate) in the transverse momentum and centrality intervals 6<pT<12 GeV/c and 0-80%. The Λ+c/D0 ratio, which is sensitive to the charm quark hadronisation mechanisms in the medium, is measured and found to be larger than the ratio measured in minimum-bias pp collisions at s√=7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. In particular, the values in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions differ by about two standard deviations of the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties in the common pT interval covered by the measurements in the two collision system. The Λ+c/D0 ratio is also compared with model calculations including different implementations of charm quark hadronisation. The measured ratio is reproduced by models implementing a pure coalescence scenario, while adding a fragmentation contribution leads to an underestimation. The Λ+c nuclear modification factor, RAA, is also presented. The measured values of the RAA of Λ+c, Ds and non-strange D mesons are compatible within the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties. They show, however, a hint of a hierarchy (RD0AA<RDsAA<RΛ+cAA), conceivable with a contribution of recombination mechanisms to charm hadron formation in the medium.
A measurement of the production of prompt Λ+c baryons in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC is reported. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c were reconstructed at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) via the hadronic decay channel Λ+c→pK0S (and charge conjugate) in the transverse momentum and centrality intervals 6<pT<12 GeV/c and 0-80%. The Λ+c/D0 ratio, which is sensitive to the charm quark hadronisation mechanisms in the medium, is measured and found to be larger than the ratio measured in minimum-bias pp collisions at s√=7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. In particular, the values in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions differ by about two standard deviations of the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties. The Λ+c/D0 ratio is also compared with model calculations including different implementations of charm quark hadronisation. The measured ratio is reproduced by models implementing a pure coalescence scenario, while adding a fragmentation contribution leads to an underestimation. The Λ+c nuclear modification factor, RAA, is also presented. The measured values of the RAA of Λ+c, Ds and non-strange D mesons are compatible within the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties. They show, however, a hint of a hierarchy (RD0AA<RDsAA<RΛ+cAA), conceivable with a contribution of recombination mechanisms to charm hadron formation in the medium.
The production cross section of prompt Λ+c charmed baryons was measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC at midrapidity in proton-proton (pp) and proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c baryons were reconstructed in the hadronic decay channels Λ+c→pK−π+ and Λ+c→pK0S and respective charge conjugates. The measured differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the pT-integrated Λ+c production cross section in pp and in p-Pb collisions are presented. The Λ+c nuclear modification factor (RpPb), calculated from the cross sections in pp and in p-Pb collisions, is presented and compared with the RpPb of D mesons. The Λ+c/D0 ratio is also presented and compared with the light-flavour baryon-to-meson ratios p/π and Λ/K0S, and measurements from other LHC experiments. The results are compared to predictions from model calculations and Monte Carlo event generators.
The production cross section of prompt Λ+c charm baryons was measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC at midrapidity in proton-proton (pp) and proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c baryons were reconstructed in the hadronic decay channels Λ+c→pK−π+ and Λ+c→pK0S and respective charge conjugates. The measured differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the pT-integrated Λ+c production cross section in pp and in p-Pb collisions are presented. The Λ+c nuclear modification factor (RpPb), calculated from the cross sections in pp and in p-Pb collisions, is presented and compared with the RpPb of D mesons. The Λ+c/D0 ratio is also presented and compared with the light-flavour baryon-to-meson ratios p/π and Λ/K0S, and measurements from other LHC experiments. The results are compared to predictions from model calculations and Monte Carlo event generators.
The production cross section of prompt Λ+c charm baryons was measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC at midrapidity in proton-proton (pp) and proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c baryons were reconstructed in the hadronic decay channels Λ+c→pK−π+ and Λ+c→pK0S and respective charge conjugates. The measured differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the pT-integrated Λ+c production cross section in pp and in p-Pb collisions are presented. The Λ+c nuclear modification factor (RpPb), calculated from the cross sections in pp and in p-Pb collisions, is presented and compared with the RpPb of D mesons. The Λ+c/D0 ratio is also presented and compared with the light-flavour baryon-to-meson ratios p/π and Λ/K0S, and measurements from other LHC experiments. The results are compared to predictions from model calculations and Monte Carlo event generators.
