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Institute
- Physik (3489) (remove)
We investigate the well-known vector state ψ(4040) in the frame-work of a quantum field theoretical model. In particular, we study its spectral function and search for the pole(s) in the complex plane. Quite interestingly, the spectral function has a non-standard shape and two poles are present. The role of the meson-meson quantum loops (in particular DD* ones) is crucial and could also explain the not yet conformed “state” Y(4008).
Recently the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) serves as a powerful high duty factor (25%) heavy ion beam accelerator for the ambitious experiment program at GSI. Beam time availability for SHE (Super Heavy Element)-research will be decreased due to the limitation of the UNILAC providing Uranium beams with an extremely high peak current for FAIR simultaneously. To keep the GSI-SHE program competitive on a high level and even beyond, a standalone superconducting continuous wave (100% duty factor) LINAC in combination with the upgraded GSI High Charge State injector is envisaged. In preparation for this, the first LINAC section (financed by HIM and GSI) will be tested with beam in 2017, demonstrating the future experimental capabilities. Further on the construction of an extended cryo module comprising two shorter Crossbar-H cavities is foreseen to test until end of 2017. As a final R&D step towards an entire LINAC three advanced cryo modules, each comprising two CH cavities, should be built until 2019, serving for first user experiments at the Coulomb barrier.
It is widely believed that chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken at zero temperature in the strong coupling limit of staggered fermions, for any number of colors and flavors. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that this conventional wisdom, based on a mean-field analysis, is wrong. For sufficiently many fundamental flavors, chiral symmetry is restored via a bulk, first-order transition. This chirally symmetric phase appears to be analytically connected with the expected conformal window of manyflavor continuum QCD. We perform simulations in the chirally symmetric phase at zero quark mass for various system sizes L, and measure the torelon mass and the Dirac spectrum. We find that all observables scale with L, which is hence the only infrared length scale. Thus, the strong-coupling chirally restored phase appears as a convenient laboratory to study IR-conformality. Finally, we present a conjecture for the phase diagram of lattice QCD as a function of the bare coupling and the number of quark flavors.
The temporal development of macroobservables is described within a correlation-functionformalism. The results are exact for a certain class of initial ensembles. The same problem is discussed with the help of the linear-response-formalism. The results agree under certain conditions which should be fulfilled for macroobservables.
This paper introduces a new methodology for the fabrication of strain-sensor elements for MEMS and NEMS applications based on the tunneling effect in nano-granular metals. The strain-sensor elements are prepared by the maskless lithography technique of focused electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) employing the precursor trimethylmethylcyclopentadienyl platinum [MeCpPt(Me)3]. We use a cantilever-based deflection technique to determine the sensitivity (gauge factor) of the sensor element. We find that its sensitivity depends on the electrical conductivity and can be continuously tuned, either by the thickness of the deposit or by electron-beam irradiation leading to a distinct maximum in the sensitivity. This maximum finds a theoretical rationale in recent advances in the understanding of electronic charge transport in nano-granular metals.
Das Gehirn ist die wohl komplexeste Struktur auf Erden, die der Mensch erforscht. Es besteht aus einem riesigen Netzwerk von Nervenzellen, welches in der Lage ist eingehende sensorische Informationen zu verarbeiten um daraus eine sinnvolle Repräsentation der Umgebung zu erstellen. Außerdem koordiniert es die Aktionen des Organismus um mit der Umgebung zu interagieren. Das Gehirn hat die bemerkenswerte Fähigkeit sowohl Informationen zu speichern als auch sich ständig an ändernde Bedingungen anzupassen, und zwar über die gesamte Lebensdauer. Dies ist essentiell für Mensch oder Tier um sich zu entwickeln und zu lernen. Die Grundlage für diesen lebenslangen Lernprozess ist die Plastizität des Gehirns, welche das riesige Netzwerk von Neuronen ständig anpasst und neu verbindet. Die Veränderungen an den synaptischen Verbindungen und der intrinsischen Erregbarkeit jedes Neurons finden durch selbstorganisierte Mechanismen statt und optimieren das Verhalten des Organismus als Ganzes. Das Phänomen der neuronalen Plastizität beschäftigt die Neurowissenschaften und anderen Disziplinen bereits über mehrere Jahrzehnte. Dabei beschreibt die intrinsische Plastizität die ständige Anpassung der Erregbarkeit eines Neurons um einen ausbalancierten, homöostatischen Arbeitsbereich zu gewährleisten. Aber besonders die synaptische Plastizität, welche die Änderungen in der Stärke bestehender Verbindungen bezeichnet, wurde unter vielen verschiedenen Bedingungen erforscht und erwies sich mit jeder neuen Studie als immer komplexer. Sie wird durch ein komplexes Zusammenspiel von biophysikalischen Mechanismen induziert und hängt von verschiedenen Faktoren wie der Frequenz der Aktionspotentiale, deren Timing und dem Membranpotential ab und zeigt außerdem eine metaplastische Abhängigkeit von vergangenen Ereignissen. Letztlich beeinflusst die synaptische Plastizität die Signalverarbeitung und Berechnung einzelner Neuronen und der neuronalen Netzwerke.
Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist es das Verständnis der biologischen Mechanismen und deren Folgen, die zu den beobachteten Plastizitätsphänomene führen, durch eine stärker vereinheitlichte Theorie voranzutreiben.Dazu stelle ich zwei funktionale Ziele für neuronale Plastizität auf, leite Lernregeln aus diesen ab und analysiere deren Konsequenzen und Vorhersagen.
Kapitel 3 untersucht die Unterscheidbarkeit der Populationsaktivität in Netzwerken als funktionales Ziel für neuronale Plastizität. Die Hypothese ist dabei, dass gerade in rekurrenten aber auch in vorwärtsgekoppelten Netzwerken die Populationsaktivität als Repräsentation der Eingangssignale optimiert werden kann, wenn ähnliche Eingangssignale eine möglichst unterschiedliche Repräsentation haben und dadurch für die nachfolgende Verarbeitung besser unterscheidbar sind. Das funktionale Ziel ist daher diese Unterscheidbarkeit durch Veränderungen an den Verbindungsstärke und der Erregbarkeit der Neuronen mithilfe von lokalen selbst-organisierten Lernregeln zu maximieren. Aus diesem funktionale Ziel lassen sich eine Reihe von Standard-Lernenregeln für künstliche neuronale Netze gemeinsam abzuleiten.
Kapitel 4 wendet einen ähnlichen funktionalen Ansatz auf ein komplexeres, biophysikalisches Neuronenmodell an. Das Ziel ist eine spärliche, stark asymmetrische Verteilung der synaptischen Stärke, wie sie auch bereits mehrfach experimentell gefunden wurde, durch lokale, synaptische Lernregeln zu maximieren. Aus diesem funktionalen Ansatz können alle wichtigen Phänomene der synaptischen Plastizität erklärt werden. Simulationen der Lernregel in einem realistischen Neuronmodell mit voller Morphologie erklären die Daten von timing-, raten- und spannungsabhängigen Plastizitätsprotokollen. Die Lernregel hat auch eine intrinsische Abhängigkeit von der Position der Synapse, welche mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen übereinstimmt. Darüber hinaus kann die Lernregel ohne zusätzliche Annahmen metaplastische Phänomene erklären. Dabei sagt der Ansatz eine neue Form der Metaplastizität voraus, welche die timing-abhängige Plastizität beeinflusst. Die formulierte Lernregel führt zu zwei neuartigen Vereinheitlichungen für synaptische Plastizität: Erstens zeigt sie, dass die verschiedenen Phänomene der synaptischen Plastizität als Folge eines einzigen funktionalen Ziels verstanden werden können. Und zweitens überbrückt der Ansatz die Lücke zwischen der funktionalen und mechanistische Beschreibungsweise. Das vorgeschlagene funktionale Ziel führt zu einer Lernregel mit biophysikalischer Formulierung, welche mit etablierten Theorien der biologischen Mechanismen in Verbindung gebracht werden kann. Außerdem kann das Ziel einer spärlichen Verteilung der synaptischen Stärke als Beitrag zu einer energieeffizienten synaptischen Signalübertragung und optimierten Codierung interpretiert werden.
We have developed a versatile software package for the simulation of di-electron production in pp and dp collisions at moderate beam kinetic energies (1-2GeV). Particular attention has been paid to incorporate different descriptions of the Dalitz decay Δ rightarrow Ne + e - via a common interface. In addition, suitable parameterizations for the virtual bremsstrahlung process NN rightarrow NNe + e - based on one-boson exchange models have been implemented. Such simulation tools with high flexibility of the framework are important for the interpretation of the di-electron data taken with the HADES spectrometer and demonstrates the wide applicability within the field of nuclear and hadronic physics.
A full session was organized in memory of Helmut Oeschler during the 2017 edition of the Strangeness in Quark Matter Conference. It was heart-warming to discuss with the audience his main achievements and share anecdotes about this exceptionally praised and appreciated colleague, who was also a great friend for many at the conference. A brief summary of the session is provided with these proceedings.
Heterostructures of graphene in proximity to magnetic insulators open the possibility to investigate exotic states emerging from the interplay of magnetism, strain and charge transfer between the layers. Recent reports on the growth of self-integrated atomic wires of β-RuCl3 on graphite suggest these materials as versatile candidates to investigate these effects. Here we present detailed first principles calculations on the charge transfer and electronic structure of β-RuCl3/heterostructures and provide a comparison with the work function analysis of the related honeycomb family members α-RuX3 (X = Cl,Br,I). We find that proximity of the two layers leads to a hole-doped graphene and electron-doped RuX3 in all cases, which is sensitively dependent on the distance between the two layers. Furthermore, strain effects due to lattice mismatch control the magnetization which itself has a strong effect on the charge transfer. Charge accumulation in β-RuCl3 strongly drops away from the chain making such heterostructures suitable candidates for sharp interfacial junctions in graphene-based devices.
The ab-initio molecular dynamics framework has been the cornerstone of computational solid state physics in the last few decades. Although it is already a mature field it is still rapidly developing to accommodate the growth in solid state research as well as to efficiently utilize the increase in computing power. Starting from the first principles, the ab-initio molecular dynamics provides essential information about structural and electronic properties of matter under various external conditions. In this thesis we use the ab-initio molecular dynamics to study the behavior of BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2 under the application of external pressure. BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2 belong to the family of iron based superconductors which are a novel and promising superconducting materials. The application of pressure is one of two key methods by which electronic and structural properties of iron based superconductors can be modified, the other one being doping (or chemical pressure). In particular, it has been noted that pressure conditions have an important effect, but their exact role is not fully understood. To better understand the effect of different pressure conditions we have performed a series of ab-initio simulations of pressure application. In order to apply the pressure with arbitrary stress tensor we have developed a method based on the Fast Inertial Relaxation Engine, whereby the unit cell and the atomic positions are evolved according to the metadynamical equations of motion. We have found that the application of hydrostatic and c axis uniaxial pressure induces a phase transition from the magnetically ordered orthorhombic phase to the non-magnetic collapsed tetragonal phase in both BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2. In the case of BaFe2As2, an intermediate tetragonal non-magnetic tetragonal phase is observed in addition. Application of the uniaxial pressure parallel to the c axis reduces the critical pressure of the phase transition by an order of magnitude, in agreement with the experimental findings. The in-plane pressure application did not result in transition to the non-magnetic tetragonal phase and instead, rotation of the magnetic order direction could be observed. This is discussed in the context of Ginzburg-Landau theory. We have also found that the magnetostructural phase transition is accompanied by a change in the Fermi surface topology, whereby the hole cylinders centered around the Gamma point disappear, restricting the possible Cooper pair scattering channels in the tetragonal phase. Our calculations also permit us to estimate the bulk moduli and the orthorhombic elastic constants of BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2.
To study the electronic structure in systems with broken translational symmetry, such as doped iron based superconductors, it is necessary to develop a method to unfold the complicated bandstructures arising from the supercell calculations. In this thesis we present the unfolding method based on group theoretical techniques. We achieve the unfolding by employing induced irreducible representations of space groups. The unique feature of our method is that it treats the point group operations on an equal footing with the translations. This permits us to unfold the bandstructures beyond the limit of translation symmetry and also formulate the tight-binding models of reduced dimensionality if certain conditions are met. Inclusion of point group operations in the unfolding formalism allows us to reach important conclusions about the two versus one iron picture in iron based superconductors.
And finally, we present the results of ab-initio structure prediction in the cases of giant volume collapse in MnS2 and alkaline doped picene. In the case of MnS2, a previously unobserved high pressure arsenopyrite structure of MnS2 is predicted and stability regions for the two competing metastable phases under pressure are determined. In the case of alkaline doped picene, crystal structures with different levels of doping were predicted and used to study the role of electronic correlations.
