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Das Neuroblastom ist der häufigste extrakranielle solide Tumor des Kindesalters. Bei Diagnosestellung befinden sich die meisten Patienten bereits in fortgeschrittenen Tumorstadien; trotz intensiver multimodaler Therapie überleben nur 30-40% der Hochrisikopatienten die Erkrankung. Zum Therapieversagen führt in den meisten Fällen eine Resistenzentwicklung des Tumors gegenüber den Chemotherapeutika. Die Entdeckung neuer effektiver Therapieansätze und Überwindung der Chemoresistenz durch Resensibilisierung der Tumorzellen ist daher ein dringendes Forschungsanliegen.
Zur Charakterisierung der Zelllinien im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die Zellmorphologie, die Gen- und Proteinexpression verschiedener Differenzierungs- bzw. Krebsstammzell-Marker und das Anoikis-Verhalten der Neuroblastomzellen UKF-NB-2, UKF-NB-3 und UKF-NB-6 sowie ihrer Cisplatin- und Carboplatin-resistenten Sublinien untersucht. Der zytomorphologischen Phänotyp der untersuchten Zellen ließ keine eindeutigen Schlüsse auf eine neuronale, indifferente oder nicht-neuronale Differenzierung der Zellen zu. Gemessen an der Expression der neuronalen Marker NCAM, TH und der Neurofilamente L, M und H zeigte jedoch die Mehrzahl der untersuchten Cisplatin- und Carboplatin-resistenten Sublinien einen signifikanten Verlust der neuronalen Differenzierung im Vergleich zu ihren parentalen Zellen. Dieser Effekt war auch durch eine temporäre Platinkarenz nicht vollständig reversibel.
Der EGF-Rezeptor, dessen Überexpression als negativer prognostischer Marker für den Therapieerfolg gilt, wurde von allen untersuchten Zelllinien exprimiert, es ließ sich jedoch keine signifikant verstärkte Expression in den resistenten Sublinien nachweisen.
Eine Krebsstammzelle ließ sich in den untersuchten Zelllinien bei schwacher bis fehlender Stammzellmarkerexpression von CD133 und c-Kit nicht eindeutig identifizieren.
Die Resistenz gegenüber Anoikis ist eine Grundvoraussetzung für die Metastasierung von Tumorzellen. Bei den in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Neuroblastomzelllinien zeigten 3 von 8 Zelllinien, UKF-NB-2, UKF-NB-2rCDDP500 und UKF-NB-6, eine Anoikis-Resistenz. UKF-NB-3 sowie ihre beiden Sublinien waren Anoikis-sensibel, sie zeigten alle einen signifikanten Viabilitätsverlust durch Kultivierung auf Poly-HEMA-Beschichtung und daraus resultierendem Adhärenzverlust. Bei UKF-NB-6 nahm durch den Erwerb der Platinresistenz die Toleranz gegenüber Anoikis ab, wie man an dem signifikanten Viabilitätsverlust der Sublinien UKF-NB-6rCDDP1000 und UKF-NB6rCarbo1000 unter nicht-adhärenten Bedingungen sieht. Die Ausbildung der Cisplatin- und insbesondere der Carboplatinresistenz geht hier mit einer signifikant verstärkten Sensitivität der Zellen gegenüber Anoikis einher. Ein synergistischer Effekt auf die Zellviabilität durch Anoikis-induzierende PolyHEMA-Beschichtung und simultane Cisplatin- oder Carboplatin-Exposition ließ sich jedoch nicht beobachten.
Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden die durch die Connectivity Map ermittelten potentiellen Resensitizer für Cisplatin (Pararosanilin, Tolbutamid, Fludrocortison, 12,13-EODE und Topiramat) und deren Wirkung auf die Viabilität der Neuroblastomzelllinien (IMR-5, NGP, SK-N-AS, UKF-NB-2, UKF-NB-3 und UKF-NB-6) sowie ihrer Cisplatin-resistenten Sublinien untersucht.
Hierbei zeigte die Kombinationstherapie von Cisplatin mit 12,13-EODE, Topiramat oder Fludrocortison keine signifikante Reduktion der Zellviabilität im Vergleich zur Therapie mit Cisplatin alleine. Ein z. T. signifikanter Anstieg des IC50-Werts von Cisplatin in den getesteten parentalen Zellen und resistenten Sublinien ließ eher einen desensibilisierenden Effekt dieser Stoffe gegenüber Cisplatin vermuten.
Die Kombination von Cisplatin mit Pararosanilin oder Tolbutamid hingegen hatte einen deutlich wachstumshemmenden Effekt auf alle untersuchten resistenten Sublinien. Die IC50-Werte von Cisplatin wurden hier in fast allen Zelllinien signifikant reduziert, z. T. bis um den Faktor 2,45, was einer Halbierung der Cisplatindosis entspricht. Pararosanilin und Tolbutamid erwiesen sich somit als mögliche Resensitizer für Cisplatin in Cisplatin-resistenten Neuroblastomzellen.
Diese Daten lassen erkennen, dass die Connectivity Map ein vielversprechendes Werkzeug in der gezielten Therapie von chemoresistenten Neuroblastomen sein kann. In Kombination mit bisher gängigen Therapieschemata könnten Resensitizer den Erfolg der Behandlung möglicherweise deutlich verbessern. Die mögliche Toxizität der identifizierten Resensitizer, insbesondere Pararosanilin, und damit den tatsächlichen Stellenwert dieses Therapieansatzes wird man jedoch zunächst in vivo noch weiter untersuchen müssen.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea is emerging as a global health epidemic, particularly due to the obesity pandemic. However, comprehensive prevalence data are still lacking and global OSA research has not yet been structurally evaluated. Using the latest comprehensive age/gender-specific BMI and obesity data, a global landscape estimating the risk/burden of OSA was created. Results were presented in relation to an in-depth analysis of OSA research and countries’ socioeconomic/scientific background. While the USA, Canada, and Japan are the highest publishing countries on OSA, Iceland, Greece, and Israel appeared at the forefront when relating the scientific output to socioeconomic parameters. Conversely, China, India, and Russia showed relatively low performances in these relations. Analysis of the estimated population at risk (EPR) of OSA showed the USA, China, India, and Brazil as the leading countries. Although the EPR and OSA research correlated strongly, major regional discrepancies between the estimated demand and actual research performances were identified, mainly in, but not limited to, developing nations. Our study highlights regional challenges/imbalances in the global activity on OSA and allows targeted measures to mitigate the burden of undiagnosed/untreated OSA. Furthermore, the inclusion of disadvantaged countries in international collaborations could stimulate local research efforts and provide valuable insights into the regional epidemiology of OSA.
Die CT-Diagnostik gewinnt auch über 100 Jahre nach der Entdeckung der Röntgenstrahlung noch immer weiter an Bedeutung im klinischen Alltag. Insbesondere im Bereich des Stagings und der onkologischen Follow-Up-Untersuchungen zählt die Ganzkörper-CT derzeit vielerorts als diagnostischer Goldstandard. Dabei muss jedoch in Kauf genommen werden, dass es zur Applikation nicht unerheblicher Dosiswerte kommt. Das Risiko von Folgeschäden ist dabei nicht von der Hand zu weisen, wobei das Folgemalignom als besonders gefürchtete Komplikation gilt. Die Optimierung der Computertomographie und die Minimierung möglicher Folgeschäden ist daher Gegenstand konstanter klinischer Forschung. Dennoch muss eine Reduktion der Strahlendosis nur äußerst feinfühlig erfolgen, da sie auf technischer Ebene eng mit der realisierbaren Bildqualität korreliert.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Nutzen eines 150 kV + Sn Zinnfilter- Protokolls am Gerät Siemens Somatom Force zu untersuchen. Hierbei sollte vor allem darauf eingegangen werden, wie viel Strahlendosis durch die Implementierung eines solchen Protokolls eingespart werden kann, wie sich das Protokoll auf die subjektive und objektive Bildqualität auswirkt, sowie welcher weitere klinische Nutzen zu erwarten ist. Bisher konnten sich ähnliche Protokolle bereits im Rahmen anderer Fragestellungen als nützlich beweisen.
Insgesamt 40 Patienten mit Ganzkörper-Staging im Rahmen eines Multiplen Myeloms wurden in die Studie inkludiert (28 Frauen, 12 Männer). Diese wurden im vereinbarten Untersuchungszeitraum mit dem durch die Ethikkomission genehmigten Studienprotokoll (150 kV + Sn Force) untersucht und waren jeweils retrospektiv auch Teil der anderen Gruppen gewesen (120 KV Definition AS, 120 KV Flash, 120 kV Force).
Auch wenn der intraindividuelle Vergleich inhärent mit einer höheren statistischen Power einhergeht, wurden sicherheitshalber an vordefinierten Stellen Querdurchmesser der Patienten erhoben, um biometrische Gleichheit zu beweisen.
Hier ließen sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede messen. Die Bilddaten der Patienten wurden randomisiert und doppelt verblindet von zwei dem Projekt fremden und berufserfahrenen Radiologen hinsichtlich der subjektiven Bildqualität ausgewertet. Ein Bezug zu den technischen Hintergrundinformationen der Aufnahme war zu keinem Zeitpunkt möglich.
Anschließend erfolgte die statistische Auswertung objektiver Daten. Zum Vergleich der Bildqualität wurden jeweils gemittelte Schwächungswerte aus Muskeln aus artefaktfreien und aus von Artefakten beladenen Arealen erhoben. Aufgrund des homogenen Charakters der Muskeln wurde die ebenso jeweils gemittelte Standardabweichung dieser Strukturen als Hintergrundrauschen definiert. Hieraus wurde eine SNR errechnet.
Der Vergleich von Dosiswerten erfolgte über die aus dem Patientenprotokoll entnehmbaren Angaben, insbesondere des CTDI. Gemeinsam mit den erhobenen Querdurchmessern wurde hieraus eine SSDE gebildet.
Bei allen subjektiven Vergleichen der Studiengruppe (150 kV + Sn Force) wurde bei jeweils starker Korrelation nach Spearman und starker bis sehr starker Übereinstimmung nach Cohen eine gute bis sehr gute Bildqualität attestiert. Damit stellt das Untersuchungsprotokoll Bilder durchweg besser als das Referenzprotokoll auf den Geräten Somatom Definition AS und Somatom Definition Flash dar. Im Direktvergleich zum Referenzprotokoll auf dem Somatom Force ist das Studienprotokoll jeweils mindestens gleichwertig.