The production cross section of prompt Λ+c charmed baryons was measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC at midrapidity in proton-proton (pp) and proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c baryons were reconstructed in the hadronic decay channels Λ+c→pK−π+ and Λ+c→pK0S and respective charge conjugates. The measured differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the pT-integrated Λ+c production cross section in pp and in p-Pb collisions are presented. The Λ+c nuclear modification factor (RpPb), calculated from the cross sections in pp and in p-Pb collisions, is presented and compared with the RpPb of D mesons. The Λ+c/D0 ratio is also presented and compared with the light-flavour baryon-to-meson ratios p/π and Λ/K0S, and measurements from other LHC experiments. The results are compared to predictions from model calculations and Monte Carlo event generators.
The pT-differential production cross section of prompt Λ +c charmed baryons was measured with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV at midrapidity. The Λ +c and Λ¯¯¯¯c¯¯¯ were reconstructed in the hadronic decay modes Λ +c → pK−π+, Λ +c → pK 0S and in the semileptonic channel Λ +c → e+νeΛ (and charge conjugates). The measured values of the Λ +c/D0 ratio, which is sensitive to the c-quark hadronisation mechanism, and in particular to the production of baryons, are presented and are larger than those measured previously in different colliding systems, centre-of-mass energies, rapidity and pT intervals, where the Λ +c production process may differ. The results are compared with the expectations obtained from perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics calculations and Monte Carlo event generators. Neither perturbative QCD calculations nor Monte Carlo models reproduce the data, indicating that the fragmentation of heavy-flavour baryons is not well understood. The first measurement at the LHC of the Λ +c nuclear modification factor, RpPb, is also presented. The RpPb is found to be consistent with unity and with that of D mesons within the uncertainties, and consistent with a theoretical calculation that includes cold nuclear matter effects and a calculation that includes charm quark interactions with a deconfined medium.
The pT-differential production cross section of prompt Λ+c charmed baryons was measured with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV at midrapidity. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c were reconstructed in the hadronic decay modes Λ+c→pK−π+, Λ+c→pK0S and in the semileptonic channel Λ+c→e+νeΛ (and charge conjugates). The measured values of the Λ+c/D0 ratio, which is sensitive to the c-quark hadronisation mechanism, and in particular to the production of baryons, are presented and are larger than those measured previously in different colliding systems, centre-of-mass energies, rapidity and pT intervals, where the Λ+c production process may differ. The results are compared with the expectations obtained from perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics calculations and Monte Carlo event generators. Neither perturbative QCD calculations nor Monte Carlo models reproduce the data, indicating that the fragmentation of heavy-flavour baryons is not well understood. The first measurement at the LHC of the Λ+c nuclear modification factor, RpPb, is also presented. The RpPb is found to be consistent with unity and with that of D mesons within the uncertainties, and consistent with a theoretical calculation that includes cold nuclear matter effects and a calculation that includes charm quark interactions with a deconfined medium.
The pT-differential production cross section of prompt Λ+c charmed baryons was measured with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV at midrapidity. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c were reconstructed in the hadronic decay modes Λ+c→pK−π+, Λ+c→pK0S and in the semileptonic channel Λ+c→e+νeΛ (and charge conjugates). The measured values of the Λ+c/D0 ratio, which is sensitive to the c-quark hadronisation mechanism, and in particular to the production of baryons, are presented and are larger than those measured previously in different colliding systems, centre-of-mass energies, rapidity and pT intervals, where the Λ+c production process may differ. The results are compared with the expectations obtained from perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics calculations and Monte Carlo event generators. Neither perturbative QCD calculations nor Monte Carlo models reproduce the data, indicating that the fragmentation of heavy-flavour baryons is not well understood. The first measurement at the LHC of the Λ+c nuclear modification factor, RpPb, is also presented. The RpPb is found to be consistent with unity and with that of D mesons within the uncertainties, and consistent with a theoretical calculation that includes cold nuclear matter effects and a calculation that includes charm quark interactions with a deconfined medium.