We show the absence of an instability of homogeneous (chiral) condensates against spatially inhomogeneous perturbations for various (2+1)-dimensional four-fermion and Yukawa models. All models are studied at nonzero baryon chemical potential, while some of them are also subjected to chiral and isospin chemical potential. The considered theories contain up to 16 Lorentz-(pseudo)scalar fermionic interaction channels. We prove the stability of homogeneous condensates by analyzing the bosonic two-point function, which can be expressed in a purely analytical form at zero temperature. Our analysis is presented in a general manner for all of the different discussed models. We argue that the absence of an inhomogeneous chiral phase (where the chiral condensate is spatially nonuniform) follows from this lack of instability. Furthermore, the existence of a moat regime, where the bosonic wave-function renormalization is negative, in these models is ruled out.
We show the absence of an instability of homogeneous (chiral) condensates against spatially inhomogeneous perturbations for various 2+1-dimensional four-fermion and Yukawa models. All models are studied at non-zero baryon chemical potential, while some of them are also subjected to chiral and isospin chemical potential. The considered theories contain up to 16 Lorentz-(pseudo)scalar fermionic interaction channels. We prove the stability of homogeneous condensates by analyzing the bosonic two-point function, which can be expressed in a purely analytical form at zero temperature. Our analysis is presented in a general manner for all of the different discussed models. We argue that the absence of an inhomogeneous chiral phase (where the chiral condensate is spatially non-uniform) follows from this lack of instability. Furthermore, the existence of a moat regime, where the bosonic wave function renormalization is negative, in these models is ruled out.
We show the absence of an instability of homogeneous (chiral) condensates against spatially inhomogeneous perturbations for various 2+1-dimensional four-fermion and Yukawa models. All models are studied at non-zero baryon chemical potential, while some of them are also subjected to chiral and isospin chemical potential. The considered theories contain up to 16 Lorentz-(pseudo)scalar fermionic interaction channels. We prove the stability of homogeneous condensates by analyzing the bosonic two-point function, which can be expressed in a purely analytical form at zero temperature. Our analysis is presented in a general manner for all of the different discussed models. We argue that the absence of an inhomogeneous chiral phase (where the chiral condensate is spatially non-uniform) follows from this lack of instability. Furthermore, the existence of a moat regime, where the bosonic wave function renormalization is negative, in these models is ruled out.
Es werden Messungen beschrieben, die Übereinstimmung zwischen einer total absorbierenden Ionisationskammer und der Weichstrahl-Standardkammer des Max-Planck-Institutes für Biophysik ergeben. Damit wurde eine weitere Meßanordnung in Betrieb genommen, die besonders für die Absolutmessung der Dosis in „röntgen“ im Gebiet der sehr weichen Röntgenstrahlen geeignet ist.
By analyzing 𝑒+𝑒− annihilation data with an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 collected at the center-of-mass energy √𝑠=3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector, we present the first absolute measurements of the branching fractions of twenty Cabibbo-suppressed hadronic 𝐷0(+) decays involving multiple pions. The highest four branching fractions obtained are ℬ(𝐷0→𝜋+𝜋−𝜋0) = (1.343±0.013stat±0.016syst)%, ℬ(𝐷0→𝜋+𝜋−2𝜋0) = (1.002±0.019stat±0.024syst)%, ℬ(𝐷+→2𝜋+𝜋−𝜋0) = (1.165±0.021stat±0.021syst)%, and ℬ(𝐷+→2𝜋+𝜋−2𝜋0) = (1.074±0.040stat±0.030syst)%. The 𝐶𝑃 asymmetries for the six decays with highest signal yields are also determined and found to be compatible with zero.
By analyzing e+e− annihilation data with an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 collected at the center-of-mass energy s√= 3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector, we present the first absolute measurements of the branching fractions of twenty Cabibbo-suppressed hadronic D0(+) decays involving multiple pions. The largest four branching fractions obtained are B(D0→π+π−π0) = >(1.343±0.013stat±0.016syst)%, B(D0→π+π−2π0) = (0.998±0.019stat±0.024syst)%, B(D+→2π+π−π0)
(1.174±0.021stat±0.021syst)%, and B(D+→2π+π−2π0) = (1.074±0.040stat±0.030syst)%. The CP asymmetries for the six decays with highest event yields are also determined.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit wurden die bei den Kalttests der supraleitenden 360 MHz CH-Prototypkavität gewonnenen Messergebnisse sowie das Prinzip der Hochfrequenzmessung an supraleitenden Resonatoren vorgestellt. Zudem wurde bei dem Aufbau eines eigens für diese Messungen optimierten horizontalen Kryostaten mitgearbeitet. Die wesentlichen Elemente des Kryostaten wurden dargestellt und das Kaltfahren des gesamten Kryosystems erläutert. Das am IAP erarbeitete Tuningkonzept, bei dem ein langsamer, kettenbetriebener Tuner für den Ausgleich statischer Frequenzänderungen und zusätzlich drei Piezotuner zur Kompensation schneller Frequenzschwankungen eingesetzt werden, konnte aufgrund der zu groÿen Schwankungen der Resonanzfrequenz, die durch die stetige Befüllung des Kryostaten mit Helium hervorgerufen wurde, nur bedingt getestet werden. Dennoch konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Piezotuner die Frequenz der Kavität für kurze Zeit konstant hält und der langsame, mechanische Tuner einen Frequenzhub von 400 kHz erreichen kann. Für weitere Kalttests der CH-Struktur im horizontalen Kryostaten werden zur Zeit sowohl das Regelsystem für die schnellen Piezotuner als auch die Motorsteuerung des mechanischen Tuners optimiert.
In einem weiteren Arbeitsschritt wurden mit Hilfe der Simulationssoftware ANSYS Rechnungen zur Geometrieoptimierung des neuen dynamischen Balguners für zukünftige supraleitende CH-Strukturen durchgeführt. Das Hauptaugenmerk der Optimierung lag hierbei auf der Reduktion der auftretenden Materialspannungen bei einem vorgesehenen Hub von ca. ± mm, der durch eine äuÿere Belastung hervorgerufen wird. Dabei wurden verschiedene geometrische Gröÿen variiert und die optimalen Parameter gefunden. Zudem wurde eine Modalanalyse durchgeführt, um zu verhindern, dass die mechanischen Eigenfrequenzen des Balgtuners in den Betriebsbereich des Piezotuners, der letztlich für den Antrieb der dynamischen Balgtuner vorgesehen ist, fallen. Die nach sämtlichen Simulationsschritten berechnete und final vorgesehene Tunergeometrie und deren Parameter, die bezüglich des auftretenden von-Mises-Stresses optimiert wurden, sind in Abbildung bzw. Tabelle 9.1 dargestellt.
Desweiteren wurden mit Hilfe des Simulationsprogramms CST MicroWave Studio Untersuchungen zu Multipacting durchgeführt. Aufgrund der problematischen Spannungswerte im oberen Gap des Tuners müssen in weiteren Arbeitsschritten zusätzliche Simulationsrechnungen durchgeführt werden, um die Gefahr von Multipacting zu verhindern. Um die strukturmechanischen Simulationsergebnisse und deren Genauigkeit zu validieren, wurde zu Testzwecken ein Balgtunerprototyp bestehend aus eineinhalb Zellen von der Firma RI in Bergisch Gladbach gefertigt. Messungen der maximalen Auslenkung zeigten zwischen simulierten und gemessenen Werten eine Diskrepanz von einem Faktor von ungefähr 3.
Für weitere Testzwecke soll ein weiterer Balgtunerprototyp bestehend aus 6 Zellen nach den simulierten Parametern angefertigt und später sowohl bei Raumtemperatur als auch unter kryogenen Bedingungen auf dessen Auslenkung getestet werden.
Die Arbeit ist in zwei Teile gegliedert. Der erste Teil behandelt einige naturphilosophische und mathematische Probleme. Es wird außerdem das Pfeil-Paradoxon von Zeno vorgestellt, auf dem die moderne Variante des Quanten-Zeno-Paradoxons basiert. Im zweiten Teil wird zunächst eine allgemeine Analyse des Zerfallsgesetzes instabiler Quantensysteme gegeben. Es ist eine Mischung aus Zusammenfassungen von Reviews und neuen Ideen. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt dabei die Wellenfunktion in Energiedarstellung bzw. deren Betragsquadrat, genannt Energiedichte. Es wird auch auf den Fall eingegangen, wenn ein Quantensystem wiederholten (frequenten) Messungen ausgesetzt ist. Anschließend wird der Quanten-Zeno-Effekt und das Quanten-Zeno-Paradoxon als Folge des Verhaltens der Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit für Zeiten kurz nach der Zustandspräparation beschrieben. Danach wird das Lee-Modell zur Beschreibung eines Teilchenzerfalls vorgestellt. Das Modell beschreibt den Zerfall eines instabilen Teilchens in zwei mögliche Kanäle, d.h. entweder in (genannt) a-Teilchen oder b-Teilchen. Es werden alle wichtigen Funktionen (Zerfallsgesetz, Energiedichte, etc.) analytisch hergeleitet. Es folgen darauf die Ergebnisse der numerischen Auswertung.
Nano-granular metals are materials that fall into the general class of granular electronic systems in which the interplay of electronic correlations, disorder and finite size effects can be studied. The charge transport in nano-granular metals is dominated by thermally-assisted, sequential and correlated tunneling over a temperature-dependent number of metallic grains. Here we study the frequency-dependent conductivity (AC conductivity) of nano-granular Platinum with Pt nano-grains embedded into amorphous carbon (C). We focus on the transport regime on the insulating side of the insulator metal transition reflected by a set of samples covering a range of tunnel-coupling strengths. In this transport regime polarization contributions to the AC conductivity are small and correlation effects in the transport of free charges are expected to be particularly pronounced. We find a universal behavior in the frequency dependence that can be traced back to the temperature-dependent zero-frequency conductivity (DC conductivity) of Pt/C within a simple lumped-circuit analysis. Our results are in contradistinction to previous work on nano-granular Pd/ZrO2ZrO2 in the very weak coupling regime where polarization contributions to the AC conductivity dominated. We describe possible future applications of nano-granular metals in proximity impedance spectroscopy of dielectric materials.
The interaction between Λ baryons and kaons/antikaons is a crucial ingredient for the strangeness S=0 and S=−2 sector of the meson--baryon interaction at low energies. In particular, the ΛK¯¯¯¯ might help in understanding the origin of states such as the Ξ(1620), whose nature and properties are still under debate. Experimental data on Λ−K and Λ−K¯¯¯¯ systems are scarce, leading to large uncertainties and tension between the available theoretical predictions constrained by such data. In this Letter we present the measurements of Λ−K+⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K− and Λ−K−⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K+ correlations obtained in the high-multiplicity triggered data sample in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV recorded by ALICE at the LHC. The correlation function for both pairs is modeled using the Lednicky−Lyuboshits analytical formula and the corresponding scattering parameters are extracted. The Λ−K−⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K+ correlations show the presence of several structures at relative momenta k∗ above 200 MeV/c, compatible with the Ω baryon, the Ξ(1690), and Ξ(1820) resonances decaying into Λ−K− pairs. The low k∗ region in the Λ−K−⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K+ also exhibits the presence of the Ξ(1620) state, expected to strongly couple to the measured pair. The presented data allow to access the ΛK+ and ΛK− strong interaction with an unprecedented precision and deliver the first experimental observation of the Ξ(1620) decaying into ΛK−.
The interaction between Λ baryons and kaons/antikaons is a crucial ingredient for the strangeness S=0 and S=−2 sector of the meson–baryon interaction at low energies. In particular, the ΛK‾ might help in understanding the origin of states such as the Ξ(1620), whose nature and properties are still under debate. Experimental data on Λ–K and Λ–K‾ systems are scarce, leading to large uncertainties and tension between the available theoretical predictions constrained by such data. In this Letter we present the measurements of Λ–K⊕+Λ‾–K− and Λ–K⊕−Λ‾–K+ correlations obtained in the high-multiplicity triggered data sample in pp collisions at s=13 TeV recorded by ALICE at the LHC. The correlation function for both pairs is modeled using the Lednický–Lyuboshits analytical formula and the corresponding scattering parameters are extracted. The Λ–K⊕−Λ‾–K+ correlations show the presence of several structures at relative momenta k⁎ above 200 MeV/c, compatible with the Ω baryon, the Ξ(1690), and Ξ(1820) resonances decaying into Λ–K− pairs. The low k⁎ region in the Λ–K⊕−Λ‾–K+ also exhibits the presence of the Ξ(1620) state, expected to strongly couple to the measured pair. The presented data allow to access the ΛK+ and ΛK− strong interaction with an unprecedented precision and deliver the first experimental observation of the Ξ(1620) decaying into ΛK−.
