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Rodent models of Parkinson’s disease are based on transgenic expression of mutant synuclein, deletion of PD genes, injections of MPTP or rotenone, or seeding of synuclein fibrils. The models show histopathologic features of PD such as Lewi bodies but mostly only subtle in vivo manifestations or systemic toxicity. The models only partly mimic a predominant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. We therefore generated mice that express the transgenic diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) specifically in DA neurons by crossing DAT-Cre mice with Rosa26 loxP-STOP-loxP DTR mice. After defining a well-tolerated DTx dose, DAT-DTR and DTR-flfl controls were subjected to non-toxic DTx treatment (5 × 100 pg/g) and subsequent histology and behavioral tests. DAT protein levels were reduced in the midbrain, and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons were reduced in the substantia nigra, whereas the pan-neuronal marker NeuN was not affected. Despite the promising histologic results, there was no difference in motor function tests or open field behavior. These are tests in which double mutant Pink1−/−SNCAA53T Parkinson mice show behavioral abnormalities. Higher doses of DTx were toxic in both groups. The data suggest that DTx treatment in mice with Cre/loxP-driven DAT-DTR expression leads to partial ablation of DA-neurons but without PD-reminiscent behavioral correlates.
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NET) can be successfully repeated but may eventually be dose-limited. Since 177Lu-DOTATATE dose limitation may come from hematological rather than renal function, hematological peripheral blood stem cell backup might be desirable. Here, we report our initial experience of peripheral blood stem-cell collection (PBSC) in patients with treatment-related cytopenia and therefore high risk of bone-marrow failure. Five patients with diffuse bone-marrow infiltration of NET and relevant myelosuppression (≥grade 2) received PBSC before one PRRT cycle with 177Lu-DOTATATE (7.6 ± 0.8 GBq/cycle). Standard stem-cell mobilization with Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was applied, and successful PBSC was defined as a collection of >2 × 106/kg CD34+ cells. In case of initial failure, Plerixafor was administered in addition to G-CSF prior to apheresis. PBSC was successfully performed in all patients with no adverse events. Median cumulative activity was 44.8 GBq (range, 21.3–62.4). Three patients had been previously treated with PRRT, two of which needed the addition of Plerixafor for stem-cell mobilization. Only one of five patients required autologous peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation during the median follow up time of 28 months. PBSC collection seems to be feasible in NET with bone-marrow involvement and might be worth considering as a backup strategy prior to PRRT, in order to overcome dose-limiting bone-marrow toxicity.
Gaining detailed knowledge about sex-related immunoregulation remains a crucial prerequisite for the development of adequate disease models and therapeutic strategies enabling personalized medicine. Here, the key parameter of the production of cytokines mediating disease resolution was investigated. Among these cytokines, STAT3-activating interleukin (IL)-22 is principally associated with recovery from tissue injury. By investigating paradigmatic acetaminophen-induced liver injury, we demonstrated that IL-22 expression is enhanced in female mice. Increased female IL-22 was confirmed at a cellular level using murine splenocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide or αCD3/CD28 to model innate or adaptive immunoactivation. Interestingly, testosterone or dihydrotestosterone reduced IL-22 production by female but not by male splenocytes. Mechanistic studies on PMA/PHA-stimulated T-cell-lymphoma EL-4 cells verified the capability of testosterone/dihydrotestosterone to reduce IL-22 production. Moreover, we demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation that testosterone impairs binding of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor to xenobiotic responsive elements within the murine IL-22 promoter. Overall, female mice undergoing acute liver injury and cultured female splenocytes upon inflammatory activation display increased IL-22. This observation is likely related to the immunosuppressive effects of androgens in males. The data presented concur with more pronounced immunological alertness demonstrable in females, which may relate to the sex-specific course of some immunological disorders.
The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Most SARS-CoV-2 infections are mild or even asymptomatic. However, a small fraction of infected individuals develops severe, life-threatening disease, which is caused by an uncontrolled immune response resulting in hyperinflammation. However, the factors predisposing individuals to severe disease remain poorly understood. Here, we show that levels of CD47, which is known to mediate immune escape in cancer and virus-infected cells, are elevated in SARS-CoV-2-infected Caco-2 cells, Calu-3 cells, and air−liquid interface cultures of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection increases SIRPalpha levels, the binding partner of CD47, on primary human monocytes. Systematic literature searches further indicated that known risk factors such as older age and diabetes are associated with increased CD47 levels. High CD47 levels contribute to vascular disease, vasoconstriction, and hypertension, conditions that may predispose SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals to COVID-19-related complications such as pulmonary hypertension, lung fibrosis, myocardial injury, stroke, and acute kidney injury. Hence, age-related and virus-induced CD47 expression is a candidate mechanism potentially contributing to severe COVID-19, as well as a therapeutic target, which may be addressed by antibodies and small molecules. Further research will be needed to investigate the potential involvement of CD47 and SIRPalpha in COVID-19 pathology. Our data should encourage other research groups to consider the potential relevance of the CD47/ SIRPalpha axis in their COVID-19 research.
A high incidence of thromboembolic events associated with high mortality has been reported in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections with respiratory failure. The present study characterized post-transcriptional gene regulation by global microRNA (miRNA) expression in relation to activated coagulation and inflammation in 21 critically ill SARS-CoV-2 patients. The cohort consisted of patients with moderate respiratory failure (n = 11) and severe respiratory failure (n = 10) at an acute stage (day 0–3) and in the later course of the disease (>7 days). All patients needed supplemental oxygen and severe patients were defined by the requirement of positive pressure ventilation (intubation). Levels of D-dimers, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin (IL)-6 were significantly higher in patients with severe compared with moderate respiratory failure. Concurrently, next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis demonstrated increased dysregulation of miRNA expression with progression of disease severity connected to extreme downregulation of miR-320a, miR-320b and miR-320c. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed involvement in the Hippo signaling pathway, the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway and in the regulation of adherens junctions. The expression of all miR-320 family members was significantly correlated with CRP, IL-6, and D-dimer levels. In conclusion, our analysis underlines the importance of thromboembolic processes in patients with respiratory failure and emphasizes miRNA-320s as potential biomarkers for severe progressive SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Background: To test the effect of urological primary cancers (bladder, kidney, testis, upper tract, penile, urethral) on overall mortality (OM) after secondary prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, patients with urological primary cancers and concomitant secondary PCa (diagnosed 2004-2016) were identified and were matched in 1:4 fashion with primary PCa controls. OM was compared between secondary and primary PCa patients and stratified according to primary urological cancer type, as well as to time interval between primary urological cancer versus secondary PCa diagnoses. Results: We identified 5,987 patients with primary urological and secondary PCa (bladder, n = 3,287; kidney, n = 2,127; testis, n = 391; upper tract, n = 125; penile, n = 47; urethral, n = 10) versus 531,732 primary PCa patients. Except for small proportions of Gleason grade group and age at diagnosis, PCa characteristics between secondary and primary PCa were comparable. Conversely, proportions of secondary PCa patients which received radical prostatectomy were smaller (29.0 vs. 33.5%), while no local treatment rates were higher (34.2 vs. 26.3%). After 1:4 matching, secondary PCa patients exhibited worse OM than primary PCa patients, except for primary testis cancer. Here, no OM differences were recorded. Finally, subgroup analyses showed that the survival disadvantage of secondary PCa patients decreased with longer time interval since primary cancer diagnosis. Conclusions: After detailed matching for PCa characteristics, secondary PCa patients exhibit worse survival, except for testis cancer patients. The survival disadvantage is attenuated, when secondary PCa diagnosis is made after longer time interval, since primary urological cancer diagnosis.
Objective: To evaluate the prognostic impact of gastrointestinal involvement on the survival of children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (GI-LCH) registered with the international clinical trials of the Histiocyte Society. Study design: This was a retrospective analysis of 2414 pediatric patients registered onto the consecutive trials DAL-HX 83, DAL-HX 90, LCH-I, LCH-II, and LCH-III. Results: Among the 1289 patients with single-system LCH, there was no single case confined to the GI tract; 114 of 1125 (10%) patients with multisystem LCH (MS-LCH) had GI-LCH at initial presentation. GI-LCH was significantly more common in children aged <2 years at diagnosis (13% vs 6% in those aged >2 years; P < .001) and in those with risk organ involvement (15% vs 6% in those without risk organ involvement; P < .001). The 5-year overall survival (OS) in patients without risk organ involvement was excellent irrespective of GI disease (98% vs 97% in patients with GI-LCH; P = .789). In patients with risk organ involvement, the 5-year OS was 51% in 70 patients with GI-LCH vs 72% in 394 patients without GI-LCH (P < .001). Conclusions: GI-LCH has an additive unfavorable prognostic impact in children with MS-LCH and risk organ involvement. The emerding need for more intensive or alternative treatments mandates prospective evaluation.
Objective: The term ‘precision medicine’ describes a rational treatment strategy tailored to one person that reverses or modifies the disease pathophysiology. In epilepsy, single case and small cohort reports document nascent precision medicine strategies in specific genetic epilepsies. The aim of this multicentre observational study was to investigate the deeper complexity of precision medicine in epilepsy. Methods: A systematic survey of patients with epilepsy with a molecular genetic diagnosis was conducted in six tertiary epilepsy centres including children and adults. A standardised questionnaire was used for data collection, including genetic findings and impact on clinical and therapeutic management. Results: We included 293 patients with genetic epilepsies, 137 children and 156 adults, 162 females and 131 males. Treatment changes were undertaken because of the genetic findings in 94 patients (32%), including rational precision medicine treatment and/or a treatment change prompted by the genetic diagnosis, but not directly related to known pathophysiological mechanisms. There was a rational precision medicine treatment for 56 patients (19%), and this was tried in 33/56 (59%) and was successful (ie, >50% seizure reduction) in 10/33 (30%) patients. In 73/293 (25%) patients there was a treatment change prompted by the genetic diagnosis, but not directly related to known pathophysiological mechanisms, and this was successful in 24/73 (33%). Significance: Our survey of clinical practice in specialised epilepsy centres shows high variability of clinical outcomes following the identification of a genetic cause for an epilepsy. Meaningful change in the treatment paradigm after genetic testing is not yet possible for many people with epilepsy. This systematic survey provides an overview of the current application of precision medicine in the epilepsies, and suggests the adoption of a more considered approach.
Abstract: Neurophysiological measures of preparation and attention are often atypical in ADHD. Still, replicated findings that these measures predict which patients improve after Neurofeedback (NF), reveal neurophysiological specificity, and reflect ADHD-severity are limited. Methods: We analyzed children’s preparatory (CNV) and attentional (Cue-P3) brain activity and behavioral performance during a cued Continuous Performance Task (CPT) before and after slow cortical potential (SCP)-NF or semi-active control treatment (electromyogram biofeedback). Mixed-effects models were performed with 103 participants at baseline and 77 were assessed for pre-post comparisons focusing on clinical outcome prediction, specific neurophysiological effects of NF, and associations with ADHD-severity. Results: Attentional and preparatory brain activity and performance were non-specifically reduced after treatment. Preparatory activity in the SCP-NF group increased with clinical improvement. Several performance and brain activity measures predicted non-specific treatment outcome. Conclusion: Specific neurophysiological effects after SCP-NF were limited to increased neural preparation associated with improvement on ADHD-subscales, but several performance and neurophysiological measures of attention predicted treatment outcome and reflected symptom severity in ADHD. The results may help to optimize treatment.
Selfish genetic elements that act as post-segregation distorters cause lethality in non-carrier individuals after fertilization. Two post-segregation distorters have been previously identified in Caenorhabditis elegans, the peel-1/zeel-1 and the sup-35/pha-1 elements. These elements seem to act as modification-rescue systems, also called toxin/antidote pairs. Here we show that the maternal-effect toxin/zygotic antidote pair sup-35/pha-1 is required for proper expression of apical junction (AJ) components in epithelia and that sup-35 toxicity increases when pathways that establish and maintain basal epithelial characteristics, die-1, elt-1, lin-26, and vab-10, are compromised. We demonstrate that pha-1(e2123) embryos, which lack the antidote, are defective in epidermal morphogenesis and frequently fail to elongate. Moreover, seam cells are frequently misshaped and mispositioned and cell bond tension is reduced in pha-1(e2123) embryos, suggesting altered tissue material properties in the epidermis. Several aspects of this phenotype can also be induced in wild-type embryos by exerting mechanical stress through uniaxial loading. Seam cell shape, tissue mechanics, and elongation can be restored in pha-1(e2123) embryos if expression of the AJ molecule DLG-1/Discs large is reduced. Thus, our experiments suggest that maternal-effect toxicity disrupts proper development of the epidermis which involves distinct transcriptional regulators and AJ components.
Background: This study aims to test the effect of the 10 most common nonurological primary cancers (skin, rectal, colon, lymphoma, leukemia, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, liver, lung) on overall mortality (OM) after secondary prostate cancer (PCa). Material and Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, patients with 10 most common primary cancers and concomitant secondary PCa (diagnosed 2004–2016) were identified and were matched in 1:4 fashion (age, year at diagnosis, race/ethnicity, treatment type, TNM stage) with primary PCa controls. OM was compared between secondary and primary PCa patients and was stratified according to primary cancer type, as well as according to time interval between primary cancer vs. secondary PCa diagnoses. Results: We identified 24,848 secondary PCa patients (skin, n = 3,871; rectal, n = 798; colon, n = 3,665; lymphoma, n = 2,583; leukemia, n = 1,102; pancreatic, n = 118; stomach, n = 361; esophagus, n = 219; liver, n = 160; lung, n = 1,328) vs. 531,732 primary PCa patients. Secondary PCa characteristics were less favorable than those of primary PCa patients (PSA and grade), and smaller proportions of secondary PCa patients received active treatment. After 1:4 matching, all secondary PCa exhibited worse OM than primary PCa patients. Finally, subgroup analyses showed that the survival disadvantage of secondary PCa patients decreased with longer time interval since primary cancer diagnosis and subsequent secondary PCa. Conclusion: Patients with secondary PCa are diagnosed with less favorable PSA and grade. Even after matching for PCa characteristics, secondary PCa patients still exhibit worse survival. However, the survival disadvantage is attenuated, when secondary PCa diagnosis is made after longer time interval, since primary cancer diagnosis.
1. Zusammenfassung
1.1. Zielsetzung
Die hier beschriebene Studie vergleicht die effektive Linsenposition (ELP), die Vorderkammertiefenveränderung und den korrigierten Fernvisus nach einer Kataraktoperation bei Patienten mit und ohne Pseudoexfoliationssyndrom (PEX-Syndrom). Bei Patienten mit einem koexistierenden PEX-Syndrom wird während der Kataraktoperation eine Zonulaschwächen bedingte Verlagerung und tiefere Positionierung der eingesetzten Intraokular-linse erwartet.
1.2. Design
Prospektiv, randomisiert.
1.3. Methoden
In dieser prospektiven Studie wurden 56 Augen von 56 konsekutiven Patienten mit PEX-Syndrom (n = 28) oder ohne PEX-Syndrom (n = 28) und klinisch signifikanter Katarakt eingeschlossen. Sämtlichen Patienten beider Gruppen wurde mittels Phakoemulsifikation eine einteilige Acryl-Hinterkammer-Intraokularlinse implantiert. Als primäre Zielparameter der Studie dienten die Vorderkammertiefe als Indikator für die postoperative axiale Position der IOL benannt als die effektive Linsenposition sowie der korrigierte Fernvisus.
1.4. Ergebnisse
Vor der Operation betrug die Vorderkammertiefe (VKT) 2,54 ± 0,42 mm in der PEX-Gruppe und 2,53 ± 0,38 mm in der Kontrollgruppe (p = 0,941). Postoperativ betrug die VKT 4,29 ± 0,71 mm in der PEX-Gruppe bzw. 4,33 ± 0,72 mm in der Normalgruppe (p = 0,533). Es gab keinen signifikanten Unterschied in Bezug auf die Veränderungen der VKT zwischen den Gruppen (PEX-Gruppe: 1,75 ± 0,74 mm, Kontrollgruppe: 1,81 ± 0,61 mm, p = 0,806) und dem korrigierten Fernvisus (DCVA) prä- (p = 0,469) sowie postoperativ (PEX-Gruppe: 0,11 ± 0,13 logMAR, Kontrollgruppe: 0,09 ± 0,17 logMAR, p = 0,245).
1.5. Schlussfolgerung
Die Kataraktoperation induzierten Veränderungen waren bei Patienten, die an einem PEX-Syndrom erkrankt waren, die gleichen, die auch bei Patienten ohne PEX-Syndrom zu beobachten waren. Die präoperative und postoperative Vorderkammertiefe, als Indikator für die ELP, zeigte zwischen PEX-Augen und gesunden Augen nach der Kataraktoperation keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Des Weiteren waren keine Unterschiede in Bezug auf den korrigierten Fernvisus zwischen beiden Gruppen zu beobachten. Demnach ist zu erwarten, dass eine Erkrankung am PEX-Syndrom bei einer durch einen erfahrenen Chirurgen durchgeführten Kataraktoperation nicht zu einer Verschlechterung des Visus oder einer tieferen Positionierung der eingesetzten Intraokularlinse führt.
Background: Patients with colorectal carcinoma and high-grade microsatellite instability (MSI-H) or deficiency in mismatch repair (dMMR) exceptionally respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). ICIs are more active in treatment-naïve patients than in patients with refractory MSI-H/dMMR metastatic colorectal cancer and even more active in patients with locally advanced tumors. Material and Methods: A 33-year-old male patient with Lynch syndrome was diagnosed with a locally advanced rectal cancer and refused standard neoadjuvant chemoradiation because of the potential harm of sexual dysfunction. MMR and microsatellite instability status were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and fragment length polymerase chain reaction followed by capillary electrophoresis. Results: After MSI-H/dMMR was confirmed, the patient was treated with ICIs (1 mg/kg ipilimumab at day 1 and 3 mg/kg nivolumab at day 1 and 15). A complete clinical response was documented at day 21 after start of treatment. The patient underwent a total mesorectal excision at day 30. In the extirpated tissue, a complete pathological response was confirmed. Conclusion: In MSI-H/dMMR locally advanced rectal cancer short-course ICI treatment is highly effective and may be discussed in patients with dMMR locally advanced rectal cancer.
Background: To analyze postoperative, in-hospital, complication rates in patients with organ transplantation before radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods: From National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (2000–2015) prostate cancer patients treated with RP were abstracted and stratified according to prior organ transplant versus nontransplant. Multivariable logistic regression models predicted in-hospital complications. Results: Of all eligible 202,419 RP patients, 216 (0.1%) underwent RP after prior organ transplantation. Transplant RP patients exhibited higher proportions of Charlson comorbidity index ≥2 (13.0% vs. 3.0%), obesity (9.3% vs. 5.6%, both p < 0.05), versus to nontransplant RP. Of transplant RP patients, 96 underwent kidney (44.4%), 44 heart (20.4%), 40 liver (18.5%), 30 (13.9%) bone marrow, <11 lung (<5%), and <11 pancreatic (<5%) transplantation before RP. Within transplant RP patients, rates of lymph node dissection ranged from 37.5% (kidney transplant) to 60.0% (bone marrow transplant, p < 0.01) versus 51% in nontransplant patients. Regarding in-hospital complications, transplant patients more frequently exhibited, diabetic (31.5% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001), major (7.9% vs. 2.9%) cardiac complications (3.2% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.01), and acute kidney failure (5.1% vs. 0.9%, p < 0.001), versus nontransplant RP. In multivariable logistic regression models, transplant RP patients were at higher risk of acute kidney failure (odds ratio [OR]: 4.83), diabetic (OR: 2.81), major (OR: 2.39), intraoperative (OR: 2.38), cardiac (OR: 2.16), transfusion (OR: 1.37), and overall complications (1.36, all p < 0.001). No in-hospital mortalities were recorded in transplant patients after RP. Conclusions: Of all transplants before RP, kidney ranks first. RP patients with prior transplantation have an increased risk of in-hospital complications. The highest risk, relative to nontransplant RP patients appears to acute kidney failure.