The first measurements of the scattering parameters of ΛK pairs in all three charge combinations (ΛK+, ΛK−, and ΛK0S) are presented. The results are achieved through a femtoscopic analysis of ΛK correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV recorded by ALICE at the LHC. The femtoscopic correlations result from strong final-state interactions, and are fit with a parametrization allowing for both the characterization of the pair emission source and the measurement of the scattering parameters for the particle pairs. Extensive studies with the THERMINATOR 2 event generator provide a good description of the non-femtoscopic background, which results mainly from collective effects, with unprecedented precision. Furthermore, together with HIJING simulations, this model is used to account for contributions from residual correlations induced by feed-down from particle decays. The extracted scattering parameters indicate that the strong force is repulsive in the ΛK+ interaction and attractive in the ΛK− interaction. The data hint that the and ΛK0S interaction is attractive, however the uncertainty of the result does not permit such a decisive conclusion. The results suggest an effect arising either from different quark-antiquark interactions between the pairs (ss¯ in ΛK+ and uu¯¯¯ in ΛK−) or from different net strangeness for each system (S = 0 for ΛK+, and S = −2 for ΛK−). Finally, the ΛK systems exhibit source radii larger than expected from extrapolation from identical particle femtoscopic studies. This effect is interpreted as resulting from the separation in space-time of the single-particle Λ and K source distributions.
The first measurements of the scattering parameters of ΛK pairs in all three charge combinations (ΛK+, ΛK−, and ΛK0S) are presented. The results are achieved through a femtoscopic analysis of ΛK correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV recorded by ALICE at the LHC. The femtoscopic correlations result from strong final-state interactions, and are fit with a parametrization allowing for both the characterization of the pair emission source and the measurement of the scattering parameters for the particle pairs. Extensive studies with the THERMINATOR 2 event generator provide a good description of the non-femtoscopic background, which results mainly from collective effects, with unprecedented precision. Furthermore, together with HIJING simulations, this model is used to account for contributions from residual correlations induced by feed-down from particle decays. The extracted scattering parameters indicate that the strong force is repulsive in the ΛK+ interaction and attractive in the ΛK− interaction. The data hint that the and ΛK0S interaction is attractive, however the uncertainty of the result does not permit such a decisive conclusion. The results suggest an effect arising either from different quark-antiquark interactions between the pairs (ss¯ in ΛK+ and uu¯¯¯ in ΛK−) or from different net strangeness for each system (S = 0 for ΛK+, and S = −2 for ΛK−). Finally, the ΛK systems exhibit source radii larger than expected from extrapolation from identical particle femtoscopic studies. This effect is interpreted as resulting from the separation in space-time of the single-particle Λ and K source distributions.
The first measurements of the scattering parameters of ΛK pairs in all three charge combinations (ΛK+, ΛK−, and ΛK0S) are presented. The results are achieved through a femtoscopic analysis of ΛK correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV recorded by ALICE at the LHC. The femtoscopic correlations result from strong final-state interactions, and are fit with a parametrization allowing for both the characterization of the pair emission source and the measurement of the scattering parameters for the particle pairs. Extensive studies with the THERMINATOR 2 event generator provide a good description of the non-femtoscopic background, which results mainly from collective effects, with unprecedented precision. Furthermore, together with HIJING simulations, this model is used to account for contributions from residual correlations induced by feed-down from particle decays. The extracted scattering parameters indicate that the strong force is repulsive in the ΛK+ interaction and attractive in the ΛK− and ΛK0S interactions. The results suggest an effect arising either from different quark-antiquark interactions between the pairs (ss¯ in ΛK+ and uu¯¯¯ in ΛK−) or from different net strangeness for each system (S = 0 for ΛK+, and S = −2 for ΛK−). Finally, the ΛK systems exhibit source radii larger than expected from extrapolation from identical particle femtoscopic studies. This effect is interpreted as resulting from the separation in space-time of the single-particle Λ and K source distributions.