The interaction between Λ baryons and kaons/antikaons is a crucial ingredient for the strangeness S=0 and S=−2 sector of the meson--baryon interaction at low energies. In particular, the ΛK¯¯¯¯ might help in understanding the origin of states such as the Ξ(1620), whose nature and properties are still under debate. Experimental data on Λ−K and Λ−K¯¯¯¯ systems are scarce, leading to large uncertainties and tension between the available theoretical predictions constrained by such data. In this Letter we present the measurements of Λ−K+⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K− and Λ−K−⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K+ correlations obtained in the high-multiplicity triggered data sample in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV recorded by ALICE at the LHC. The correlation function for both pairs is modeled using the Lednicky−Lyuboshits analytical formula and the corresponding scattering parameters are extracted. The Λ−K−⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K+ correlations show the presence of several structures at relative momenta k∗ above 200 MeV/c, compatible with the Ω baryon, the Ξ(1690), and Ξ(1820) resonances decaying into Λ−K− pairs. The low k∗ region in the Λ−K−⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K+ also exhibits the presence of the Ξ(1620) state, expected to strongly couple to the measured pair. The presented data allow to access the ΛK+ and ΛK− strong interaction with an unprecedented precision and deliver the first experimental observation of the Ξ(1620) decaying into ΛK−.
The interaction between Λ baryons and kaons/antikaons is a crucial ingredient for the strangeness S=0 and S=−2 sector of the meson−baryon interaction at low energies. In particular, the ΛK¯¯¯¯ might help in understanding the origin of states such as the Ξ(1620), whose nature and properties are still under debate. Experimental data on Λ−K and Λ−K¯¯¯¯ systems are scarce, leading to large uncertainties and tension between the available theoretical predictions constrained by such data. In this Letter we present the measurements of Λ−K+⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K− and Λ−K−⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K+ correlations obtained in the high-multiplicity triggered data sample in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV recorded by ALICE at the LHC. The correlation function for both pairs is modeled using the Lednicky−Lyuboshits analytical formula and the corresponding scattering parameters are extracted. The Λ−K−⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K+ correlations show the presence of several structures at relative momenta k∗ above 200 MeV/c, compatible with the Ω baryon, the Ξ(1690), and Ξ(1820) resonances decaying into Λ−K− pairs. The low k∗ region in the Λ−K−⊕Λ¯¯¯¯−K+ also exhibits the presence of the Ξ(1620) state, expected to strongly couple to the measured pair. The presented data allow to access the ΛK+ and ΛK− strong interaction with an unprecedented precision and deliver the first experimental observation of the Ξ(1620) decaying into ΛK−.
Neural networks have been recently proposed as variational wave functions for quantum many-body systems [G. Carleo and M. Troyer, Science 355, 602 (2017)]. In this work, we focus on a specific architecture, known as Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM), and analyse its accuracy for the spin-1/2 J1−J2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model in one spatial dimension. The ground state of this model has a non-trivial sign structure, especially for J2/J1>0.5, forcing us to work with complex-valued RBMs. Two variational Ans\"atze are discussed: one defined through a fully complex RBM, and one in which two different real-valued networks are used to approximate modulus and phase of the wave function. In both cases, translational invariance is imposed by considering linear combinations of RBMs, giving access also to the lowest-energy excitations at fixed momentum k. We perform a systematic study on small clusters to evaluate the accuracy of these wave functions in comparison to exact results, providing evidence for the supremacy of the fully complex RBM. Our calculations show that this kind of Ans\"atze is very flexible and describes both gapless and gapped ground states, also capturing the incommensurate spin-spin correlations and low-energy spectrum for J2/J1>0.5. The RBM results are also compared to the ones obtained with Gutzwiller-projected fermionic states, often employed to describe quantum spin models [F. Ferrari, A. Parola, S. Sorella and F. Becca, Phys. Rev. B 97, 235103 (2018)]. Contrary to the latter class of variational states, the fully-connected structure of RBMs hampers the transferability of the wave function from small to large clusters, implying an increase of the computational cost with the system size.
Accurate measurement of the standard 235U(n,f) cross section from thermal to 170 keV neutron energy
(2020)
An accurate measurement of the 235U(n,f) cross section from thermal to 170 keV of neutron energy has recently been performed at n_TOF facility at CERN using 6Li(n,t)4He and 10B(n,α)7Li as references. This measurement has been carried out in order to investigate a possible overestimation of the 235U fission cross section evaluation provided by most recent libraries between 10 and 30 keV. A custom experimental apparatus based on in-beam silicon detectors has been used, and a Monte Carlo simulation in GEANT4 has been employed to characterize the setup and calculate detectors efficiency. The results evidenced the presence of an overestimation in the interval between 9 and 18 keV and the new data may be used to decrease the uncertainty of 235U(n,f) cross section in the keV region.
The absolute-scale electronic energetics of liquid water and aqueous solutions, both in the bulk and at associated interfaces, are the central determiners of water-based chemistry. However, such information is generally experimentally inaccessible. Here we demonstrate that a refined implementation of the liquid microjet photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) technique can be adopted to address this. Implementing concepts from condensed matter physics, we establish novel all-liquid-phase vacuum and equilibrated solution–metal-electrode Fermi level referencing procedures. This enables the precise and accurate determination of previously elusive water solvent and solute vertical ionization energies, VIEs. Notably, this includes quantification of solute-induced perturbations of water's electronic energetics and VIE definition on an absolute and universal chemical potential scale. Defining and applying these procedures over a broad range of ionization energies, we accurately and respectively determine the VIE and oxidative stability of liquid water as 11.33 ± 0.03 eV and 6.60 ± 0.08 eV with respect to its liquid-vacuum-interface potential and Fermi level. Combining our referencing schemes, we accurately determine the work function of liquid water as 4.73 ± 0.09 eV. Further, applying our novel approach to a pair of exemplary aqueous solutions, we extract absolute VIEs of aqueous iodide anions, reaffirm the robustness of liquid water's electronic structure to high bulk salt concentrations (2 M sodium iodide), and quantify reference-level dependent reductions of water's VIE and a 0.48 ± 0.13 eV contraction of the solution's work function upon partial hydration of a known surfactant (25 mM tetrabutylammonium iodide). Our combined experimental accomplishments mark a major advance in our ability to quantify electronic–structure interactions and chemical reactivity in liquid water, which now explicitly extends to the measurement of absolute-scale bulk and interfacial solution energetics, including those of relevance to aqueous electrochemical processes.
About 50% of the elements heavier than iron are produced during the slow neutron capture process. This process occurs in different stellar sites at various energies. To understand the ongoing nucleosynthesis, the probability of a neutron capture for different temperatures and therefore for different stellar sites is essential. Activation experiments using the 7Li(p,n) reaction as neutron source were performed. At a temperature of kBT = 25 keV the cross sections were determined for 27Al, 37Cl and 41K. A new method was developed to perform activation experiments at even lower temperatures. For a proof of principle, the cross section for 64Ni was measured at kBT = 25 keV as well as for kBT = 6 keV. To study the impact of isomeric states at higher energies, activations of 181Ta were performed using two different proton energies.
The Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre (HIT) provides proton, helium, and carbon-ion beams with different energies and intensities for cancer treatment and oxygen-ion beams for experiments. For several experiments and possible future applications, such as helium ion beam radiography, a low-intensity ion beam monitor integrated into the dose delivery feedback system for the accelerator control is a necessary pre-requisite. The updated 2D prototype for this purpose consists of scintillating fibres with enhanced radiation hardness, silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to amplify the emitted light, and a dedicated front-end readout system (FERS) to process and record the generated signals. This setup was tested successfully on monitoring ion-beam position and profile horizontally and vertically, as well as the beam intensity, for all four ion types with energies from 50 to 430 MeV/u and intensities from 1E2 to 1E7 ions/s. Additionally, time-of-arrival (ToA) measurements on single ions have been successfully performed for a limited intensity range, allowing for ion tracking in a further update. This will reduce noise, and will also improve the accuracy and usability of ion radiography.
During RUN3 (2021-2023) of the Large Hadron Collider, the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) of ALICE will be operated with quadruple stacks of Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs). This technology will allow to overcome the rate limitation due to the gated operation of the Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPCs) used in RUN1 (2009-2013) and RUN2 (2015-2018).
As part of the Upgrade project, long-term irradiation tests, so called "ageing tests", have been carried out. A test setup with a detector using a quadruple stack of 10x10cm2 GEMs was built and operated in Ar-CO2 and Ne-CO2-N2 gas mixtures. The detector performance such as gas gain and energy resolution were monitored continuously. In addition, outgassing tests of materials used for the assembly process of the upgraded TPC were performed. To reach the expected dose of the GEM-based TPC, the detector was operated at much higher gains than the TPC. It was found, that the GEMs could keep their performance within the projected lifetime of the TPC. Most of the tested materials showed no negative impact on the detector. For the tested epoxy adhesive no certain conclusion could be drawn.
At much higher doses than expected for the upgraded TPC, a new phenomenon was observed, which changed the hole geometry of the GEMs and led to a degradation of the energy resolution. Even though its occurrence is not expected during the lifetime of the GEM-based TPC, simulations were carried out to study this effect more systematically. The simulations confirmed, that a change of the hole geometries of the GEMs, lead to an increase of the local gain variation, which results in a decrease of the energy resolution.
Furthermore the effect of methane as quench gas on GEMs was studied, even though this gas is not foreseen to be used in the TPC. From ageing tests with single-wire proportional counters it is well known that hydrocarbons are produced in the plasma of the avalanches, which cover the electrodes and lead to a degradation of the detector performance. Even though GEMs have a quite different geometry, the ageing tests showed, that also this technology tends to methane-induced ageing. A loss of gas gain as well as a degradation of the energy resolution due to deposits on the electrodes was monitored. A qualitative and quantitative comparison between ageing in GEMs and proportional counters was performed.
The conducting properties in the basal ab plane of pure and Al-doped YBa2Cu3O7-γ single crystals before and after long-time exposure in air atmosphere are investigated. It is shown that prolonged aging leads to an increase of the density of effective scattering centers for the normal carriers. The aluminum doping has been revealed to partially slowdown the degradation of the conducting properties in process of aging. The excess conductivity, Δδ(T), has been found to obey exponential dependence in the broad temperature range Tc<T<T*. In the pseudogap regime, the mean-field transition temperature and the 3D-2D crossover point in the excess conductivity have been quantified. Near the critical temperature, is described well within the Aslamazov-Larkin theoretical model. Herewith, both aluminum doping and prolonged aging have been found to essentially expand the temperature interval of implementation of the pseudogap state, thus narrowing the linear section in the dependence ρab(T).
ALICE is the dedicated heavy-ion experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. After a two-year long shutdown, the LHC restarted its physics programme in June 2015 with proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV, the highest centre-of-mass energy ever reached in laboratory. Recent results and future perspective for ALICE will be presented.
This work derived the value of α-induced production cross sections of 77Kr and 77Br at α-energies of 12 MeV and 14 MeV, the thick target yields of 77Kr and 77Br at α-energies of 11.19 MeV, 13 MeV and 15.1 MeV and the thick target yield of 80Br as well as 80mBr at an α-energy of 15.1 MeV using the activation technique...
The production of 77,79,85,85mKr and 77Br via the reaction Se(a, x) was investigated between Ea = 11 and 15 MeV using the activation technique. The irradiation of natural selenium targets on aluminum backings was conducted at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Braunschweig, Germany. The spectroscopic analysis of the reaction products was performed using a high-purity germanium detector located at PTB and a low energy photon spectrometer detector at the Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany. Thicktarget yields were determined. The corresponding energy-dependent production cross sections of 77,79,85,85mKr and 77Br were calculated from the thicktarget yields. Good agreement between experimental data and theoretical predictions using the TALYS-1.6 code was found.
The PANDA experiment will be one of the flagship experiments at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt, Germany. It is a versatile detector dedicated to topics in hadron physics such as charmonium spectroscopy and nucleon structure. A DIRC counter will deliver hadronic particle identification in the barrel part of the PANDA target spectrometer and will cleanly separate kaons with momenta up to 3.5 GeV/c from a large pion background. An alternative DIRC design option, using wide Cherenkov radiator plates instead of narrow bars, would significantly reduce the cost of the system. Compact fused silica photon prisms have many advantages over the traditional stand-off boxes filled with liquid. This work describes the study of these design options, which are important advancements of the DIRC technology in terms of cost and performance. Several new reconstruction methods were developed and will be presented. Prototypes of the DIRC components have been built and tested in particle beam, and the new concepts and approaches were applied. An evaluation of the performance of the designs, feasibility studies with simulations, and a comparison of simulation and prototype tests will be presented.