The majority of excitatory synapses terminating on cortical neurons are found on dendritic spines. The geometry of spines, in particular the size of the spine head, tightly correlates with the strength of the excitatory synapse formed with the spine. Under conditions of synaptic plasticity, spine geometry may change, reflecting functional adaptations. Since the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been shown to influence synaptic transmission as well as Hebbian and homeostatic forms of synaptic plasticity, we speculated that TNF-deficiency may cause concomitant structural changes at the level of dendritic spines. To address this question, we analyzed spine density and spine head area of Alexa568-filled granule cells in the dentate gyrus of adult C57BL/6J and TNF-deficient (TNF-KO) mice. Tissue sections were double-stained for the actin-modulating and plasticity-related protein synaptopodin (SP), a molecular marker for strong and stable spines. Dendritic segments of TNF-deficient granule cells exhibited ∼20% fewer spines in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus compared to controls, indicating a reduced afferent innervation. Of note, these segments also had larger spines containing larger SP-clusters. This pattern of changes is strikingly similar to the one seen after denervation-associated spine loss following experimental entorhinal denervation of granule cells: Denervated granule cells increase the SP-content and strength of their remaining spines to homeostatically compensate for those that were lost. Our data suggest a similar compensatory mechanism in TNF-deficient granule cells in response to a reduction in their afferent innervation.
Aim: It can be challenging to distinguish COVID-19 in children from other common infections. We set out to determine the rate at which children consulting a primary care paediatrician with an acute infection are infected with SARS-CoV-2 and to compare distinct findings. Method: In seven out-patient clinics, children aged 0–13 years with any new respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms and presumed infection were invited to be tested for SARS-CoV-2. Factors that were correlated with testing positive were determined. Samples were collected from 25 January 2021 to 01 April 2021. Results: Seven hundred and eighty-three children participated in the study (median age 3 years and 0 months, range 1 month to 12 years and 11 months). Three hundred and fifty-eight were female (45.7%). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 19 (2.4%). The most common symptoms in children with as well as without detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA were rhinitis, fever and cough. Known recent exposure to a case of COVID-19 was significantly correlated with testing positive, but symptoms or clinical findings were not. Conclusion: COVID-19 among the children with symptoms of an acute infection was uncommon, and the clinical presentation did not differ significantly between children with and without evidence of an infection with SARS-CoV-2.
Introduction: Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy for haemophilia presents a challenge to the existing structure of haemophilia centres and requires a rethink of current collaboration and information exchange with the aim of ensuring a system that is fit-for-purpose for advanced therapies to maximise benefits and minimise risks. In Europe, a certification process based on the number of patients and facilities is offered to the haemophilia centres by European Haemophilia Network (EUHANET). Aim and methods: This joint European Association for Haemophilia and Allied Disorders (EAHAD) and European Haemophilia Consortium (EHC) publication describes criteria for centres participating in gene therapy care that require a reassessment of the infrastructure of comprehensive care and provides an outlook on how these criteria can be implemented in the future work of haemophilia centres. Results: The core definition of a haemophilia treatment centre remains, but additional roles could be implemented. A modifiable ‘hub-and-spoke’ model addresses all aspects associated with gene therapy, including preparation and administration of the gene therapy product, determination of coagulation and immunological parameters, joint.
Introduction: Over the last decade, multiple clinical trials demonstrated improved survival after chemotherapy for metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). However, real-world data validating this effect within large-scale epidemiological data sets are scarce. We addressed this void. Materials and Methods: Men with de novo mPCa were identified and systemic chemotherapy status was ascertained within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004–2016). Patients were divided between historical (2004–2013) versus contemporary (2014–2016). Chemotherapy rates were plotted over time. Kaplan–Meier plots and Cox regression models with additional multivariable adjustments addressed overall and cancer-specific mortality. All tests were repeated in propensity-matched analyses. Results: Overall, 19,913 patients had de novo mPCa between 2004 and 2016. Of those, 1838 patients received chemotherapy. Of 1838 chemotherapy-exposed patients, 903 were historical, whereas 905 were contemporary. Chemotherapy rates increased from 5% to 25% over time. Median overall survival was not reached in contemporary patients versus was 24 months in historical patients (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.55, p < 0.001). After propensity score matching and additional multivariable adjustment (age, prostate-specific antigen, GGG, cT-stage, cN-stage, cM-stage, and local treatment) a HR of 0.55 (p < 0.001) was recorded. Analyses were repeated for cancer-specific mortality after adjustment for other cause mortality in competing risks regression models and recorded virtually the same findings before and after propensity score matching (HR: 0.55, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In mPCa patients, chemotherapy rates increased over time. A concomitant increase in survival was also recorded.
Purpose: To evaluate the impact of testing asymptomatic cancer patients, we analyzed all tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) before and during radiotherapy at a tertiary cancer center throughout the second wave of the pandemic in Germany. Methods: Results of all real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests for SARS-CoV 2 performed at our radio-oncology department between 13 October 2020 and 11 March 2021 were included. Clinical data and anamnestic information at the time of testing were documented and examined for (i) the presence of COVID-19-related symptoms and (ii) virus-related anamnesis (high-risk [prior positive test or contact to a positive tested person within the last 14 days] or low-risk [inconspicuous anamnesis within the last 14 days]). Results: A total of 1056 SARS-CoV 2 tests in 543 patients were analyzed. Of those, 1015 tests were performed in asymptomatic patients and 41 tests in patients with COVID-19-associated symptoms. Two of 940 (0.2%) tests in asymptomatic patients with low-risk anamnesis and three of 75 (4.0%) tests in asymptomatic patients with high-risk anamnesis showed a positive result. For symptomatic patients, SARS-CoV 2 was detected in three of 36 (8.3%) low-risk and three of five (60.0%) high-risk tests. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the correlation between individual risk factors and positivity rates of SARS-CoV 2 tests in cancer patients. The data demonstrate that clinical and anamnestic assessment is a simple and effective measure to distinctly increase SARS-CoV 2 test efficiency. This might enable cancer centers to adjust test strategies in asymptomatic patients, especially when test resources are scarce.
Interpretation bias and dysfunctional social assumptions are proposed to play a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of social phobia (SP), especially in youth. In this study, we aimed to investigate disorder-specific implicit assumptions of rejection and implicit interpretation bias in youth with severe, chronic SP and healthy controls (CG). Twenty-seven youth with SP in inpatient/day-care treatment (M age = 15.6 years, 74% female) and 24 healthy controls (M age = 15.7 years, 54% female) were included. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) were completed to assess implicit assumptions and interpretation bias related to the processing of social and affective stimuli. No group differences were observed for the IAT controlling for depressive symptoms in the analyses. However, group differences were found regarding interpretation bias (p = .017, η2p = .137). Correlations between implicit scores and explicit questionnaire results were medium to large in the SP group (r =|.28| to |.54|, pall ≤ .05), but lower in the control group (r =|.04| to |.46|, pall ≤ .05). Our results confirm the finding of an interpretation bias in youth SP, especially regarding the implicit processing of faces, whereas implicit dysfunctional social assumptions of being rejected do not seem to be specific for SP. Future research should investigate the causal relationship of assumptions/interpretation bias and SP.
Estimating the age of the developmental stages of the blow fly Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is of forensic relevance for the determination of the minimum post-mortem interval (PMImin). Fly eggs and larvae can be aged using anatomical and morphological characters and their modification during development. However, such methods can only hardly be applied for aging fly pupae. Previous study described age estimation of C. vicina pupae using gene expression, but just when reared at constant temperatures, but fluctuating temperatures represent a more realistic scenario at a crime scene. Therefore, age-dependent gene expression of C. vicina pupae were compared at 3 fluctuating and 3 constant temperatures, the latter representing the mean values of the fluctuating profiles. The chosen marker genes showed uniform expression patterns during metamorphosis of C. vicina pupae bred at different temperature conditions (constant or fluctuating) but the same mean temperature (e.g. constant 10 °C vs. fluctuating 5–15 °C). We present an R-based statistical tool, which enables estimation of the age of the examined pupa based on the analysed gene expression data.
Sprach- und Sprechstörungen kommen bei zahlreichen Kindern vor und werden in der ICD-11 analog zur ICD-10 als Entwicklungsstörungen im Kapitel 6 (Psychische, Verhaltens- und Entwicklungsstörungen) klassifiziert. International sind bislang die ICD-10-Kriterien nicht von allen Professionen, die sich mit Sprach- und Sprechstörungen klinisch oder im Rahmen der Forschung beschäftigen, akzeptiert. Sie werden einerseits als zu wenig differenziert hinsichtlich der unterschiedlichen Sprachkomponenten vonseiten der Linguistik, Sprachtherapie oder Logopädie erlebt. Zum anderen wird die unklare Abgrenzung organisch bedingter Sprach- und Sprechprobleme von der Sprachentwicklungsstörung vonseiten der Medizin teilweise kritisch bewertet. In dem vorliegenden Artikel wird deshalb einerseits die Klassifikation von Sprach- und Sprechproblemen und -störungen in der ICD-11 im Vergleich zur ICD-10 vorgenommen. Wesentlich erscheint hier die in der ICD-11 neu eingeführte Differenzierung in „primäre“ und „sekundäre“ Neuroentwicklungsstörungen. Zum anderen erfolgt aber auch eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem DSM-5 sowie anderen Klassifikationsvorschlägen vonseiten der englischsprachigen Sprachtherapie (CATALISE-2) und der deutschsprachigen Pädaudiologie („phonologische Wahrnehmungsstörung“) sowie der Vorschlag einer Ergänzung der aktuellen ICD-11-Klassifikation hinsichtlich konkreter sprachlicher Einschränkungen bei einem Kind mit Sprachentwicklungsstörung, basierend auf einer ausführlichen Diagnostik. Wir hoffen, mit dem Artikel so den Weg für eine berufsübergreifende Klassifikation von Sprach- und Sprechstörungen nach ICD-11 zu bahnen, damit perspektivisch alle Berufsgruppen, die Diagnostik und Therapie der betroffenen Personen anbieten, eine vergleichbare Terminologie verwenden. Diese vergleichbare Terminologie soll sowohl die klinische Versorgung verbessern als auch die unterschiedlichen Forschungsansätze und -richtungen vergleichbarer machen.
Der Einfluss von Chemotherapie bei malignen pädiatrischen Erkrankungen auf kindliche Impftiter
(2021)
Hintergrund: Chemotherapie hat nicht nur einen Einfluss auf die Krebszellen, sondern auch auf das Immunsystem der Behandelten. In unserer Studie untersuchten wir den Impftiterverlust impfpräventablen Erkrankungen (Masern, Mumps, Röteln und Varizella zoster) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, welche eine chemotherapeutische Behandlung wegen einer malignen Erkrankung erhielten.
Methoden: Eingeschlossen in die retrospektive Studie wurden Kinder, Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene im Alter bis zum 21. Lebensjahr, welche zwischen 2001 und 2010 an der Kinderklinik für Hämatologie und Onkologie der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt am Main therapiert wurden. Es erfolgte die Analyse von Antikörper-Titer für Masern, Mumps, Röteln und Varizella zoster zum Diagnosezeitpunkt und erneut bis zu 12 Monate nach Therapieende.
Ergebnis: Insgesamt konnten 195 Kinder und Jugendliche in die Studie eingeschlossen werden. 122 Probanden waren männlich, 73 weiblich. Die größte Patientengruppe war an ALL erkrankt (80 Patienten). Die übrigen Patienten verteilten sich auf 15 Patienten mit AML, 18 Patienten mit NHL, 22 Patienten mit Hodgkin Lymphom. 60 Patienten waren an soliden Tumoren erkrankt. Insgesamt haben 27%, 47%, 19% und 17% der Kinder und Jugendlichen ihren Impfschutz gegen Masern, Mumps, Röteln und Varizella zoster verloren. Hierbei zeigte sich eine Altersabhängigkeit. In der Auswertung zeigte sich bei jüngeren Kindern unter 7 Jahren häufiger ein Titerverlust als bei den älteren Kindern und Jugendlichen. Auch an ALL-erkrankte und behandelte Kinder und Jugendliche verloren häufiger ihren Impfschutz als die Patienten mit anderen untersuchten Krebserkrankungen (AML, NHL, M. Hodgkin, solide Tumore).
Fazit: Die Daten unserer retrospektiven Studie zeigen, dass eine signifikante Anzahl von Kindern und Jugendlichen durch eine chemotherapeutischen Behandlung ihre vorbestehenden Impftiter gegen impfpräventable Erkrankungen wie Masern, Mumps, Röteln und Varizella zoster verlieren. Dieser Verlust zeigt sich häufiger bei jüngeren Patienten und ALL-Patienten. Unsere Daten unterstreichen daher, wie wichtig es ist, Kinder und Jugendliche nach Beendigung der Chemotherapie erneut zu impfen, um einen neuen ausreichenden Impfschutz gegen Masern, Mumps, Röteln und Varizella zoster zu erhalten.
The locus coeruleus (LC) contains the majority of central noradrenergic neurons sending wide projections throughout the entire CNS. The LC is considered to be essential for multiple key brain functions including arousal, attention and adaptive stress responses as well as higher cognitive functions and memory. Electrophysiological studies of LC neurons have identified several characteristic functional features such as low-frequency pacemaker activity with broad action potentials, transient high-frequency burst discharges in response to salient stimuli and an apparently homogeneous inhibition of firing by activation of somatodendritic α2 autoreceptors (α2AR). While stress-mediated plasticity of the α2AR response has been described, it is currently unclear whether different LC neurons projecting to distinct axonal targets display differences in α2AR function. Using fluorescent beads-mediated retrograde tracing in adult C57Bl6/N mice, we compared the anatomical distributions and functional in vitro properties of identified LC neurons projecting either to medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus or cerebellum. The functional in vitro analysis of LC neurons confirmed their mostly uniform functional properties regarding action potential generation and pacemaker firing. However, we identified significant differences in tonic and evoked α2AR-mediated responses. While hippocampal-projecting LC neurons were partially inhibited by endogenous levels of norepinephrine and almost completely silenced by application of saturating concentrations of the α2 agonist clonidine, prefrontal-projecting LC neurons were not affected by endogenous levels of norepinephrine and only partially inhibited by saturating concentrations of clonidine. Thus, we identified a limited α2AR control of electrical activity for prefrontal-projecting LC neurons indicative of functional heterogeneity in the LC-noradrenergic system.
The precise understanding of the dopaminergic (DA) system and its pharmacological modifications is crucial for diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as for understanding basic processes, such as motivation and reward. We probed the functional connectivity (FC) of subcortical nuclei related to the DA system according to seed regions defined according to an atlas of subcortical nuclei. We conducted a large pharmaco-fMRI study using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, where we examined the effect of l -DOPA, a dopamine precursor, and amisulpride, a D2/D3-receptor antagonist on resting-state FC in 45 healthy young adults using a cross-over design. We examined the FC of subcortical nuclei with connection to the reward system and their reaction to opposing pharmacological probing. Amisulpride increased FC from the putamen to the precuneus and from ventral striatum to precentral gyrus. l -DOPA increased FC from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the insula/operculum and between ventral striatum and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and it disrupted ventral striatal and dorsal caudate FC with the medial prefrontal cortex. In an exploratory analysis, we demonstrated that higher self-rated impulsivity goes together with a significant increase in VTA-mid-cingulate gyrus FC during l -DOPA-challenge. Therefore, our DA challenge modulated distinct large-scale subcortical connectivity networks. A dopamine-boost can increase midbrain DA nuclei connectivity to the cortex. The involvement of the VTA-cingulum connectivity in dependence of impulsivity has implications for diagnosis and therapy in disorders like ADHD.
The physiotherapist plays an essential role for people with haemophilia, an inherited bleeding disease responsible for musculoskeletal complications. Yet, with the advent of new and advanced therapies, the medical landscape is changing, and physiotherapy must adapt alongside. This paper considers whether there will still be a need for physiotherapy in the era of advanced therapies, and discusses ways in which services should evolve to complement emerging treatment paradigms for haemostasis in people with haemophilia. Ultimately, physiotherapy will remain an important element of care, even for people with little joint damage and low risks in the era of the new mild phenotype. However, competencies will need to evolve, and physiotherapists in both primary care and specialist treatment centres should work with haematology colleagues to develop more sensitive tools for detecting early joint changes. Physiotherapists will also play a crucial role in counselling and physically coaching, monitoring the musculoskeletal status of people with haemophilia who have transitioned to new treatments.
Unter dem vielseitigen Symptomkomplex der autosomal-rezessiv vererbten Erkrankung Ataxia-teleangiectasia (A-T) nimmt die Lungenschädigung eine herausragende Rolle ein. Sie beeinflusst die Morbidität und Mortalität der Erkrankung durch rezidivierende Infekte, Bronchiektasien sowie akutes oder chronisches Lungenversagen nachhaltig. Als pathophysiologische Grundlage gilt oxidativer Stress mit einer erhöhten Sensitivität für reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) und DNA-schädigende Reagenzien. Das aus dem gleichnamigen Gen resultierende Protein ATM wird durch das Vorkommen von DNADoppelstrangbrüchen (DSB) und ROS auf verschiedene Arten aktiviert und reguliert anschließend diverse Prozesse wie der DNA-Reparatur und den zellulären Stressantwortmechanismen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es die Sensitivität von ATM-defizienten Lungenzellen im Hinblick auf oxidativen Stress näher zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden Atm-defiziente murine Lungenzellen spontan und nach Stimulation mit Bleomycin (BLM) auf ihre prozentuale Verteilung in der Lunge, auf den Level von ROS, ihre Viabilität und ROS-induzierte DNA-Schäden hin untersucht. Spontan zeigte sich ein signifikant erhöhtes Vorkommen von Alveolarepithelzellen vom Typ 2 (AT2-Zellen) in Atm-defizienten Mauslungen im Vergleich zu Wildtyp-Lungen, welches sich durch die Stimulation mit BLM noch verstärkte und auf erhöhte Regenerations- und Reparaturvorgänge in der Lunge hindeutet. Zudem ist der intrazelluläre Level an ROS in den Lungenzellen und AT2-Zellen signifikant erhöht. Mit steigenden Konzentrationen an BLM sank die Zellviabilität pulmonaler Atm-defizienter Zellen deutlich und die Resolution von DNA-Schäden ist im Vergleich zu Wildtyp-Zellen verzögert. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit deuten auf eine Beteiligung von oxidativem Stress und DNA-Schäden als pathophysiologische Komponente bei der Entstehung der Lungenmanifestation bei A-T hin.
Given the ongoing global SARS-CoV-2-vaccination efforts, clinical awareness needs to be raised regarding the possibility of an increased incidence of SARS-CoV-2-vaccine-related immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) secondary to cerebral sinus and vein thrombosis (CVT) requiring (emergency) neurosurgical treatment in the context of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). Only recently, an association of vaccinations and cerebral sinus and vein thrombosis has been described. In a number of cases, neurosurgical treatment is warranted for these patients and special considerations are warranted when addressing the perioperative coagulation. We, herein, describe the past management of patients with VITT and established a literature-guided algorithm for the treatment of patients when addressing the impaired coagulation in these patients. Increasing insights addressing the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2-vaccine-related immune-mediated thrombocytopenia guide physicians in developing an interdisciplinary algorithm taking into account the special considerations of this disease.