Im objektiven Vergleich der Bildqualität zeigte sich als Gütekriterium zunächst, dass Muskeln artefaktfreier Areale in allen vier Gruppen gleich gut dargestellt werden. Bereits bei der Betrachtung der Schwächungswerte artefaktbeladener Muskeln wurde deutlich, dass die anderen Protokolle mit signifikant höherem Signalverlust zu kämpfen haben. Auch das Bildpunktrauschen war in der Studiengruppe (150 kV + Sn Force) überwiegend signifikant niedriger, als das der anderen Gruppen. Lediglich in Artefaktarealen des Untersuchungsabschnitts cCT/HWS konnte die Gruppe 120 kV Force vergleichbar niedrige Rauschwerte aufweisen (p = 1), der Vergleich der SNR wiederholte dieses Ergebnis.
CTDI und SSDE der Gruppe
150 kV Force zeigten im Untersuchungsabschnitt cCT/HWS insbesondere der Gruppe 120 kV Force gegenüber signifikante Dosiseinsparungen von ca. 42 %, im Abschnitt Tho-Knie sogar 64%.
Zusammenfassend zeigte sich durch die Implementierung des Studienprotokolls also mehrheitlich eine Verbesserung sowohl der subjektiven, als auch der objektiven Bildqualität. Bei einer durchschnittlichen Reduktion der applizierten Strahlendosis von ca. 40-60 % (gegenüber dem Referenzprotokoll am Somatom Force) ist der Einsatz des Studienprotokolls für die hier untersuchte Fragestellung im klinischen Alltag also uneingeschränkt zu empfehlen.
Reduced external knee adduction moments in the second half of stance after total hip replacement have been reported in hip osteoarthritis patients. This reduction is thought to shift the load from the medial to the lateral knee compartment and as such increase the risk for knee osteoarthritis. The knee adduction moment is a surrogate for the load distribution between the medial and lateral compartments of the knee and not a valid measure for the tibiofemoral contact forces which are the result of externally applied forces and muscle forces. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the distribution of the tibiofemoral contact forces over the knee compartments in unilateral hip osteoarthritis patients 1 year after receiving a primary total hip replacement differs from healthy controls. Musculoskeletal modeling on gait was performed in OpenSim using the detailed knee model of Lerner et al. (2015) for 19 patients as well as for 15 healthy controls of similar age. Knee adduction moments were calculated by the inverse dynamics analysis, medial and lateral tibiofemoral contact forces with the joint reaction force analysis. Moments and contact forces of patients and controls were compared using Statistical Parametric Mapping two-sample t-tests. Knee adduction moments and medial tibiofemoral contact forces of both the ipsi- and contralateral leg were not significantly different compared to healthy controls. The contralateral leg showed 14% higher medial tibiofemoral contact forces compared to the ipsilateral (operated) leg during the second half of stance. During the first half of stance, the lateral tibiofemoral contact force of the contralateral leg was 39% lower and the ratio 32% lower compared to healthy controls. In contrast, during the second half of stance the forces were significantly higher (39 and 26%, respectively) compared to healthy controls. The higher ratio indicates a changed distribution whereas the increased lateral tibiofemoral contact forces indicate a higher lateral knee joint loading in the contralateral leg in OA patients after total hip replacement (THR). Musculoskeletal modeling using a detailed knee model can be useful to detect differences in the load distribution between the medial and lateral knee compartment which cannot be verified with the knee adduction moment.
Objective: Many patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa) do not immediately undergo radical prostatectomy (RP) after biopsy confirmation. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of “time-from-biopsy-to- prostatectomy” on adverse pathological outcomes.
Materials and Methods: Between January 2014 and December 2019, 437 patients with intermediate- and high risk PCa who underwent RP were retrospectively identified within our prospective institutional database. For the aim of our study, we focused on patients with intermediate- (n = 285) and high-risk (n = 151) PCa using D'Amico risk stratification. Endpoints were adverse pathological outcomes and proportion of nerve-sparing procedures after RP stratified by “time-from-biopsy-to-prostatectomy”: ≤3 months vs. >3 and < 6 months. Medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) were reported for continuously coded variables. The chi-square test examined the statistical significance of the differences in proportions while the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine differences in medians. Multivariable (ordered) logistic regressions, analyzing the impact of time between diagnosis and prostatectomy, were separately run for all relevant outcome variables (ISUP specimen, margin status, pathological stage, pathological nodal status, LVI, perineural invasion, nerve-sparing).
Results: We observed no difference between patients undergoing RP ≤3 months vs. >3 and <6 months after diagnosis for the following oncological endpoints: pT-stage, ISUP grading, probability of a positive surgical margin, probability of lymph node invasion (LNI), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and perineural invasion (pn) in patients with intermediate- and high-risk PCa. Likewise, the rates of nerve sparing procedures were 84.3 vs. 87.4% (p = 0.778) and 61.0% vs. 78.8% (p = 0.211), for intermediate- and high-risk PCa patients undergoing surgery after ≤3 months vs. >3 and <6 months, respectively. In multivariable adjusted analyses, a time to surgery >3 months did not significantly worsen any of the outcome variables in patients with intermediate- or high-risk PCa (all p > 0.05).
Conclusion: A “time-from-biopsy-to-prostatectomy” of >3 and <6 months is neither associated with adverse pathological outcomes nor poorer chances of nerve sparing RP in intermediate- and high-risk PCa patients.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical posttranscriptional regulators of the immune system, including function and development of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Although this critical role has been firmly demonstrated through genetic models, key mechanisms of miRNA function in vivo remain elusive. Here, we review the role of miRNAs in Treg cell development and function. In particular, we focus on the question what the study of miRNAs in this context reveals about miRNA biology in general, including context-dependent function and the role of individual targets vs. complex co-targeting networks. In addition, we highlight potential technical pitfalls and state-of-the-art approaches to improve the mechanistic understanding of miRNA biology in a physiological context.
Despite the success of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer, the number of patients that benefit from this revolutionary treatment option remains low. Therefore, efforts are being undertaken to sensitize tumors for immune checkpoint blockade, which includes combining immune checkpoint blocking agents such as anti-PD-1 antibodies with standard of care treatments. Here we report that a combination of chemotherapy (doxorubicin) and immune checkpoint blockade (anti-PD-1 antibodies) induces superior tumor control compared to chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade alone in the murine autochthonous polyoma middle T oncogene-driven (PyMT) mammary tumor model. Using whole transcriptome analysis, we identified a set of genes that were upregulated specifically upon chemoimmunotherapy. This gene signature and, more specifically, a condensed four-gene signature predicted favorable survival of human mammary carcinoma patients in the METABRIC cohort. Moreover, PyMT tumors treated with chemoimmunotherapy contained higher levels of cytotoxic lymphocytes, particularly natural killer cells (NK cells). Gene set enrichment analysis and bead-based ELISA measurements revealed increased IL-27 production and signaling in PyMT tumors upon chemoimmunotherapy. Moreover, IL-27 signaling improved NK cell cytotoxicity against PyMT cells in vitro. Taken together, our data support recent clinical observations indicating a benefit of chemoimmunotherapy compared to monotherapy in breast cancer and suggest potential underlying mechanisms.
Background: The currently prevailing global threat of COVID-19 caused the publication numbers on coronaviruses to explode. The awareness of the scientific and public community is enormous. But what about the sense of all these undertakings and what can be learned about the future for a better understanding? These questions were answered with established bibliometric analyses of the time until the avalanche of publications unfolded.
Methods: Chronological, geographical aspects of publication output on coronavirus were also evaluated under the influence of epidemiological and socio-economic parameters.
Results: The trend in publication and citation numbers shows the strong influence of the past pandemics SARS and MERS with an untypical decline afterward. Research is becoming increasingly multidisciplinary over time. The USA and China, as the countries with the highest number of publications, are being displaced by other countries in the consideration of socio-economic and epidemiological aspects, which shows the effect of regional interest in corona research. A significant correlation was found between the number of SARS cases per country and related publications, while no correlation was found for MERS cases and articles.
Conclusions: The results underline the need for sustainable and forward-looking approaches that should not end with the containment of COVID-19.
Chronische pulmonale Infektionen mit Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) betreffen die überwiegende Mehrheit der erwachsenen Mukoviszidose (Cystische Fibrose, CF) Patienten.
Diese Infektionen führen gesichert zu einer Abnahme der Lungenfunktion und Zunahme der Mortalität der Patienten. Atemwegsviren stehen im Verdacht pulmonale Exazerbationen bei CF-Patienten auszulösen. Unklar ist jedoch, welchen Einfluss eine chronische Infektion mit PA auf die Anfälligkeit und Reaktion des Atemwegsepithels auf virale Infektionen hat.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, die Interaktionen zwischen PA, humanen Rhinoviren (HRV) und primären bronchialen Epithelzellen zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden Zellen von jeweils drei Patienten mit CF und mit Lungenemphysem aus Lungenexplantaten isoliert und in einem speziellen Air- Liquid-Interface Zellkulturmodell zu einem mukoziliär differenzierten mehrreihigen Flimmerepithel kultiviert. Chronische Infektionen wurden mit klinischen PA Isolaten für einen Gesamtzeitraum von 16 Tagen durchgeführt. Anschließend wurden die Zellen mit HRV infiziert. Schlüsselzytokine, Interferone und virale RNA wurden mittels Cytometric bead array, ELISA und qPCR bestimmt.
Rein virale Infektionen mit HRV führten zu einem Anstieg von IL-1, -6, -8, TNF- α, IP10 und IFN-b, IFN-l1 sowie ISGs und in ähnlichem Ausmaß konnte dies auch bei Coinfektionen mit einem mukoiden PA-Isolat beobachtet werden. Coinfektionen mit einem nicht-mukoiden PA-Isolat führten im Vergleich zu rein viralen Infektionen zu vermehrter Expression von IL-1β und IL-6 mRNA. Während es unter diesen Bedingungen auch auf Proteinebene zu einem Anstieg der IL-1β Konzentration kam, lag die Konzentration von freiem IL-6 Protein in nahezu allen Proben unter der Nachweisgrenze. Zellkulturmedium aus Coinfektionen mit diesem nicht-mukoiden PA-Isolat führten zudem zu einem Abbau oder einer Bindung von extern zugegebenen rekombinantem IL-6.