The thermal fit to preliminary HADES data of Au+Au collisions at sNN=2.4 GeV shows two degenerate solutions at T≈50 MeV and T≈70 MeV. The analysis of the same particle yields in a transport simulation of the UrQMD model yields the same features, i.e. two distinct temperatures for the chemical freeze-out. While both solutions yield the same number of hadrons after resonance decays, the feeddown contribution is very different for both cases. This highlights that two systems with different chemical composition can yield the same multiplicities after resonance decays. The nature of these two minima is further investigated by studying the time-dependent particle yields and extracted thermodynamic properties of the UrQMD model. It is confirmed, that the evolution of the high temperature solution resembles cooling and expansion of a hot and dense fireball. The low temperature solution displays an unphysical evolution: heating and compression of matter with a decrease of entropy. These results imply that the thermal model analysis of systems produced in low energy nuclear collisions is ambiguous but can be interpreted by taking also the time evolution and resonance contributions into account.
Bei der UV-Bestrahlung (2537 Å) des Zn-Insulins beobachtet man für kleinere Dosen (bis 10 Einstein/Mol) eine direkte Korrelation zwischen der Inaktivierung und der Photoreduktion einer der drei Disulfidbrücken. Mit steigender Dosis wird die Quantenausbeute für die Reduktion der Disulfidbrücken (Bildung von SH-Gruppen) sehr klein, dagegen führen dann andere Prozesse zunehmend zur photochemischen Zerstörung der Disulfidbrücken. Für größere Strahlendosen (über 100 Einstein/Mol) ergibt die Extrapolation, daß für die völlige Inaktivierung des Insulins sämtliche drei Cystinreste zerstört werden müssen. Von den übrigen Aminosäuren wird durch Dosen um 100 Einstein/Mol nur der Tyrosin-Anteil signifikant vermindert. Mit steigender Strahlendosis ändert sich — wahrscheinlich infolge von Konformationsänderungen der Polypeptidketten — die Photosensibilität der Aminosäuren.
Relative fractions and phases of the intermediate decays are determined. With the detection efficiency estimated by the results of the amplitude analysis, the branching fraction of Dþ s → K−Kþπþπ0 decay is measured to be ð5.42 0.10stat 0.17systÞ%.
We report an amplitude analysis and branching fraction measurement of D+s→K+K−π+ decay using a data sample of 3.19 fb−1 recorded with BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 4.178 GeV.
We perform a model-independent partial wave analysis in the low K+K− mass region to determine the K+K− S-wave lineshape, followed by an amplitude analysis of our very pure high-statistics sample.
The amplitude analysis provides an accurate determination of the detection efficiency allowing us to measure the branching fraction B(D+s→K+K−π+)=(5.47±0.08stat±0.13sys)%.
We report an amplitude analysis and branching fraction measurement of D+s→K+K−π+ decay using a data sample of 3.19 fb−1 recorded with BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 4.178 GeV.
We perform a model-independent partial wave analysis in the low K+K− mass region to determine the K+K− S-wave lineshape,
followed by an amplitude analysis of our very pure high-statistics sample.
The amplitude analysis provides an accurate determination of the detection efficiency allowing us to measure the branching fraction B(D+s→K+K−π+)=(5.47±0.08stat±0.13sys)%.
We report an amplitude analysis and branching fraction measurement of 𝐷+
𝑠→𝐾+𝐾−𝜋+ decay using a data sample of 3.19 fb−1 recorded with BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 4.178 GeV. We perform a model-independent partial wave analysis in the low 𝐾+𝐾− mass region to determine the 𝐾+𝐾− S-wave line shape, followed by an amplitude analysis of our very pure high-statistics sample. With the detection efficiency based on the amplitude analysis results, the absolute branching fraction is measured to be ℬ(𝐷+𝑠→𝐾+𝐾−𝜋+)=(5.47±0.08stat±0.13sys)%.
We report an amplitude analysis and branching fraction measurement of D+s→K+K−π+ decay using a data sample of 3.19 fb−1 recorded with BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 4.178 GeV.
We perform a model-independent partial wave analysis in the low K+K− mass region to determine the K+K− S-wave lineshape, followed by an amplitude analysis of our very pure high-statistics sample.
The amplitude analysis provides an accurate determination of the detection efficiency allowing us to measure the branching fraction B(D+s→K+K−π+)=(5.47±0.08stat±0.13sys)%.
We report an amplitude analysis and branching fraction measurement of D+s→K+K−π+ decay using a data sample of 3.19 fb−1 recorded with BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 4.178 GeV.
We perform a model-independent partial wave analysis in the low K+K− mass region to determine the K+K− S-wave lineshape, followed by an amplitude analysis of our very pure high-statistics sample.
The amplitude analysis provides an accurate determination of the detection efficiency allowing us to measure the branching fraction B(D+s→K+K−π+)=(5.47±0.08stat±0.13sys)%.
The singly Cabibbo-suppressed decay D+s → K+π+π−π0 is observed by using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6.32 fb−1 recorded by the BESIII detector at the centre-of-mass energies between 4.178 and 4.226 GeV. The first amplitude analysis of D+s → K+π+π−π0 reveals the sub-structures in this decay and determines the fractions and relative phases of different intermediate processes. The dominant intermediate process is D+s → K∗0ρ+, with a fit fraction of (40.5 ± 2.8stat. ± 1.5syst.)%. With the detection efficiency based on our amplitude analysis, the absolute branching fraction forD+s → K+π+π−π0 is measured to be (9.75 ± 0.54stat. ± 0.17syst.) × 10−3.
Using 2.93 fb−1 of e+e− collision data collected with the BESIII detector at the center-of-mass energy 3.773 GeV, we perform the first amplitude analysis of the decay D+ → π+π0π0 and determine the relative magnitudes and phases of different intermediate processes. The absolute branching fraction of D+ → π+π0π0 is measured to be (2.888 ± 0.058stat. ± 0.069syst.)%. The dominant intermediate processes are D+ → a1(1260)+(→ ρ+π0) and D+ → *0ρ+, with branching fractions of (8.66 ± 1.04stat. ± 1.39syst.) × 10−3 and (9.70 ± 0.81stat. ± 0.53syst.) × 10−3, respectively.
Using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6.32 fb−1 recorded by the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies between 4.178 and 4.226 GeV, an amplitude analysis of the decay D+s → π+π0π0 is performed, and the relative fractions and phases of different intermediate processes are determined. The absolute branching fraction of the decay D+s → π+π0π0 is measured to be (0.50 ± 0.04stat ± 0.02syst)%. Theabsolute branching fraction of the intermediate process D+s → f0(980)π+, f0(980) → π0π0 is determined to be (0.28 ± 0.04stat ± 0.04syst)%.
By using 6.32 fb−1 of data collected with the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies between 4.178 and 4.226 GeV, we perform an amplitude analysis of the decay D+s ! K0S + 0 and determine the relative fractions and phase differences of different intermediate processes, which include K0S (770)+, K0S (1450)+, K (892)0 +, K (892)+ 0, and K (1410)0 +. With the detection efficiency based on the amplitude analysis results, the absolute branching fraction is measured to be B(D+s ! K0S + 0) = (5.43 ± 0.30stat ± 0.15syst) × 10−3.
Using 6.32 fb−1 of 𝑒+𝑒− collision data collected by the BESIII detector at the center-of-mass energies between 4.178 and 4.226 GeV, an amplitude analysis of the 𝐷+𝑠→𝐾0𝑆𝐾−𝜋+𝜋+ decays is performed for the first time to determine the intermediate-resonant contributions. The dominant component is the 𝐷+𝑠→𝐾*(892)+¯𝐾*(892)0 decay with a fraction of (40.6±2.9stat±4.9sys)%. Our results of the amplitude analysis are used to obtain a more precise measurement of the branching fraction of the 𝐷+𝑠→𝐾0𝑆𝐾−𝜋+𝜋+ decay, which is determined to be (1.46±0.05stat±0.05sys)%.
Utilizing the data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.19 fb−1 collected by the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 4.178 GeV, we perform an amplitude analysis of the D+s→π+π−π+ decay. The sample contains 13,797 candidate events with a signal purity of ∼80%. We use a quasi-model-independent approach to measure the magnitude and phase of the D+s→π+π−π+ decay, where the P and D waves are parameterized by a sum of three Breit-Wigner amplitudes ρ(770)0, ρ(1450)0, and f2(1270). The fit fractions of different decay channels are also reported.
Utilizing the data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.19 fb−1 collected by the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 4.178 GeV, we perform an amplitude analysis of the 𝐷+
𝑠→𝜋+𝜋−𝜋+ decay. The sample contains 13,797 candidates with a signal purity of ∼80%. The amplitude and phase of the contributing 𝜋𝜋 𝒮 wave are measured based on a quasi-model-independent approach, along with the amplitudes and phases of the 𝒫 and 𝒟 waves parametrized by Breit-Wigner models. The fit fractions of different intermediate decay channels are also reported.
Utilizing the data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.19 fb−1 collected by the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 4.178 GeV, we perform an amplitude analysis of the D+s→π+π−π+ decay. The sample contains 13,797 candidates with a signal purity of ∼80%. The amplitude and phase of the contributing ππ S wave are measured based on a quasi-model-independent approach, along with the amplitudes and phases of the P and D waves parametrized by Breit-Wigner models. The fit fractions of different intermediate decay channels are also reported.
Using e+e− annihilation data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 taken at the center-of-mass energy s√=3.773~GeV with the BESIII detector, a joint amplitude analysis is performed on the decays D0→π+π−π+π− and D0→π+π−π0π0(non-η). The fit fractions of individual components are obtained, and large interferences among the dominant components of D0→a1(1260)π, D0→π(1300)π, D0→ρ(770)ρ(770) and D0→2(ππ)S are found in both channels. With the obtained amplitude model, the CP-even fractions of D0→π+π−π+π− and D0→π+π−π0π0(non-η) are determined to be (75.2±1.1stat.±1.5syst.)% and (68.9±1.5stat.±2.4syst.)%, respectively. The branching fractions of D0→π+π−π+π− and D0→π+π−π0π0(non-η) are measured to be (0.688±0.010stat.±0.010syst.)% and (0.951±0.025stat.±0.021syst.)%, respectively. The amplitude analysis provides an important model for binning strategy in the measurements of the strong phase parameters of D0→4π when used to determine the CKM angle γ(ϕ3) via the B−→DK− decay.
Using e+e− annihilation data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 taken at the center-of-mass energy s√=3.773~GeV with the BESIII detector, a joint amplitude analysis is performed on the decays D0→π+π−π+π− and D0→π+π−π0π0(non-η). The fit fractions of individual components are obtained, and large interferences among the dominant components of D0→a1(1260)π, D0→π(1300)π, D0→ρ(770)ρ(770) and D0→2(ππ)S are found in both channels. With the obtained amplitude model, the CP-even fractions of D0→π+π−π+π− and D0→π+π−π0π0(non-η) are determined to be (75.2±1.1stat.±1.5syst.)% and (68.9±1.5stat.±2.4syst.)%, respectively. The branching fractions of D0→π+π−π+π− and D0→π+π−π0π0(non-η) are measured to be (0.688±0.010stat.±0.010syst.)% and (0.951±0.025stat.±0.021syst.)%, respectively. The amplitude analysis provides an important model for binning strategy in the measurements of the strong phase parameters of D0→4π when used to determine the CKM angle γ(ϕ3) via the B−→DK− decay.
An amplitude analysis of the 𝐾𝑆𝐾𝑆 system produced in radiative 𝐽/𝜓 decays is performed using the (1310.6±7.0)×106 𝐽/𝜓 decays collected by the BESIII detector. Two approaches are presented. A mass-dependent analysis is performed by parametrizing the 𝐾𝑆𝐾𝑆 invariant mass spectrum as a sum of Breit-Wigner line shapes. Additionally, a mass-independent analysis is performed to extract a piecewise function that describes the dynamics of the 𝐾𝑆𝐾𝑆 system while making minimal assumptions about the properties and number of poles in the amplitude. The dominant amplitudes in the mass-dependent analysis include the 𝑓0(1710), 𝑓0(2200), and 𝑓′2(1525). The mass-independent results, which are made available as input for further studies, are consistent with those of the mass-dependent analysis and are useful for a systematic study of hadronic interactions. The branching fraction of radiative 𝐽/𝜓 decays to 𝐾𝑆𝐾𝑆 is measured to be (8.1±0.4)×10−4, where the uncertainty is systematic and the statistical uncertainty is negligible.