Background: Both selective mutism (SM) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are severe pediatric anxiety disorders with the common trait of behavioral inhibition (BI). The underlying pathophysiology of these disorders remains poorly understood, however converging evidence suggests that alterations in several peripheral molecular pathways might be involved. In a pilot study, we investigated alterations in plasma molecular markers (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPPIV], interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor-β [TNF-β] and neuropeptide-Y [NPY]) in children with SM, SAD, and healthy controls, as well as the correlation of these markers to symptom severity. Methods: We included 51 children and adolescents (aged 5–18 years; n = 29 girls): n = 20 children in the SM-, n = 16 in the SAD- and n = 15 in the control-group (CG). Peripheral blood samples were analyzed for DPPIV, IL-6, TNF-β, and NPY concentrations. Diverse psychometric measures were used for BI, anxiety, and mutism symptoms. Results: Lower DPPIV-levels were correlated with more anxiety symptoms. However, we could not find a difference in any molecular marker between the patients with SAD and SM in comparison to the CG. Conclusion: DPPIV is proposed as relevant marker for child and adolescent anxiety. Investigating the pathophysiology of SM and SAD focusing on state and trait variables as anxiety or BI might help better understanding the underlying mechanisms of these disorders. Further studies with especially larger cohorts are needed to validate the current pilot-findings.
Since the survival rates of pediatric patients undergoing cancer treatment or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have increased rapidly in recent decades, the late effects of treatment are now an important focus of patient care. Access to fertility preservation (FP) procedures as well as their financing differs considerably across Europe. However, some countries in Europe have recently changed the legal basis for financing FP procedures; therefore, the implementation of structures is mandatory to give patients access to FP. In this prospective cohort study, we characterized the process for establishing pediatric fertility counseling, including the development of an in-house standard procedure for recommendations regarding FP with potentially gonadotoxic treatment and valuating data from all FP counseling sessions. All data concerning patient characteristics (pubertal status, disease group) and recommendation of FP measures were prospectively collected and adoption of FP measures analyzed. Prior to the establishment of a structured process for FP in our pediatric oncology and stem cell transplantation center, there was no standardized FP counseling. We demonstrate that with the establishment of an inhouse standard procedure, it is possible to give consistent yet individualized FP counseling to approximately 90% of our patients facing gonadotoxic treatment, counseling over 200 patients between 2017 and 2019. This pilot study could potentially be adapted in other pediatric hematology, oncology, and stem cell transplantation centers to allow a more standardized handling of FP counseling for all patients facing gonadotoxic treatment.
Purpose: To investigate short-term (3 months follow-up) changes in visual quality following Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) for Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (FED). Methods: In this prospective institutional case series, 51 patients that underwent DMEK for FED were included. Assessment included the Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire preoperatively, at 1 month, and 3 months after surgery. Secondary outcome measures were anterior segment parameters acquired by Scheimpflug imaging, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and endothelial cell density (ECD). Results: Glare, hazy vision, blurred vision, and daily fluctuation in vision were the symptoms mostly reported preoperatively. All symptoms demonstrated a significant reduction of item scores for severity, frequency, and bothersome in the course after DMEK (P < 0.01). Glare and fluctuation in vision remained to some extent during the follow-up period (median score = 1). Preoperatively, corneal densitometry correlated moderately to weakly with severity of hazy vision (rs = 0.39; P = 0.03) and frequency (rs = 0.26; P = 0.02) as well as severity (rs = 0.27; P = 0.03) of blurry vision. CDVA and central corneal thickness (CCT) did not correlate with visual complains. Conclusions: Following DMEK for FED, patient-reported visual symptoms assessed by the QoV questionnaire represent a useful tool providing valuable information on the impact of DMEK on visual quality that cannot be directly estimated by morphological parameters and visual acuity only.
Background: SAMHD1 mediates resistance to anti-cancer nucleoside analogues, including cytarabine, decitabine, and nelarabine that are commonly used for the treatment of leukaemia, through cleavage of their triphosphorylated forms. Hence, SAMHD1 inhibitors are promising candidates for the sensitisation of leukaemia cells to nucleoside analogue-based therapy. Here, we investigated the effects of the cytosine analogue CNDAC, which has been proposed to be a SAMHD1 inhibitor, in the context of SAMHD1. Methods: CNDAC was tested in 13 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cell lines, in 26 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) cell lines, ten AML sublines adapted to various antileukaemic drugs, 24 single cell-derived clonal AML sublines, and primary leukaemic blasts from 24 AML patients. Moreover, 24 CNDAC-resistant sublines of the AML cell lines HL-60 and PL-21 were established. The SAMHD1 gene was disrupted using CRISPR/Cas9 and SAMHD1 depleted using RNAi, and the viral Vpx protein. Forced DCK expression was achieved by lentiviral transduction. SAMHD1 promoter methylation was determined by PCR after treatment of genomic DNA with the methylation-sensitive HpaII endonuclease. Nucleoside (analogue) triphosphate levels were determined by LC-MS/MS. CNDAC interaction with SAMHD1 was analysed by an enzymatic assay and by crystallisation. Results: Although the cytosine analogue CNDAC was anticipated to inhibit SAMHD1, SAMHD1 mediated intrinsic CNDAC resistance in leukaemia cells. Accordingly, SAMHD1 depletion increased CNDAC triphosphate (CNDAC-TP) levels and CNDAC toxicity. Enzymatic assays and crystallisation studies confirmed CNDAC-TP to be a SAMHD1 substrate. In 24 CNDAC-adapted acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) sublines, resistance was driven by DCK (catalyses initial nucleoside phosphorylation) loss. CNDAC-adapted sublines displayed cross-resistance only to other DCK substrates (e.g. cytarabine, decitabine). Cell lines adapted to drugs not affected by DCK or SAMHD1 remained CNDAC sensitive. In cytarabine-adapted AML cells, increased SAMHD1 and reduced DCK levels contributed to cytarabine and CNDAC resistance. Conclusion: Intrinsic and acquired resistance to CNDAC and related nucleoside analogues are driven by different mechanisms. The lack of cross-resistance between SAMHD1/ DCK substrates and non-substrates provides scope for next-line therapies after treatment failure.
Cancer therapies have experienced significant advances in recent years. While conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy has long been the cornerstone for the treatment of many tumor entities, uprising immunotherapies have revolutionized the therapeutic landscape. Among them, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with their demonstrated increased overall survival rates and response rates in cancer patients are now FDA-approved for metastatic melanoma and multiple other malignancies. Despite their clinical benefit in cancer therapies, ICIs can induce unique autoimmune-like toxicities known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can involve any organ system including the nervous system. Although neurotoxicities are rare complications of ICI therapy they are often severe and can lead to long-term disability or even death if left untreated.
Neurological irAEs exhibit a broad spectrum of clinical presentations affecting the entire nervous system. Diagnosing neurological irAEs is often challenging as symptoms and laboratory findings can be uncharacteristic for common neurological disorders and clinical experience with ICI-mediated toxicities is still limited. In light of expanding clinical indications for ICIs, physicians will encounter ICI-mediated neurotoxicities more frequently. Thus, thorough characterizations of the diverse set of neurological irAEs are essential for optimal patient care, the prevention of severe ICI-mediated complications, and the development of diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms. This work portrays the clinical presentation, management and outcome of neurological irAEs following ICI therapies.
Patients with neurotoxicities related to ICIs who presented at the Yale New Haven Hospital between January 2014 and June 2018 were retrospectively identified from the quality control database. A comprehensive chart review was performed and data regarding patient demographics, medical history, ICI regimen and neurotoxicity were recorded. In total, 18 patients with neurological irAEs following ICI therapy for melanoma, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and Merkel-cell carcinoma were identified. Neurotoxicities included central nervous system disorders comprising central demyelinating disorder,autoimmune encephalitis predominantly affecting the grey matter, and aseptic meningitis. Peripheral nervous system toxicities included sensorimotor polyneuropathy and myasthenia gravis. Cases of hypophysitis were also recorded. Time to onset of neurological irAEs ranged from 1 to72 weeks with a median of five weeks. In all patients ICIs were held and steroids initiated. Additional immunomodulatory therapies were required in nine patients. Sixteen of 18 patients showed neurological improvement. Fourteen patients had highgrade neurotoxicity (grade 3-4), six of whom deceased due to cancer progression, while none of the low-grade neurotoxicity patients (grade 1-2) died. High-grade neurotoxicity was identified as a negative prognostic marker for overall survival (p = 0.046).
This work shows that neurotoxicities present early-onset, rapidly progressive complications of ICIs with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes affecting the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and neuroendocrine system. A high index of caution for neurological irAEs is warranted throughout ICI therapy as timely diagnosis and management can reduce morbidity and mortality. Randomized clinical trials are needed to develop standardized diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms of ICI-induced neurotoxicities.
Eines der übergeordneten Ziele neurowissenschaftlicher Grundlagenforschung ist es, die Pathomechanismen neuropsychiatrischer Erkrankungsbilder besser zu verstehen. Als Erklärungsmodell für einige dieser Erkrankungen dient unter anderem ein gestörtes Verhältnis zwischen Exzitation und Inhibition im Gehirn. Synaptische Strukturproteine sind wichtige Modulatoren dieses Verhältnisses. Für eine unbeeinträchtigte inhibitorische synaptische Transmission spielt das postsynaptische Zelladhäsionsprotein Neuroligin 2 eine maßgebliche Rolle, um das Gleichgewicht zwischen Exzitation und Inhibition aufrechtzuerhalten. Neuroligin 2 ist an der inhibitorischen Synapse lokalisiert und beeinflusst die Entwicklung, Reifung und Funktion dieser Synapse. Die klinische Relevanz von Neuroligin 2 wurde bereits bei zahlreichen Erkrankungsbildern wie Schizophrenie, Depression oder Epilepsie im Rahmen von Studien nachgewiesen. Um das Verhältnis zwischen Exzitation und Inhibition in vivo sowie Mechanismen der synaptischen Übertragung und Plastizität zu untersuchen, hat sich die Ableitung von Feldpotentialen im Gyrus Dentatus des Hippocampus etabliert. Im Neuroligin 2 Knockout Mausmodell konnte bereits gezeigt werden, dass eine pränatale Deletion dieses Proteins eine stark erhöhte Erregbarkeit der Körnerzellen und eine verminderte GABAerge Netzwerkinhibition im Gyrus Dentatus in vivo zur Folge hat.
Unklar blieb bisher, ob diese durch den konventionellen Neuroligin 2 Knockout (pränatal) hervorgerufenen Netzwerkveränderungen alleine auf das Fehlen dieses Proteins zurückzuführen sind oder durch eine zusätzliche Beeinträchtigung der Hirnentwicklung hervorgerufen werden. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es deshalb, die Rolle von Neuroligin 2 im Gyrus Dentatus durch einen induzierten Knockout in adulten Mäusen (postnatal) unabhängig von einem möglichen Entwicklungseffekt zu klären.
Dazu wurde im ersten methodischen Schritt dieser Dissertation durch orale Tamoxifen-Gabe eine zeitspezifische konditionale Eliminierung von Neuroligin 2 in genetisch modifizierten, adulten Mäusen erzielt. Im Anschluss an diese konditionale Eliminierung wurde die synaptische Transmission, Plastizität sowie neuronale Erregbarkeit von Körnerzellen im Gyrus Dentatus mittels elektrophysiologischer Experimente untersucht. Hierzu wurde zunächst der Tractus Perforans und die Körnerzellschicht durch stereotaktische Chirurgie in anästhesierten Mäusen lokalisiert. Anschließend wurde eine Stimulation des Tractus Perforans sowie eine Ableitung von Feldpotentialen im Gyrus Dentatus durchgeführt. Um die Erregbarkeit der Körnerzellen, die synaptische Transmission, Kurz- und Langzeitplastizität sowie Netzwerkinhibition im Gyrus Dentatus zu analysieren, wurden unterschiedliche Stimulationsprotokolle verwendet. Im Anschluss an die elektrophysiologischen Experimente wurden die Hippocampi beidseitig entnommen, konserviert und später einer Proteinquantifizierung von Neuroligin 2 mittels Western-Blotting unterzogen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigten ein signifikant verringertes Proteinlevel von Neuroligin 2 auf 41,07% im Hippocampus von konditionalen Neuroligin 2 Knockout Mäusen. Unter dieser Reduktion von Neuroligin 2 in adulten Mäusen war die in vivo Erregbarkeit der Körnerzellen des Gyrus Dentatus sowie GABAerge Netzwerkinhibition weitgehend unbeeinträchtigt und die signifikanten Beobachtungen des konventionellen Knockout Modells ließen sich nicht reproduzieren. Aufgrund der unvollständigen Proteinreduktion lässt sich jedoch nicht abschließend beurteilen, ob die Restmenge den elektrophysiologischen Effekt kompensiert oder ob die im konventionellen Neuroligin 2 Knockout Modell beobachteten Effekte auf eine ausschließliche Rolle von Neuroligin 2 in der Hirnentwicklungsperiode zurückzuführen sind. Kürzlich veröffentlichte Daten zeigten allerdings, dass die postnatale Deletion von Neuroligin 2 in anderen Hirnregionen zu einer verminderten Netzwerkinhibition führt.
Neben der hier verwendeten in vivo Methodik ist eine Ergänzung von Untersuchungen in nicht-anästhesierten Tieren sowie Messungen einzelner Zellen durch whole-cell patch-clamp Untersuchungen in vitro oder in vivo zu erwägen. Es sollte dabei auf eine konditionale Proteineliminierung geachtet werden, damit mögliche Kompensationsmechanismen weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden können. Eine weiterführende immunhistochemische Bildgebung der Hippocampuspräparate, wie sie im konventionellen Knockout durchgeführt wurde, könnte sich hierbei ebenso als aufschlussreich für die Funktion von Neuroligin 2 im Hippocampus des adulten Tieres erweisen.
Transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is non-inferior to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in preventing thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation (AF). Non-vitamin K antagonists (NOACs) have an improved safety profile over VKAs; however, evidence regarding their effect on cardiovascular and neurological outcomes relative to LAAO is limited. Up-to-date randomized trials or propensity-score-matched data comparing LAAO vs. NOACs in high-risk patients with AF were pooled in our study. A total of 2849 AF patients (LAAO: 1368, NOACs: 1481, mean age: 75 ± 7.5 yrs, 63.5% male) were enrolled. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.3 ± 1.7, and the mean HAS-BLED score was 3.4 ± 1.2. The baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. In the LAAO group, the success rate of device implantation was 98.8%. During a mean follow-up of 2 years, as compared with NOACs, LAAO was associated with a significant reduction of ISTH major bleeding (p = 0.0002). There were no significant differences in terms of ischemic stroke (p = 0.61), ischemic stroke/thromboembolism (p = 0.63), ISTH major and clinically relevant minor bleeding (p = 0.73), cardiovascular death (p = 0.63), and all-cause mortality (p = 0.71). There was a trend toward reduction of combined major cardiovascular and neurological endpoints in the LAAO group (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.64–1.11, p = 0.12). In conclusion, for high-risk AF patients, LAAO is associated with a significant reduction of ISTH major bleeding without increased ischemic events, as compared to “contemporary NOACs”. The present data show the superior role of LAAO over NOACs among high-risk AF patients in terms of reduction of major bleeding; however, more randomized controlled trials are warranted.
Simple Summary: The role of transcriptionally deregulated miRNAs (microRNAs) in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is still not fully understood. To address this issue, we have performed global miRNA expression profiling of commonly used cHL cell lines and we present a complete cHL miRNome (microRNome). Within this group, we identify miRNAs recurrently deregulated in cHL cell lines, and compare them to non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines and sorted normal CD77+ germinal centre B-cells. Moreover, we show that several of the recurrently overexpressed miRNAs in cHL cell lines, and also primary microdissected HRS (Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg) cells, target known B-cell-related transcription factors and NF-κB inhibitors. These findings provide evidence that deregulated miRNAs contribute to the loss of B-cell phenotype and NF-κB activation observed in this lymphoma.
Abstract: A hallmark of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is the attenuation of B-cell transcription factors leading to global transcriptional reprogramming. The role of miRNAs (microRNAs) involved in this process is poorly studied. Therefore, we performed global miRNA expression profiling using RNA-seq on commonly used cHL cell lines, non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines and sorted normal CD77+ germinal centre B-cells as controls and characterized the cHL miRNome (microRNome). Among the 298 miRNAs expressed in cHL, 56 were significantly overexpressed and 23 downregulated (p < 0.05) compared to the controls. Moreover, we identified five miRNAs (hsa-miR-9-5p, hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-196a-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p) as especially important in the pathogenesis of this lymphoma. Target genes of the overexpressed miRNAs in cHL were significantly enriched (p < 0.05) in gene ontologies related to transcription factor activity. Therefore, we further focused on selected interactions with the SPI1 and ELF1 transcription factors attenuated in cHL and the NF-ĸB inhibitor TNFAIP3. We confirmed the interactions between hsa-miR-27a-5p:SPI1, hsa-miR-330-3p:ELF-1, hsa-miR-450b-5p:ELF-1 and hsa-miR-23a-3p:TNFAIP3, which suggest that overexpression of these miRNAs contributes to silencing of the respective genes. Moreover, by analyzing microdissected HRS cells, we demonstrated that these miRNAs are also overexpressed in primary tumor cells. Therefore, these miRNAs play a role in silencing the B-cell phenotype in cHL.
Introduction: Cancer patients tend to prefer oral instead of parenteral chemotherapy. To date, there is little evidence on the medication adherence in cancer patients. We investigated medication adherence to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients suffering from non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: Tyrosine kinase inhibitor adherence was measured electronically by MEMS® (medication event monitoring system) over at least six months. Adherence rates were calculated in terms of Dosing Compliance, Timing Compliance, Taking Compliance, and Drug Holidays. Patients were dichotomized as adherent when Dosing Compliance and Timing Compliance were ≥80%, Taking Compliance ranged between 90 and 110%, and <1 Drug Holiday was registered. Quality of life was assessed by two questionnaires (EORTC QLQ-C30 version 3.0, EORTC QLQ-LC13) at three time points. Adverse drug events were reported via patient diaries. Results: Out of 32 patients enrolled, data from 23 patients were evaluable. Median Dosing Compliance, Taking Compliance, and Timing Compliance adherence rates of tyrosine kinase inhibitor intake amounted to 100%, 98%, and 99%, respectively; Drug Holidays were observed in three patients. Four patients were dichotomized as non-adherent. Three of them had a twice-daily tyrosine kinase inhibitor regimen. Median quality of life scores amounted to 67 (max. 100) and remained unchanged over the study period. Fatigue and rash were the most frequently reported adverse drug events. Conclusion: Medication adherence of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors was extraordinarily high and is likely to support the effectiveness of tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment and a good quality of life over a long period of time. Adherence facilitating information and education is especially relevant for patients taking tyrosine kinase inhibitors in a twice-daily regimen.