Using the NA49 main TPC, the central production of hyperons has been measured in CERN SPS Pb - Pb collisions at 158 GeV c-1. The preliminary ratio, studied at 2.0 < y < 2.6 and 1 < pT < 3 GeV c-1, equals ~ (13 ± 4)% (systematic error only). It is compatible, within errors, with the previously obtained ratios for central S + S [1], S + W [2], and S + Au [3] collisions. The fit to the transverse momentum distribution resulted in an inverse slope parameter T of 297 MeV. At this level of statistics we do not see any noticeable enhancement of hyperon production with the increased volume (and, possibly, degree of equilibration) of the system from S + S to Pb + Pb. This result is unexpected and counterintuitive, and should be further investigated. If confirmed, it will have a significant impact on our understanding of mechanisms leading to the enhanced strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions.
We study odd parity J=1/2 and J=3/2 Ξc resonances using a unitarized coupled-channel framework based on a SU(6)lsf×HQSS-extended Weinberg–Tomozawa baryon–meson interaction, while paying a special attention to the renormalization procedure. We predict a large molecular ΛcK¯ component for the Ξc(2790) with a dominant 0− light-degree-of-freedom spin configuration. We discuss the differences between the 3/2− Λc(2625) and Ξc(2815) states, and conclude that they cannot be SU(3) siblings, whereas we predict the existence of other Ξc-states, one of them related to the two-pole structure of the Λc(2595). It is of particular interest a pair of J=1/2 and J=3/2 poles, which form a HQSS doublet and that we tentatively assign to the Ξc(2930) and Ξc(2970), respectively. Within this picture, the Ξc(2930) would be part of a SU(3) sextet, containing either the Ωc(3090) or the Ωc(3119), and that would be completed by the Σc(2800). Moreover, we identify a J=1/2 sextet with the Ξb(6227) state and the recently discovered Σb(6097). Assuming the equal spacing rule and to complete this multiplet, we predict the existence of a J=1/2 Ωb odd parity state, with a mass of 6360 MeV and that should be seen in the ΞbK¯ channel.
An invariant differential cross section measurement of inclusive π0 and η meson production at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at s√=8 TeV was carried out by the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The spectra of π0 and η mesons were measured in transverse momentum ranges of 0.3<p T <35 GeV/c and 0.5<p T <35 GeV/c , respectively. Next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations using fragmentation functions DSS14 for the π0 and AESSS for the η overestimate the cross sections of both neutral mesons, although such calculations agree with the measured η/π0 ratio within uncertainties. The results were also compared with PYTHIA 8.2 predictions for which the Monash 2013 tune yields the best agreement with the measured neutral meson spectra. The measurements confirm a universal behavior of the η/π0 ratio seen for NA27, PHENIX and ALICE data for pp collisions from s√=27.5 GeV to s√=8 TeV within experimental uncertainties. A relation between the π0 and η production cross sections for pp collisions at s√=8 TeV is given by m T scaling for p T >3.5 GeV/c . However, a deviation from this empirical scaling rule is observed for transverse momenta below p T <3.5 GeV/c in the η/π0 ratio with a significance of 6.2σ.
An invariant differential cross section measurement of inclusive π0 and η meson production at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at s√=8 TeV was carried out by the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The spectra of neutral mesons π0 and η were measured in transverse momentum ranges of 0.3<pT<35 GeV/c and 0.5<pT<35 GeV/c, respectively. Next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations using fragmentation functions DSS14 for π0 and AESSS for η overestimate the cross sections of both neutral mesons, but agree with the measured η/π0 ratio within uncertainties. The results are also compared with PYTHIA~8.2 predictions for which the Monash~2013 tune yields the best agreement with the measured neutral meson spectra. The measurements confirm a universal behavior of the η/π0 ratio seen for NA27, PHENIX and ALICE data for pp collisions from s√=27.5 GeV to s√=8 TeV within experimental uncertainties. A relation between the π0 and η production cross sections for pp collisions at s√=8 TeV is given by mT scaling for pT>3.5 GeV/c. However, a deviation from this empirical scaling law is observed for transverse momenta below pT<3.5 GeV/c in the η/π0 ratio with a significance of 6.2σ.