Since the last 20 years, modern heuristic algorithms and machine learning have been increasingly used for several purposes in accelerator technology and physics. Since computing power has become less and less of a limiting factor, these tools have become part of the physicist community's standard toolkit [1][2] [3] [4] [5]. This paper describes the construction of an algorithm that can be used to generate an optimised lattice design for transfer lines under the consideration of restrictions that usually limit design options in reality. The developed algorithm has been applied to the existing SIS18 to HADES transfer line in GSI.
The new heavy ion superconducting continuous wave HElmholtz LInear ACcelerator (HELIAC) is under construction at GSI. A normal conducting injector, comprising an ECR ion source, an RFQ and a DTL, is recently in development. The new Interdigital H-mode DTL, presented in this paper, accelerates the heavy ion beam from 300 to 1400 keV/u, applying an Alternating Phase Focusing (APF) beam dynamics scheme. This APF section, consisting of two separately controlled tanks, has to provide for stable routine operation with assistance of dedicated beam diagnostics devices in the Intertank section. The installed quadrupole lenses and beam steerers installed there ensure full transmission in a wide range of input beam parameters.
An empirical study of the per capita yield of science Nobel prizes : is the US era coming to an end?
(2018)
We point out that the Nobel prize production of the USA, the UK, Germany and France has been in numbers that are large enough to allow for a reliable analysis of the long-term historical developments. Nobel prizes are often split, such that up to three awardees receive a corresponding fractional prize. The historical trends for the fractional number of Nobelists per population are surprisingly robust, indicating in particular that the maximum Nobel productivity peaked in the 1970s for the USA and around 1900 for both France and Germany. The yearly success rates of these three countries are to date of the order of 0.2–0.3 physics, chemistry and medicine laureates per 100 million inhabitants, with the US value being a factor of 2.4 down from the maximum attained in the 1970s. The UK in contrast managed to retain during most of the last century a rate of 0.9–1.0 science Nobel prizes per year and per 100 million inhabitants. For the USA, one finds that the entire history of science Noble prizes is described on a per capita basis to an astonishing accuracy by a single large productivity boost decaying at a continuously accelerating rate since its peak in 1972.
A novel method for identifying the nature of QCD transitions in heavy-ion collision experiments is introduced. PointNet based Deep Learning (DL) models are developed to classify the equation of state (EoS) that drives the hydrodynamic evolution of the system created in Au-Au collisions at 10 AGeV. The DL models were trained and evaluated in different hypothetical experimental situations. A decreased performance is observed when more realistic experimental effects (acceptance cuts and decreased resolutions) are taken into account. It is shown that the performance can be improved by combining multiple events to make predictions. The PointNet based models trained on the reconstructed tracks of charged particles from the CBM detector simulation discriminate a crossover transition from a first order phase transition with an accuracy of up to 99.8%. The models were subjected to several tests to evaluate the dependence of its performance on the centrality of the collisions and physical parameters of fluid dynamic simulations. The models are shown to work in a broad range of centralities (b=0–7 fm). However, the performance is found to improve for central collisions (b=0–3 fm). There is a drop in the performance when the model parameters lead to reduced duration of the fluid dynamic evolution or when less fraction of the medium undergoes the transition. These effects are due to the limitations of the underlying physics and the DL models are shown to be superior in its discrimination performance in comparison to conventional mean observables.
A primordial state of matter consisting of free quarks and gluons that existed in the early universe a few microseconds after the Big Bang is also expected to form in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. Determining the equation of state (EoS) of such a primordial matter is the ultimate goal of high-energy heavy-ion experiments. Here we use supervised learning with a deep convolutional neural network to identify the EoS employed in the relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of heavy ion collisions. High-level correlations of particle spectra in transverse momentum and azimuthal angle learned by the network act as an effective EoS-meter in deciphering the nature of the phase transition in quantum chromodynamics. Such EoS-meter is model-independent and insensitive to other simulation inputs including the initial conditions for hydrodynamic simulations.
We estimate the production rate of photons by the quark-gluon plasma in lattice QCD. We propose a new correlation function which provides better control over the systematic uncertainty in estimating the photon production rate at photon momenta in the range πT/2 to 2πT. The relevant Euclidean vector current correlation functions are computed with Nf = 2 Wilson clover fermions in the chirally-symmetric phase. In order to estimate the photon rate, an ill-posed problem for the vector-channel spectral function must be regularized. We use both a direct model for the spectral function and a modelindependent estimate from the Backus-Gilbert method to give an estimate for the photon rate.
This thesis presents the implementation of the online reconstruction, calibration and monitoring of the data of the Transition Radiation Detector of ALICE. This reconstruction is performed on the High Level Trigger, the third level of the ALICE trigger system, and enables online calibration and monitoring of the incoming data. Additionally, the HLT can steer the data storage, such that only physical interesting events are saved. The online reconstruction, as well as the calibration, makes use of the existing offline algorithms. Therefore, interfaces between the HLT and these offline algorithms were implemented. For being able to reach the speed of 2000 Hz in proton-proton collisions, and 200 Hz in leadlead collisions, the algorithms had to be accelerated. Bottlenecks were tracked down using dedicated tools, and respective code was either reimplemented or it is being skipped during the online reconstruction. The quality of the output data was monitored throughout the implementation, to assure that it is not being cut too much.
Relying on the existing estimates for the production cross sections of mini black holes in models with large extra dimensions, we review strategies for identifying those objects at collider experiments. We further consider a possible stable final state of such black holes and discuss their characteristic signatures. Keywords: Black holes
An investigation of photoelectron angular distributions and circular dichroism of chiral molecules
(2021)
The present work demonstrates the capability of several type of molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions (MFPADs) and their linked chiroptical phenomenon the photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD) to map in great detail the molecular geometry of polyatomic chiral molecules as a function of photoelectron energy. To investigate the influence of the molecular potential on the MFPADs, two chiral molecules were selected, namely 2-(methyl)oxirane (C3H6O, MOx, m = 58,08 uma) and 2-(trifluoromethyl)oxirane (C3H3F3O, TFMOx, m = 112,03 uma). The two molecules differs in one substitutional group and share an oxirane group where the O(1s) electron was directly photoionized with the use of synchrotron radiation in the soft X-ray regime. The direct photoionization of the K-shell electron is well localized in the molecule and it induces the ejection of two or more electrons; the excited system separates into several charged (and eventually neutral) fragments which undergo Coulomb explosion due to their charges. The electrons and the fragments were detected using the COLd Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy (COLTRIMS) and the momentum vectors calculated for each fragment belonging from a single ionization. The former method gives the possibility to post-orient molecules in space, giving access to the molecular frame, thus the MFPAD and its related PECD for multiple light propagation direction.
Stereochemistry (from the Greek στερεο- stereo- meaning solid) refers to chemistry in three dimensions. Since most molecules show a three-dimensional structure (3D), stereochemistry pervades all fields of chemistry and biology, and it is an essential point of view for the understanding of chemical structure, molecular dynamics and molecular reactions. The understanding of the chemistry of life is tightly bounded with major discoveries in stereochemistry, which triggered tremendous technical advancements, making it a flourishing field of research since its revolutionary introduction in late 18th century. In chemistry, chirality is a brunch of stereochemistry which focuses on objects with the peculiar geometrical property of not being superimposable to their mirror-images. The word chirality is derived from the Greek χειρ for “hand”, and the first use of this term in chemistry is usually attributed to Lord Kelvin who called during a lecture at the Oxford University Junior Scientific Club in 1893 “any geometrical figure, or group of points, “chiral”, and say that it has chirality if its image in a plane mirror, ideally realized, cannot be brought to coincide with itself.”. Although the latter is usually considered as the birth of the word chirality, the concept underlying it was already present in several fields of science (above all mathematics), already proving the already multidisciplinary relevance of chirality across many field of science and beyond. Nature shows great examples of chiral symmetry on all scales. Empirically, it is possible to observe it at macroscopic scale (e.g. distribution of rotations of galaxies), down to the microscopic scale (e.g. structure of some plankton species), but it is at the molecular level where the number gets remarkable: most of the pharmaceutical drugs, food fragrances, pheromones, enzymes, amino acids and DNA molecules, in fact, are chiral. Moreover, the concept of chirality goes far beyond the mere spatial symmetry of objects being crucially entangled with the fundamental properties of physical forces in nature. The symmetry breaking, namely the different physical behaviour of a two chiral systems upon the same stimuli, is considered to be one of the best explanation for the long standing questions of homochirality in biological life, and ultimately to the chemical origin of life on Earth as we know it. Our organism shows high enantio-selectivity towards specific compounds ranging from drugs, to fragrances. Over 800 odour molecules commonly used in food and fragrance industries have been identified as chiral and their enantiomeric forms are perceived to have very different smells, as the well-know example of D- and L- limonene. Similarly, responses to pharmaceuticals drugs can be enantiomer specific, and in fact about 60 % the drugs currently on the market are chiral compounds, and nearly 90 % of them are sold as racemates. The same degree of enantio-selectivity is observed in the communications systems of plants and insects. Plants produce lipophilic liquids with high vapour pressure called plant volatiles (PVs) which are synthesized via different enzymes called tarpene synthases that are usually chiral. Chiral molecules and chiral effects have a strong impact on all the fields of science with exciting developments ranging from stereo-selective synthesis based on heterogeneous enantioselective catalysis, to optoelctronics, to photochemical asymmetric synthesis, and chiral surface science, just to cite a few.
Chiral molecules come in two forms called enantiomers. Their almost identical chemical and physical properties continue to pose technical challenges concerning the resolution of racemic mixtures, the determination of the enantiomeric excess, and the direct determination of the absolute configuration of an enantiomer. ...
A modern linear accelerator of ions is a long chain of different accelerating-focusing structures. The design of new linacs, as well as an upgrade and optimization of operating facilities, requires precise and reliable beam matching with the subsequent sections. Proper matching of the beam to the channel allows to improve the performance of the whole linac and to reduce the specific costs. Additionally it helps to avoide particle loss in high energy high intensity linacs. Generally a matching algorithm combines precisely measured or calculated accelerating-focusing external fields and experimentally obtained details of the beam parameters with an advanced code for beam dynamics simulations including space charge effects. Experimental results are introduced into a code as input data. The described algorithm has already been successfully implemented for several GSI projects: an upgrade of the GSI heavy ion linac UNILAC, an ion linac for the cancer therapy, the proton linac for the FAIR facility, a facility for laser acceleration of ions and others. Measured data and results of beam dynamics simulations leading to an achieved improvement of the linac performance are presented.
Ein wesentlicher Forschungsgegenstand der Kernphysik ist die Untersuchung der Eigenschaften von Kernmaterie. Das Verständnis darüber gibt in Teilen Aufschluss über die Erscheinungsweise und Wechselwirkung von Materie. Ein Schlüssel liegt dabei in der Untersuchung der Modifikation der Eigenschaften von Hadronen in dem Medium Kernmaterie, das durch Parameter wie Dichte und Temperatur gekennzeichnet werden kann. Man hofft damit unter anderem Einblick in die Mechanismen zu bekommen, welche zur Massenbildung der Hadronen beitragen. Zur Untersuchung solcher Modifikationen eignen sich insbesondere Vektormesonen, die in e+e- Paare zerfallen. Die Leptonen dieser Paare wechselwirken nicht mehr stark mit der Materie innerhalb der Reaktionszone, und tragen somit wichtige Informationen ungestört nach außen. Das HADES-Spektrometer bei GSI wird dazu verwendet die leichten bei SIS-Energien produzierten Vektormesonen rho, omega und phi zu vermessen. Hierzu wurde zum erste mal das mittelschwere Stoßsystem Ar+KCl bei einer Strahlenergie von 1,76 AGeV gemessen. Die im Vergleich zum früher untersuchten System C+C höhere Spurmultiplizität innerhalb der Spektrometerakzeptanz verlangte eine Anpassung der bisher verwendeten Datenanalyse. Das bisher verwendete Verfahren, mehrere scharfe Schnitte auf verschiedene Observablen seriell anzuwenden, um einzelne Leptonspuren als solche zu identifizieren, wurde durch eine neu entwickelte multivariate Analyse ersetzt. Dabei werden die Informationen aller beteiligten Observablen mit Hilfe eines Algorithmus zeitgleich zusammengeführt, damit Elektronen und Positronen vom hadronischen Untergrund getrennt werden können. Durch Untersuchung mehrerer Klassifizierer konnte ein mehrschichtiges künstliches neuronalen Netz als am besten geeigneter Algorithmus identifiziert werden. Diese Art der Analyse hat den Vorteil, dass sie viel robuster gegenüber Fluktuationen in einzelnen Observablen ist, und sich somit die Effizienz bei gleicher Reinheit steigern lässt. Die Rekonstruktion von Teilchenspuren im HADES-Spektrometer basiert nur auf wenigen Ortsinformationen. Daher können einzelne vollständige Spuren a priori nicht als solche gleich erkannt werden. Vielmehr werden durch verschiedene Kombinationen innerhalb derselben Mannigfaltigkeit von Positionspunkten mehr Spuren zusammengesetzt, als ursprünglich produziert wurden. Zur Identifikation des maximalen Satzes eindeutiger Spuren eines Ereignisses wurde eine neue Methode der Spurselektion entwickelt. Während dieser Prozedur werden Informationen gewonnen, die im weiteren Verlauf der Analyse zur Detektion von Konversions- und pi0-Dalitz-Paaren genutzt werden, die einen großen Beitrag zum kombinatorischen Untergrund darstellen. Als Ergebnis wird das effizienzkorrigierte, und auf die mittlere Zahl der Pionen pro Ereignis normierte, Spektrum der invarianten Elektronpaarmasse präsentiert. Erste Vergleiche mit der konventionellen Analysemethode zeigen dabei eine um etwa 30% erhöhte Rekonstruktionseffizienz. Das Massenspektrum setzt sich aus mehr als 114.000 Paaren zusammen -- über 16.000 davon mit einer Masse größer als 150 MeV. Ein erster Vergleich mit einem einfachen thermischen Modell, welches durch den Ereignisgenerator Pluto dargestellt wird, eröffnet die Möglichkeit, die hier gefundenen Produktionsraten des omega- und phi-Mesons durch m_T-Skalierung an die durch andere Experimente ermittelten Raten des eta zu koppeln. In diesem Zusammenhang findet sich weiterhin ein von der Einschussenergie abhängiger Produktionsüberschluss von F(1,76) = Y_total/Y_PLUTO = 5,3 im Massenbereich M = 0,15...0,5 GeV/c^2. Die theoretische Erklärung dieses Überschusses birgt neue Erkenntnisse zu den in-Medium Eigenschaften von Hadronen.