Preeclampsia (PE), a gestational hypertensive disease originating from the placenta, is characterized by an imbalance of various cellular processes. The cell cycle regulator p21Cip1/CDKN1A (p21) and its family members p27 and p57 regulate signaling pathways fundamental to placental development. The aim of the present study was to enlighten the individual roles of these cell cycle regulators in placental development and their molecular involvement in the pathogenesis of PE. The expression and localization of p21, phospho-p21 (Thr-145), p27, and p57 was immunohistochemically analyzed in placental tissues from patients with early-onset PE, early-onset PE complicated by the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count) syndrome as well as late-onset PE compared to their corresponding control tissues from well-matched women undergoing caesarean sections. The gene level was evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR. We demonstrate that the delivery mode strongly influenced placental gene expression, especially for CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN1B (p27), which were significantly upregulated in response to labor. Cell cycle regulators were highly expressed in first trimester placentas and impacted by hypoxic conditions. In support of these observations, p21 protein was abundant in trophoblast organoids and hypoxia reduced its gene expression. Microarray analysis of the trophoblastic BeWo cell line depleted of p21 revealed various interesting candidate genes and signaling pathways for the fusion process. The level of p21 was reduced in fusing cytotrophoblasts in early-onset PE placentas and depletion of p21 led to reduced expression of fusion-related genes such as syncytin-2 and human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), which adversely affected the fusion capability of trophoblastic cells. These data highlight that cell cycle regulators are important for the development of the placenta. Interfering with p21 influences multiple pathways related to the pathogenesis of PE.
Although anti-cancer properties of the natural compound curcumin have been reported, low absorption and rapid metabolisation limit clinical use. The present study investigated whether irradiation with visible light may enhance the inhibitory effects of low-dosed curcumin on prostate cancer cell growth, proliferation, and metastasis in vitro. DU145 and PC3 cells were incubated with low-dosed curcumin (0.1–0.4 µg/mL) and subsequently irradiated with 1.65 J/cm2 visible light for 5 min. Controls remained untreated and/or non-irradiated. Cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and chemotaxis were evaluated, as was cell cycle regulating protein expression (CDK, Cyclins), and integrins of the α- and β-family. Curcumin or light alone did not cause any significant effects on tumor growth, proliferation, or metastasis. However, curcumin combined with light irradiation significantly suppressed tumor growth, adhesion, and migration. Phosphorylation of CDK1 decreased and expression of the counter-receptors cyclin A and B was diminished. Integrin α and β subtypes were also reduced, compared to controls. Irradiation distinctly enhances the anti-tumor potential of curcumin in vitro and may hold promise in treating prostate cancer.
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) after complete and sufficient division of the transverse ligament really exists. Another goal was to analyze the underlying reasons for recurrent CTS operated on in our department. Over an observation period of eleven years, 156 patients underwent surgical intervention due to CTS. The records of each patient were analyzed with respect to baseline data (age, gender, affected hand), as were clinical signs and symptoms pre- and postoperatively. To assess long-term results, standardized telephone interviews were performed using a structured questionnaire in which the patients were questioned about persisting symptoms, if any. Of the 156 patients, 128 underwent first surgical intervention due to CTS in our department. In long-term follow-up, two-thirds of these patients had no symptoms at all; one-third of the patients described mild persisting numbness. None of the patients experienced a recurrence of CTS. The 28 patients who received their first operation outside of our department were operated on for recurrent CTS. The cause of recurrence was incomplete division of the distal part of the transverse carpal ligament in all cases. The results suggest that recurrent CTS after complete and sufficient division of the transverse ligament is very unlikely.
Background: Dentists (Ds) and dental assistants (DAs) have a high lifetime prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). In this context, it is assumed that they have an increased intake of substances such as pain medication. Currently, there exist no data on the use of medication among Ds and DAs with MSDs in Germany. Methods: The online questionnaire (i.e., the Nordic Questionnaire) analysed the medical therapies used by 389 Ds (240 f/149 m) and 406 DAs (401 f/5 m) to treat their MSDs. Results: Ds (28.3–11.5%) and DAs (29.4–10.3%) with MSDs took medication depending on the affected body region. A trend between the Ds and DAs in the intake of drug therapy and the frequency was found for the neck region (Ds: 21.1%, DAs: 28.7%). A single medication was taken most frequently (Ds: 60.0–33.3%, DAs: 71.4–27.3%). The frequency of use varied greatly for both occupational groups depending on the region affected. Conclusion: Ds and DAs perceived the need for medical therapies because of their MSDs. Painkillers such as ibuprofen and systemic diclofenac were the medications most frequently taken by both occupational groups. The intake of pain killers, most notably for the neck, should prevent sick leave.
Sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) lyase (Sgpl1) catalyses the irreversible cleavage of S1P and thereby the last step of sphingolipid degradation. Loss of Sgpl1 in humans and mice leads to accumulation of sphingolipids and multiple organ injuries. Here, we addressed the role of hepatocyte Sgpl1 for regulation of sphingolipid homoeostasis by generating mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Sgpl1 (Sgpl1HepKO mice). Sgpl1HepKO mice had normal body weight, liver weight, liver structure and liver enzymes both at the age of 8 weeks and 8 months. S1P, sphingosine and ceramides, but not glucosylceramides or sphingomyelin, were elevated by ~1.5–2-fold in liver, and this phenotype did not progress with age. Several ceramides were elevated in plasma, while plasma S1P was normal. Interestingly, S1P and glucosylceramides, but not ceramides, were elevated in bile of Sgpl1HepKO mice. Furthermore, liver cholesterol was elevated, while LDL cholesterol decreased in 8-month-old mice. In agreement, the LDL receptor was upregulated, suggesting enhanced uptake of LDL cholesterol. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, liver X receptor and fatty acid synthase was unaltered. These data show that mouse hepatocytes largely compensate the loss of Sgpl1 by secretion of accumulating sphingolipids in a specific manner into blood and bile, so that they can be excreted or degraded elsewhere.
Objective: Dravet syndrome (DS) is a rare but severe drug-resistant epilepsy. Before the approval of fenfluramine (FFA) for the treatment of seizures in DS, patients in Germany could receive treatment under a compassionate use program (CUP). Methods: We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, observational study to describe the efficacy, tolerability, and retention of FFA within the CUP. Patients received add-on therapy with oral FFA gradually titrated to a target dose between .13 and .7 mg/kg/day Results: Overall, 78 patients with DS (median age = 8.0 years, range = 2.1–46.0; 53% female, median concomitant antiseizure medications [ASMs] = 3) were treated with FFA for a median duration of 255.5 days (range = 31–572). Responder rates (a ≥50% reduction; n = 78) and seizure-freedom rates at 3 months were 68% and 14% for total seizures, respectively, and 67% and 23% for generalized tonic–clonic seizures. Responder rates were consistent at 6 and 12 months (n = 66 and n = 43, respectively). Median seizure days per month significantly decreased from 10.0 (range = .5–30) to 3.0 (range = 0–30) in the 3-month period before and after FFA treatment (p < .001). Significantly fewer patients reported at least one episode of status epilepticus (28% vs. 14% patients before and after FFA initiation, p = .005). During FFA treatment, 35 (45%) patients were able to discontinue a concomitant ASM. At the last follow-up date, 66 (85%) patients remained on treatment with FFA. The most common adverse events were somnolence (36%), decreased appetite (22%), and ataxia (8%). Forty-eight (62%) patients were reported as having a meaningful global clinical improvement. Significance: In a large cohort of patients, FFA demonstrated efficacy across a range of outcomes including clinically significant reductions in convulsive seizures, and was well tolerated, providing valuable information for real-world practice.
Objective: Dravet syndrome (DS) is a rare but severe drug-resistant epilepsy. Before the approval of fenfluramine (FFA) for the treatment of seizures in DS, patients in Germany could receive treatment under a compassionate use program (CUP). Methods: We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, observational study to describe the efficacy, tolerability, and retention of FFA within the CUP. Patients received add-on therapy with oral FFA gradually titrated to a target dose between .13 and .7 mg/kg/day. Results: Overall, 78 patients with DS (median age = 8.0 years, range = 2.1–46.0; 53% female, median concomitant antiseizure medications [ASMs] = 3) were treated with FFA for a median duration of 255.5 days (range = 31–572). Responder rates (a ≥50% reduction; n = 78) and seizure-freedom rates at 3 months were 68% and 14% for total seizures, respectively, and 67% and 23% for generalized tonic–clonic seizures. Responder rates were consistent at 6 and 12 months (n = 66 and n = 43, respectively). Median seizure days per month significantly decreased from 10.0 (range = .5–30) to 3.0 (range = 0–30) in the 3-month period before and after FFA treatment (p < .001). Significantly fewer patients reported at least one episode of status epilepticus (28% vs. 14% patients before and after FFA initiation, p = .005). During FFA treatment, 35 (45%) patients were able to discontinue a concomitant ASM. At the last follow-up date, 66 (85%) patients remained on treatment with FFA. The most common adverse events were somnolence (36%), decreased appetite (22%), and ataxia (8%). Forty-eight (62%) patients were reported as having a meaningful global clinical improvement. Significance: In a large cohort of patients, FFA demonstrated efficacy across a range of outcomes including clinically significant reductions in convulsive seizures, and was well tolerated, providing valuable information for real-world practice.
Key Points: Seventy-eight patients with Dravet syndrome were treated with FFA at multiple centers within the CUP in Germany; FFA had a good retention rate over a sustained period; 85% of patients remained on treatment with FFA for a median duration of 255.5 days; FFA was associated with clinically meaningful reductions in total and convulsive seizures, seizure days per month, and episodes of status epilepticus; FFA was associated with reductions in the number or dose of concomitant antiseizure medications in 68% of patients; FFA was well tolerated, with the main adverse events being somnolence (36%), decreased appetite (22%), and ataxia (8%).
Background: To test the effect of urological primary cancers (bladder, kidney, testis, upper tract, penile, urethral) on overall mortality (OM) after secondary prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, patients with urological primary cancers and concomitant secondary PCa (diagnosed 2004-2016) were identified and were matched in 1:4 fashion with primary PCa controls. OM was compared between secondary and primary PCa patients and stratified according to primary urological cancer type, as well as to time interval between primary urological cancer versus secondary PCa diagnoses. Results: We identified 5,987 patients with primary urological and secondary PCa (bladder, n = 3,287; kidney, n = 2,127; testis, n = 391; upper tract, n = 125; penile, n = 47; urethral, n = 10) versus 531,732 primary PCa patients. Except for small proportions of Gleason grade group and age at diagnosis, PCa characteristics between secondary and primary PCa were comparable. Conversely, proportions of secondary PCa patients which received radical prostatectomy were smaller (29.0 vs. 33.5%), while no local treatment rates were higher (34.2 vs. 26.3%). After 1:4 matching, secondary PCa patients exhibited worse OM than primary PCa patients, except for primary testis cancer. Here, no OM differences were recorded. Finally, subgroup analyses showed that the survival disadvantage of secondary PCa patients decreased with longer time interval since primary cancer diagnosis. Conclusions: After detailed matching for PCa characteristics, secondary PCa patients exhibit worse survival, except for testis cancer patients. The survival disadvantage is attenuated, when secondary PCa diagnosis is made after longer time interval, since primary urological cancer diagnosis.
Im Bereich der Neonatologie kommen die Patient*innen oft multimorbide zu Welt oder sind für bestimmte Komplikationen gefährdet, die sich aus ihrer Unreife ergeben. Dabei spielen sowohl bei reifen kranken Neugeborenen und erst recht bei Frühgeborenen Erkrankungen der Atemwege eine Hauptrolle. Nach wie vor ist das konventionelle Röntgen in diesem Bereich der Medizin ein wichtiges Instrument. Die diagnostische Strahlenexposition bietet jedoch immer wieder Raum zur Diskussion. Die Patient*innen sind nur wenige Tage alt und besitzen somit über eine hohe Proliferationsrate und ein Maß an undifferenzierten Zellen, sie erhalten in Summe teilweise viele Aufnahmen und haben auf der anderen Seite eine hohe Lebenserwartung, wenn sie die Neugeborenenzeit ohne Komplikationen überleben. Haupteffekte ionisierender Strahlen sind für die Früh- und kranken Neugeborenen Malignome, vor allem die Leukämien. Es soll herausgefunden werden, inwieweit die Strahlenbelastung ein gesundheitliches Risiko für die Früh- und Neugeborenen darstellt.
Hintergrund: Gegenstand der wissenschaftlichen und klinischen Diskussion ist immer wieder das eventuell bestehende Risiko der einfallenden ionisierenden Röntgenstrahlung auf das Früh- oder Neugeborene, dennoch ist das Röntgen als diagnostisches Mittel notwendig. Es soll untersucht werden, wie hoch das gesundheitliche Risiko durch diagnostische Röntgenaufnahmen in der Praxis für die Früh- und Neugeborenen ist.
Material und Methoden: Alle Patient*innen des Schwerpunktes Neonatologie in der Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin aus dem Zeitraum vom 01.01.2013 bis 31.12.2018 im Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt wurden retrospektiv untersucht. Es wurden die Anzahl der Röntgenaufnahmen pro Patient*in, die zugrunde liegende Indikation, das Dosisflächenprodukt (DFP), die Effektive Dosis (ED) und das geschätzte Risiko dokumentiert, bzw. errechnet. Die ED ist eine Schätzgröße, welche mittels Konversionskoeffizienten aus den Eingangsgrößen des DFP, der Eintrittsdosis oder dem Air Kerma (Kai) berechnet wird. Im ICRP Bericht Nr. 60 finden sich Faktoren zur Risikoabschätzung von 2,8 bis 13*10-2 Sv-1. Diese Risikoeinschätzung nähert das durch Strahlung induzierte Risiko für Krebs in der ersten Lebensdekade an – vor allem für Leukämien, aber auch andere Krebsarten.
Ergebnisse: Von den insgesamt 3843 stationär in der Neonatologie behandelten Patient*innen (2013-2018) erhielten 1307 (34%) mindestens eine Röntgenaufnahme. Pro Jahr wurden in einer Abteilung für Neonatologie ca. 700 Röntgenaufnahmen angefertigt. Die mittlere Anzahl an Röntgenaufnahmen pro Patient*in betrug 3,19 Aufnahmen und korrelierte gegensinnig mit Geburtsgewicht und Gestationsalter. Am häufigsten wurden sehr kleine Frühgeborene untersucht, meistens in den ersten drei Lebenstagen. Im Laufe des Beobachtungszeitraums wurden weniger Röntgenaufnahmen angefertigt. Die häufigsten Gründe für Röntgenaufnahmen waren Kontrollen von Tubus oder ZVK-Lage. Je reifer und schwerer die Neugeborenen waren, desto seltener wurde ein pathologischer Befund erhoben. Bei niedrigem Geburtsgewicht war die Thoraxabdomenaufnahme die bevorzugte Röntgenart, bei reiferen Patient*innen die Thoraxaufnahme. Das kumulative DFP betrug im Mittel 5,95 mGy*cm² und die kumulative ED betrug im Mittel 23,7 µSv pro Aufenthalt. Damit errechnete sich ein Risiko von 3,1*10-6, das bedeutet 3,1 von 1.000.000 Patient*innen entwickeln nach dieser kumulativen Strahlendosis in der ersten Lebensdekade womöglich Krebs. Das kumulative DFP und die ED pro Aufenthalt und somit auch das Risiko, nach einer gewissen Strahlenexposition Krebs zu entwickeln, sinken mit zunehmendem Geburtsgewicht und zeigen einen Höhepunkt bei einem Geburtsgewicht von <500 g. Die maximale kumulative Strahlendosis betrug 342 µSv mit einem daraus resultierenden Risiko von 44*10-6 und ist damit selbst bei diesem Patienten nach Martin et al. als „minimal“ zu werten.
Schlussfolgerung: Die Strahlenbelastung der Früh- und Neugeborenen konnte evaluiert werden und der Zusammenhang zwischen Unreife und Strahlenbelastung konnte bestätigt werden. Die Strahlenbelastung fiel im internationalen Vergleich minimal aus und es ist nicht von einem gesundheitlichen Risiko durch diagnostische Bildgebung auszugehen. Dies lässt sich vor allem durch moderne Technik mit kurzer Belichtungszeit und hoher Aufnahmespannungen und durch die relativ niedrige Anzahl an gemachten Röntgenbildern erklären. Da bei weiterer Minimierung der eingesetzten Dosis von einem Qualitätsverlust der Bilder auszugehen ist, ist die Einsparung von Röntgenuntersuchungen und die vermehrte Nutzung von Alternativen anzuraten. Die Indikationen müssen vor allem bei Patient*innen <500 g genauestens überprüft werden. Weiterhin sollte nach Alternativen (Sonographie, Kernspintomographie) gesucht werden.
Increased intraindividual variability of reaction time is a main cognitive feature of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It is associated with deficits in sustained attention. While traditionally, mean and variance were used to characterize reaction time distributions, the ex-gaussian distributional model allows a more sophisticated analysis of reaction time series. Reaction time distributions are separated in a normal and an exponential component.
The present study investigates the impact of incentives on reaction time variability in a sample of adult ADHD patients. ADHD is associated with increased Tau, the output parameter of the ex-gaussian model characterizing the exponential part of the distribution. Tau is linked to “lapses of attention”, which are more frequent in ADHD patients. It is known that tau can be modulated in ADHD Patients. It was therefore postulated that tau would be higher in ADHD Patients in a paradigm where quick answers were required but could be modulated by monetary incentives. In addition, the effect of “delay discounting”, which is more distinct in ADHD patients, on reaction time variability was investigated. Eventually, the association of variability measures with strength of ADHD symptoms was tested.
To this end, reaction time distributions of 62 adult ADHD patients and 45 healthy controls from two different reaction time paradigms were analyzed. The monetary incentive delay task, by comprehending a control – and a win condition, allows an investigation of the effect of incentives on reaction times. Subjects had to react as fast as possible by keypress to a stimulus, after a cue signaled a possible monetary reward. During the Delay-Discounting-Task, subjects had to choose between sooner, but smaller, and higher delayed monetary rewards, during which they could use as much time for consideration as desired.
Results show that an increased Tau in the control condition of the monetary- incentive-delay-task could be replicated, while a distinct influence of the win condition emerged. Subjects with ADHD showed an improvement of Tau in the win condition even below the level of healthy controls. However, they showed increased variability of the “regular” responses around the mean of the normal component of the distribution, represented by sigma. Moreover, it was indicated by trend a higher reaction time variability in ADHD patients during choices of delayed rewards. Tau was associated the current symptom strength as well as with the strength of ADHD-Symptoms during childhood, assessed by questionnaire.
While the present results could have implications for etiological models of the disease, they may also contribute to the development of novel diagnostic methods. In advanced studies, neural correlates of sophisticated measures of reaction time variability should be investigated. Furthermore, they should be associated with genetic risk factors with regard to possible endophenotypes. Possible implications for clinical handling of patients should be explored.
Hintergrund: Die Verankerung der Kompetenzorientierung und die Betonung der praktisch-klinischen Ausbildung im Rahmen des Medizinstudiums sind zentrale Punkte in den Neuerungen der Ärztlichen Approbationsordnung. Mit der Entwicklung des Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalogs Medizin (NKLM) ist ein Rahmenwerk erstellt und verabschiedet worden, das die Inhalte des gesamten Medizinstudiums in Deutschland abbilden und eine Implementierung kompetenzorientierter Lernziele an den Fakultäten forcieren soll. Um diesem Ziel gerecht zu werden, müssen bereits an den Fakultäten vorhandene Lehrveranstaltungen mit dem NKLM abgeglichen und im Rahmen eines Curriculum Mappings kartiert werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist daher die Kartierung der im Frankfurter Blockpraktikum Chirurgie erlernten Kompetenzen im Sinne eines Curriculum Mappings in Anlehnung an die im NKLM formulierten Lernziele. Zudem wurde folgenden Fragestellungen nachgegangen: Welcher Umfang kompetenzorientierter Lernziele kann Studierenden in einem zweiwöchigen Praktikum Chirurgie vermittelt werden? Wie ist die Vermittlung der einzelnen Kapitel des NKLM im Blockpraktikum Chirurgie gewichtet? Gibt es Unterschiede der erreichten Lernziele in Abhängigkeit des Geschlechts der Studierenden, der besuchten Fachrichtung bzw. des besuchten Lehrkrankenhauses?