IL-8, IP-10, TNF-α Protein und mRNA von IFN-β, -λ1 und ISGs, sowie die Viruslast waren vergleichbar zwischen rein viralen Infektionen und bakteriell- viralen Coinfektionen. Ebenfalls keine Unterschiede wurden zwischen Zellen von Emphysem und CF-Spendern gefunden. Insgesamt zeigen diese Daten, dass eine PA-Infektion die Antwort differenzierter bronchialer Epithelzellen auf eine Virusinfektion verändern kann. Die hierdurch veränderte Immunantwort und möglicherweise eingeschränkten epithelialen Reparaturmechanismen könnten eine Ursache aggravierter viraler Infektionen in P. aeruginosa-infizierten Atemwegen darstellen.
Ein besseres Verständnis der Interaktionen zwischen chronisch-bakteriellen und viralen Atemwegsinfektionen könnte potenziell die Behandlung virus-induzierter Exazerbationen bei PA-infizierten CF-Patienten verbessern.
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is caused by polyglutamine expansion in Ataxin-2 (ATXN2). This factor binds RNA/proteins to modify metabolism after stress, and to control calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis after stimuli. Cerebellar ataxias and corticospinal motor neuron degeneration are determined by gain/loss in ATXN2 function, so we aimed to identify key molecules in this atrophic process, as potential disease progression markers. Our Atxn2-CAG100-Knock-In mouse faithfully models features observed in patients at pre-onset, early and terminal stages. Here, its cerebellar global RNA profiling revealed downregulation of signaling cascades to precede motor deficits. Validation work at mRNA/protein level defined alterations that were independent of constant physiological ATXN2 functions, but specific for RNA/aggregation toxicity, and progressive across the short lifespan. The earliest changes were detected at three months among Ca2+ channels/transporters (Itpr1, Ryr3, Atp2a2, Atp2a3, Trpc3), IP3 metabolism (Plcg1, Inpp5a, Itpka), and Ca2+-Calmodulin dependent kinases (Camk2a, Camk4). CaMKIV–Sam68 control over alternative splicing of Nrxn1, an adhesion component of glutamatergic synapses between granule and Purkinje neurons, was found to be affected. Systematic screening of pre/post-synapse components, with dendrite morphology assessment, suggested early impairment of CamKIIα abundance together with the weakening of parallel fiber connectivity. These data reveal molecular changes due to ATXN2 pathology, primarily impacting excitability and communication.
Lichen-forming fungi are symbiotic organisms that synthesize unique natural products with potential for new drug leads. Here, we explored the pharmacological activity of six lichen extracts (Evernia prunastri, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Umbilicaria pustulata, Umbilicaria crustulosa, Flavoparmelia caperata, Platismatia glauca) in the context of cancer and inflammation using a comprehensive set of 11 functional and biochemical in vitro screening assays. We assayed intracellular Ca2+ levels and cell migration. For cancer, we measured tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis, as well as the angiogenesis-associated proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs). Targeting inflammation, we assayed leukocyte adhesion onto ECs, EC adhesion molecule expression, as well as nitric oxide production and prostaglandin (PG)E2 synthesis in leukocytes. Remarkably, none of the lichen extracts showed any detrimental influence on the viability of ECs. We showed for the first time that extracts of F. caperata induce Ca2+ signaling. Furthermore, extracts from E. prunastri, P. furfuracea, F. caperata, and P. glauca reduced cell migration. Interestingly, F. caperata extracts strongly decreased tumor cell survival. The proliferation of ECs was significantly reduced by E. prunastri, P. furfuracea, and F. caperata extracts. The extracts did not inhibit the activity of inflammatory processes in ECs. However, the pro-inflammatory activation of leukocytes was inhibited by extracts from E. prunastri, P. furfuracea, F. caperata, and P. glauca. After revealing the potential biological activities of lichen extracts by an array of screening tests, a correlation analysis was performed to evaluate particular roles of abundant lichen secondary metabolites, such as atranorin, physodic acid, and protocetraric acid as well as usnic acid in various combinations. Overall, some of the lichen extracts tested in this study exhibit significant pharmacological activity in the context of inflammation and/or cancer, indicating that the group lichen-forming fungi includes promising members for further testing.
Nitro fatty acids (NFAs) are endogenously generated lipid mediators deriving from reactions of unsaturated electrophilic fatty acids with reactive nitrogen species. Furthermore, Mediterranean diets can be a source of NFA. These highly electrophilic fatty acids can undergo Michael addition reaction with cysteine residues, leading to post-translational modifications (PTM) of selected regulatory proteins. Such modifications are capable of changing target protein function during cell signaling or in biosynthetic pathways. NFA target proteins include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), the pro-inflammatory and tumorigenic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, the pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenases (5-LO) biosynthesis pathway as well as soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which is essentially involved in the regulation of vascular tone. In several animal models of inflammation and cancer, the therapeutic efficacy of well-tolerated NFA has been demonstrated. This has already led to clinical phase II studies investigating possible therapeutic effects of NFA in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Albeit Michael acceptors feature a broad spectrum of bioactivity, they have for a rather long time been avoided as drug candidates owing to their presumed unselective reactivity and toxicity. However, targeted covalent modification of regulatory proteins by Michael acceptors became recognized as a promising approach to drug discovery with the recent FDA approvals of the cancer therapeutics, afatanib (2013), ibrutinib (2013), and osimertinib (2015). Furthermore, the Michael acceptor, neratinib, a dual inhibitor of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor, was recently approved by the FDA (2017) and by the EMA (2018) for the treatment of breast cancer. Finally, a number of further Michael acceptor drug candidates are currently under clinical investigation for pharmacotherapy of inflammation and cancer. In this review, we focus on the pharmacology of NFA and other Michael acceptor drugs, summarizing their potential as an emerging class of future antiphlogistics and adjuvant in tumor therapeutics.
Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is the phenomenon of lowered blood pressure after a single bout of exercise. Only a fraction of people develops PEH but its occurrence correlates well with long-term effects of sports on blood pressure. Therefore, PEH has been suggested as a suitable predictor for the effectivity of exercise as therapy in hypertension. Local vascular bioactive lipids might play a potential role in this context. We performed a cross-over clinical pilot study with 18 healthy volunteers to investigate the occurrence of PEH after a single short-term endurance exercise. Furthermore, we investigated the plasma lipid profile with focus on arachidonic acid (AA)-derived metabolites as potential biomarkers of PEH. A single bout of ergometer cycling induced a significant PEH in healthy volunteers with the expected high inter-individual variability. Targeted lipid spectrum analysis revealed significant upregulation of several lipids in the direct post-exercise phase. Among these changes, only 15- hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid (HETE) correlated significantly with the extent of PEH but in an AA-independent manner, suggesting that 15-HETE might act as specific PEH-marker. Our data indicate that specific lipid modulation might facilitate the identification of patients who will benefit from exercise activity in hypertension therapy. However, larger trials including hypertonic patients are necessary to verify the clinical value of this hypothesis.
The risk of increasing dengue (DEN) and chikungunya (CHIK) epidemics impacts 240 million people, health systems, and the economy in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. The aim of this systematic review is to monitor trends in the distribution and spread of DEN/CHIK over time and geographically for future reliable vector and disease control in the HKH region. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the spatiotemporal distribution of DEN/CHIK in HKH published up to 23 January 2020, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. In total, we found 61 articles that focused on the spatial and temporal distribution of 72,715 DEN and 2334 CHIK cases in the HKH region from 1951 to 2020. DEN incidence occurs in seven HKH countries, i.e., India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Myanmar, and CHIK occurs in four HKH countries, i.e., India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar, out of eight HKH countries. DEN is highly seasonal and starts with the onset of the monsoon (July in India and June in Nepal) and with the onset of spring (May in Bhutan) and peaks in the postmonsoon season (September to November). This current trend of increasing numbers of both diseases in many countries of the HKH region requires coordination of response efforts to prevent and control the future expansion of those vector-borne diseases to nonendemic areas, across national borders.
Background: While swallowing disorders are frequent sequela following posterior fossa tumor (PFT) surgery in children, data on dysphagia frequency, severity, and outcome in adults are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate dysphagia before and after surgical removal of PFT. Additionally, we tried to identify clinical predictors for postsurgical swallowing disorders. Furthermore, this study explored the three-month outcome of dysphagic patients.
Methods: In a cohort of patients undergoing PFT surgery, dysphagia was prospectively assessed pre- and postoperatively using fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Patients with severe dysphagia at discharge were re-evaluated after three months. Additionally, clinical and imaging data were collected to identify predictors for post-surgical dysphagia. Results: We included 26 patients of whom 15 had pre-operative swallowing disorders. After surgery, worsening of pre-existing dysphagia could be noticed in 7 patients whereas improvement was observed in 2 and full recovery in 3 subjects. New-onset dysphagia after surgery occurred in a minority of 3 cases. Postoperatively, 47% of dysphagic patients required nasogastric tube feeding. Re-evaluation after three months of follow-up revealed that all dysphagic patients had returned to full oral intake.
Conclusion: Dysphagia is a frequent finding in patients with PFT already before surgery. Surgical intervention can infer a deterioration of impaired swallowing function placing affected patients at temporary risk for aspiration. In contrast, surgery can also accomplish beneficial results resulting in both improvement and full recovery. Overall, our findings show the need of early dysphagia assessment to define the safest feeding route for the patient.
Background:Aedes aegypti is a potential vector for several arboviruses including dengue and Zika viruses. The species seems to be restricted to subtropical/tropical habitats and has difficulties in establishing permanent populations in southern Europe, probably due to constraints during the winter season. The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the cold tolerance (CT) of Ae. aegypti in its most cold-resistant life stage, the eggs.
Methods: The CT of Ae. aegypti eggs was compared with that of Ae. albopictus which is well established in large parts of Europe. By systematically studying the literature (meta-analysis), we recognized that CT has been rarely tested in Ae. aegypti eggs, but eggs can survive at zero and sub-zero temperatures for certain exposure periods. To overcome potential bias from experimental differences between studies, we then conducted species comparisons using a harmonized high-resolution CT measuring method. From subtropical populations of the same origin, the survival (hatching in %) and emergence of adults of both species were measured after zero and sub-zero temperature exposures for up to 9 days (3 °C, 0 °C and − 2 °C: ≤ 9 days; − 6 °C: ≤ 2 days).
Results: Our data show that Ae. aegypti eggs can survive low and sub-zero temperatures for a short time period similar to or even better than those of Ae. albopictus. Moreover, after short sub-zero exposures of eggs of both species, individuals still developed into viable adults (Ae. aegypti: 3 adults emerged after 6 days at − 2 °C, Ae. albopictus: 1 adult emerged after 1 day at − 6 °C).
Conclusions: Thus, both the literature and the present experimental data indicate that a cold winter may not be the preventing factor for the re-establishment of the dengue vector Ae. aegypti in southern Europe.