The TATA Box Binding Protein (TBP) is a 20 kD protein that is essential and universally conserved in eucarya and archaea. Especially among archaea, organisms can be found that live below 0°C as well as organisms that grow above 100°C. The archaeal TBPs show a high sequence identity and a similar structure consisting of α-helices and β-sheets that are arranged in a saddle-shape 2-symmetric fold. In previous studies, we have characterized the thermal stability of thermophilic and mesophilic archaeal TBPs by infrared spectroscopy and showed the correlation between the transition temperature (Tm) and the optimal growth temperature (OGT) of the respective donor organism. In this study, a “new” mutant TBP has been constructed, produced, purified and analyzed for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thermoadaptation. The β-sheet part of the mutant consists of the TBP from Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus (OGT 65°C, MtTBP65) whose α-helices have been exchanged by those of Methanosarcina mazei (OGT 37°C, MmTBP37). The Hybrid-TBP irreversibly aggregates after thermal unfolding just like MmTBP37 and MtTBP65, but the Tm lies between that of MmTBP37 and MtTBP65 indicating that the interaction between the α-helical and β-sheet part of the TBP is crucial for the thermal stability. The temperature stability is probably encoded in the variable α-helices that interact with the highly conserved and DNA binding β-sheets.
Charged-particle spectra at midrapidity are measured in Pb–Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon pair √sNN = 5.02 TeV and presented in centrality classes ranging from most central (0–5%) to most peripheral (95–100%) collisions. Possible medium effects are quantified using the nuclear modification factor (RAA) by comparing the measured spectra with those from proton–proton collisions, scaled by the number of independent nucleon–nucleon collisions obtained from a Glauber model. At large transverse momenta (8 < pT < 20 GeV/c), the average RAA is found to increase from about 0.15 in 0–5% central to a maximum value of about 0.8 in 75–85% peripheral collisions, beyond which it falls off strongly to below 0.2 for the most peripheral collisions. Furthermore, RAA initially exhibits a positive slope as a function of pT in the 8–20 GeV/c interval, while for collisions beyond the 80% class the slope is negative. To reduce uncertainties related to event selection and normalization, we also provide the ratio of RAA in adjacent centrality intervals. Our results in peripheral collisions are consistent with a PYTHIA-based model without nuclear modification, demonstrating that biases caused by the event selection and collision geometry can lead to the apparent suppression in peripheral collisions. This explains the unintuitive observation that RAA is below unity in peripheral Pb–Pb, but equal to unity in minimum-bias p–Pb collisions despite similar charged-particle multiplicities.
Charged-particle spectra at midrapidity are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon pair sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV and presented in centrality classes ranging from most central (0-5%) to most peripheral (95-100%) collisions. Possible medium effects are quantified using the nuclear modification factor (RAA) by comparing the measured spectra with those from proton-proton collisions, scaled by the number of independent nucleon-nucleon collisions obtained from a Glauber model. At large transverse momenta (8<pT<20 GeV/c), the average RAA is found to increase from about 0.15 in 0-5% central to a maximum value of about 0.8 in 75-85% peripheral collisions, beyond which it falls off strongly to below 0.2 for the most peripheral collisions. Furthermore, RAA initially exhibits a positive slope as a function of pT in the 8-20 GeV/c interval, while for collisions beyond the 80% class the slope is negative. To reduce uncertainties related to event selection and normalization, we also provide the ratio of RAA in adjacent centrality intervals. Our results in peripheral collisions are consistent with a PYTHIA-based model without nuclear modification, demonstrating that biases caused by the event selection and collision geometry can lead to the apparent suppression in peripheral collisions. This explains the unintuitive observation that RAA is below unity in peripheral Pb-Pb, but equal to unity in minimum-bias p-Pb collisions despite similar charged-particle multiplicities.
Charged-particle spectra at midrapidity are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon pair sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV and presented in centrality classes ranging from most central (0-5%) to most peripheral (95-100%) collisions. Possible medium effects are quantified using the nuclear modification factor (RAA) by comparing the measured spectra with those from proton-proton collisions, scaled by the number of independent nucleon-nucleon collisions obtained from a Glauber model. At large transverse momenta (8<pT<20 GeV/c), the average RAA is found to increase from about 0.15 in 0-5% central to a maximum value of about 0.8 in 75-85% peripheral collisions, beyond which it falls off strongly to below 0.2 for the most peripheral collisions. Furthermore, RAA initially exhibits a positive slope as a function of pT in the 8-20 GeV/c interval, while for collisions beyond the 80% class the slope is negative. To reduce uncertainties related to event selection and normalization, we also provide the ratio of RAA in adjacent centrality intervals. Our results in peripheral collisions are consistent with a PYTHIA-based model without nuclear modification, demonstrating that biases caused by the event selection and collision geometry can lead to the apparent suppression in peripheral collisions. This explains the unintuitive observation that RAA is below unity in peripheral Pb-Pb, but equal to unity in minimum-bias p-Pb collisions despite similar charged-particle multiplicities.
The branching fraction of D+→K0Sπ0e+νe is measured for the first time using 7.93 fb−1 of e+e− annihilation data collected at the center-of-mass energy s√=3.773~GeV with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider, and is determined to be B(D+→K0Sπ0e+νe) = (0.881 ± 0.017stat. ± 0.016syst.)\%. Based on an analysis of the D+→K0Sπ0e+νe decay dynamics, we observe the S-wave and P-wave components with fractions of fS-wave = (6.13 ± 0.27stat. ± 0.30syst.)% and fK¯∗(892)0 = (93.88 ± 0.27stat. ± 0.29syst.)\%, respectively. From these results, we obtain the branching fractions B(D+→(K0Sπ0)S-wave e+νe) = (5.41 ± 0.35stat. ± 0.37syst.)×10−4 and B(D+→K¯∗(892)0e+νe) = (4.97 ± 0.11stat. ± 0.12syst.)\%. In addition, the hadronic form-factor ratios of D+→K¯∗(892)0e+νe at q2=0, assuming a single-pole dominance parameterization, are determined to be rV=V(0)A1(0)=1.43 ± 0.07stat. ± 0.03syst. and r2=A2(0)A1(0)=0.72 ± 0.06stat. ± 0.02syst.
We discuss aspects of the phase structure of a three-dimensional effective lattice theory of Polyakov loops derived from QCD by strong coupling and hopping parameter expansions. The theory is valid for the thermodynamics of heavy quarks where it shows all qualitative features of nuclear physics emerging from QCD. In particular, the SU(3) pure gauge effective theory also exhibits a first-order thermal deconfinement transition due to spontaneous breaking of its global Z₃ center symmetry. The presence of heavy dynamical quarks breaks this symmetry explicitly and consequently, the transition weakens with decreasing quark mass until it disappears at a critical endpoint. At non-zero baryon density, the effective theory can be evaluated either analytically by the so-called high-temperature expansion which does not suffer from the sign problem, or numerically by standard Monte-Carlo methods due to its mild sign problem. The first part of this work devotes to a systematic derivation of the effective theory up to the 6th order in the hopping parameter κ. This method combined with the SU(3) link update algorithm provides a way to simulate the O(κ⁶) effective theory. The second part involves a study of the deconfinement transition of the pure gauge effective theory, with and without static quarks, at all chemical potentials with help of the high-temperature expansion. Our estimate of the deconfinement transition and its critical endpoint as a function of quark mass and all chemical potentials agrees well with recent Monte-Carlo simulations. In the third part, we investigate the N ſ ∈ {1,2} effective theory with zero chemical potential up to O(κ⁴). We determine the location of the critical hopping parameter at which the first-order deconfinement phase transition terminates and changes to a crossover. Our results for the critical endpoint of the O(κ²) effective theory are in excellent agreement with the determinations from simulations of four-dimensional QCD with a hopping expanded determinant by the WHOT-QCD collaboration. For the O(κ⁴) effective theory, our estimate suggests that the critical quark mass increases as the order of κ-contributions increases. We also compare with full lattice QCD with N ſ = 2 degenerate standard Wilson fermions and thus obtain a measure for the validity of both the strong coupling and the hopping expansion in this regime.
In the initial stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, strong magnetic fields appear due to the large velocity of the colliding charges. The evolution of these fields appears as a novel and intriguing feature in the fluid-dynamical description of heavy-ion collisions. In this work, we study analytically the one-dimensional, longitudinally boost-invariant motion of an ideal fluid in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Interestingly, we find that, in the limit of ideal magnetohydrodynamics, i.e., for infinite conductivity, and irrespective of the strength of the initial magnetization, the decay of the fluid energy density e with proper time τ is the same as for the time-honoured “Bjorken flow” without magnetic field. Furthermore, when the magnetic field is assumed to decay , where a is an arbitrary number, two classes of analytic solutions can be found depending on whether a is larger or smaller than one. In summary, the analytic solutions presented here highlight that the Bjorken flow is far more general than formerly thought. These solutions can serve both to gain insight on the dynamics of heavy-ion collisions in the presence of strong magnetic fields and as testbeds for numerical codes.
We review the recent developments of analytic solutions in transverse magneto-hydrodynamics under Bjorken expansion. It is found that the time dependence of magnetic fields can either increase or reduce the energy density depending on the decay exponent of magnetic fields. Moreover, perturbative solutions under weak magnetic fields with spatial inhomogeneity results in transverse flow, where the directions of flow also depend on the decay exponent of magnetic fields in time.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird darauf eingegangen, welche Anpassungen erforderlich sind, um Protonendichten vergleichbar zu bereits erzeugten Elektronendichten in Gabor-Linsen zu erhalten. Zur Vorbereitung zukünftiger Experimente werden vergleichende Simulationen zum Einschluss der Ladungsträgerdichten durchgeführt und die Strahldynamik bei der Wechselwirkung eines positiven Ionenstrahls mit einem in einer Gabor-Linse eingeschlossenen Protonenplasma untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Strahldynamiksimulationen werden mit theoretischen Berechnungen vertieft, in dem die Brennweite einer Gabor-Linse, die mit einer beliebigen Teilchensorte gefüllt ist, berechnet und die Drift-Masse eingeführt wird.
Eine weitere analytische Betrachtung ist die Erweiterung der Teilchendynamik in der Gabor-Linse auf beliebige Anfangsbedingungen, in dem die dazugehörige Differentialgleichung entkoppelt und ganz allgemein gelöst wird. Die daraus berechneten Trajektorien der Teilchen führen zu einem besseren Verständnis, das weitere Anwendungen erschließen könnte.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Reaktionsmikroskop (REMI) nach dem Messprinzip COLTRIMS (Cold Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectrometry) neu konstruiert und aufgebaut. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Experimentaufbaus konnte sowohl in diversen Testreihen als auch anschließend unter realen Messbedingungen an der Synchrotronstrahlungsanlage SOLEIL und am endgültigen Bestimmungsort SQS-Instrument (Small Quantum Systems) des Freie-Elektronen-Lasers European XFEL (X-ray free-electron laser) eindrucksvoll unter Beweis gestellt werden.