An invariant differential cross section measurement of inclusive π0 and η meson production at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at s√=8 TeV was carried out by the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The spectra of π0 and η mesons were measured in transverse momentum ranges of 0.3<pT<35 GeV/c and 0.5<pT<35 GeV/c, respectively. Next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations using fragmentation functions DSS14 for the π0 and AESSS for the η overestimate the cross sections of both neutral mesons, although such calculations agree with the measured η/π0 ratio within uncertainties. The results were also compared with PYTHIA~8.2 predictions for which the Monash~2013 tune yields the best agreement with the measured neutral meson spectra. The measurements confirm a universal behavior of the η/π0 ratio seen for NA27, PHENIX and ALICE data for pp collisions from s√=27.5 GeV to s√=8 TeV within experimental uncertainties. A relation between the π0 and η production cross sections for pp collisions at s√=8 TeV is given by mT scaling for pT>3.5 GeV/c. However, a deviation from this empirical scaling rule is observed for transverse momenta below pT<3.5 GeV/c in the η/π0 ratio with a significance of 6.2σ.
Hadronic resonances are used to probe the hadron gas produced in the late stage of heavy-ion collisions since they decay on the same timescale, of the order of 1 to 10 fm/c, as the decoupling time of the system. In the hadron gas, (pseudo)elastic scatterings among the products of resonances that decayed before the kinetic freeze-out and regeneration processes counteract each other, the net effect depending on the resonance lifetime, the duration of the hadronic phase, and the hadronic cross sections at play. In this context, the Σ(1385)± particle is of particular interest as models predict that regeneration dominates over rescattering despite its relatively short lifetime of about 5.5 fm/c. The first measurement of the Σ(1385)± resonance production at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector is presented in this Letter. The resonances are reconstructed via their hadronic decay channel, Λπ, as a function of the transverse momentum (pT) and the collision centrality. The results are discussed in comparison with the measured yield of pions and with expectations from the statistical hadronization model as well as commonly employed event generators, including PYTHIA8/Angantyr and EPOS3 coupled to the UrQMD hadronic cascade afterburner. None of the models can describe the data. For Σ(1385)±, a similar behaviour as K∗(892)0 is observed in data unlike the predictions of EPOS3 with afterburner.
Hadronic resonances are used to probe the hadron gas produced in the late stage of heavy-ion collisions since they decay on the same timescale, of the order of 1 to 10 fm/c, as the decoupling time of the system. In the hadron gas, (pseudo)elastic scatterings among the products of resonances that decayed before the kinetic freeze-out and regeneration processes counteract each other, the net effect depending on the resonance lifetime, the duration of the hadronic phase, and the hadronic cross sections at play. In this context, the Σ(1385)± particle is of particular interest as models predict that regeneration dominates over rescattering despite its relatively short lifetime of about 5.5 fm/c. The first measurement of the Σ(1385)± resonance production at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector is presented in this Letter. The resonances are reconstructed via their hadronic decay channel, Λπ, as a function of the transverse momentum (pT) and the collision centrality. The results are discussed in comparison with the measured yield of pions and with expectations from the statistical hadronization model as well as commonly employed event generators, including PYTHIA8/Angantyr and EPOS3 coupled to the UrQMD hadronic cascade afterburner. None of the models can describe the data. For Σ(1385)±, a similar behaviour as K∗(892)0 is observed in data unlike the predictions of EPOS3 with afterburner.
Hadronic resonances are used to probe the hadron gas produced in the late stage of heavy-ion collisions since they decay on the same timescale, of the order of 1 to 10 fm/c, as the decoupling time of the system. In the hadron gas, (pseudo)elastic scatterings among the products of resonances that decayed before the kinetic freeze-out and regeneration processes counteract each other, the net effect depending on the resonance lifetime, the duration of the hadronic phase, and the hadronic cross sections at play. In this context, the Σ(1385)± particle is of particular interest as models predict that regeneration dominates over rescattering despite its relatively short lifetime of about 5.5 fm/c. The first measurement of the Σ(1385)± resonance production at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector is presented in this Letter. The resonances are reconstructed via their hadronic decay channel, Λπ, as a function of the transverse momentum (pT) and the collision centrality. The results are discussed in comparison with the measured yield of pions and with expectations from the statistical hadronization model as well as commonly employed event generators, including PYTHIA8/Angantyr and EPOS3 coupled to the UrQMD hadronic cascade afterburner. None of the models can describe the data. For Σ(1385)±, a similar behaviour as K∗(892)0 is observed in data unlike the predictions of EPOS3 with afterburner.