Die spontan bakterielle Peritonitis (SBP) ist eine spontan auftretende, bakterielle Infektion des Peritoneums und gilt als eine der schwerwiegendsten Akutkomplikationen der dekompensierten Leberzirrhose. Die Diagnosestellung der SBP erfolgt aufgrund der okkulten klinischen Symptome häufig verspätet, was mit einer deutlich verkürzten Lebenserwartung einhergeht. Auch im Falle einer Kolonisation oder Infektion durch multiresistente Erreger (MRE) ist die Prognose bei Patienten mit dekompensierter Leberzirrhose deutlich vermindert. Der pathophysiologische Zusammenhang sowie die prognostische Relevanz von MRE als Auslöser einer SBP sind bislang nicht bekannt. Die Prävalenz der MRE bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose ist jedoch steigend. Die Identifizierung von Patienten mit hohem Risiko für eine Infektion mit MRE ist unerlässlich für eine frühzeitige Anpassung der Antibiotikatherapie bei diesen Patienten. In einem Ansatz, die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer durch MRE ausgelösten SBP (MRE-SBP) zu beurteilen, wurde untersucht, ob in Asziteskulturen nachgewiesene MRE auch durch nicht-invasive Screening-Verfahren ermittelt werden können.
Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde am Leberzentrum des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt am Main durchgeführt. In einer retrospektiven Studie untersuchten wir Patienten aus den Jahren 2011 bis 2016 mit Diagnose einer SBP, bei denen aerobe und anaerobe Asziteskulturen entnommen worden sind und ein vollständiges MRE-Screening (multiresistente gram-negative Bakterien, Vancomycin-resistente Enterokokken (VRE) oder Methicillin-resistenter Staphylokokkus aureus (MRSA)) durchgeführt worden ist. Ziel der Studie war letztlich die Charakterisierung von Patienten mit SBP und MRE-Nachweis (MRE- SBP), die Untersuchung des Überlebens dieser Patienten und die Definition von Risikofaktoren für eine MRE-SBP.
133 Patienten erfüllten die Einschlusskriterien. Unter diesen hatten 75/133 Patienten (56%) positive Asziteskulturen und 22/133 (17%) eine SBP mit kulturellem MRE-Nachweis im Aszites (MRE-SBP). Von den Patienten mit positiven Asziteskulturen hatten 29/75 (39%) gram-positive, 25/75 (33%) gram- negative und 21/75 (28%) sowohl gram-positive als auch gram-negative Erreger
im Aszites. Multiresistente Erreger (multiresistente gram-negative Erreger, VRE oder MRSA) wurden insgesamt bei 72/133 Patienten (54%) ermittelt. Unter den Patienten mit MRE-SBP dominierten der multiresistente Escherichia coli (E.coli) (10/22; 46%) und VRE (7/22; 31%). Rektalabstriche identifizierten MRE bei 17/22 Patienten (77%), die eine MRE-SBP mit einer zeitabhängigen Sensitivität von 77% und 87% innerhalb von 30 bzw. 90 Tagen nach dem Screening entwickelten; der negativ prädiktive Wert betrug 83% bzw. 76%. Es bestand kein relevanter Unterschied des MELD-, CLIF-AD- und ALBI-Scores bei Patienten mit und ohne MRE-SBP. Eine Sepsis war auch bei Patienten mit MRE-SBP die Haupttodesursache (8/22; 36%; p<0.001) verglichen mit anderen Todesursachen in 7/22 Fällen (32%). Eine Umstellung der initialen antiinfektiven Therapie ging mit einem erhöhten Sterblichkeitsrisiko bei Patienten mit (p=0.002) und ohne MRE-SBP (p=0.014) einher.
Wir konnten zeigen, dass unabhängig von der Leberfunktion das Überleben bei Patienten mit MRE-SBP stärker beeinträchtigt ist als bei anderen Patienten mit SBP. Das Auftreten von multiresistenten Organismen ist eine schwerwiegende Komplikation bei Patienten mit dekompensierter Leberzirrhose und Ansätze zur Verbesserung des Überlebens dieser Patienten sind erforderlich. Unter Berücksichtigung der Hospitalisierungsdauer, MRE-Historie und ggfs. des zu erwartenden Erregerspektrums der hiesigen Stationen muss daher bereits initial eine individuelle, empirische antiinfektive Therapie gewählt werden. Eine entsprechende Anpassung nach Erhalt des Antibiogramms kann erforderlich sein. Weiterhin untersuchten wir den Nutzen eines nicht-invasiven Screenings (rektales, nasopharyngeales und kutanes MRE-Screening), um Patienten mit Risiko für eine MRE-SBP zu identifizieren. Das MRE-Screening kann als nicht- invasives diagnostisches Instrument hierfür dienen. Patienten mit dekompensierter Leberzirrhose sollten vom ersten Tag der stationären Behandlung auf Kolonisierung mit MRE untersucht werden.
Stellenwert der Teststreifen-basierten Analyse der INR für die Behandlung von Blutungskomplikationen
(2020)
Das Ziel der hier vorliegenden Studie war es einen Zusammenhang zwischen den Ergebnissen von konventioneller versus Teststreifen-basierter INR-Messung zu untersuchen und die Analysedauern der beiden Methoden zu vergleichen. Wir haben in dieser prospektiven Mono-Center Studie 24 hämorrhagische Patienten und Patientinnen inkludiert und aus infrastrukturellen Gesichtspunkten in zwei Gruppenkollektive aufgeteilt. Das eine Studienkollektiv bildeten 12 hämorrhagische Patientinnen der Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt. Die Blutproben dieser Patientinnen wurden mittels einem personengebundenen Transportdienst in das Zentrallabor der Universitätsklinik geliefert. Das zweite Gruppenkollektiv bildeten 12 Patienten aus dem Schockraum der zentralen Notaufnahme. Die Blutproben dieses Kollektivs wurden mittels Rohrpost direkt in das Zentrallabor übermittelt. Wir untersuchten mittels konventioneller Gerinnungsdiagnostik und mittels Teststreifen-basierter POC-Diagnostik (CoaguChek II Pro®, PT Test, Roche Diagnostics AG) die INR eines jeden Patienten. Zudem erfolgte die Erfassung von Transport- und Analysedauer. Für die Auswertung der Daten errechneten wir die Spearman-Korrelationskoeffizienten sowohl auf Gruppenebene als auch für das Gesamtkollektiv und führten eine Bland-Altman Analyse zum direkten Methodenvergleich durch.
Es zeigte sich, dass die mittels POCT ermittelte INR im Gesamtkollektiv signifikant mit den im Zentrallabor gemessenen Werten korreliert (r=0,79). Auch auf Gruppenebene zeigte sich in Gruppe 1 (Schockraum) r=0,91 und in Gruppe 2 (Kreißsaal) r=0,83 eine signifikante Korrelation. Die Bland-Altmann Analyse ergab, dass die Ergebnisse der Teststreifen-basierten POC-Methode um 0,082 (SD±0,19) niedriger waren als die Ergebnisse der konventionellen Gerinnungstests. Die Untersuchung der Analyse- und Transportzeiten brachte hervor, dass die Bereitstellungsdauer der POC-Messmethode signifikant kürzer war (2 (1,04/2,85) Minuten) als die Dauer bis zur elektronischen Ergebnisbereitstellung nach laboranalytischen Untersuchungen (58,2 (38,28/88) Minuten). Es ergab sich zudem, dass die Transportdauer mittels Rohrpost mit 8 (3,25/10,1) Minuten signifikant kürzer war als die des personengebundenen Transportdienstes 18,5 (14,5/33) Minuten (p<0,001).Die in der Studie ermittelten konsistenten Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass Teststreifen-basierte Systeme als Methoden zur Notfalldiagnostik hämorrhagischer Patienten geeignet sein können, weil ihre Messergebnisse verglichen mit der klassischen Gerinnungsdiagnostik im Zentrallabor deutlich schneller und mit vergleichbarer Ergebnisqualität vorliegen. Die Teststreifen-basierten Methoden können als diagnostische Elemente in Hämotherapie-Algorithmen eingesetzt werden und dazu beitragen, eine zeitnahe und zielgerichtete Hämotherapie umzusetzen, die sich positiv auf das klinische Ergebnis der Patienten auswirken kann.
Psoriasis (PsO) is one of the common chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Approximately 3% of the European Caucasian population is affected. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic immune-mediated disease associated with PsO characterized by distinct musculoskeletal inflammation. Due to its heterogeneous clinical manifestations (e.g., oligo- or polyarthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis, and axial inflammation), early diagnosis of PsA is often difficult and delayed. Approximately 30% of PsO patients will develop PsA. The responsible triggers for the transition from PsO only to PsA are currently unclear, and the impacts of different factors (e.g., genetic, environmental) on disease development are currently discussed. There is a high medical need, recently unmet, to specifically detect those patients with an increased risk for the development of clinically evident PsA early to initiate sufficient treatment to inhibit disease progression and avoid structural damage and loss of function or even intercept disease development. Increased neoangiogenesis and enthesial inflammation are hypothesized to be early pathological findings in PsO patients with PsA development. Different disease states describe the transition from PsO to PsA. Two of those phases are of value for early detection of PsA at-risk patients to prevent later development of PsA as changes in biomarker profiles are detectable: the subclinical phase (soluble and imaging biomarkers detectable, no clinical symptoms) and the prodromal phase (imaging biomarkers detectable, unspecific musculoskeletal symptoms such as arthralgia and fatigue). To target the unmet need for early detection of this at-risk population and to identify the subgroup of patients who will transition from PsO to PsA, imaging plays an important role in characterizing patients precisely. Imaging techniques such as ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computerized tomography (CT) are advanced techniques to detect sensitively inflammatory changes or changes in bone structure. With the use of these techniques, anatomic structures involved in inflammatory processes can be identified. These techniques are complemented by fluorescence optical imaging as a sensitive method for detection of changes in vascularization, especially in longitudinal measures. Moreover, high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) may give the advantage to identify PsA-related early characteristics in PsO patients reflecting transition phases of the disease.
The coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly spreading worldwide and is becoming a major public health crisis. Increasing evidence demonstrates a strong correlation between obesity and the COVID-19 disease. We have summarized recent studies and addressed the impact of obesity on COVID-19 in terms of hospitalization, severity, mortality, and patient outcome. We discuss the potential molecular mechanisms whereby obesity contributes to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition to obesity-related deregulated immune response, chronic inflammation, endothelium imbalance, metabolic dysfunction, and its associated comorbidities, dysfunctional mesenchymal stem cells/adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells may also play crucial roles in fueling systemic inflammation contributing to the cytokine storm and promoting pulmonary fibrosis causing lung functional failure, characteristic of severe COVID-19. Moreover, obesity may also compromise motile cilia on airway epithelial cells and impair functioning of the mucociliary escalators, reducing the clearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Obese diseased adipose tissues overexpress the receptors and proteases for the SARS-CoV-2 entry, implicating its possible roles as virus reservoir and accelerator reinforcing violent systemic inflammation and immune response. Finally, anti-inflammatory cytokines like anti-interleukin 6 and administration of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells may serve as potential immune modulatory therapies for supportively combating COVID-19. Obesity is conversely related to the development of COVID-19 through numerous molecular mechanisms and individuals with obesity belong to the COVID-19-susceptible population requiring more protective measures.
Objective: Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is a severe and life-threatening disease. Although commonly performed, the effect of timing in surgical treatment on patient outcome is still unclear. With this study, we aim to provide evidence for early surgical treatment in patients with SEA.
Methods: Patients treated for SEA in the authors' department between 2007 and 2016 were included for analysis and retrospectively analyzed for basic clinical parameters and outcome. Pre- and postoperative neurological status were assessed using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS). The self-reported quality of life (QOL) based on the Short-Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36) was assessed prospectively. Surgery was defined as "early", when performed within 12 hours after admission and "late" when performed thereafter. Conservative therapy was preferred and recommend in patients without neurological deficits and in patients denying surgical intervention.
Results: One hundred and twenty-three patients were included in this study. Forty-nine patients (39.8%) underwent early, 47 patients (38.2%) delayed surgery and 27 (21.9%) conservative therapy. No significant differences were observed regarding mean age, sex, diabetes, prior history of spinal infection, and bony destruction. Patients undergoing early surgery revealed a significant better clinical outcome before discharge than patients undergoing late surgery (p=0.001) and conservative therapy. QOL based on SF-36 were significantly better in the early surgery cohort in two of four physical items (physical functioning and bodily pain) and in one of four psychological items (role limitation) after a mean follow-up period of 58 months. Readmission to the hospital and failure of conservative therapy were observed more often in patients undergoing conservative therapy.
Conclusion: Our data on both clinical outcome and QOL provide evidence for early surgery within 12 hours after admission in patients with SEA.
Background: The treatment of severely injured patients, especially in older age, is complex, and based on strict guidelines. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study by analyzing our internal registry for mortality risk factors in deceased trauma patients. All patients that were admitted to the trauma bay of our level-1-trauma center from 2014 to 2018, and that died during the in-hospital treatment, were included. The aim of this study was to carry out a quality assurance concerning the initial care of severely injured patients. Results: In the 5-year period, 135 trauma patients died. The median (IQR) age was 69 (38–83) years, 71% were male, and the median (IQR) Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 25 (17–34) points. Overall, 41% of the patients suffered from severe traumatic brain injuries (TBI) (AIShead ≥ 4 points). For 12.7%, therapy was finally limited owing to an existing patient’s decree; in 64.9% with an uncertain prognosis, a ‘therapia minima’ was established in consensus with the relatives. Conclusion: Although the mortality rate was primarily related to the severity of the injury, a significant number of deaths were not exclusively due to medical reasons, but also to a self-determined limitation of therapy for severely injured geriatric patients. The conscientious documentation concerning the will of the patient is increasingly important in supporting medical decisions.
Background: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is genetically activated in approximately 50% of glioblastomas (GBs). Its inhibition has been explored clinically but produced disappointing results, potentially due to metabolic effects that protect GB cells against nutrient deprivation and hypoxia. Here, we hypothesized that EGFR activation could disable metabolic adaptation and define a GB cell population sensitive to starvation.
Methods: Using genetically engineered GB cells to model different types of EGFR activation, we analyzed changes in metabolism and cell survival under conditions of the tumor microenvironment.
Results: We found that expression of mutant EGFRvIII as well as EGF stimulation of EGFR-overexpressing cells impaired physiological adaptation to starvation and rendered cells sensitive to hypoxia-induced cell death. This was preceded by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion and an increase in glycolysis. Furthermore, EGFRvIII mutant cells had higher levels of mitochondrial superoxides potentially due to decreased metabolic flux into the serine synthesis pathway which was associated with a decrease in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio.
Conclusions: The finding that EGFR activation renders GB cells susceptible to starvation could help to identify a subgroup of patients more likely to benefit from starvation-inducing therapies.
Background: Unwanted anticholinergic effects are both underestimated and frequently overlooked. Failure to identify adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can lead to prescribing cascades and the unnecessary use of over-thecounter products. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to explore and quantify the frequency and severity of ADRs associated with amitriptyline vs. placebo in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults with any indication, as well as healthy individuals. Methods: A systematic search in six electronic databases, forward/backward searches, manual searches, and searches for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval studies, will be performed. Placebo-controlled RCTs evaluating amitriptyline in any dosage, regardless of indication and without restrictions on the time and language of publication, will be included, as will healthy individuals. Studies of topical amitriptyline, combination therapies, or including <100 participants, will be excluded. Two investigators will screen the studies independently, assess methodological quality, and extract data on design, population, intervention, and outcomes ((non-)anticholinergic ADRs, e.g., symptoms, test results, and adverse drug events (ADEs) such as falls). The primary outcome will be the frequency of anticholinergic ADRs as a binary outcome (absolute number of patients with/without anticholinergic ADRs) in amitriptyline vs. placebo groups. Anticholinergic ADRs will be defined by an experienced clinical pharmacologist, based on literature and data from Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Secondary outcomes will be frequency and severity of (non-)anticholinergic ADRs and ADEs. The information will be synthesized in meta-analyses and narratives. We intend to assess heterogeneity using metaregression (for indication, outcome, and time points) and I2 statistics. Binary outcomes will be expressed as odds ratios, and continuous outcomes as standardized mean differences. Effect measures will be provided using 95% confidence intervals. We plan sensitivity analyses to assess methodological quality, outcome reporting etc., and subgroup analyses on age, dosage, and duration of treatment. Discussion: We will quantify the frequency of anticholinergic and other ADRs/ADEs in adults taking amitriptyline for any indication by comparing rates for amitriptyline vs. placebo, hence, preventing bias from disease symptoms and nocebo effects. As no standardized instrument exists to measure it, our overall estimate of anticholinergic ADRs may have limitations.
Background: Essential Tremor (ET) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by postural and kinetic tremor most commonly affecting the hands and arms. Medically intractable ET can be treated by deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus (VIM). We investigated whether the location of the effective contact (most tremor suppression with at least side effects) in VIM-DBS for ET changes over time, indicating a distinct mechanism of loss of efficacy that goes beyond progression of tremor severity, or a mere reduction of DBS efficacy.
Methods: We performed programming sessions in 10 patients who underwent bilateral vim-DBS surgery between 2009 and 2017 at our department. In addition to the intraoperative (T1) and first clinical programming session (T2) a third programming session (T3) was performed to assess the effect- and side effect threshold (minimum voltage at which a tremor suppression or side effects occurred). Additionally, we compared the choice of the effective contact between T1 and T2 which might be affected by a surgical induced “brain shift.”
Discussion: Over a time span of about 4 years VIM-DBS in ET showed continuous efficacy in tremor suppression during stim-ON compared to stim-OFF. Compared to immediate postoperative programming sessions in ET-patients with DBS, long-term evaluationshowednorelevantchangeinthechoiceofcontactwithrespecttosideeffects andefficacy.InthemajorityofthecasestheactivecontactatT2didnotcorrespondtothe most effective intraoperative stimulation site T1, which might be explained by a brain-shift due to cerebral spinal fluid loss after neurosurgical procedure.
This case series assessed a commercial airline flight from Tel Aviv, Israel, to Frankfurt, Germany, that occurred on March 9th, 2020. Among 102 passengers on a Boeing 737-900 aircraft were 24 members of a tourist group. Starting 7 days earlier, the group had contact with a hotel manager who later received a diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). No member of the group had received a diagnosis of COVID-19 before the flight, and no measures to prevent transmission (eg, wearing of masks) had been applied. The flight duration was 4 hours 40 minutes.
MicroRNA miR-181 - a rheostat for TCR signaling in thymic selection and peripheral T-Cell function
(2020)
The selection of T cells during intra-thymic d evelopment is crucial to obtain a functional and simultaneously not self-reactive peripheral T cell repertoire. However, selection is a complex process dependent on T cell receptor (TCR) thresholds that remain incompletely understood. In peripheral T cells, activation, clonal expansion, and contraction of the active T cell pool, as well as other processes depend on TCR signal strength. Members of the microRNA (miRNA) miR-181 family have been shown to be dynamically regulated during T cell development as well as dependent on the activation stage of T cells. Indeed, it has been shown that expression of miR-181a leads to the downregulation of multiple phosphatases, implicating miR-181a as ‘‘rheostat’’ of TCR signaling. Consistently, genetic models have revealed an essential role of miR-181a/b-1 for the generation of unconventional T cells as well as a function in tuning TCR sensitivity in peripheral T cells during aging. Here, we review these broad roles of miR-181 family members in T cell function via modulating TCR signal strength.
With obesity having doubled in the last decade, hypertension is on the rise. In one-third of hypertensive patients the metabolic syndrome is present. This might be one factor for the increasing number of prescriptions for angiotensin receptor blockers and calcium-channel blockers besides a more favorable risk-to-benefit ratio. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) method for assessment of adherence based on cut-offs in inpatients and to compare it to an established urine drug screening in outpatients. A method for quantification of calcium-channel blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. The method was applied to serum samples of 32 patients under supervised medication to establish cut-off values for adherence assessment based on dose-related concentrations (DRC, calculated from pharmacokinetic data). Furthermore, corresponding urine and blood samples of 42 outpatients without supervised medication were analysed and the results compared with regard to adherence assessment. All serum concentrations measured for amlodipine (n = 40), lercanidipine (n = 14), candesartan (n = 10), telmisartan (n = 4) and valsartan (n = 10) in inpatients were above the patient specific lower DRC confirming adherence. Of 42 outpatients the identification of analytes in urine as well as the quantification in serum exhibited differing results. According to urinalysis, adherence was demonstrated in only 87.0% of prescriptions, compared to 91.3% for serum analyses. Differences were observed for amlodipine, lercanidipine and candesartan which can be explained by a higher specificity of the serum analysis approach due to pharmacokinetics. The present study confirms that assessing adherence based on serum drug concentrations with individually calculated lower DRCs is more accurate than using qualitative urine analysis. In particular, drugs with low bioavailability, low renal excretion or high metabolism rate such as lercanidipine and candesartan may lead to underestimation of adherence via urine analysis.