Mit der Experimentiertechnik COLTRIMS ist es möglich, alle geladenen Fragmente einer Wechselwirkung eines Projektilteilchens mit einem Targetteilchen mittels zweier orts- und zeitauflösender Detektoren nachzuweisen. In einem Vakuumrezipienten wird die als Molekularstrahl präparierte Targetsubstanz inmitten der Hauptkammer zentral mit einem Projektilstrahl (z.B. des XFEL) zum Überlapp gebracht, sodass dort eine Wechselwirkung stattfinden kann. Bei den entstehenden Fragmenten handelt es sich um positiv geladene Ionen sowie negative geladene Elektronen. Elektrische Felder, erzeugt durch eine Spektrometer-Einheit, sowie durch Helmholtz-Spulen erzeugte magnetische Felder ermöglichen es, die geladenen Fragmente in Richtung der Detektoren zu lenken. Die Orts- und Zeitmessung eines einzelnen Teilchens (z.B. eines Ions) findet in Koinzidenz mit den anderen Teilchen (z.B. weiteren Ionen bzw. Elektronen) statt. Mit dieser Messmethode können die Impulsvektoren und Ladungszustände aller geladenen Fragmente in Koinzidenz gemessen werden. Da hierbei die geometrische Anordnung der einzelnen Komponenten für die Leistungsfähigkeit des Experiments eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, mussten bei der Neukonstruktion des COLTRIMS-Apparates für den Einsatz an einem Freie-Elektronen-Laser (FEL) einige Rahmenbedingungen erfüllt werden. Besonders wurden die hohen Vakuumvoraussetzungen an den Experimentaufbau aufgrund der enormen Lichtintensität eines FEL beachtet. Das Zusammenspiel der vielen Einzelkomponenten konnte zunächst in mehreren Testreihen überprüft werden. Unter anderem durch Variation der Vakuumbauteile in Material und Beschaffenheit konnten die zuvor ermittelten Vorgaben schließlich erreicht werden. Das neu konstruierte Target-Präparationssystem zur Erzeugung molekularer Gasstrahlen erlaubt nun den Einsatz von bis zu vier unterschiedlich dimensionierten, differentiell gepumpten Stufen. Zudem wurden hochpräzise Piezo-Aktuatoren verbaut, welche die Bewegung von Blenden im Vakuum erlauben, wodurch eine variable Einstellung des lokalen Targetdrucks ermöglicht wird. Die Anpassung der elektrischen Felder des Spektrometers für ein jeweiliges Experiment wurde mittels Simulationen der Teilchentrajektorien, Teilchenflugzeiten sowie der Detektorauflösung durchgeführt.
Da die in dieser Arbeit besprochenen Messungen und Ergebnisse die Wechselwirkungsprozesse von Röntgenstrahlung bzw. Synchrotronstrahlung mit Materie thematisieren, wird die Erzeugung von Synchrotronstrahlung sowohl in Kreisbeschleunigern als auch in den modernen Freie-Elektronen-Lasern (FEL) erklärt und hergeleitet. Der im Röntgenbereich arbeitende Freie-Elektronen-Laser European XFEL, welcher u.A. als Strahlungsquelle für die hier gezeigten Experimente diente, ist eine von derzeit noch wenigen Anlagen ihrer Art weltweit. Seine Lichtintensität in diesem Wellenlängenbereich liegt bis zu acht Größenordnungen über den bisher verwendeten Anlagen für Synchrotronstrahlung.
Beim ersten Einsatz der neuen Apparatur an der Synchrotronstrahlungsanlage SOLEIL wurde der ultraschnelle Dissoziationsprozess von Chlormethan (CH3Cl) untersucht. Während des Zerfallsprozesses nach Anregung durch Röntgenstrahlung werden hochenergetische Auger-Elektronen emittiert, welche in Koinzidenz mit verschiedenen Molekülfragmenten nachgewiesen wurden. Durch den Zerfallsmechanismus der ultraschnellen Dissoziation wird die Auger-Elektronenemission nach resonanter Molekülanregung während der Dissoziation des Moleküls beschrieben. Die kinetische Energie des Auger-Elektrons ist dabei abhängig von seinem Emissionszeitpunkt. Somit können die gemessenen Auger-Elektronen ein „Standbild“ der zeitlichen Abfolge des Dissoziationsprozesses liefern.
Es wird eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Datenanalyse vorgenommen, welche aus Kalibrationsmessungen und einer Interpretation der Messdaten besteht. Die abschließende Betrachtung besteht in der Darstellung der Elektronenemissionswinkelverteilungen im molekülfesten Koordinatensystem. Die Winkelverteilung der Auger-Elektronen wird am Anfang der Dissoziation vom umgebenden Molekül- potential beeinflusst und zeigt deutliche Strukturen entlang der Bindungsachse. Entfernen sich die Bindungspartner voneinander und das Auger-Elektron wird währenddessen emittiert, so verschwinden diese Strukturen zunehmend und eine Vorzugsemissionsrichtung senkrecht zur Molekülachse wird sichtbar.
Die Analyse der Messdaten zur Untersuchung von Multiphotonen-Ionisation an Sauerstoff-Molekülen am Freie-Elektronen-Laser European XFEL ermöglichte unter anderem die Beobachtung „hohler Moleküle“, also Systemen mit Doppelinnerschalen- Vakanzen. Solche Zustände können vor allem durch die sequentielle Absorption zweier Photonen entstehen, wobei die hierbei nötige Photonendichte nur von FEL- Anlagen bereit gestellt werden kann. Hier konnte das Ziel erreicht werden, erstmalig die Emissionswinkelverteilungen der Photoelektronen von mehrfach ionisierten Sauerstoff-Molekülen (O+/O3+-Aufbruchskanal) als Folge der ablaufenden Mechanismen femtosekundengenau zu beobachten. Hierzu wurde ein vereinfachtes Schema der verschiedenen Zerfallsschritte erstellt und schließlich ermittelt, dass der Zerfall durch eine PAPA-Sequenz beschrieben werden kann. Bei dieser handelt es sich um die zweimalige Abfolge von Photoionisation und Auger-Zerfall. Somit werden vier positive Ladungen im Molekül erzeugt. Das zweite Photon des XFEL wird dabei während der Dissoziation der sich Coulomb-abstoßenden Fragmente absorbiert, weshalb es sich um einen zweistufigen Prozess aus Anrege- und Abfrage- Schritt (Pump-Probe) handelt. Schlussendlich gelang zudem der Nachweis von Doppelinnerschalen-Vakanzen im Sauerstoff-Molekül nach Selektion des O2+/O2+- Aufbruchkanals. Hierfür konnten die beiden Möglichkeiten einer zweiseitigen oder einseitigen Doppelinnerschalen-Vakanz getrennt betrachtet werden und ebenfalls erstmalig das Verhalten der Elektronenemission dieser beiden Zustände verglichen werden.
When a very strong light field is applied to a molecule an electron can be ejected by tunneling. In order to quantify the time-resolved dynamics of this ionization process, the concept of the Wigner time delay can be used. The properties of this process can depend on the tunneling direction relative to the molecular axis. Here, we show experimental and theoretical data on the Wigner time delay for tunnel ionization of H2 molecules and demonstrate its dependence on the emission direction of the electron with respect to the molecular axis. We find, that the observed changes in the Wigner time delay can be quantitatively explained by elongated/shortened travel paths of the emitted electrons, which occur due to spatial shifts of the electrons’ birth positions after tunneling. Our work provides therefore an intuitive perspective towards the Wigner time delay in strong-field ionization.
Above 1 MeV of incident neutron energy the fission fragment angular distribution (FFAD) has generally a strong anisotropic behavior due to the combination of the incident orbital momentum and the intrinsic spin of the fissioning nucleus. This effect has to be taken into account for the efficiency estimation of devices used for fission cross section measurements. In addition it bears information on the spin deposition mechanism and on the structure of transitional states. We designed and constructed a detection device, based on Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters (PPAC), for measuring the fission fragment angular distributions of several isotopes, in particular 232Th. The measurement has been performed at n_TOF at CERN taking advantage of the very broad energy spectrum of the neutron beam. Fission events were recognized by back to back detection in coincidence in two position-sensitive detectors surrounding the targets. The detection efficiency, depending mostly on the stopping of fission fragments in backings and electrodes, has been computed with a Geant4 simulation and validated by the comparison to the measured case of 235U below 3 keV where the emission is isotropic. In the case of 232Th, the result is in good agreement with previous data below 10 MeV, with a good reproduction of the structures associated to vibrational states and the opening of second chance fission. In the 14 MeV region our data are much more accurate than previous ones which are broadly scattered.
In this paper, we present an experimental and theoretical study of excitation processes for the heaviest stable helium-like ion, that is, He-like uranium occurring in relativistic collisions with hydrogen and argon targets. In particular, we concentrate on angular distributions of the characteristic Kα radiation following the K → L excitation of He-like uranium. We pay special attention to the magnetic sub-level population of the excited 1s2lj states, which is directly related to the angular distribution of the characteristic Kα radiation. We show that the experimental data can be well described by calculations taking into account the excitation by the target nucleus as well as by the target electrons. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time an important influence of the electron-impact excitation process on the angular distributions of the Kα radiation produced by excitation of He-like uranium in collisions with different targets.
We investigated the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons on gold films with the metallized probe tip of a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM). The emission of the polaritons from the tip, illuminated by near-infrared laser radiation, was found to be anisotropic and not circularly symmetric as expected on the basis of literature data. We furthermore identified an additional excitation channel via light that was reflected off the tip and excited the plasmon polaritons at the edge of the metal film. Our results, while obtained for a non-rotationally-symmetric type of probe tip and thus specific for this situation, indicate that when an s-SNOM is employed for the investigation of plasmonic structures, the unintentional excitation of surface waves and anisotropic surface wave propagation must be considered in order to correctly interpret the signatures of plasmon polariton generation and propagation.
Anisotropic flow and flow fluctuations of identified hadrons in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2023)
The first measurements of elliptic flow of π±, K±, p+p¯¯¯, K0S, Λ+Λ¯¯¯¯, ϕ, Ξ−+Ξ+, and Ω−+Ω+ using multiparticle cumulants in Pb−Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV are presented. Results obtained with two- (v2{2}) and four-particle cumulants (v2{4}) are shown as a function of transverse momentum, pT, for various collision centrality intervals. Combining the data for both v2{2} and v2{4} also allows us to report the first measurements of the mean elliptic flow, elliptic flow fluctuations, and relative elliptic flow fluctuations for various hadron species. These observables probe the event-by-event eccentricity fluctuations in the initial state and the contributions from the dynamic evolution of the expanding quark-gluon plasma. The characteristic features observed in previous pT-differential anisotropic flow measurements for identified hadrons with two-particle correlations, namely the mass ordering at low pT and the approximate scaling with the number of constituent quarks at intermediate pT, are similarly present in the four-particle correlations and the combinations of v2{2} and v2{4}. In addition, a particle species dependence of flow fluctuations is observed that could indicate a significant contribution from final state hadronic interactions. The comparison between experimental measurements and CoLBT model calculations, which combine the various physics processes of hydrodynamics, quark coalescence, and jet fragmentation, illustrates their importance over a wide pT range.
Anisotropic flow and flow fluctuations of identified hadrons in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2023)
The first measurements of elliptic flow of π±, K±, p+p¯¯¯, K0S, Λ+Λ¯¯¯¯, ϕ, Ξ−+Ξ+, and Ω−+Ω+ using multiparticle cumulants in Pb−Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV are presented. Results obtained with two- (v2{2}) and four-particle cumulants (v2{4}) are shown as a function of transverse momentum, pT, for various collision centrality intervals. Combining the data for both v2{2} and v2{4} also allows us to report the first measurements of the mean elliptic flow, elliptic flow fluctuations, and relative elliptic flow fluctuations for various hadron species. These observables probe the event-by-event eccentricity fluctuations in the initial state and the contributions from the dynamic evolution of the expanding quark-gluon plasma. The characteristic features observed in previous pT-differential anisotropic flow measurements for identified hadrons with two-particle correlations, namely the mass ordering at low pT and the approximate scaling with the number of constituent quarks at intermediate pT, are similarly present in the four-particle correlations and the combinations of v2{2} and v2{4}. In addition, a particle species dependence of flow fluctuations is observed that could indicate a significant contribution from final state hadronic interactions. The comparison between experimental measurements and CoLBT model calculations, which combine the various physics processes of hydrodynamics, quark coalescence, and jet fragmentation, illustrates their importance over a wide pT range.