Material und Methoden: Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Medizinstudierende im zweiten bzw. dritten klinischen Semester unmittelbar nach Abschluss ihres Blockpraktikums Chirurgie gebeten, unter Nutzung eines Online-Fragebogens anzugeben, welche der im NKLM formulierten Lernziele sie im zweiwöchigen Blockpraktikum Chirurgie gelernt haben. Somit konnte für jedes Kapitel dargestellt werden, zu welchem prozentualen Anteil die Lernziele dieses Kapitels erreicht worden sind. Zudem wurden die soziodemographischen Daten der Studierenden, die Fachrichtung des Blockpraktikums und das Lehrkrankenhaus erfasst. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit dem Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test und dem Kruskal-Wallis Test.
Ergebnisse: Insgesamt nahmen 81 Studierenden (28 Männer, 53 Frauen) aus dem 2. bzw 3. klinischen Semester an der Studie teil. Insgesamt wurden im zweiwöchigen Blockpraktikum Chirurgie 8,78 ± 5,10% (Min. 1,01%; Max. 29,84%) aller Lernziele von den Studierenden erreicht. Hierbei wurden anteilig die meisten Lernziele in den Kapiteln 5-11 (Abschnitt 1 „Ärztliche Rollen“) mit 29,92 ± 15,22% (Min. 0,00%; Max. 63,10%) vermittelt. Aus Abschnitt 2 („Medizinisches Wissen, klinische Fähigkeiten und professionelle Haltungen“) wurden vor allem die Lernziele der Kapitel 14b „Klinisch-praktische Fertigkeiten“ (15,49 ± 7,78% (Min. 0,00%; Max. 41,30%) und 14c „Ärztliche Gesprächsführung“ (22,98 ± 16,47% (Min. 0,00%; Max. 70,69%) von den Studierenden erreicht. Männer geben durchschnittlich an, mehr Lernziele erreicht zu haben als Frauen (9,84% vs. 8,22%; p=0.104731). Weiterhin haben Studierende, die ihr Praktikum in einem Lehrkrankenhaus mit weniger als 100 chirurgischen Bettenplätzen (10,60 ± 6,75%; Min. 2,33%; Max. 29,84%) oder in einer Rotation (9,95 ± 6,67%; Min. 1,90%; Max. 29,84%) durch mehrere Fachrichtungen absolvierten, angegeben mehr Lernziele erreicht zu haben als andere Studierende insgesamt.
Schlussfolgerung: Das zweiwöchige Blockpraktikum Chirurgie in Frankfurt kann den Studierenden (im Hinblick auf die Gesamtdauer des Medizinstudiums) einen großen Anteil der im NKLM formulierten Lernziele vermitteln. Vor allem die Lernziele der „Ärztlichen Rollen“ und der „klinisch-praktischen Fertigkeiten“ werden erlernt. Die Vermittlung gelingt besonders umfangreich in kleineren Lehrkrankenhäusern. Trotzdem bietet das Blockpraktikum Chirurgie den Teilnehmer nur einen kleinen Einblick in den Fachbereich Chirurgie. Für die Vermittlung von spezifischen chirurgischen Fähigkeiten, Prinzipen chirurgischer Diagnostik und Therapie, sowie Aspekte der „Patientenzentrierten Gesundheitsversorgung“ sind andere Formate notwendig.
Hauptrolle für die Krankenhaushygiene : »Tag der Patientensicherheit« am Universitätsklinikum
(2015)
Ernst, aber nicht hoffnungslos : Wissenschaftler berichten über Ergebnisse aus der Demenz-Forschung
(2015)
Locomotor activity patterns of laboratory mice are widely used to analyze circadian mechanisms, but most investigations have been performed under standardized laboratory conditions. Outdoors, animals are exposed to daily changes in photoperiod and other abiotic cues that might influence their circadian system. To investigate how the locomotor activity patterns under outdoor conditions compare to controlled laboratory conditions, we placed 2 laboratory mouse strains (melatonin-deficient C57Bl and melatonin-proficient C3H) in the garden of the Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie in Frankfurt am Main. The mice were kept singly in cages equipped with an infrared locomotion detector, a hiding box, nesting material, and with food and water ad libitum. The locomotor activity of each mouse was recorded for 1 year, together with data on ambient
temperature, light, and humidity. Chronotype, chronotype stability, total daily activity, duration of the activity period, and daily diurnality indices were determined from the actograms. C3H mice showed clear seasonal differences in the chronotype, its stability, the total daily activity, and the duration of the activity period. These pronounced seasonal differences were not observed in the C57Bl. In both strains, the onset of the main activity period was mainly determinedby the evening dusk, whereas the offset was influenced by the ambient temperature. The actograms did not reveal infra-, ultradian, or lunar rhythms or a weekday/weekend pattern. Under outdoor conditions, the 2 strains retained their nocturnal locomotor identity as observed in the laboratory. Our results indicate that the chronotype displays a seasonal plasticity that may depend on the melatoninergic system. Photoperiod and ambient temperature are the most potent abiotic entraining cues. The timing of the evening dusk mainly affects the onset of the activity period; the ambient temperature during this period influences the latter’s duration. Humidity, overall light intensities, and human activities do not affect the locomotor behavior.
Durch die sich verändernde Altersstruktur nehmen die Inzidenz und Prävalenz von Herzklappenerkrankungen wie der Mitralinsuffizienz weltweit zu, verbunden mit einem Verlust an Lebensqualität und Lebensjahren für den individuellen Patienten und hohen Kosten für das Gesundheitssystem. Die Standardtherapie, eine chirurgische Rekonstruktion oder ein Ersatz der Mitralklappe kommt aufgrund von Alter und Begleiterkrankungen (insbesondere der Herzinsuffizienz) bei bis zu 50% der Patienten nicht in Frage. Die MitraClip- Prozedur ist ein etabliertes Verfahren zur minimalinvasiven Therapie der hochgradigen Mitralklappeninsuffizienz bei Patienten mit hohem Operationsrisiko. In einigen, jedoch nicht allen Patientenkohorten konnte ein positiver Einfluss auf Rehospitalisierungen und Sterblichkeit gezeigt werden. Insbesondere Patienten mit Rechtsherzdysfunktion (RVD) scheinen weniger zu profitieren. Aufgrund des individuellen Risikos des Eingriffs und der erheblichen Kosten ist es notwendig, Patienten zu identifizieren die von dem Eingriff profitieren und solche bei denen ein ungünstiges Nutzen/ Risikoverhältnis besteht.
Im Rahmen des Frankfurter Mitralklappenregisters wurden 119 Patienten im interdisziplinären Konsens („Heart Team“) vom 07/2013 bis 02/2017 mit der MitraClip Prozedur behandelt und nach ihrem schriftlichen Einverständnis in die Analyse eingeschlossen. Der Langzeitverlauf wurde bis zum 31.12.2017 beobachtet.
Ziel der Studie war, zu erfassen, ob die Anwendung von bei Herzinsuffizienz etablierten Prognosemodellen bei diesen Patienten sinnvoll ist und ob sich das Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) und der Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) Score in ihrer Genauigkeit bei diesen Patienten unterscheiden insbesondere im Kontext einer RVD.
Die Diagnose einer RVD erfolgte über den im Herzultraschall leicht zu erfassenden Parameter „Tricuspid Annular Plane Excursion“ (TAPSE), der die während der Systole zurückgelegte Strecke des Trikuspidalrings misst.
Die Genauigkeit in der Vorhersage der 1- Jahres Mortalität der beiden Scores wurde durch die Bestimmung der Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) ermittelt.
Innerhalb eines Jahres nach MitraClip- Therapie verstarben 29 Patienten (28.2%) des Gesamtkollektivs. Bei Patienten mit funktioneller Mitralklappeninsuffizienz (FMR) betrug die 1- Jahres Mortalität 23,3%, bei Patienten mit degenerativer Mitralklappeninsuffizienz (DMR) 31,7%. In der Kaplan- Meier Analyse bestand eine signifikant erhöhte 1- Jahres Mortalität für Patienten mit RVD (34.8 vs 22.8%; p=0.009). Patienten mit FMR wiesen eine erhöhte Sterblichkeit auf, wenn gleichzeitig eine RVD bestand (38.1% vs 9.1% ohne RVD). Diese Assoziation bestand bei Patienten mit DMR nicht (32% mit RVD vs. 34.3%).
Die prognostische Genauigkeit beider Scores war im Gesamtkollektiv vergleichbar (SHFM: 0.704, MAGGIC: 0.692). Das gilt auch für separate Analysen nach funktioneller/ degenerativer Genese der Mitralklappeninsuffizienz (FMR: SHFM 0.696, MAGGIC 0.722; DMR: SHFM 0.727, MAGGIC 0.629). Bei Patienten ohne RVD zeigt das SHFM jedoch eine höhere diagnostische Genauigkeit als der MAGGIC Score (SHFM: 0.775; MAGGIC: 0.551, p <0.05). Bei Patienten mit Rechtsherzdysfunktion bestehen keine signifikanten Unterschiede (SHFM: 0.615; MAGGIC: 0.799, p>0.05), auch wenn ein Trend zugunsten des MAGGIC Scores bestand.
Eine bestehende RVD ist ein wichtiger prognostischer Marker für Patienten, die mit einem Mitraclip behandelt werden und sollte in der Entscheidungsfindung des „Heart Teams“ berücksichtigt werden. SHFM und MAGGIC Score besitzen eine adäquate prognostische Trennschärfe in unserer Patientenkohorte, Unterschiede bestehen bei Patienten mit/ ohne RVD. Aufgrund der Heterogenität der Erkrankung sowie der Begleiterkrankungen besteht für beide Scores nur eine moderate Trennschärfe, sie dürfen beim individuellen Patienten nicht einziges Entscheidungskriterium sein. Denkbar wäre, durch einen „machine learning“ Ansatz unter Einbeziehung klinischer, anatomischer, demographischer und laborchemischer Daten ein Score System zu entwerfen, mit dem eine höhere prognostische Genauigkeit erreicht werden könnte.
Objective: The DIRAS2 gene is associated with ADHD, but its function is largely unknown. Thus, we aimed to explore the genes and molecular pathways affected by DIRAS2. Method: Using short hairpin RNAs, we downregulated Diras2 in murine hippocampal primary cells. Gene expression was analyzed by microarray and affected pathways were identified. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to confirm expression changes and analyzed enrichment of differentially expressed genes in an ADHD GWAS (genome-wide association studies) sample. Results: Diras2 knockdown altered expression of 1,612 genes, which were enriched for biological processes involved in neurodevelopment. Expression changes were confirmed for 33 out of 88 selected genes. These 33 genes showed significant enrichment in ADHD patients in a gene-set-based analysis. Conclusion: Our findings show that Diras2 affects numerous genes and thus molecular pathways that are relevant for neurodevelopmental processes. These findings may further support the hypothesis that DIRAS2 is linked to etiological processes underlying ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. 2021; 25(4) 572-583).
The capacity of convalescent and vaccine-elicited sera and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants is currently of high relevance to assess the protection against infections. We performed a cell culture-based neutralization assay focusing on authentic SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.617.1 (Kappa), B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), all harboring the spike substitution L452R. We found that authentic SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring L452R had reduced susceptibility to convalescent and vaccine-elicited sera and mAbs. Compared to B.1, Kappa and Delta showed a reduced neutralization by convalescent sera by a factor of 8.00 and 5.33, respectively, which constitutes a 2-fold greater reduction when compared to Epsilon. BNT2b2 and mRNA1273 vaccine-elicited sera were less effective against Kappa, Delta, and Epsilon compared to B.1. No difference was observed between Kappa and Delta towards vaccine-elicited sera, whereas convalescent sera were 1.51-fold less effective against Delta, respectively. Both B.1.617 variants Kappa (+E484Q) and Delta (+T478K) were less susceptible to either casirivimab or imdevimab. In conclusion, in contrast to the parallel circulating Kappa variant, the neutralization efficiency of convalescent and vaccine-elicited sera against Delta was moderately reduced. Delta was resistant to imdevimab, which, however, might be circumvented by combination therapy with casirivimab together.
Background: Inflammation is essential for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). While the immune system contribution to the development of neurological symptoms has been intensively studied, inflammatory biomarkers for mental symptoms such as depression are poorly understood in the context of MS. Here, we test if depression correlates with peripheral and central inflammation markers in MS patients as soon as the diagnosis is established. Methods: Forty-four patients were newly diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS, primary progressive MS or clinically isolated syndrome. Age, gender, EDSS, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, white blood cells count in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF WBC), presence of gadolinium enhanced lesions (GE) on T1-weighted images and total number of typical MS lesion locations were included in linear regression models to predict Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score and the depression dimension of the Symptoms Checklist 90-Revised (SCL90RD). Results: CRP elevation and GE predicted significantly BDI (CRP: p = 0.007; GE: p = 0.019) and SCL90RD (CRP: p = 0.004; GE: p = 0.049). The combination of both factors resulted in more pronounced depressive symptoms (p = 0.04). CSF WBC and EDSS as well as the other variables were not correlated with depressive symptoms. Conclusions: CRP elevation and GE are associated with depressive symptoms in newly diagnosed MS patients. These markers can be used to identify MS patients exhibiting a high risk for the development of depressive symptoms in early phases of the disease.
Genes encoding endocannabinoid and sphingolipid metabolism pathways were suggested to contribute to the genetic risk towards attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present pilot study assessed plasma concentrations of candidate endocannabinoids, sphingolipids and ceramides in individuals with adult ADHD in comparison with healthy controls and patients with affective disorders. Targeted lipid analyses of 23 different lipid species were performed in 71 mental disorder patients and 98 healthy controls (HC). The patients were diagnosed with adult ADHD (n = 12), affective disorder (major depression, MD n = 16 or bipolar disorder, BD n = 6) or adult ADHD with comorbid affective disorders (n = 37). Canonical discriminant analysis and CHAID analyses were used to identify major components that predicted the diagnostic group. ADHD patients had increased plasma concentrations of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P d18:1) and sphinganine-1-phosphate (S1P d18:0). In addition, the endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and arachidonoylglycerol were increased. MD/BD patients had increased long chain ceramides, most prominently Cer22:0, but low endocannabinoids in contrast to ADHD patients. Patients with ADHD and comorbid affective disorders displayed increased S1P d18:1 and increased Cer22:0, but the individual lipid levels were lower than in the non-comorbid disorders. Sphingolipid profiles differ between patients suffering from ADHD and affective disorders, with overlapping patterns in comorbid patients. The S1P d18:1 to Cer22:0 ratio may constitute a diagnostic or prognostic tool.
Pathologic data indicate that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection might be associated with the pathogenesis of several human malignancies. However, no definitive evidence of a causal link between HCMV infection and cancer dissemination has been established to date. This study describes the modulation of the invasive behavior of NCAM-expressing tumor cell lines by HCMV. Neuroblastoma (NB) cells, persistently infected with the HCMV strain AD169 (UKF-NB-4AD169 and MHH-NB-11AD169), were added to endothelial cell monolayers and adhesion and penetration kinetics were measured. The 140- and 180-kDa isoforms of the adhesion receptor NCAM were evaluated by flow cytometry, Western blot, and reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The relevance of NCAM for tumor cell binding was proven by treating NB with NCAM antisense oligonucleotides or NCAM transfection. HCMV infection profoundly increased the number of adherent and penetrated NB, compared to controls. Surface expression of NCAM was significantly lower on UKF-NB-4AD169 and MHH-NB-11AD169, compared to mock-infected cells. Western-blot and RT-PCR demonstrated reduced protein and RNA levels of the 140- and 180-kDa isoform. An inverse correlation between NCAM expression and adhesion capacity of NB has been shown by antisense and transfection experiments. We conclude that HCMV infection leads to downregulation of NCAM receptors, which is associated with enhanced tumor cell invasiveness.
Im EU-Projekt „Regulatory Control Networks of Synthetic Lethality“ (SYNLET) wurden durch Vergleich der Genexpressionsprofile auf Transkriptionsebene von parentalen sensitiven Neuroblastom-Zelllinien und ihren Vincristin-resistenten Sublinien bioinformatisch 40 Kandidatengene ermittelt, die für Vincristin-Resistenz und damit Zellüberleben essentiell sein könnten. Diese Kandidatengene wurden im Rahmen dieser Dissertation einzeln in Neuroblastomzellen der Vincristin-resistenten Sublinie UKF-NB-2rVCR20 herunterreguliert durch Transfektion (Elektroporation) von small interfering RNAs (siRNAs; knock down). Anschließend wurden die Zellen ohne und mit verschiedenen Vincristin-Konzentrationen auf Zellviabilitätsveränderungen getestet. Beim Kandidatengen mit den niedrigsten Zellviabilitäten (SMARCC1) wurde ein Western Blot gemacht, um die Herunterregulierung zu bestätigen. Zu Beginn wurde das effektivste Programm zur Elektroporation der UKF-NB-2rVCR20-Zellen durch eine Transfektionsoptimierung ermittelt. Alle Kandidatengene wurden 2x transfiziert, bei unklaren oder besonders interessanten Ergebnissen auch 3x. Als positive Kontrolle wurde der ABC-Transporter MDR1 herunterreguliert, da hier die Auswirkungen auf die Resistenz gegen Vincristin bekannt sind. Bei 10 von 40 Kandidatengenen waren die Zellviabilitäten ohne Vincristin und/oder bei mindestens einer Vincristin-Konzentration extrem verändert (FOXJ1, MAP2K1, NFYB, RICS, SMARCA1, SMARCB1, SMARCC1, STK35, TOCA1 und TPM2). Das entspricht einem Prozentsatz von 25 % Kandidatengenen, bei denen die bioinformatisch vorhergesagte Wirkung in vitro bestätigt werden konnte. Allerdings sind bei diesen 10 effektiven Kandidatengenen auch 2 Gene dabei, nach deren Herunterregulierung es zu einer erhöhten Zellviabilität kam (FOXJ1 und RICS). Bei der Frage, welche Gene das Absterben der Tumorzellen beschleunigen und als ein mögliches Therapieziel in Frage kommen könnten, bleiben also 8 Kandidatengene (20 % aller Kandidatengene). Das interessanteste Kandidatengen ist SMARCC1, da die Herunterregulierung alleine (ohne Zugabe von Vincristin) zu einer massiven Abnahme der Zellviabilität führte. Damit stellt SMARCC1 ein interessantes Ziel zur Therapie in Tumorzellen dar.
Traumatische Verletzungen fordern jährlich über fünf Millionen Todesopfer. Sie sind bei unter 45-Jährigen die häufigste Ursache für Tod und körperliche Behinderung dar. Ein Polytrauma verursacht eine schwere Belastung für das Immunsystem und ist häufig von schweren Störungen der Immunregulation gekennzeichnet. Die Immunreaktion übersteigt bei schweren Traumata das für lokale Reparaturmechanismen notwendige Maß, und so kommt es je nach Ausmaß der Verletzungen innerhalb der ersten Minuten bis Stunden zu einer systemischen Hyperinflammation, dem sogenannten Systemischen Inflammatorischen Response- Syndrom (SIRS). Auch in nicht verletzten Organen verursacht SIRS Störungen in der Endothel-Funktion, wodurch die Mikrozirkulation in diesen Organgen beeinträchtigt ist. In der Folge kommt es zu interstitieller Ödembildung, zur Gewebsinfiltration durch Leukozyten und zu Zelluntergang. Diese Prozesse können zur Fehlfunktion von Organen bis hin zum Organversagen, und, da sie häufig in mehreren Organen gleichzeitig ablaufen, auch zum klinisch dann oft schwer beherrschbaren Multiorganversagen (MOV) führen. Auf der anderen Seite stoßen schwere Verletzungen antiinflammatorische Prozesse an, die zu einer ausgeprägten Immunsuppression führen können, dem Kompensatorischen Antiinflammatorischen Response-Syndrom (CARS), mit der Folge, dass polytraumatisierte Patienten erhöht anfällig für infektiöse Komplikationen sind. Die beschriebenen Funktionsstörungen des Immunsystems sind ein wichtiger Mortalitätsfaktor von polytraumatisierten Patienten. Während wir SIRS und seine Folgen über die letzten Jahre immer besser verstehen, mit signifikanten Fortschritten auch für die klinische Handhabung dieser Komplikationen des Polytraumas, ist CARS weit schlechter untersucht.