The production of Σ0 baryons in the nuclear reaction p (3.5 GeV) + Nb (corresponding to sNN=3.18 GeV) is studied with the detector set-up HADES at GSI, Darmstadt. Σ0s were identified via the decay Σ0→Λγ with subsequent decays Λ→pπ− in coincidence with a e+e− pair from either external (γ→e+e−) or internal (Dalitz decay γ⁎→e+e−) gamma conversions. The differential Σ0 cross section integrated over the detector acceptance, i.e. the rapidity interval 0.5<y<1.1, has been extracted as ΔσΣ0=2.3±(0.2)stat±(−0.6+0.6)sys±(0.2)norm mb, yielding the inclusive production cross section in full phase space σΣ0total=5.8±(0.5)stat±(−1.4+1.4)sys±(0.6)norm±(1.7)extrapol mb by averaging over different extrapolation methods. The Λall/Σ0 ratio within the HADES acceptance is equal to 2.3±(0.2)stat±(−0.6+0.6)sys. The obtained rapidity and momentum distributions are compared to transport model calculations. The Σ0 yield agrees with the statistical model of particle production in nuclear reactions. Keywords: Hyperons, Strangeness, Proton, Nucleus.
ϕ meson measurements provide insight into strangeness production, which is one of the key observables for the hot medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. ALICE measured ϕ production through its decay in muon pairs in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV in the intermediate transverse momentum range 2<pT<5 GeV/c and in the rapidity interval 2.5<y<4. The ϕ yield was measured as a function of the transverse momentum and collision centrality. The nuclear modification factor was obtained as a function of the average number of participating nucleons. Results were compared with the ones obtained via the kaon decay channel in the same pT range at midrapidity. The values of the nuclear modification factor in the two rapidity regions are in agreement within uncertainties.
ϕ meson measurements provide insight into strangeness production, which is one of the key observables for the hot medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. ALICE measured ϕ production through its decay in muon pairs in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV in the intermediate transverse momentum range 2<pT<5 GeV/c and in the rapidity interval 2.5<y<4. The ϕ yield was measured as a function of the transverse momentum and collision centrality. The nuclear modification factor was obtained as a function of the average number of participating nucleons. Results were compared with the ones obtained via the kaon decay channel in the same pT range at midrapidity. The values of the nuclear modification factor in the two rapidity regions are in agreement within uncertainties.
The first study of ϕ-meson production in p-Pb collisions at forward and backward rapidity, at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy sNN−−−√=5.02~TeV, has been performed with the ALICE apparatus at the LHC. The ϕ-mesons have been identified in the dimuon decay channel in the transverse momentum (pT) range 1<pT<7 GeV/c, both in the p-going (2.03<y<3.53) and the Pb-going (−4.46<y<−2.96) directions, where y stands for the rapidity in the nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass, the integrated luminosity amounting to 5.01±0.19~nb−1 and 5.81±0.20~nb−1, respectively, for the two data samples. Differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity are presented. The forward-backward ratio for ϕ-meson production is measured for 2.96<|y|<3.53, resulting in a ratio ∼0.5 with no significant pT dependence within the uncertainties. The pT dependence of the ϕ nuclear modification factor RpPb exhibits an enhancement up to a factor 1.6 at pT = 3-4 GeV/c in the Pb-going direction. The pT dependence of the ϕ-meson cross section in pp collisions at s√ = 2.76 TeV, which is used to determine a reference for the p-Pb results, is also presented here for 1<pT<5 GeV/c and 2.5<y<4 for a 78±3~nb−1 integrated luminosity sample.