Emerging evidence suggests a complex relationship between sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling and stroke. Here, we show the kinetics of S1P in the acute phase of ischemic stroke and highlight accompanying changes in immune cells and S1P receptors (S1PR). Using a C57BL/6 mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we assessed S1P concentrations in the brain, plasma, and spleen. We found a steep S1P gradient from the spleen towards the brain. Results obtained by qPCR suggested that cells expressing the S1PR type 1 (S1P1+) were the predominant population deserting the spleen. Here, we report the cerebral recruitment of T helper (TH) and regulatory T (TREG) cells to the ipsilateral hemisphere, which was associated with differential regulation of cerebral S1PR expression patterns in the brain after MCAO. This study provides insight that the S1P-S1PR axis facilitates splenic T cell egress and is linked to the cerebral recruitment of S1PR+ TH and TREG cells. Further insights by which means the S1P-S1PR-axis orchestrates neuronal positioning may offer new therapeutic perspectives after ischemic stroke.
Background: Many patients suffering from exercise-induced asthma (EIA) have normal lung function at rest and show symptoms and a decline in FEV1 when they do sports or during exercise-challenge. It has been described that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) could exert a protective effect on EIA.
Methods: In this study the protective effect of supplementation with a special combination of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA (sc-LCPUFA) (total 1.19 g/ day) were investigated in an EIA cold air provocation model. Primary outcome measure: Decrease in FEV1 after exercise challenge and secondary outcome measure: anti-inflammatory effects monitored by exhaled NO (eNO) before and after sc-LCPUFA supplementation versus placebo.
Results: Ninety-nine patients with exercise-induced symptoms aged 10 to 45 were screened by a standardized exercise challenge in a cold air chamber at 4 °C. Seventy-three patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria of a FEV1 decrease > 15% and were treated double-blind placebo-controlled for 4 weeks either with sc-LCPUFA or placebo. Thirty-two patients in each group completed the study. Mean FEV1 decrease after cold air exercise challenge and eNO were unchanged after 4 weeks sc-LCPUFA supplementation.
Conclusion: Supplementation with sc-LCPUFA at a dose of 1.19 g/d did not have any broncho-protective and anti-inflammatory effects on EIA.
Trial registration: Clinical trial registration number: NCT02410096. Registered 7 February 2015 at Clinicaltrial.gov
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19. Severe COVID-19 disease has been associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombosis, but the mechanisms underlying COVID-19-related coagulopathy remain unknown. The risk of severe COVID-19 disease is higher in males than in females and increases with age. To identify gene products that may contribute to COVID-19-related coagulopathy, we analyzed the expression of genes associated with the Gene Ontology (GO) term “blood coagulation” in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database and identified four procoagulants, whose expression is higher in males and increases with age (ADAMTS13, F11, HGFAC, KLKB1), and two anticoagulants, whose expression is higher in females and decreases with age (C1QTNF1, SERPINA5). However, the expression of none of these genes was regulated in a proteomics dataset of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and none of the proteins have been identified as a binding partner of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Hence, they may rather generally predispose individuals to thrombosis without directly contributing to COVID-19-related coagulopathy. In contrast, the expression of the procoagulant transferrin (not associated to the GO term “blood coagulation”) was higher in males, increased with age, and was upregulated upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hence, transferrin warrants further examination in ongoing clinic-pathological investigations.
miR-142-3p expression is predictive for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in trauma patients
(2020)
Background: Predictive biomarkers in biofluids are the most commonly used diagnostic method, but established markers in trauma diagnostics lack accuracy. This study investigates promisingmicroRNAs(miRNA)releasedfromaffectedtissueafterseveretraumathathavepredictive values for the effects of the injury.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data and blood samples of n = 33 trauma patients (ISS≥16) is provided. Levels of miR-9-5p, -124-3p, -142-3p, -219a-5p, -338-3pand-423-3p inseverelyinjuredpatients (PT)withouttraumatic braininjury (TBI) or with severe TBI (PT + TBI) and patients with isolated TBI (isTBI) were measured within 6 h after trauma.
Results: The highest miR-423-3p expression was detected in patients with severe isTBI, followed by patients with PT + TBI, and lowest levels were found in PT patients without TBI (2−∆∆Ct,p = 0.009). ApositivecorrelationbetweenmiR-423-3plevelandincreasingAIShead (p = 0.001) and risk of mortality (RISC II, p = 0.062) in trauma patients (n = 33) was found. ROC analysis of miR-423-3p levels revealed them as statistically significant to predict the severity of brain injury in trauma patients (p = 0.006). miR-124-3p was only found in patients with severe TBI, miR-338-3p was shown in all trauma groups. miR-9-5p, miR-142-3p and miR-219a-5p could not be detected in any of the four groups. Conclusion: miR-423-3p expression is significantly elevated after isolated traumatic braininjuryandpredictableforsevereTBIinthefirsthoursaftertrauma. miR-423-3pcouldrepresent a promising new biomarker to identify severe isolated TBI.
A message from the human placenta: structural and immunomodulatory defense against SARS-CoV-2
(2020)
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global public health crisis. Viral infections may predispose pregnant women to a higher rate of pregnancy complications, including preterm births, miscarriage and stillbirth. Despite reports of neonatal COVID-19, definitive proof of vertical transmission is still lacking. In this review, we summarize studies regarding the potential evidence for transplacental transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), characterize the expression of its receptors and proteases, describe the placental pathology and analyze virus-host interactions at the maternal-fetal interface. We focus on the syncytium, the barrier between mother and fetus, and describe in detail its physical andstructuraldefenseagainstviralinfections. Wefurtherdiscussthepotentialmolecularmechanisms, whereby the placenta serves as a defense front against pathogens by regulating the interferon type III signaling, microRNA-triggered autophagy and the nuclear factor-κB pathway. Based on these data, we conclude that vertical transmission may occur but rare, ascribed to the potent physical barrier, the fine-regulatedplacentalimmunedefenseandmodulationstrategies. Particularly,immunomodulatory mechanismsemployedbytheplacentamaymitigateviolentimmuneresponse,maybesoftencytokine storm tightly associated with severely ill COVID-19 patients, possibly minimizing cell and tissue damages, and potentially reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Chronic treatment with the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, fails long-term in preventing tumor growth and dissemination in cancer patients. Thus, patients experiencing treatment resistance seek complementary measures, hoping to improve therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated metastatic characteristics of bladder carcinoma cells exposed to everolimus combined with the isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN), which has been shown to exert cancer inhibiting properties. RT112, UMUC3, or TCCSUP bladder carcinoma cells were exposed short- (24 h) or long-term (8 weeks) to everolimus (0.5 nM) or SFN (2.5 µM), alone or in combination. Adhesion and chemotaxis along with profiling details of CD44 receptor variants (v) and integrin α and β subtypes were evaluated. The functional impact of CD44 and integrins was explored by blocking studies and siRNA knock-down. Long-term exposure to everolimus enhanced chemotactic activity, whereas long-term exposure to SFN or the SFN-everolimus combination diminished chemotaxis. CD44v4 and v7 increased on RT112 cells following exposure to SFN or SFN-everolimus. Up-regulation of the integrins α6, αV, and β1 and down-regulation of β4 that was present with everolimus alone could be prevented by combining SFN and everolimus. Down-regulation of αV, β1, and β4 reduced chemotactic activity, whereas knock-down of CD44 correlated with enhanced chemotaxis. SFN could, therefore, inhibit resistance-related tumor dissemination during everolimus-based bladder cancer treatment.
Die Prognose eines malignen Glioms ist trotz verschiedener Therapiemöglichkeiten noch immer sehr schlecht. Zwar hat sich für die Primärsituation seit 2005 eine Standardtherapie etabliert, doch im Rezidivfall fehlt es weiterhin an einer einheitlichen Behandlung. Das Ziel dieser retrospektiven Datenerfassung war es, den prognostischen Stellenwert klinisch- pathologischer Parameter zu vergleichen und eine Konsensempfehlung zu erarbeiten. Zusätzlich wurde ein Teil dieser Daten im Rahmen einer multizentrischen retrospektiven Analyse des DKTKs zur Validierung des im Zuge dessen entwickelten prognostischen RRRSs erhoben und verwendet.
Grundlage dafür bildeten die in der internen Datenbank „Orbis“ und in archivierten Patientenakten gespeicherten Daten von Patienten, die zwischen 07/2009 und 02/2017 in der Klinik für Strahlentherapie am Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main therapiert wurden. Hierbei handelte es sich um Patienten mit einem histologisch gesicherten Glioblastomen WHO Grad IV zum Zeitpunkt der ReRT. Die mediane Gesamtdosis betrug 28 Gy (20-60 Gy), die mediane Einzeldosis 3,5 Gy/Tag (1,8-4 Gy).
Es wurden 102 Patienten eingeschlossen, wobei zwei Patienten als primäre Diagnose ein niedriggradiges Gliom WHO Grad I/II, sechs ein Astrozytom WHO Grad III und 96 ein Glioblastomen WHO Grad IV aufwiesen. Das durchschnittliche Alter betrug 55 Jahre und die mittlere Zeit zwischen initialer und erneuter RT 21,07 Monate. Im Rezidivfall unterzogen sich 40 Patienten einer chirurgischen Intervention, bei welcher es sich in 32 der Fälle um eine totale und acht Mal um eine subtotale Resektion handelte. Des Weiteren erhielten 52 der Patienten eine Chemotherapie mit Temozolomid, 20 eine mit CCNU, 17 mit Avastin und fünf bzw. acht ein anderes oder kein Chemotherapeutikum.
Das mOS nach initialer Diagnosestellung eines malignen Glioms ergab 42,64 Monaten, das progressionsfreie Überleben 14,77 Monate. Das mOS nach der ReRT lag bei 11,8 Monaten und der mediane Zeitraum bis zu einem erneuten Progress betrug 4,25 Monate.