Während der post-traumatschen Immunantwort spielen nicht nur Zellen der angeborenen, sondern auch solche der erworbenen Immunabwehr eine wichtige Rolle. So sind regulatorische T-Zellen (Treg) entscheidend an der posttraumatischen Immunsuppression beteiligt. Treg beeinflussen die immunologische Homöostase Treg mit einem Arsenal immunsuppressiver Werkzeuge. Sie töten oder beeinflussen beispielsweise antigenpräsentierende Zellen oder T-Effektorzellen und verändern das Zytokinmilieu und metabolische Signalwege. Nach einem Trauma kann eine überschießende Aktivität von Treg die immunologische Balance so beeinträchtigen, dass eine posttraumatische Immunsuppression entsteht oder intensiviert wird. Die hier vorgestellte Studie Ziel dient daher dem besseren Verständnis der Dynamik von Treg nach einer stattgehabten traumatischen Verletzung. Dafür untersuchten wir die Verläufe verschiedener Subpopulationen von Treg im Blut schwer verletzter Patienten. Da der Forschung am Menschen in vivo enge ethische und methodologische Grenzen gesetzt sind, nehmen Tiermodelle in der Traumaforschung einen hohen Stellenwert ein. Daher verglichen wir die an Patienten erhobenen Daten über die posttraumatische Dynamik von Treg mit den Verläufen in einem adäquaten Tiermodell.
Aufgrund der guten anatomischen, physiologischen und genetischen Ähnlichkeit zum Menschen werden Tiermodelle am Schwein zunehmend beliebter. Ein Polytraumamodell am Schwein existiert erst seit wenigen Jahren. Über Treg wurde in diesem Rahmen bisher nicht geforscht. Die Charakterisierung ihres Immunphänotyps und ihrer Dynamik könnte die Anwendbarkeit des Schweine-Modells für Fragen der Trauma-Forschung verbessern und gleichzeitig unser Verständnis der Pathophysiologie posttraumatischer Komplikationen wir SIRS oder Sepsis erhöhen.
Bei 20 Traumapatienten (TP) mit einem Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16 wurde bei Ankunft in der Notaufnahme, nach einem und nach drei Tagen venöses Blut entnommen. Zehn gesunde Freiwillige (HV) fungierten in der Studie als Kontrollgruppe. Das Polytrauma im Großtiermodell am Schwein bestand aus einer Femurfraktur, einer Leberlazeration, einer Lungenkontusion und einem hämorrhagischen Schock, was einen ISS von 27 ergab. Auf die Traumainduktion folgte die Reanimationsphase und die chirurgische Versorgung der Femurfraktur nach dem damage-control-Prinzip. Die Blutentnahmen erfolgten bei den Versuchstieren vor und sofort nach Trauma, sowie nach 24 und 72 Stunden. Wir verglichen die Dynamik der Verläufe der Treg von TP mit denen von HV und mit Daten aus den Tierversuchen. Es herrscht noch kein wissenschaftlicher Konsens darüber, welche Kombination aus immunologischen Oberflächenmarkern die Identifikation von Treg zuverlässig gewährleisten kann. Dies liegt auch daran, dass Treg eine Gruppe verschiedener Unterpopulationen darstellen. Folglich analysierten wir verschiedene Kombinationen. Wir färbten Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4-positive und CD25-positive (CD4+CD25+), CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+, CD4+CD25+CD127-negative (CD127−) und CD4+CD25+CD127−FoxP3+ Zellen mit Antikörpern und charakterisierten die jeweilige Gruppe mithilfe der Durchflusszytometrie. CD4+CD25+CD127− Treg sind beim Menschen bekannt. Beim Schwein werden sie in dieser Studie erstmalig beschrieben.
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Serum GFAP for stroke diagnosis in regions with limited access to brain imaging (BE FAST India)
(2021)
Introduction: Despite a high burden of stroke, access to rapid brain imaging is limited in many middle- and low-income countries. Previous studies have described the astroglial protein GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) as a biomarker of intracerebral hemorrhage. The aim of this study was to test the diagnostic accuracy of GFAP for ruling out intracranial hemorrhage in a prospective cohort of Indian stroke patients. Patients and methods: This study was conducted in an Indian tertiary hospital (Christian Medical College, Ludhiana). Patients with symptoms suggestive of acute stroke admitted within 12 h of symptom onset were enrolled. Blood samples were collected at hospital admission. Single Molecule Array technology was used for determining serum GFAP concentrations. Results: A total number of 155 patients were included (70 intracranial hemorrhage, 75 ischemic stroke, 10 stroke mimics). GFAP serum concentrations were elevated in intracranial hemorrhage patients compared to ischemic stroke patients [median (interquartile range) 2.36 µg/L (0.61–7.16) vs. 0.18 µg/L (0.11–0.38), p < 0.001]. Stroke mimics patients had a median GFAP serum level of 0.14 µg/L (0.09–0.26). GFAP values below the cut-off of 0.33 µg/L (area under the curve 0.871) ruled out intracranial hemorrhage with a negative predictive value of 89.7%, (at a sensitivity for detecting intracranial hemorrhage of 90.0%). Discussion: The high negative predictive value of a GFAP test system allows ruling out patients with intracranial hemorrhage. Conclusion: In settings where immediate brain imaging is not available, this would enable to implement secondary prevention (e.g., aspirin) in suspected ischemic stroke patients as soon as possible.
Die NOD.α4-/- Maus ist eine auf hämatopoetische Zellen beschränkt α4-inkompetente Maus auf dem NOD Hintergrund. Die Maus ist vollständig gegen Diabetes gefeit, entwickelt keine Insulitis und keine Sialitis. Analysen der α- und ß-Diversität des Mikrobioms zeigen eine vergleichbare Zusammensetzung in NOD.α4-/- und NOD Kontrollmaus, während erkrankte Mäuse ein auffällig eingeschränktes Mikrobiom und atypische Spezies aufweisen. Inselzellantigen-spezifische CD8+ T-Zellen und anti-Insulin-Autoantikörper sind quantitativ stark vermindert im Vergleich zu NOD Kontrollen, jedoch sicher nachweisbar. Das 5-Linien-Differenzialblutbild ist absolut und relativ unauffällig. Die NOD.α4-/- Maus entwickelt nach adoptivem Transfer von CD3+ Zellen diabetischer NOD-Spender mit kurzer Latenz und 100%iger Penetranz Diabetes, ein isolierter Transfer diabetogener CD4+ Zellen ist hierzu nicht hinreichend. α4-kompetente CD8+ Zellen sind also unerlässlich für den adoptiven Transfer von Diabetes in die NOD.α4-/- Maus. Rekonstitution prädiabetischer wildtypischer NOD Empfänger mit NOD.α4-/- Hämatopoese schützt diese zuverlässig vor dem Progress der Insulitis zum Diabetes. Diese Arbeit unterstreicht und sichert die bisherigen α4-Antikörper Studien in der NOD Maus und korrigiert die Annahme, α4-Blockade schütze nicht vor dem Voranschreiten der Sialitis. NOD.a4-/- Lymphozyten werden regelrecht gegen Autoantigene sensibilisiert, in Ermangelung effektiver Infiltration der Zielorgane bleibt jedoch die Expansion antigenspezifischer T-zellen und das Boosten von humoralen Autoimmunantworten aus. α4-inkompetente Leukozyten migrieren auch nach Beginn einer Insulitis oder damit einhergehender Hochregulierung verschiedenster endothelialer Oberflächenproteine nicht in die entzündeten Langerhans-Inseln. Die sichere Prävention der Erkrankung durch Rekonstitution mit α4-/- Hämatopoese identifiziert die α4-Blockade als mögliche Therapie des Typ 1 Diabetes während der Phase des Prädiabetes.
Differentialdiagnostik der frühen primären Myelofibrose (präPMF) gemäß der neuen WHO-Klassifikation
(2020)
Die vorliegende Arbeit stützt sich auf die retrospektive Begutachtung von 348 Knochenmarkbiopsien, welche anhand der WHO-Klassifikation von 2016 erneut reevaluiert wurden. Insbesondere widmeten wir uns der Differentialdiagnostik der „echten ET“ und der thrombozythämisch verlaufenden Form der PMF (präPMF). Die Einteilung erfolgte anhand morphologischer Kriterien, wie sie in der WHO-Klassifikation von 2016 aufgeführt sind.
Zusammengefasst ist eine richtungsweisende diagnostische Entscheidung der Patienten mit ET und präPMF nur möglich, wenn man sowohl die molekulargenetischen und klinischen Parameter in Kombination mit histologischen Kriterien und deren charakteristischen Mustern betrachtet. Eine repräsentative Knochenmarkbiopsie und deren standardisierte Befundung ist daher von absoluter diagnostischer Wichtigkeit für die Subtypisierung der MPN. Augenmerk sollte auf das typisch dargebotene morphologische Muster gelegt werden und nicht auf einzelne Merkmale. Die vorliegende Knochenmarkbiopsie muss nicht, wie früher praktiziert, anhand vieler einzelner Merkmale detailliert betrachtet und bewertet werden. Durch eine kombinierte Betrachtung von nur wenigen morphologischen Schlüsselparametern ist bereits eine Diagnose mit hoher Reproduzierbarkeit möglich. Mit dieser Arbeit wird der Stellenwert der WHO-Klassifikation unterstrichten, da die hier vorgegebenen Kriterien absolut essentiell und trotzdem in ihrem Umfang ausreichend sind, um die Differentialdiagnostik der MPN in Zukunft zu verbessern.
In der vorliegenden Studie sollte der Einfluss eines systematischen Krafttrainings auf die ergonomische Arbeitsweise und die ergonomische Risikobeurteilung von Zahnärzten und Zahnmedizinischen Fachangestellten anhand objektiver Daten untersucht werden. Dafür wurden 22 Probanden rekrutiert. An der Studie nahmen 13 ZÄ, 7 ZFAs und 2 Studenten der Zahnmedizin teil. Als Einschlusskriterium wurden Beschwerden im Rücken- und/oder Nacken- und/oder Schulterbereich innerhalb der letzten zwölf Monaten definiert. In den Einrichtungen des Instituts für Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin und Umweltmedizin des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt am Main (Deutschland) fanden biomechanische Prä- und Postmessungen der ergonomischen Arbeitsweise statt. Die Messungen erfolgten mit dem inertialen Messsystem MVN BIOMECH Link der Firma XSens (Enschede, Niederlande). Die Probanden arbeiteten während der Messung an einer ihnen vertrauten Behandlungseinheit und behandelten am Phantomkopf in einer ihrer Fachrichtung entsprechenden Behandlungssimulation bestehend aus praxisnahen zahnmedizinischen Aufgaben. Zwischen der Prä- und Postmessung absolvierten die Probanden eine 10- bis 12-wöchige, systematische Krafttrainingsintervention mit zwei einstündigen Trainingseinheiten pro Woche. Für das Training wurden Übungen zur Kräftigung der stabilisierenden Haltemuskulatur ausgewählt, insbesondere im Rücken, Nacken, Schultern und Rumpf, entsprechend den vorherrschenden Regionen muskuloskelettaler Beschwerden unter ZÄ und ZFAs. Das Training wurde in Kleingruppen von den Untersuchern betreut.
Die erhobenen kinematischen Daten der biomechanischen Messungen wurden im Programm Matlab (MATrix LABoratory) auf Grundlage der gemessenen Gelenkwinkel und -positionen sowie des angepassten RULA Arbeitsbogens ausgewertet. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit den Programmen BiAS Version 11.12 (Epsilon Verlag, Darmstadt, Deutschland, 2020) und IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26 (IBM, New York, USA, 2019). Die erhobenen RULA Parameter wurden mit dem Wilcoxon-Matched-Pairs Test statistisch ausgewertet. Die erhobenen Gelenkwinkel wurden mithilfe des Systematic Parametric Mapping statistisch überprüft. Das Signifikanzniveau lag bei 5%.
Die vorliegende Studie konnte anhand objektiver Daten die Ergebnisse vorheriger Autoren bestätigen, dass ZÄ und ZFAs oftmals mit vorgebeugtem Nacken und Oberkörper arbeiten, während diese z.T. zusätzlich noch rotiert und/oder seitlich gebeugt sind.
Besonders der Nacken weicht bei der Arbeit stark von einer neutralen Haltung ab. Mit den oberen Extremitäten arbeiten die Behandler oftmals asymmetrisch. Der rechte Oberarm ist stärker angehoben und abduziert als der linke und weicht stärker von einer neutralen Haltung ab. Mit den Unterarmen arbeiten ZÄ und ZFAs oftmals exzentrisch über die Körpermitte hinaus bzw. außerhalb ihrer Körpermitte. Die Handgelenke sind zumeist stark angewinkelt und zeigen eine deutliche Radialdeviation. Die ergonomische Arbeitsweise von zahnmedizinischem Personal konnte anhand dieser Studie als gesundheitlich hoch risikobehaftet eingestuft werden. Besonders die Nackenregion, die Unterarme sowie die beiden Handgelenke konnten anhand der objektiven Daten als Risikobereiche ausgemacht werden. Der Einfluss des systematischen Krafttrainings wurde im Prä-Post-Vergleich anhand der kinematischen Daten überprüft. Die gemessenen Gelenkwinkel und -positionen zeigten sich nach der Trainingsintervention größtenteils unverändert oder zeigten keine Verbesserung hin zu neutralen Gelenkwinkeln. Dies suggeriert, dass ein 10-12 wöchiges systematisches Krafttraining nicht oder nur begrenzt zu einer aufrechteren, entspannten und symmetrischeren Arbeitshaltung führt wie sie für die zahnmedizinischen Berufe gefordert wird. Der Einfluss des systematischen Krafttrainings wurde ebenfalls bezüglich der ergonomische Risikobeurteilung durch RULA im Prä-Post-Vergleich überprüft. Für die Gesamtbewertung der Arbeitsweise konnte statistisch keine signifikante (p≥ 0,05) Veränderung und deskriptiv keine Verbesserung nachgewiesen werden. Auch im Vergleich der ergonomischen Risikobeurteilung der einzelnen Körperregionen zeigte nur der Nacken eine statistisch signifikante Veränderung (p ≤ 0,05). Für ihn konnte bestätigt werden, dass ein systematisches Krafttraining zu einer wenn auch geringen verbesserten objektiven Bewertung der ergonomischen Arbeitsweise und weniger Arbeitszeit in gesundheitlich riskanten ergonomischen Arbeitsweisen führt.
Mit dieser Studie konnte anhand objektiver Daten das hohe gesundheitliche Risiko zahnmedizinischer Berufe und ihrer ergonomischen Arbeitsweise bestätigt werden. Ein systematisches 10- bis 12-wöchiges Krafttraining zeigte zumeist keinen Einfluss bzw. keine Verbesserung bezüglich der ergonomischen Arbeitsweise. Die Studienergebnisse stellen in Frage, in wie fern sich die Arbeitshaltung in zahnärztlichen Berufen durch verhaltenspräventive Maßnahmen wie körperliches Training beeinflussen lassen.
The scope of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is expanding, nevertheless, pharmacokinetics in patients receiving cardiorespiratory support are fairly unknown leading to unpredictable drug concentrations. Currently, there are no clear guidelines for antibiotic dosing during ECMO. This study aims to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of cefazolin in patients undergoing ECMO treatment. Total and unbound plasma cefazolin concentration of critically ill patients on veno-arterial ECMO were determined. Observed PK was compared to dose recommendations calculated by an online available, free dosing software. Concentration of cefazolin varied broadly despite same dosage in all patients. The mean total and unbound plasma concentration were high showing significantly (p = 5.8913 E−09) greater unbound fraction compared to a standard patient. Cefazolin clearance was significantly (p = 0.009) higher in patients with preserved renal function compared with CRRT. Based upon the calculated clearance, the use of dosing software would have led to lower but still sufficient concentrations of cefazolin in general. Our study shows that a “one size fits all” dosing regimen leads to excessive unbound cefazolin concentration in these patients. They exhibit high PK variability and decreased cefazolin clearance on ECMO appears to compensate for ECMO- and critical illness-related increases in volume of distribution.
Zielsetzung: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Beurteilung der diagnostischen Leistungsfähigkeit der virtuellen Noncalcium (VNCa) Dual-Energy-Computertomographie (DECT) für den Nachweis lumbaler Bandscheibenvorfälle im Vergleich zu der konventionellen Graustufen-Computertomographie. Dabei galt die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) als Referenzstandard.
Material und Methodik: Für diese retrospektive Studie wurden 41 Patienten (243 Bandscheiben; Durchschnittsalter 68 Jahre; 24 Frauen [Durchschnittsal-ter, 68 Jahre] und 17 Männer [Durchschnittsalter, 68 Jahre]) zwischen März 2017 und Januar 2018 einer klinisch indizierten DECT, durchgeführt mit einem Dual-Source-Computertomographie (DSCT)-Scanner der dritten Generation (Somatom Force; Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Deutschland) sowie einer 3.0-Tesla MRT (Magnetom PrismaFit; Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Deutschland) im Abstand von maximal zwei Wochen unterzogen. Sechs Radiologen, verblindet hinsichtlich der klinischen und MRT-Informationen, untersuchten unabhängig voneinander die konventionellen Graustufen-DECT-Bildserien auf das Vorhandensein und den Grad eines Bandscheibenvorfalls sowie der Affektion der Spinalnervenwurzeln. Nach acht Wochen wurden die Bildserien von den gleichen sechs Untersuchern unter Verwendung von farbkodierten VNCa-Rekonstruktionen neu ausgewertet. Die MRT, die von zwei unabhängigen, erfahrenen und in Bezug auf klinische und DECT-Informationen verblindeten Radiologen ausgewertet wurde, diente dabei als Referenzstandard. Sensitivität und Spezifität waren die wichtigsten Kennzahlen der Diagnoseleistung.
Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden 112 Bandscheibenvorfälle der Lendenwirbelsäule in der MRT erfasst. VNCa zeigte insgesamt eine höhere Sensitivität (612 von 672 [91%] versus (vs.) 534 von 672 [80%]) und Spezifität (723 von 786 [92%] vs. 665 von 786 [85%]) zur Detektion eines lumbalen Bandscheibenvorfalls im Vergleich zur Standard-Computertomographie (CT) (alle Vergleiche, P < 0.001). Die Interrater-Reliabilität war „exzellent“ für VNCa und „gut“ für die Standard-CT (k = 0,82 vs. 0,67; P < 0.001). VNCa erreichte im Vergleich zum Standard-CT eine überlegene Diagnosesicherheit und Bildqualität bei niedrigerem Bildrauschen (alle Vergleiche, P < 0.001).
Schlussfolgerung: Farbkodierte Dual-Energy CT VNCa-Rekonstruktionen zeigen im Vergleich zur Standard-CT eine signifikant bessere diagnostische Genauigkeit und Sicherheit für die Detektion eines lumbalen Bandscheibenvorfalls.