The first measurement of ϕ-meson production in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV has been performed with the ALICE apparatus at the LHC. The ϕ-mesons have been identified in the dimuon decay channel in the transverse momentum (pT) range 1<pT<7 GeV/c, both in the p-going (2.03<y<3.53) and the Pb-going (−4.46<y<−2.96) directions, where y stands for the rapidity in the nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass. Differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity are presented. The forward-backward asymmetry for ϕ-meson production is measured for 2.96<|y|<3.53, resulting in a factor ∼0.5 with no significant pT dependence within the uncertainties. The pT dependence of the ϕ nuclear modification factor RpPb exhibits an enhancement up to a factor 1.6 at pT = 3-4 GeV/c in the Pb-going direction. The pT dependence of the ϕ-meson cross section in pp collisions at s√ = 2.76 TeV, which is used to determine a reference for the p-Pb results, is also presented here for 1<pT<5 GeV/c and 2.5<y<4.
The first study of ϕ-meson production in p-Pb collisions at forward and backward rapidity, at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy sNN−−−√=5.02~TeV, has been performed with the ALICE apparatus at the LHC. The ϕ-mesons have been identified in the dimuon decay channel in the transverse momentum (pT) range 1<pT<7 GeV/c, both in the p-going (2.03<y<3.53) and the Pb-going (−4.46<y<−2.96) directions, where y stands for the rapidity in the nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass, the integrated luminosity amounting to 5.01±0.19~nb−1 and 5.81±0.20~nb−1, respectively, for the two data samples. Differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity are presented. The forward-backward ratio for ϕ-meson production is measured for 2.96<|y|<3.53, resulting in a ratio ∼0.5 with no significant pT dependence within the uncertainties. The pT dependence of the ϕ nuclear modification factor RpPb exhibits an enhancement up to a factor 1.6 at pT = 3-4 GeV/c in the Pb-going direction. The pT dependence of the ϕ-meson cross section in pp collisions at s√ = 2.76 TeV, which is used to determine a reference for the p-Pb results, is also presented here for 1<pT<5 GeV/c and 2.5<y<4 for a 78±3~nb−1 integrated luminosity sample.
ω(782) und ϕ(1020) Mesonenproduktion durch Dielektronen in pp-Kollisionen bei √s = 7 TeV mit ALICE
(2013)
Die Niedrigmassendielektronen (Elektron-Positron Paare mit kleiner invarianten Masse) sind wichtige experimentelle Sonden, um die Eigenschaften des in ultra-relativistischen Schwerionenkollisionen erzeugten heißen und dichten Mediums zu untersuchen. Elektronen koppeln nicht an die starke Wechselwirkung, weshalb sie wichtige Informationen über die gesamten Kollisionsphasen geben. Die Zerfälle von ω(782) und ϕ(1020)-Mesonen in Dielektronen ermöglichen es, besonders wichtige Informationen über ihre In-Medium-Eigenschaften zu erhalten, da Proton-Proton (pp)-Kollisionen als mediumfreie Referenz angenommen werden. Außerdem sind pp-Kollisionen auch für sich genommen interessant, um die Teilchenproduktion im Energiebereich des LHC (Large Hadron Collider) zu untersuchen.
In dieser Analyse werden die Elektronen im mittleren Rapiditätsbereich von |η| < 0.8 mit ITS (Inner Tracking System), TPC (Time Projection Chamber) und TOF (Time of Flight) gemessen.
Die transversalen Impulsspektren der ω(782) und ϕ(1020)-Mesonen im e+e--Zerfallskanal in pp-Kollisionen bei p √s = 7 TeV werden gezeigt. Das transversale Impulsspektrum des ω(782)-Mesons im e+e--Zerfallskanal wird mit den pT-Spektren in den µ+µ--und in den π0π+π--Zerfallskanälen verglichen, während das pT-Spektrum vom ϕ(1020)-Meson im e+e--Zerfallskanal mit den pT-Spektren in µ+µ-- und K+K--Zerfallskanälen verglichen wird.
The transverse mass spectra of Omega, J/psi and psi' in Pb+Pb collisions at 158 AGeV are studied within a hydrodynamical model of the quark gluon plasma expansion and hadronization. The model reproduces the existing data with the common hadronization parameters: temperature T=T_H = 170 MeV and average collective transverse velocity v_T = 0.2.