Bezüglich der Primärdiagnose konnten die initiale Histologie (p = 0,002), das Alter (p = 0,016) und der MGMT-Promotor-Status (p = 0,001) als statistisch signifikante Einflussfaktoren identifiziert werden. Demnach wiesen jüngere Patienten mit einer niedriggradigeren Histologie sowie einer Hypermethylierung des MGMT-Promotors eine bessere Prognose auf. Der KPS (p < 0,001), die Zeit zwischen erster und zweiter Bestrahlung (p = 0,003), der MGMT-Promotor-Status (p = 0,025) und das Tumorwachstum (p = 0,024) waren determinante Faktoren hinsichtlich des Outcomes nach der ReRT. Außerdem zeigte sich, dass eine Gesamtstrahlendosis von mehr als 28,90 Gy auf statistisch signifikante Art und Weise (p = 0,042) mit einem längeren OS nach erneuter RT assoziiert war, sowie eine Parietal- bzw. Temporallappenlokalisation (p = 0,009) mit einem längeren progressionsfreien Überleben. Was die Therapiemodalitäten angeht, zeigte sich keine der anderen überlegen.
Die erneute Validierung dieser Daten mit dem RRRS ergab ebenfalls ein statistisch signifikantes Ergebnis bezogen auf die durchschnittliche Überlebenszeit zwischen den einzelnen prognostischen Gruppen ab dem Zeitpunkt der ReRT.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit legen dar, dass noch immer keine optimale Therapie für Patienten mit rezidivierendem Glioblastomen existiert und weiterhin Forschungsbedarf in der Modifizierung bestehender Behandlungsoptionen sowie in der Entwicklung neuer Therapiemöglichkeiten besteht. Des Weiteren unterstreichen sie die Wichtigkeit und den Wert spezifischer Einflussfaktoren zur Prognoseabschätzung und die Notwendigkeit des Einschlusses bedeutender neuer molekularer Marker anhand der WHO- Klassifikation von 2016 für zukünftige Studien.
Depletion of yeast/fly Ataxin-2 rescues TDP-43 overexpression toxicity. In mouse models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis via TDP-43 overexpression, depletion of its ortholog ATXN2 mitigated motor neuron degeneration and extended lifespan from 25 days to >300 days. There is another ortholog in mammals, named ATXN2L (Ataxin-2-like), which is almost uncharacterized but also functions in RNA surveillance at stress granules. We generated mice with Crispr/Cas9-mediated deletion of Atxn2l exons 5-8, studying homozygotes prenatally and heterozygotes during aging. Our novel findings indicate that ATXN2L absence triggers mid-gestational embryonic lethality, affecting female animals more strongly. Weight and development stages of homozygous mutants were reduced. Placenta phenotypes were not apparent, but brain histology showed lamination defects and apoptosis. Aged heterozygotes showed no locomotor deficits or weight loss over 12 months. Null mutants in vivo displayed compensatory efforts to maximize Atxn2l expression, which were prevented upon nutrient abundance in vitro. Mouse embryonal fibroblast cells revealed more multinucleated giant cells upon ATXN2L deficiency. In addition, in human neural cells, transcript levels of ATXN2L were induced upon starvation and glucose and amino acids exposure, but this induction was partially prevented by serum or low cholesterol administration. Neither ATXN2L depletion triggered dysregulation of ATXN2, nor a converse effect was observed. Overall, this essential role of ATXN2L for embryogenesis raises questions about its role in neurodegenerative diseases and neuroprotective therapies.
Manufacturing processes of custom implant abutments may contaminate their surfaces with micro wear deposits and generic pollutants. Such particulate debris, if not removed, might be detrimental and provoke inflammatory reactions in peri-implant tissues. Although regulatory guidelines for adequate cleaning, disinfection, or sterilization exist, there does not appear to be a consistent application and data on the amount and extent of such contaminants is lacking. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the quality and quantity of processing-related surface contamination of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) abutments in the state of delivery and after ultrasonic cleaning. A total of 28 CAD/CAM monotype and hybrid abutments were cleaned and disinfected applying a three-stage ultrasonic protocol (Finevo protocol). Before and after cleaning, the chemical composition and the contamination of the abutments were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX),andcomputer-aidedplanimetricmeasurement(CAPM).Inthedeliverycondition, monotype abutments showed a significantly higher amount of debris compared to hybrid abutments (4.86±6.10% vs. 0.03 ± 0.03%, p < 0.001). The polishing process applied in the laboratory after bonding the hybrid abutment components reduces the surface roughness and thus contributes substantially to their purity. The extent of contamination caused by computer-aided manufacturing of custom abutments can be substantially minimized using a three-stage ultrasonic protocol.
Alcoholism is one of the leading and increasingly prevalent reasons of liver associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) constitutes a severe disease with currently no satisfying treatment options. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15)-dependent lipid mediator involved in resolution of inflammation, showed promising pre-clinical results in the therapy of several inflammatory diseases. Since inflammation is a main driver of disease progression in alcoholic hepatitis, we investigated the impact of endogenous ALOX15-dependent lipid mediators and exogenously applied LXA4 on AH development. A mouse model for alcoholic steatohepatitis (NIAAA model) was tested in Alox12/15+/+ and Alox12/15−/− mice, with or without supplementation of LXA4. Absence of Alox12/15 aggravated parameters of liver disease, increased hepatic immune cell infiltration in AH, and elevated systemic neutrophils as a marker for systemic inflammation. Interestingly, i.p. injections of LXA4 significantly lowered transaminase levels only in Alox12/15−/− mice and reduced hepatic immune cell infiltration as well as systemic inflammatory cytokine expression in both genotypes, even though steatosis progressed. Thus, while LXA4 injection attenuated selected parameters of disease progression in Alox12/15−/− mice, its beneficial impact on immunity was also apparent in Alox12/15+/+ mice. In conclusion, pro-resolving lipid mediators may be beneficial to reduce inflammation in alcoholic hepatitis.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heritable and are characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Twin studies on phenotypic subdomains suggest a differing underlying genetic etiology. Studying genetic variation explaining phenotypic variance will help to identify specific underlying pathomechanisms. We investigated the effect of common variation on ASD subdomains in two cohorts including >2500 individuals. Based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), we identified and confirmed six subdomains with a SNP-based genetic heritability h2SNP = 0.2–0.4. The subdomains nonverbal communication (NVC), social interaction (SI), and peer interaction (PI) shared genetic risk factors, while the subdomains of repetitive sensory-motor behavior (RB) and restricted interests (RI) were genetically independent of each other. The polygenic risk score (PRS) for ASD as categorical diagnosis explained 2.3–3.3% of the variance of SI, joint attention (JA), and PI, 4.5% for RI, 1.2% of RB, but only 0.7% of NVC. We report eight genome-wide significant hits—partially replicating previous findings—and 292 known and novel candidate genes. The underlying biological mechanisms were related to neuronal transmission and development. At the SNP and gene level, all subdomains showed overlap, with the exception of RB. However, no overlap was observed at the functional level. In summary, the ADI-R algorithm-derived subdomains related to social communication show a shared genetic etiology in contrast to restricted and repetitive behaviors. The ASD-specific PRS overlapped only partially, suggesting an additional role of specific common variation in shaping the phenotypic expression of ASD subdomains.
Recent studies suggested an important contribution of sphingosine-1-phospate (S1P) signaling via its specific receptors (S1PRs) in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as Interleukin (IL)-1β in cancer and inflammation. In an inflammation-driven cancer setting, we previously reported that myeloid S1PR1 signaling induces IL-1β production by enhancing NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and Pyrin Domain-Containing Protein 3) inflammasome activity. However, the autocrine role of S1P and enzymes acting on the S1P rheostat in myeloid cells are unknown. Using human and mouse macrophages with pharmacological or genetic intervention we explored the relative contribution of sphingosine kinases (SPHKs) in NLRP3 inflammasome activity regulation. We noticed redundancy in SPHK1 and SPHK2 activities towards macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome transcriptional induction and IL-1β secretion. However, pharmacological blockade of both kinases in unison completely abrogated NLRP3 inflammasome induction and IL-1β secretion. Interestingly, human and mouse macrophages demonstrate varied responses towards SPHKs inhibition and IL-1β secretion. Clinical datasets of renal cell carcinoma and psoriasis patients showed a positive correlation between enzymes affecting the S1P rheostat with NLRP3 inflammasome components expression, which corroborates our finding. Our data provide a better understanding on the role of SPHKs and de novo synthesized S1P in macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Bei der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) handelt es sich um eine hochprävalente Erkrankung, die bisher insbesondere im Erwachsenenalter nur unzureichend berücksichtigt wurde. Neben den Kernsymptomen bestehend aus Einschränkungen in der Aufmerksamkeit sowie einem erhöhten Maß an Hyperaktivität und Impulsivität gilt es, Komorbiditäten und Beeinträchtigungen zu berücksichtigen, die mit dieser Erkrankung einhergehen. In früheren Studien konnte bereits nachgewiesen werden, dass sowohl Kinder als auch Erwachsene mit einer ADHS vermehrte Unfälle und infolgedessen eine erhöhte Rate an stationären Behandlungen aufweisen. Zusätzlich besteht bei ADHS-Betroffenen ein höheres Risiko, frühzeitig zu versterben, wobei Unfälle als unnatürliche Todesursache den häufigsten Grund darstellen. Bisher existieren auf internationaler Ebene einige Studien, die sich mit den Zusammenhängen von adulter ADHS und Unfallraten beschäftigten. Eine differenzierte Betrachtung, die eine deutsche Population einschließt und den Einfluss des Geschlechts auf das Unfallgeschehen bei ADHS-Betroffenen untersucht, wurde bisher nicht realisiert. Aus diesen Gründen führten wir eine Querschnittsstudie auf unfallchirurgischen Stationen an zwei Kliniken in Frankfurt am Main durch. Im Rahmen der Studie sollte die Prävalenz von adulter ADHS bei stationär betreuten Unfallopfern ermittelt und mögliche unfallcharakteristische Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern der ADHS-Positivkohorte erfasst werden.
Mithilfe der etablierten Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1) der WHO wurden alle Unfallopfer, die den Einschlusskriterien entsprachen, auf adulte ADHS gescreent. Bei der Auswertung des ASRS verwendeten wir zwei unterschiedliche Methoden, die bereits in früheren Studien zur Anwendung kamen. Durch einen eigens erstellten Unfallfragebogen konnten Unfallcharakteristika sowie psychische Komorbiditäten der ADHSPositivkohorte erfasst werden. Zusätzlich erhoben wir zum Vergleich die Unfallcharakteristika bei einer nicht von ADHS betroffenen Kontrollgruppe. Bei einem Teil der positiv gescreenten Patienten wurde eine ausführliche Testung in der ADHS Spezialambulanz des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt am Main vorgenommen. Mittels diagnostischer Interviews und weiteren Selbstauskunftsfragebögen (DIVA, HASE) konnte eine definitive ADHS-Diagnose gestellt und das positive Screeningergebnis verifiziert werden.