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process through which defective or otherwise harmful cellular components are targeted for degradation via the lysosomal route. Regulatory pathways, involving post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, play a critical role in controlling this tightly orchestrated process. Here, we demonstrate that TBK1 regulates autophagy by phosphorylating autophagy modifiers LC3C and GABARAP-L2 on surface-exposed serine residues (LC3C S93 and S96; GABARAP-L2 S87 and S88). This phosphorylation event impedes their binding to the processing enzyme ATG4 by destabilizing the complex. Phosphorylated LC3C/GABARAP-L2 cannot be removed from liposomes by ATG4 and are thus protected from ATG4-mediated premature removal from nascent autophagosomes. This ensures a steady coat of lipidated LC3C/GABARAP-L2 throughout the early steps in autophagosome formation and aids in maintaining a unidirectional flow of the autophagosome to the lysosome. Taken together, we present a new regulatory mechanism of autophagy, which influences the conjugation and de-conjugation of LC3C and GABARAP-L2 to autophagosomes by TBK1-mediated phosphorylation.
Peri-implantitis: summary and consensus statements of group 3. The 6th EAO Consensus Conference 2021
(2021)
Objective: To evaluate the influence of implant and prosthetic components on peri-implant tissue health. A further aim was to evaluate peri-implant soft-tissue changes following surgical peri-implantitis treatment. Materials and methods: Group discussions based on two systematic reviews (SR) and one critical review (CR) addressed (i) the influence of implant material and surface characteristics on the incidence and progression of peri-implantitis, (ii) implant and restorative design elements and the associated risk for peri-implant diseases, and (iii) peri-implant soft-tissue level changes and patient-reported outcomes following peri-implantitis treatment. Consensus statements, clinical recommendations, and implications for future research were discussed within the group and approved during plenary sessions. Results: Data from preclinical in vivo studies demonstrated significantly greater radiographic bone loss and increased area of inflammatory infiltrate at modified compared to non-modified surface implants. Limited clinical data did not show differences between modified and non-modified implant surfaces in incidence or progression of peri-implantitis (SR). There is some evidence that restricted accessibility for oral hygiene and an emergence angle of >30 combined with a convex emergence profile of the abutment/prosthesis are associated with an increased risk for peri-implantitis (CR). Reconstructive therapy for peri-implantitis resulted in significantly less soft-tissue recession, when compared with access flap. Implantoplasty or the adjunctive use of a barrier membrane had no influence on the extent of peri-implant mucosal recession following peri-implantitis treatment (SR).
Background: Understanding which factors influence dietary intake, particularly in daily life, is crucial given the impact diet has on physical as well as mental health. However, a factor might influence whether but not how much an individual eats and vice versa or a factor’s importance may differ across these two facets. Distinguishing between these two facets, hence, studying dietary intake as a dual process is conceptually promising and not only allows further insights, but also solves a statistical issue. When assessing the association between a predictor (e.g. momentary affect) and subsequent dietary intake in daily life through ecological momentary assessment (EMA), the outcome variable (e.g. energy intake within a predefined time-interval) is semicontinuous. That is, one part is equal to zero (i.e. no dietary intake occurred) and the other contains right-skewed positive values (i.e. dietary intake occurred, but often only small amounts are consumed). However, linear multilevel modelling which is commonly used for EMA data to account for repeated measures within individuals cannot be applied to semicontinuous outcomes. A highly informative statistical approach for semicontinuous outcomes is multilevel two-part modelling which treats the outcome as generated by a dual process, combining a multilevel logistic/probit regression for zeros and a multilevel (generalized) linear regression for nonzero values. Methods: A multilevel two-part model combining a multilevel logistic regression to predict whether an individual eats and a multilevel gamma regression to predict how much is eaten, if an individual eats, is proposed. Its general implementation in R, a widely used and freely available statistical software, using the R-package brms is described. To illustrate its practical application, the analytical approach is applied exemplary to data from the Eat2beNICE-APPetite-study. Results: Results highlight that the proposed multilevel two-part model reveals process-specific associations which cannot be detected through traditional multilevel modelling. Conclusions: This paper is the first to introduce multilevel two-part modelling as a novel analytical approach to study dietary intake in daily life. Studying dietary intake through multilevel two-part modelling is conceptually as well as methodologically promising. Findings can be translated to tailored nutritional interventions targeting either the occurrence or the amount of dietary intake.
Das Hepatozelluläre Karzinom (HCC) steht weltweit an dritter Stelle tumorbedingter Todesursachen. Eine kurative Therapie durch Leberresektion oder Transplantation ist nur dann Erfolg versprechend, wenn der Patient in einem frühen Stadium diagnostiziert wird, in dem noch keine Fernmetastasen oder Gefäßinvasionen vorliegen. Die Ausbildung von Mikrometastasen sind mittels Bildgebung nicht detektierbar.
Mit Hilfe der „liquid biopsy“, einem Blutanalyseverfahren, das sich auf die Detektion zirkulierender Tumorzellen (CTCs) im Patientenblut fokussiert, ist es m glich, diese Tumorzellen im Anschluss an ihre Isolation auf ihre molekularen Eigenschaften hin zu untersuchen. Im Laufe des Metastasierungsprozesses kommt es zur De- und Repolarisierung der CTCs.
In der vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit wurde ein immunologisches Verfahren zur Detektion polarisierter Tumorzellen (p-CTCs) im Blut von Patienten mit HCC entwickelt. Dazu erfolgte zunächst die Isolation der CTCs mittels Dichtegradientverfahren (Oncoquick@, Fa. Greiner
bio-one) und die anschließende Immunfluoreszenzfärbung der CTCs mittels Anti-Ezrin-Alexa- Fluor 488 zum strukturellen Nachweis des zytoskelletalen Membranproteins Ezrin.
Anhand der Lokalisation des Ezrin innerhalb der CTCs war es m glich, die CTCs in polarisierte(p-CTC) und nicht-polarisierte Zellen (non-polarized CTC) zu unterteilen. Mit diesem Verfahren konnten in einem Zeitraum von Juni 2018 bis Januar 2019 Blutproben (5 ml/Patient) von 15 Patienten mit HCC und von 10 Patienten mit einer nicht malignen Lebererkrankung (NMLD) untersucht werden.
Die häufigste Grunderkrankung war mit 30,43% (n=7) C2 Abusus, gefolgt von der NASH mit 26% (n=6) und DM Typ 2 mit Leberzirrhose mit 13,04% (n=2). 10 (66,6%) HCC-Patienten hatten eine Leberzirrhose. Bei einem Patienten war die Tumorgröße <2 cm, bei 7 Patienten zwischen 2-5 cm, und 7 Patienten hatten eine Tumorgröße von > 5 cm. Die meisten Patienten hatten ein BCLC-Stadium C (n=7), gefolgt von BCLC-Stadium B (n=4), und BCLC-Stadium D (n=3) und nur ein Patient hatte ein BCLC-Stadium 0.
In 14 (93,3%) HCC-Patienten konnten CTCs 1,2 CTCs/ml (0,4-3 CTCs/ml) nachgewiesen werden. Die Falsch-Positiv-Rate lag bei 0,2 isolierte Zelle/ml (p=0,0006). P-CTC konnten in 10/14(71%) HCC-Patienten identifiziert werden. Die HCC-Gruppe wies mit 0,42 p-CTCs/ml signifikant mehr p-CTCs als die NMLD-Patienten(0 p-CTCs/ml, p=0,002).
Eine negative Korrelation fand sich zwischen der Tumorgröße, BCLC-Stadium und der Anzahl polarisierter CTCs (r=-0,029, p=ns).
Die hier vorgestellten Daten zum Nachweis der Polarisierung von CTCs in Zusammenhang mit HCC könnten zukünftig eine Rolle in der molekularen Charakterisierung von CTCs und der
Diagnose des HCC darstellen.
Background: Treatment of acute stroke is highly time-dependent and performed by a multiprofessional, interdisciplinary team. Interface problems are expectable and issues relevant to patient safety are omnipresent. The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) is a validated and widely used instrument to measure patient safety climate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the SAQ for the first time in the context of acute stroke care. Methods: A survey was carried out during the STREAM trial (NCT 032282) at seven university hospitals in Germany from October 2017 to October 2018. The anonymous survey included 33 questions (5-point Likert scale, 1 = disagree to 5 = agree) and addressed the entire multiprofessional stroke team. Statistical analyses were used to examine psychometric properties as well as descriptive findings. Results: 164 questionnaires were completed yielding a response rate of 66.4%. 67.7% of respondents were physicians and 25.0% were nurses. Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that the original 6-factor structure fits the data adequately. The SAQ for acute stroke care showed strong internal consistency (α = 0.88). Exploratory analysis revealed differences in scores on the SAQ dimensions when comparing physicians to nurses and when comparing physicians according to their duration of professional experience. Conclusion: The SAQ is a helpful and well-applicable tool to measure patient safety in acute stroke care. In comparison to other high-risk fields in medicine, patient safety climate in acute stroke care seems to be on a similar level with the potential for further improvements. Trial registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT032282.
BH3 mimetics are novel anticancer therapeutics that induce apoptosis by targeting anti‐apoptotic BCL‐2 proteins. Highly specific inhibitors of the main anti-apoptotic proteins BCL-2, BCL‐XL and MCL‐1 promise new opportunities for the treatment of AML. However, it is currently unclear which of these anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins represents the most promising target in AML. Therefore, we investigated the effect of BH3 mimetics targeting either BCL-2 (ABT-199, S55746), BCL-XL (A-1331852) or MCL-1 (S63845) on eleven AML cell lines. Drug sensitivity screening revealed heterogeneous sensitivity towards the different BH3 mimetics, with the best responses observed upon targeting of MCL-1. Selected cell lines that displayed sensitivity towards the specific BH3 mimetics underwent intrinsic apoptosis, which was characterized by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, exposure of phosphatidylserine and activation of caspases. Furthermore, S63845 turned out to displace BIMS and NOXA from MCL-1 to induce apoptotic cell death. Importantly, the translational relevance of this study was demonstrated by experiments in primary AML blasts, which displayed similar sensitivity towards BH3 mimetics as the cell lines did. Additionally, experiments with nonmalignant cells could confirm the clinical relevance of the MCL-1 inhibitor. There we could show, that S63845 does not cause cytotoxicity on HPCs at efficacious doses.
In conclusion, our findings reveal that the inhibition of BCL-2 proteins, especially MCL-1, by BH3 mimetics can be a promising strategy in AML treatment.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is widely used in pediatric patients as a successful curative therapy for life-threatening conditions. The treatment is intensive, with risks of serious complications and lethal outcomes. This study aimed to provide insight into current data on the place and cause of death of transplanted children, the available specialized pediatric palliative care services (SPPCS), and what services HSCT professionals feel the SPPCS team should provide. First, a retrospective database analysis on the place and cause of death of transplanted pediatric HSCT patients was performed. Second, a survey was performed addressing the availability of and views on SPPCS among HSCT professionals. Database analysis included 233 patients of whom the majority died in-hospital: 38% in the pediatric intensive care unit, 20% in HSCT units, 17% in other hospitals, and 14% at home or in a hospice (11% unknown). For the survey, 98 HSCT professionals from 54 centers participated. Nearly all professionals indicated that HSCT patients should have access to SPPCS, especially for pain management, but less than half routinely referred to this service at an early stage. We, therefore, advise HSCT teams to integrate advance care planning for pediatric HSCT patients actively, ideally from diagnosis, to ensure timely SPPCS involvement and maximize end-of-life preparation.
Platelets comprise a highly interactive immune cell subset of the circulatory system traditionally known for their unique haemostatic properties. Although platelets are considered as a vault of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines with pivotal role in vascular regeneration and angiogenesis, the exact mechanisms by which they influence vascular endothelial cells (ECs) function remain underappreciated. In the present study, we examined the role of human IL-17A/IL-17RA axis in platelet-mediated pro-angiogenic responses. We reveal that IL-17A receptor (IL-17RA) mRNA is present in platelets transcriptome and a profound increase is documented on the surface of activated platelets. By quantifying the protein levels of several factors, involved in angiogenesis, we identified that IL-17A/IL17RA axis selectively induces the release of vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin -2 and -4, as well as monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 from treated platelets. However, IL-17A exerted no effect on the release of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory factor with potentially anti-angiogenic properties, from platelets. Treatment of human endothelial cell two-dimensional tubule networks or three-dimensional spheroid and mouse aortic ring structures with IL-17A-induced platelet releasate evoked pro-angiogenic responses of ECs. Our findings suggest that IL-17A may critically affect platelet release of pro-angiogenic factors driving ECs towards a pro-angiogenic state.
Study design: Systematic review. Background and objectives: Preoperative neuromuscular function is predictive for knee function and return to sports (RTS) after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The aim of this review was to examine the potential benefits of prehabilitation on pre-/postoperative objective, self-reported and RTS-specific outcomes. Methods: A systematic search was conducted within three databases. From the 1.071 studies screened, two randomized control trials (RCTs), two control trials (CTs) and two cohort studies (CS) met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality rating adopted the PEDro- (RCT, CT) or Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale (CS). Results and conclusions: Methodological quality of the included studies was moderate (PEDro score: 6.5 ± 1.7; range 4 to 9). Two studies reported higher increases of the maximal quadriceps torque from baseline to pre-reconstruction: one study in the limb symmetry index (LSI), and one in both legs of the prehabilitation group compared to the controls. At 12-weeks post-reconstruction, one study (from two) indicated that the prehabilitation group had a lesser post-operative decline in the single-leg-hop for distance LSI (clinically meaningful). Similar findings were found in terms of quadriceps strength LSI (one study). At both pre-reconstruction (three studies) and two-year post-surgery (two studies), the prehabilitation groups reached significantly higher self-reported knee function (clinically meaningful) than the controls. RTS tended to be faster (one study). At two years post-surgery, RTS rates (one study) were higher in the prehabilitation groups. The results provide evidence for the relevance of prehabilitation prior to ACL-reconstruction to improve neuromuscular and self-reported knee function as well as RTS. More high quality confirmatory RCTs are warranted.
Class I and II histone deacetylases (HDAC) are considered important regulators of immunity and inflammation. Modulation of HDAC expression and activity is associated with altered inflammatory responses but reports are controversial and the specific impact of single HDACs is not clear. We examined class I and II HDACs in TLR-4 signaling pathways in murine macrophages with a focus on IκB kinase epsilon (IKKε) which has not been investigated in this context before. Therefore, we applied the pan-HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) as well as HDAC-specific siRNA. Administration of HDACi reduced HDAC activity and decreased expression of IKKε although its acetylation was increased. Other pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, iNOS, TNFα) also decreased while COX-2 expression increased. HDAC 2, 3 and 4, respectively, might be involved in IKKε and iNOS downregulation with potential participation of NF-κB transcription factor inhibition. Suppression of HDAC 1–3, activation of NF-κB and RNA stabilization mechanisms might contribute to increased COX-2 expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that TSA and SAHA exert a number of histone- and HDAC-independent functions. Furthermore, the data show that different HDAC enzymes fulfill different functions in macrophages and might lead to both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects which have to be considered in therapeutic approaches.
Objectives: The ongoing coronavirus pandemic is challenging, especially in severely affected patients who require intubation and sedation. Although the potential benefits of sedation with volatile anesthetics in coronavirus disease 2019 patients are currently being discussed, the use of isoflurane in patients with coronavirus disease 2019–induced acute respiratory distress syndrome has not yet been reported. Design: We performed a retrospective analysis of critically ill patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Setting: The study was conducted with patients admitted between April 4 and May 15, 2020 to our ICU. Patients: We included five patients who were previously diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Intervention: Even with high doses of several IV sedatives, the targeted level of sedation could not be achieved. Therefore, the sedation regimen was switched to inhalational isoflurane. Clinical data were recorded using a patient data management system. We recorded demographical data, laboratory results, ventilation variables, sedative dosages, sedation level, prone positioning, duration of volatile sedation and outcomes. Measurements & Main Results: Mean age (four men, one women) was 53.0 (± 12.7) years. The mean duration of isoflurane sedation was 103.2 (± 66.2) hours. Our data demonstrate a substantial improvement in the oxygenation ratio when using isoflurane sedation. Deep sedation as assessed by the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale was rapidly and closely controlled in all patients, and the subsequent discontinuation of IV sedation was possible within the first 30 minutes. No adverse events were detected. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of isoflurane sedation in five patients suffering from severe coronavirus disease 2019 infection. Volatile isoflurane was able to achieve the required deep sedation and reduced the need for IV sedation.
Container-breeding Aedes spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes can be surveilled at low cost using ovitraps. Hence, this method is a preferred monitoring approach of dengue vectors in low-resource settings. The ovitraps consist of a cup filled with water and an oviposition substrate for female mosquitoes. The attractiveness of the substrates for female mosquitoes can greatly differ due to differences in texture, color, and smell of the materials used. We compare four oviposition substrates, which are all low priced, easy to transport, and easy to purchase, to maximize the success of Aedes egg sampling. Sampled egg material is often reared to adulthood for further taxonomic identification and transported to (international) laboratories for specialized vector research. Here we introduce a transport technique for sampled eggs. In addition, we explored the impact of international transport by means of a bilateral hatching experiment in Nepal, the country of origin, and in Germany, in a laboratory specialized in ecophysiological research. The best low-cost oviposition substrate for the dengue vectors Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes aegypti (L.) was found to be a white cotton sheet. The introduced transport technique of sampled eggs is easy to build from laboratory and household materials and ensures good transport conditions (i.e., temperature and relative humidity). Even under good temperature (17.4–31.0 °C) and humidity conditions (58.9–94.2%), hatching success of eggs was found to be reduced after international transport to Germany when compared to the hatching success of eggs in Nepal. We postulate that air pressure during international transport may have reduced the hatching success and strongly recommend pressure-regulated transport boxes for egg transport via airplane. As the proposed operation procedure is useful in assisting the monitoring of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in low-resource settings, Aedes researchers are encouraged to follow it for the sampling and transport of Aedes eggs.
Aim: The aim of this study is to utilize the niche measurement guidelines outlined by Jordans et al. in order to establish normal values and accurate description of caesarean section scars in a normal population. After defining the normal distribution, abnormal pregestational scar characteristics will be identified for predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This is a prospective observational multicenter clinical study where women with a history of only one caesarean section and yet open family planning are enrolled. The uterine length, cervical length, niche length, niche depth, niche width, residual myometrial thickness, endometrial thickness, scar to internal os distance, anterior myometrial thickness superior and inferior to the scar and the posterior myometrial thickness opposite the scar, superior and inferior to it are measured in a pregestational uterus. The lower uterine segment is measured over a length of 3 cm during subsequent pregnancy and followed up until delivery. Results: Data from 500 patients will yield normal distribution curves for all predefined measurements. Establishing a correlation between deviations from the normal measures and adverse events would be instrumental for counseling women regarding subsequent pregnancy and mode of delivery.
Conclusion: This study will demonstrate the changes of the post-caesarean scar from a non-pregnant uterus until delivery and can confirm the importance of the scar characteristics in predicting pregnancy outcome.