Anisotropic flow and flow fluctuations of identified hadrons in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2022)
The first measurements of elliptic flow of π±, K±, p+p¯¯¯, K0S, Λ+Λ¯¯¯¯, ϕ, Ξ−+Ξ+, and Ω−+Ω+ using multiparticle cumulants in Pb−Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV are presented. Results obtained with two- (v2{2}) and four-particle cumulants (v2{4}) are shown as a function of transverse momentum, pT, for various collision centrality intervals. Combining the data for both v2{2} and v2{4} also allows us to report the first measurements of the mean elliptic flow, elliptic flow fluctuations, and relative elliptic flow fluctuations for various hadron species. These observables probe the event-by-event eccentricity fluctuations in the initial state and the contributions from the dynamic evolution of the expanding quark-gluon plasma. The characteristic features observed in previous pT-differential anisotropic flow measurements for identified hadrons with two-particle correlations, namely the mass ordering at low pT and the approximate scaling with the number of constituent quarks at intermediate pT, are similarly present in the four-particle correlations and the combinations of v2{2} and v2{4}. In addition, a particle species dependence of flow fluctuations is observed that could indicate a significant contribution from final state hadronic interactions. The comparison between experimental measurements and CoLBT model calculations, which combine the various physics processes of hydrodynamics, quark coalescence, and jet fragmentation, illustrates their importance over a wide pT range.
We present predictions for the pseudorapidity dependence of the azimuthal anisotropy parameters v1 and v2 of baryons and inclusive charged hadrons in Pb + Pb collisions at a LHC energy of sNN=5.5 TeV applying a microscopic transport model, namely the quark–gluon string model (QGSM) which has been recently extended for parton rearrangement and fusion processes. Pb + Pb collisions with impact parameters b=2.3 fm and b=8 fm have been simulated in order to investigate additionally the difference between central and semiperipheral configurations. In contrast to v1ch(η) at RHIC, the directed flow of charged hadrons shows a small normal flow alignment. The elliptic flow v2ch(η) turns out to be rather similar in shape for RHIC and LHC conditions, the magnitude however increases about 10–20% at the LHC, leading to the conclusion that the hydrodynamical limit will be reached.
The first measurements of anisotropic flow coefficients vn for mid-rapidity charged particles in Xe–Xe collisions at √sNN = 5.44 TeV are presented. Comparing these measurements to those from Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV, v2 is found to be suppressed for mid-central collisions at the same centrality, and enhanced for central collisions. The values of v3 are generally larger in Xe–Xe than in Pb–Pb at a given centrality. These observations are consistent with expectations from hydrodynamic predictions. When both v2 and v3 are divided by their corresponding eccentricities for a variety of initial state models, they generally scale with transverse density when comparing Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb, with some deviations observed in central Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb collisions. These results assist in placing strong constraints on both the initial state geometry and medium response for relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
The Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment (CBM) at FAIR and the NA61/SHINE experiment at CERN SPS aim to study the area of the QCD phase diagram at high net baryon densities and moderate temperatures using heavy-ion collisions. The FAIR and SPS accelerators cover energy ranges 2-11 and 13-150 GeV per nucleon respectively in laboratory frame for heavy ions up to Au and Pb. One of the key observables to study the properties of a matter created in such collisions is an anisotropic transverse flow of particles.
In this work, the performance of the CBM experiment for anisotropic flow measurements is studied with Monte-Carlo simulations using gold ions at SIS-100 energies employing different heavy-ion event generators. Also, procedures for centrality estimation and charged hadron identification are described and corresponding frameworks are developed.
The measurement of the reaction plane angle is performed with Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD), which is a hadron calorimeter located at a very forward angle. To prevent radiation damage by the high-intensity ion beam, the PSD has a hole in the center to let the beam pass through. Various combinations of CBM detector subsystems are used to investigate the possible systematic biases in flow and centrality measurements. Effects of detector azimuthal non uniformity and the PSD beam hole size on physics performance are studied. The resulting performance of CBM for flow measurements is demonstrated for identified charged hadron anisotropic flow as a function of rapidity and transverse momentum in different centrality classes.
The measurement techniques developed for CBM were also validated with the experimental data recently collected by the NA61/SHINE experiment at CERN SPS for Pb+Pb collisions at the beam momenta 30A GeV/c. Compared to the existing data from the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS, the new data allows for a more precise measurement of anisotropic flow harmonics. The fixed target setup of NA61/SHINE also allows extending flow measurements available from the STAR at the RHIC beam energy scan (BES) program to a wide rapidity range up to the forward region where the projectile nucleon spectators appear. In this thesis, an analysis of the anisotropic flow harmonics in Pb+Pb collisions at beam momenta 30A GeV/c collected by the NA61/SHINE experiment in the year 2016 is presented. Flow coefficients are measured relative to the spectator plane estimated with the Projectile Spectators Detector (PSD). The flow coefficients are obtained as a function of rapidity and transverse momentum in different classes of collision centrality. The results are compared with the corresponding NA49 data and the measurements from the RHIC BES program.
The elliptic, v2, triangular, v3, and quadrangular, v4, azimuthal anisotropic flow coefficients are measured for unidentified charged particles, pions, and (anti-)protons in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Results obtained with the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods are reported for the pseudo-rapidity range |η|<0.8 at different collision centralities and as a function of transverse momentum, pT, out to pT=20 GeV/c. The observed non-zero elliptic and triangular flow depends only weakly on transverse momentum for pT>8 GeV/c. The small pT dependence of the difference between elliptic flow results obtained from the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods suggests a common origin of flow fluctuations up to pT=8 GeV/c. The magnitude of the (anti-)proton elliptic and triangular flow is larger than that of pions out to at least pT=8 GeV/c indicating that the particle type dependence persists out to high pT.
We report the first results of elliptic (v2), triangular (v3) and quadrangular flow (v4) of charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are performed in the central pseudorapidity region |η|<0.8 and for the transverse momentum range 0.2<pT<5 GeV/c. The anisotropic flow is measured using two-particle correlations with a pseudorapidity gap greater than one unit and with the multi-particle cumulant method. Compared to results from Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV, the anisotropic flow coefficients v2, v3 and v4 are found to increase by (3.0±0.6)%, (4.3±1.4)% and (10.2±3.8)%, respectively, in the centrality range 0-50%. This increase can be attributed mostly to an increase of the average transverse momentum between the two energies. The measurements are found to be compatible with hydrodynamic model calculations. This comparison provides a unique opportunity to test the validity of the hydrodynamic picture and the power to further discriminate between various possibilities for the temperature dependence of shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of the produced matter in heavy-ion collisions at the highest energies.
We report the first results of elliptic (v2), triangular (v3) and quadrangular flow (v4) of charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are performed in the central pseudorapidity region |η|<0.8 and for the transverse momentum range 0.2<pT<5 GeV/c. The anisotropic flow is measured using two-particle correlations with a pseudorapidity gap greater than one unit and with the multi-particle cumulant method. Compared to results from Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV, the anisotropic flow coefficients v2, v3 and v4 are found to increase by (3.0±0.6)%, (4.3±1.4)% and (10.2±3.8)%, respectively, in the centrality range 0-50%. This increase can be attributed mostly to an increase of the average transverse momentum between the two energies. The measurements are found to be compatible with hydrodynamic model calculations. This comparison provides a unique opportunity to test the validity of the hydrodynamic picture and the power to further discriminate between various possibilities for the temperature dependence of shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of the produced matter in heavy-ion collisions at the highest energies.
We report the first results of elliptic (v2), triangular (v3) and quadrangular flow (v4) of charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are performed in the central pseudorapidity region |η|<0.8 and for the transverse momentum range 0.2<pT<5 GeV/c. The anisotropic flow is measured using two-particle correlations with a pseudorapidity gap greater than one unit and with the multi-particle cumulant method. Compared to results from Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV, the anisotropic flow coefficients v2, v3 and v4 are found to increase by (3.0±0.6)%, (4.3±1.4)% and (10.2±3.8)%, respectively, in the centrality range 0-50%. This increase can be attributed mostly to an increase of the average transverse momentum between the two energies. The measurements are found to be compatible with hydrodynamic model calculations. This comparison provides a unique opportunity to test the validity of the hydrodynamic picture and the power to further discriminate between various possibilities for the temperature dependence of shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of the produced matter in heavy-ion collisions at the highest energies.
Measurements of elliptic (v2) and triangular (v3) flow coefficients of π±, K±, p+p¯¯¯, K0S, and Λ+Λ¯¯¯¯ obtained with the scalar product method in Xe-Xe collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.44 TeV are presented. The results are obtained in the rapidity range |y| < 0.5 and reported as a function of transverse momentum, pT, for several collision centrality classes. The flow coefficients exhibit a particle mass dependence for pT < 3 GeV/c, while a grouping according to particle type (i.e., meson and baryon) is found at intermediate transverse momenta (3 < pT < 8 GeV/c). The magnitude of the baryon v2 is larger than that of mesons up to pT = 6 GeV/c. The centrality dependence of the shape evolution of the pT-differential v2 is studied for the various hadron species. The v2 coefficients of π±, K±, and p+p¯¯¯ are reproduced by MUSIC hydrodynamic calculations coupled to a hadronic cascade model (UrQMD) for pT < 1 GeV/c. A comparison with vn measurements in the corresponding centrality intervals in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV yields an enhanced v2 in central collisions and diminished value in semicentral collisions.
Measurements of elliptic (v2) and triangular (v3) flow coefficients of π±, K±, p+p¯¯¯, K0S, and Λ+Λ¯¯¯¯ obtained with the scalar product method in Xe-Xe collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.44 TeV are presented. The results are obtained in the rapidity range |y|<0.5 and reported as a function of transverse momentum, pT, for several collision centrality classes. The flow coefficients exhibit a particle mass dependence for pT<3 GeV/c, while a grouping according to particle type (i.e., meson and baryon) is found at intermediate transverse momenta (3< pT <8 GeV/c). The magnitude of the baryon v2 is larger than that of mesons up to pT = 6 GeV/c. The centrality dependence of the shape evolution of the pT-differential v2 is studied for the various hadron species. The v2 coefficients of π±, K±, and p+p¯¯¯ are reproduced by MUSIC hydrodynamic calculations coupled to a hadronic cascade model (UrQMD) for pT<1 GeV/c. A comparison with vn measurements in the corresponding centrality intervals in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV yields an enhanced v2 in central collisions and diminished value in semicentral collisions.
Measurements of elliptic (v2) and triangular (v3) flow coefficients of π±, K±, p+p¯¯¯, K0S, and Λ+Λ¯¯¯¯ obtained with the scalar product method in Xe-Xe collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.44 TeV are presented. The results are obtained in the rapidity range |y|<0.5 and reported as a function of transverse momentum, pT, for several collision centrality classes. The flow coefficients exhibit a particle mass dependence for pT<3 GeV/c, while a grouping according to particle type (i.e., meson and baryon) is found at intermediate transverse momenta (3< pT <8 GeV/c). The magnitude of the baryon v2 is larger than that of mesons up to pT = 6 GeV/c. The centrality dependence of the shape evolution of the pT-differential v2 is studied for the various hadron species. The v2 coefficients of π±, K±, and p+p¯¯¯ are reproduced by MUSIC hydrodynamic calculations coupled to a hadronic cascade model (UrQMD) for pT<1 GeV/c. A comparison with vn measurements in the corresponding centrality intervals in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV yields an enhanced v2 in central collisions and diminished value in semicentral collisions.
The elliptic (v2), triangular (v3), and quadrangular (v4) flow coefficients of π±, K±, p+p¯¯¯,Λ+Λ¯¯¯¯,K0S, and the ϕ-meson are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at s√NN=5.02 TeV. Results obtained with the scalar product method are reported for the rapidity range |y| < 0.5 as a function of transverse momentum, pT, at different collision centrality intervals between 0–70%, including ultra-central (0–1%) collisions for π±, K±, and p+p¯¯¯. For pT < 3 GeV/c, the flow coefficients exhibit a particle mass dependence. At intermediate transverse momenta (3 < pT < 8–10 GeV/c), particles show an approximate grouping according to their type (i.e., mesons and baryons). The ϕ-meson v2, which tests both particle mass dependence and type scaling, follows p+p¯¯¯ v2 at low pT and π± v2 at intermediate pT. The evolution of the shape of vn(pT) as a function of centrality and harmonic number n is studied for the various particle species. Flow coefficients of π±, K±, and p+p¯¯¯ for pT < 3 GeV/c are compared to iEBE-VISHNU and MUSIC hydrodynamical calculations coupled to a hadronic cascade model (UrQMD). The iEBE-VISHNU calculations describe the results fairly well for pT < 2.5 GeV/c, while MUSIC calculations reproduce the measurements for pT < 1 GeV/c. A comparison to vn coefficients measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV is also provided.