Wir stellten fest, dass die Prävalenz adulter ADHS unter Unfallopfern mit 6,89 % bzw. 8,68 % in Abhängigkeit der ASRS Auswertungskriterien im Vergleich zu der Prävalenz der adulten ADHS in der Allgemeinbevölkerung erhöht war. Des Weiteren gab es mehr Männer mit einem positiven ADHS-Screeningergebnis und einem Unfallgeschehen. Es konnten keine signifikanten geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in den Unfallcharakteristika und Unfallorten in der ADHS Positivkohorte festgestellt werden. Auch in dem Vorhandensein psychischer Komorbiditäten unterschieden sich die beiden Geschlechtergruppen der ADHS-Positivkohorte nicht. Unabhängig der Geschlechterzugehörigkeit wurden die meisten Unfälle der ADHS-Positivkohorte im Straßenverkehr verzeichnet und als selbstverschuldet eingestuft. Es konnten signifikant mehr Unfälle außerhalb des Straßenverkehrs in der nicht von ADHS betroffenen Kontrollgruppe im Vergleich zu der ADHS Positivkohorte nachgewiesen werden. Insgesamt war nur bei 14 % aller positiv gescreenten Patienten eine ADHS-Erkrankung bereits bekannt und diagnostiziert worden.
Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse dieser Studie lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass Menschen mit einer ADHS-Symptomatik vermehrt auf unfallchirurgischen Stationen anzutreffen sind und im Einklang mit früheren Forschungsergebnissen ein erhöhtes Unfall- und Verletzungsrisiko aufweisen. Darüber hinaus folgern wir aus unseren Ergebnissen, dass sich Männer und Frauen mit einer ADHS-Erkrankung hinsichtlich Symptomatik, Komorbidität und spezifischer Unfallcharakteristika ähnlicher sein könnten, als dass sie sich in diesen Bereichen unterscheiden. Im Hinblick auf die geringen vorbestehenden ADHS-Diagnosen in der Positivkohorte erscheint eine Etablierung eines Screeningsystems bei Patienten sinnvoll, die im Rahmen von Unfallgeschehen gehäuft stationär betreut werden müssen. Da ADHS-Betroffene ein erhöhtes Risiko für multiple Unfälle zu haben scheinen, könnte unter diesen Voraussetzungen eine adulte ADHS-Symptomatik früher erkannt und negative Folgen wie eine erhöhte Unfallrate reduziert werden. Methodologische Limitierungen bestanden in unserer Erhebung durch eine geringe Anzahl an ausführlichen Testungen zur Verifizierung der ADHS-Diagnose sowie dem Informationsgewinn auf der Basis einer Selbstauskunft. Um Ergebnisse aussagekräftiger zu gestalten und auch kleinere Unfälle zu erfassen, erscheint eine Ausweitung der Testung in Ambulanzen sinnvoll.
In der durchgeführten Studie erfolgte die Untersuchung des visuellen Arbeits-gedächtnisses von bipolaren Patienten im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen. Es erfolgten bereits viele Untersuchungen an Patienten mit bipolarer Störung. Wird das Hauptaugenmerk auf die kognitiven Funktionen der Patienten gelegt, so konnte bereits in einigen Studien gezeigt werden, dass nicht nur in depressi-ver oder manischer, sondern auch in euthymer Stimmungslage kognitive Defizi-te vorliegen. Zur näheren Untersuchung der Funktionen des visuellen Arbeits-gedächtnisses der Patienten mit bipolarer Störung wurde daher eine fMRT-Untersuchung durchgeführt. Hier wurden Patienten, die an bipolarer Störung erkrankt sind, mit gesunden Kontrollen verglichen. Dabei wurden die bipolaren Patienten in euthymer Stimmungslage untersucht. Weder in Antwortrichtigkeit noch Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit konnte ein signifikanter Gruppenunterschied nachgewiesen werden. Außerdem wurde in der Untersuchung eine Differenzie-rung zwischen den einzelnen Phasen gemacht, die eine Gedächtnisinformation durchläuft. Bei diesen Phasen handelt es sich um Enkodierungs-, Halte- und Abrufphase. Hierbei konnten veränderte Aktivierungsmuster an diversen Hirn-strukturen der bipolaren Patienten dargestellt werden. Diese Veränderungen ziehen sich durch alle drei Phasen der Gedächtniskonsolidierung und können vor allem im präfrontalen Kortex nachgewiesen werden. Es handelt sich dabei vor allem um eine schwächere Aktivierung des präfrontalen Kortex (PFC) der bipolaren Patienten im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen. Unter anderem ist das Arbeitsgedächtnis im PFC lokalisiert. Diese Ergebnisse scheinen ein Hin-weis dafür zu sein, dass bei den bipolaren Patienten neuronale Defizite im visu-ellen Arbeitsgedächtnis vorliegen.
Pulmonary failure is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the human chromosomal instability syndrome Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). Major phenotypes include recurrent respiratory tract infections and bronchiectasis, aspiration, respiratory muscle abnormalities, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. At present, no effective pulmonary therapy for A-T exists. Cell therapy using adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASCs) might be a promising approach for tissue regeneration. The aim of the present project was to investigate whether ASCs migrate into the injured lung parenchyma of Atm-deficient mice as an indication of incipient tissue damage during A-T. Therefore, ASCs isolated from luciferase transgenic mice (mASCs) were intravenously transplanted into Atm-deficient and wild-type mice. Retention kinetics of the cells were monitored using in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and completed by subsequent verification using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The in vivo imaging and the qPCR results demonstrated migration accompanied by a significantly longer retention time of transplanted mASCs in the lung parenchyma of Atm-deficient mice compared to wild type mice. In conclusion, our study suggests incipient damage in the lung parenchyma of Atm-deficient mice. In addition, our data further demonstrate that a combination of luciferase-based PCR together with BLI is a pivotal tool for tracking mASCs after transplantation in models of inflammatory lung diseases such as A-T.
Progressive bladder cancer growth is associated with abnormal activation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, but treatment with an mTOR inhibitor has not been as effective as expected. Rather, resistance develops under chronic drug use, prompting many patients to lower their relapse risk by turning to natural, plant-derived products. The present study was designed to evaluate whether the natural compound, sulforaphane (SFN), combined with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, could block the growth and proliferation of bladder cancer cells in the short- and long-term. The bladder cancer cell lines RT112, UMUC3, and TCCSUP were exposed short- (24 h) or long-term (8 weeks) to everolimus (0.5 nM) or SFN (2.5 µM) alone or in combination. Cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and cell cycle regulating proteins were evaluated. siRNA blockade was used to investigate the functional impact of the proteins. Short-term application of SFN and/or everolimus resulted in significant tumor growth suppression, with additive inhibition on clonogenic tumor growth. Long-term everolimus treatment resulted in resistance development characterized by continued growth, and was associated with elevated Akt-mTOR signaling and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)1 phosphorylation and down-regulation of p19 and p27. In contrast, SFN alone or SFN+everolimus reduced cell growth and proliferation. Akt and Rictor signaling remained low, and p19 and p27 expressions were high under combined drug treatment. Long-term exposure to SFN+everolimus also induced acetylation of the H3 and H4 histones. Phosphorylation of CDK1 was diminished, whereby down-regulation of CDK1 and its binding partner, Cyclin B, inhibited tumor growth. In conclusion, the addition of SFN to the long-term everolimus application inhibits resistance development in bladder cancer cells in vitro. Therefore, sulforaphane may hold potential for treating bladder carcinoma in patients with resistance to an mTOR inhibitor.
Treatment of large bone defects is one of the great challenges in contemporary orthopedic and traumatic surgery. Grafts are necessary to support bone healing. A well-established allograft is demineralized bone matrix (DBM) prepared from donated human bone tissue. In this study, a fibrous demineralized bone matrix (f-DBM) with a high surface-to-volume ratio has been analyzed for toxicity and immunogenicity. f-DBM was transplanted to a 5-mm, plate-stabilized, femoral critical-size-bone-defect in Sprague-Dawley (SD)-rats. Healthy animals were used as controls. After two months histology, hematological analyses, immunogenicity as well as serum biochemistry were performed. Evaluation of free radical release and hematological and biochemical analyses showed no significant differences between the control group and recipients of f-DBM. Histologically, there was no evidence of damage to liver and kidney and good bone healing was observed in the f-DBM group. Reactivity against human HLA class I and class II antigens was detected with mostly low fluorescence values both in the serum of untreated and treated animals, reflecting rather a background reaction. Taken together, these results provide evidence for no systemic toxicity and the first proof of no basic immunogenic reaction to bone allograft and no sensitization of the recipient.
Although the therapeutic armamentarium for bladder cancer has considerably widened in the last few years, severe side effects and the development of resistance hamper long-term treatment success. Thus, patients turn to natural plant products as alternative or complementary therapeutic options. One of these is curcumin, the principal component of Curcuma longa that has shown chemopreventive effects in experimental cancer models. Clinical and preclinical studies point to its role as a chemosensitizer, and it has been shown to protect organs from toxicity induced by chemotherapy. These properties indicate that curcumin could hold promise as a candidate for additive cancer treatment. This review evaluates the relevance of curcumin as an integral part of therapy for bladder cancer.
Genetic association studies have shown their usefulness in assessing the role of ion channels in human thermal pain perception. We used machine learning to construct a complex phenotype from pain thresholds to thermal stimuli and associate it with the genetic information derived from the next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 15 ion channel genes which are involved in thermal perception, including ASIC1, ASIC2, ASIC3, ASIC4, TRPA1, TRPC1, TRPM2, TRPM3, TRPM4, TRPM5, TRPM8, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, and TRPV4. Phenotypic information was complete in 82 subjects and NGS genotypes were available in 67 subjects. A network of artificial neurons, implemented as emergent self-organizing maps, discovered two clusters characterized by high or low pain thresholds for heat and cold pain. A total of 1071 variants were discovered in the 15 ion channel genes. After feature selection, 80 genetic variants were retained for an association analysis based on machine learning. The measured performance of machine learning-mediated phenotype assignment based on this genetic information resulted in an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 77.2%, justifying a phenotype classification based on the genetic information. A further item categorization finally resulted in 38 genetic variants that contributed most to the phenotype assignment. Most of them (10) belonged to the TRPV3 gene, followed by TRPM3 (6). Therefore, the analysis successfully identified the particular importance of TRPV3 and TRPM3 for an average pain phenotype defined by the sensitivity to moderate thermal stimuli.