Background: Brodalumab is a fully human monoclonal immunoglobulin IgG2 antibody that binds to the human IL-17 receptor subunit A and by that inhibits the biologic action of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17C and IL-17E. Therapy with fumaric acid esters (FAE) is a well established and widely used first-line systemic treatment for subjects with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Objectives: To compare brodalumab to FAE in terms of clinical efficacy, patient-reported outcomes and safety in subjects with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who were naïve to systemic treatment. Methods: Eligible subjects were randomized 1 : 1 to 210 mg brodalumab injections or oral FAE according to product label in this 24-week, open-label, assessor-blinded, multi-centre, head-to-head phase 4 trial. The primary endpoints were having PASI75 and having sPGA score of 0 or 1 (sPGA 0/1). Subjects with missing values for the primary endpoints were considered non-responders. Results: A total of 210 subjects were randomized. 91/105 subjects completed brodalumab treatment and 58/105 subjects completed FAE treatment. At Week 24, significantly more subjects in the brodalumab group compared to the FAE group had PASI75 (81.0% vs. 38.1%, P < 0.001) and sPGA 0/1 (64.8% vs. 20.0%, P < 0.001). In the brodalumab group, the median time to both PASI75 and to PASI90 was significantly shorter than in the FAE group (4.1 weeks vs. 16.4 weeks, and 7.4 weeks vs. 24.4 weeks, respectively, P < 0.0001 for both). The rate of adverse events was lower in subjects treated with brodalumab compared to subjects treated with FAE (616.4 vs. 1195.8 events per 100 exposure years). No new safety signals were detected for brodalumab. Conclusions: Brodalumab was associated with rapid and significant improvements in signs and symptoms of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, with a superior efficacy profile to what was observed with FAE in systemic-naïve subjects over 24 weeks.
Background: One of the lesser recognized complications of diabetes mellitus are musculoskeletal (MSK) complications of the upper and lower extremity. No prevalence studies have been conducted in general practice. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of upper extremity MSK disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in the Netherlands. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with two different approaches, namely a representative Dutch primary care medical database study and a questionnaire study among patients with T2DM. Results: In the database study, 2669 patients with T2DM and 2669 non-diabetes patients were included. MSK disorders were observed in 16.3% of patients with T2DM compared to 11.2% of non-diabetes patients (p < 0.001, OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.31, 1.80). In the questionnaire study, 200 patients with T2DM were included who reported a lifetime prevalence of painful upper extremity body sites for at least four weeks of 67.3%. Conclusion: We found that upper extremity MSK disorders have a high prevalence in Dutch patients with T2DM presenting in general practice. The prevalence ranges from 16% based on GP registered disorders and complaints to 67% based on self-reported diagnosis and pain. Early detection and treatment of these disorders may play a role in preventing the development of chronic MSK disorders.
Biological exploration of early biomarkers for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in (pre)diabetic individuals is crucial for personalized management of diabetes. Here, we evaluated two candidate biomarkers of incident CKD (sphingomyelin (SM) C18:1 and phosphatidylcholine diacyl (PC aa) C38:0) concerning kidney function in hyperglycemic participants of the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) cohort, and in two biofluids and six organs of leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice and wild type controls. Higher serum concentrations of SM C18:1 and PC aa C38:0 in hyperglycemic individuals were found to be associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and higher odds of CKD. In db/db mice, both metabolites had a significantly lower concentration in urine and adipose tissue, but higher in the lungs. Additionally, db/db mice had significantly higher SM C18:1 levels in plasma and liver, and PC aa C38:0 in adrenal glands. This cross-sectional human study confirms that SM C18:1 and PC aa C38:0 associate with kidney dysfunction in pre(diabetic) individuals, and the animal study suggests a potential implication of liver, lungs, adrenal glands, and visceral fat in their systemic regulation. Our results support further validation of the two phospholipids as early biomarkers of renal disease in patients with (pre)diabetes.
Electroencephalography (EEG) represents a widely established method for assessing altered and typically developing brain function. However, systematic studies on EEG data quality, its correlates, and consequences are scarce. To address this research gap, the current study focused on the percentage of artifact-free segments after standard EEG pre-processing as a data quality index. We analyzed participant-related and methodological influences, and validity by replicating landmark EEG effects. Further, effects of data quality on spectral power analyses beyond participant-related characteristics were explored. EEG data from a multicenter ADHD-cohort (age range 6 to 45 years), and a non-ADHD school-age control group were analyzed (ntotal = 305). Resting-state data during eyes open, and eyes closed conditions, and task-related data during a cued Continuous Performance Task (CPT) were collected. After pre-processing, general linear models, and stepwise regression models were fitted to the data. We found that EEG data quality was strongly related to demographic characteristics, but not to methodological factors. We were able to replicate maturational, task, and ADHD effects reported in the EEG literature, establishing a link with EEG-landmark effects. Furthermore, we showed that poor data quality significantly increases spectral power beyond effects of maturation and symptom severity. Taken together, the current results indicate that with a careful design and systematic quality control, informative large-scale multicenter trials characterizing neurophysiological mechanisms in neurodevelopmental disorders across the lifespan are feasible. Nevertheless, results are restricted to the limitations reported. Future work will clarify predictive value.
Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) is a protransglutaminase which plays an important role in clot stabilization and composition by cross-linking the α- and γ-chains of fibrin and increasing the resistance of the clot to mechanical and proteolytic challenges. In this study, we selected six DNA aptamers specific for activated FXIII (FXIIIa) and investigated the functional characterization of FXIIIa after aptamer binding. One of these aptamers, named FA12, efficiently captures FXIIIa even in the presence of zymogenic FXIII subunits. Furthermore, this aptamer inhibits the incorporation of FXIII and α2-antiplasmin (α2AP) into fibrin(ogen) with IC50-values of 38 nM and 17 nM, respectively. In addition to FA12, also another aptamer, FA2, demonstrated significant effects in plasma-based thromboelastometry (rotational thromboelastometry analysis, ROTEM)-analysis where spiking of the aptamers into plasma decreased clot stiffness and elasticity (p < 0.0001). The structure–function correlations determined by combining modeling/docking strategies with quantitative in vitro assays revealed spatial overlap of the FA12 binding site with the binding sites of two FXIII substrates, fibrinogen and α2AP, while FA2 binding sites only overlap those of fibrinogen. Taken together, these features especially render the aptamer FA12 as an interesting candidate molecule for the development of FXIIIa-targeting therapeutic strategies and diagnostic assays.
Simple Summary: Children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) experience high relapse rates of about 30%; still, survival rates following the first relapse are encouraging. Hence, it is critically important to examine the consequences of a second relapse; however, little is known about this subgroup of patients. This retrospective population-based analysis intends to describe response, survival and prognostic factors relevant for the survival of children with second relapse of AML. Treatment approaches include many different therapeutic regimens, including palliation and intensive treatment with curative intent (63% of the patients). Survival is poor; however, patients who respond to reinduction attempts can be rescued with subsequent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We deciphered risk factors, such as short time interval from first to second relapse below one year as being associated with a poor outcome. This analysis will help to improve future international treatment planning and patient care of children with advanced AML.
Abstract: Successful management of relapse is critical to improve outcomes of children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We evaluated response, survival and prognostic factors after a second relapse of AML. Among 1222 pediatric patients of the population-based AML-Berlin–Frankfurt–Munster (BFM) study group (2004 until 2017), 73 patients met the quality parameters for inclusion in this study. Central review of source documentation warranted the accuracy of reported data. Treatment approaches included palliation in 17 patients (23%), intensive therapy with curative intent (n = 46, 63%) and other regimens (n = 10). Twenty-five patients (35%) received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 21 of whom (88%) had a prior HSCT. Survival was poor, with a five-year probability of overall survival (pOS) of 15 ± 4% and 31 ± 9% following HSCT (n = 25). Early second relapse (within one year after first relapse) was associated with dismal outcome (pOS 2 ± 2%, n = 44 vs. 33 ± 9%, n = 29; p < 0.0001). A third complete remission (CR) is required for survival: 31% (n = 14) of patients with intensive treatment achieved a third CR with a pOS of 36 ± 13%, while 28 patients (62%) were non-responders (pOS 7 ± 5%). In conclusion, survival is poor but possible, particularly after a late second relapse and an intensive chemotherapy followed by HSCT. This analysis provides a baseline for future treatment planning.
Simple Summary: The incidence of brain metastases from breast cancer is increasing and the treatment is still a major challenge. Several scores have been developed in order to estimate the prognosis of patients with brain metastases by objective criteria. Here, we validated all three published graded-prognostic-assessment (GPA)-scores in a subcohort of 882 breast cancer patients with brain metastases in the Brain Metastases in the German Breast Cancer (BMBC) registry. Although all three available GPA-scores were associated with OS, they all show limitations mainly in predicting short-term (below 3 months) survival but also in long-term (above 12 months) survival. We discuss the test performances of all scores in our work and provide evidence how physicians should use them as a tool to select patients for different treatment options.
Abstract: Several scores have been developed in order to estimate the prognosis of patients with brain metastases (BM) by objective criteria. The aim of this analysis was to validate all three published graded-prognostic-assessment (GPA)-scores in a subcohort of 882 breast cancer (BC) patients with BM in the Brain Metastases in the German Breast Cancer (BMBC) registry. The median age at diagnosis of BM was 57 years. All in all, 22.3% of patients (n = 197) had triple-negative, 33.4% (n = 295) luminal A like, 25.1% (n = 221) luminal B/HER2-enriched like and 19.2% (n = 169) HER2 positive like BC. Age ≥60 years, evidence of extracranial metastases (ECM), higher number of BM, triple-negative subtype and low Karnofsky-Performance-Status (KPS) were all associated with worse overall survival (OS) in univariate analysis (p < 0.001 each). All three GPA-scores were associated with OS. The breast-GPA showed the highest probability of classifying patients with survival above 12 months in the best prognostic group (specificity 68.7% compared with 48.1% for the updated breast-GPA and 21.8% for the original GPA). Sensitivities for predicting 3 months survival were very low for all scores. In this analysis, all GPA-scores showed only moderate diagnostic accuracy in predicting the OS of BC patients with BM.
Shikonin reduces growth of docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells mainly through necroptosis
(2021)
Simple Summary: Prostate carcinoma (PCa) is the most common tumor in men with an increasing age-associated risk. Several therapy strategies, one of which is docetaxel (DX) chemotherapy, have been established. However, due to the development of therapy resistance, in which chemotherapy no longer effectively combats the cancer, advanced, metastasized PCa with a poor prognosis may become manifested and therapy inevitably fails. Thus, new treatment options are urgently needed. Shikonin (SHI), from Traditional Chinese Medicine, has revealed promising antitumor activity in several tumor entities. In the current study, the impact of SHI on four therapy-sensitive and four respective DX-resistant PCa cell lines was determined. SHI induced growth inhibition mainly by necroptosis, a type of cell death, in all the tested therapy-sensitive, but more importantly, DX-resistant PCa cell lines. Corresponding molecular alterations contributing to growth inhibition after SHI exposure were found. SHI could, therefore, be a promising additive in treating advanced PCa.
Abstract: The prognosis for advanced prostate carcinoma (PCa) remains poor due to development of therapy resistance, and new treatment options are needed. Shikonin (SHI) from Traditional Chinese Medicine has induced antitumor effects in diverse tumor entities, but data related to PCa are scarce. Therefore, the parental (=sensitive) and docetaxel (DX)-resistant PCa cell lines, PC3, DU145, LNCaP, and 22Rv1 were exposed to SHI [0.1–1.5 μM], and tumor cell growth, proliferation, cell cycling, cell death (apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis), and metabolic activity were evaluated. Correspondingly, the expression of regulating proteins was assessed. Exposure to SHI time- and dose-dependently inhibited tumor cell growth and proliferation in parental and DX-resistant PCa cells, accompanied by cell cycle arrest in the G2/M or S phase and modulation of cell cycle regulating proteins. SHI induced apoptosis and more dominantly necroptosis in both parental and DX-resistant PCa cells. This was shown by enhanced pRIP1 and pRIP3 expression and returned growth if applying the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1. No SHI-induced alteration in metabolic activity of the PCa cells was detected. The significant antitumor effects induced by SHI to parental and DX-resistant PCa cells make the addition of SHI to standard therapy a promising treatment strategy for patients with advanced PCa.
Vascular biotransformation of organic nitrates is independent of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases
(2021)
Background and Purpose: Organic nitrates such as nitroglycerin (NTG) or pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) have been used for over a century in the treatment of angina or ischaemic heart disease. These compounds are prodrugs which release their nitrovasodilators upon enzymic bioactivation by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) or cytochromes P450 (CYP). Whereas ALDH2 is known to directly activate organic nitrates in vessels, the contribution of vascular CYPs is unknown and was studied here.
Experimental Approach: As all CYPs depend on cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) as electron donor, we generated a smooth muscle cell-specific, inducible knockout mouse of POR (smcPOR−/−) to investigate the contribution of POR/CYP to vascular biotransformation of organic nitrates.
Key Results: Microsomes containing recombinant CYPs expressed in human vascular tissues released nitrite from NTG and PETN with CYP2C9 and CYP2C8 being most efficient. SFK525, a CYP suicide inhibitor, blocked this effect. smcPOR−/− mice exhibited no obvious cardiovascular phenotype (normal cardiac weight and endothelium-dependent relaxation) and plasma and vascular nitrite production was similar to control (CTL) animals. NTG- and PETN-induced relaxation of isolated endothelium-intact or endothelium-denuded vessels were identical between CTL and smcPOR−/−. Likewise, nitrite release from organic nitrates in aortic rings was not affected by deletion of POR in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In contrast, inhibition of ALDH2 by benomyl (10 μM) inhibited NTG-induced nitrite production and relaxation. Deletion of POR did not modulate this response.
Conclusions and Implications: Our data suggest that metabolism by vascular CYPs does not contribute to the pharmacological function of organic nitrates.
Parent ratings are often used for screening during the diagnostic evaluation of anxiety disorders. Clinically, it is important to correctly differentiate between anxiety and other psychiatric disorders and to distinguish specific anxiety disorders. The present study examined the validity of the screening results obtained by the Parent Questionnaire for Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (FBB-ANZ). We exam- ined whether the FBB-ANZ discriminated (1) anxiety and other psychiatric disorders and (2) specific anxiety disorders in children and adoles- cents using ROC analyses. 972 parents of 4;00–11;11-year-old children and 12;00–17;11-year-old adolescents with anxiety disorders, depres- sive episodes, or externalizing disorders completed the FBB-ANZ. Discrimination of anxiety disorders and externalizing disorders in children (AUC = .72) and adolescents (AUC = .76) as well as depressive episodes in children (AUC = .77) was moderate. Good discrimination of different anxiety disorders was found only for separation anxiety in children (AUC = .84) and adolescents (AUC = .87). The results indicate the limited di- agnostic benefit of parent ratings for discriminating different anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Potential explanations for the re- sults are critically discussed.
Background: Transplantation of human corneal tissue is associated with the potential risk of transmittance of viral infections. In accordance with European directives and federal laws, in Germany each tissue donor has to be tested for infectious diseases such as hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, most of the currently available CE-marked serologic and nucleic acid screening systems are only validated for antemortem blood. Methods: Twenty related and paired ante- and postmortem blood samples from cornea donors were obtained and subsequently analyzed for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B antibody (anti-HBc), anti-HCV, HCV RNA, anti-HIV-1/2, and HIV p24 Ag using Abbott test systems. The sera were also spiked with reference materials in concentrations giving low and high positivity for HBV, HCV, and HIV markers. Results: The spiked ante- and postmortem sera from related donors showed similar results for HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HCV, HCV RNA, anti-HIV, and HIV p24 Ag, indicating a high stability of viral markers in cadaveric specimens. Three cornea donors had a medical history of HBV infection and revealed anti-HBc at similar levels in the ante- and postmortem sera. In addition, there was a single postmortem sample demonstrating a weak signal of anti-HIV-1 and HIV-1 p24 Ag. False-positive or false-negative results were not detected. The results obtained with the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer and Abbott RealTime HCV PCR showed no significant differences. Conclusion: The analyzed screening assays are suitable for the detection of infectious markers of HBV, HCV, and HIV at similar levels in spiked ante- and postmortem sera from cornea donors.
Lower leg fractures in children and adolescents - comparison of conservative vs. ECMES treatment
(2021)
Background: Lower leg fractures are one of the most common fractures in pediatric age. In general, treatment of lower leg fractures is predominantly non-operative, requiring clinical and radiological controls. Nevertheless, it can be observed that in recent years tibial shaft fractures have increasingly been treated surgically. The aim of the present study is to investigate treatment strategies in the context of different fracture types of the lower leg Methods: In this retrospective chart review, we analyzed 168 children with a diaphyseal fracture of the lower leg admitted to a trauma center between 2005 and 2017. The fractures were classified according to the AO Pediatric Comprehensive Classification of Long Bone Fractures (AO-PCCF). Results: The frequency of fractures based on the AO-PCCF classification was as follows: Simple oblique fracture of the tibia (43.5%, n = 73), hereof 32 toddler's fractures, multifragmentary oblique fracture of the tibia in 14.3% (n = 24) and simple oblique fracture of both, tibia and fibula in 18 patients (10.7%). Most pediatric fractures were treated conservatively by cast (n = 125). Thirty-seven patients received an ECMES, whereas 3 patients were treated with an external fixator and also 3 fractures were stabilized by plate osteosynthesis. Conservatively treated patients were significantly younger (mean age 6.0) compared to patients treated with ECMES (mean age 10.2) or plate osteosynthesis (PO)/external fixator (EF) (mean age 11.3), even if toddler's fractures (mean age 2.0) are excluded (mean age 7.4). There was no difference in time to full weight-bearing, hospitalization of patients treated with ECMES compared to conservative therapy although ECMES-treated fractures show more instability. The consolidation time was significantly higher in ECMES treated patients compared to conservative therapy. Conclusion: Pediatric patients (≤4 years) with lower leg fractures most often showed simple oblique fractures of the tibia, half of them toddler's fractures, which were treated predominantly by conservative therapy. All in all, the consolidation time was longer in intramedullary nailing (ECMES) than in conservative therapy. Nevertheless, time to full weight bearing and duration of cast was the same in both groups, even though ECMES treated fractures show more instability.
Background: The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (Chrna7) plays an essential anti-inflammatory role in immune homeostasis and was recently found on mast cells (MC). Psychosocial stress can trigger MC hyperactivation and increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in target tissues such as the skin. If the cholinergic system (CS) and Chrna7 ligands play a role in these cascades is largely unknown. Objective: To elucidate the role of the CS in the response to psychosocial stress using a mouse-model for stress-triggered cutaneous inflammatory circuits. Methods: Key CS markers (ACh, Ch, SLURP-1, SLURP-2, Lynx1, Chrm3, Chrna7, Chrna9, ChAT, VAChT, Oct3, AChE, and BChE) in skin and its MC (sMC), MC activation, immune parameters (TNFα, IL1β, IL10, TGFβ, HIF1α, and STAT3) and oxidative stress were analyzed in skin from 24 h noise-stressed mice and in cultured MC (cMC) from C57BL/6 or Chrna7-Knockout mice. Results: First, Chrna7 and SLURP-1 mRNA were exclusively upregulated in stressed skin. Second, histomorphometry located Chrna7 and SLURP-1 in nerves and sMC and demonstrated upregulated contacts and increased Chrna7+ sMC in stressed skin, while 5 ng/mL SLURP-1 degranulated cMC. Third, IL1β+ sMC were high in stressed skin, and while SLURP-1 alone had no significant effect on cMC cytokines, it upregulated IL1β in cMC from Chrna7-KO and in IL1β-treated wildtype cMC. In addition, HIF1α+ sMC were high in stressed skin and Chrna7-agonist AR-R 17779 induced ROS in cMC while SLURP-1 upregulated TNFα and IL1β in cMC when HIF1α was blocked. Conclusions: These data infer that the CS plays a role in the regulation of stress-sensitive inflammatory responses but may have a surprising pro-inflammatory effect in healthy skin, driving IL1β expression if SLURP-1 is involved.