3245 search hits
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Pulsed EPR characterization of membrane transport protein complexes
(2012)
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Reza Dastvan
- Pulsed electron–electron double resonance (PELDOR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for measuring nanometer distances in spin-labeled systems and recently is increasingly applied to membrane proteins. However, after reconstitution of labeled proteins into liposomes, spin labels often exhibit a much faster transversal relaxation (Tm) than in detergent micelles, thus limiting application of the method in lipid bilayers. In the first part of the thesis, optimization of transversal relaxation in phospholipid membranes was systematically investigated by use of spin-labeled derivatives of stearic acid and phosphatidylcholine as well as spin-labeled derivatives of the channel-forming peptide gramicidin A under the conditions typically employed for PELDOR distance measurements. Our results clearly show that dephasing due to instantaneous diffusion that depends on dipolar interaction among electron spins is an important contributor to the fast echo decay in cases of high local concentrations of spin labels in membranes. The main difference between spin labels in detergent micelles and membranes is their local concentration. Consequently, avoiding spin aggregation and suppressing instantaneous diffusion is the key step for maximizing PELDOR sensitivity in lipid membranes. Even though proton spin diffusion is an important relaxation mechanism, only in samples with low local concentrations does deuteration of acyl chains and buffer significantly prolong Tm. In these cases, values of up to 7 μs have been achieved. Furthermore, our study revealed that membrane composition and labeling position in the membrane can also affect Tm, either by promoting the segregation of spin-labeled species or by altering their exposure to matrix protons. Effects of other experimental parameters including temperature (<50 K), presence of oxygen, and cryoprotectant type are negligible under our experimental conditions.
In the second part of the thesis, inhomogeneous distribution of spin-labels in detergent micelles has been studied. A common approach in PELDOR is measuring the distance between two covalently attached spin labels in a macromolecule or singly-labeled components of an oligomer. This situation has been described as a spin-cluster. The PELDOR signal, however, does not only contain the desired dipolar coupling between the spin-labels of the molecule or cluster under study. In samples of finite concentration the dipolar coupling between the spin-labels of the randomly distributed molecules or spin-clusters also contributes significantly. In homogeneous frozen solutions or lipid vesicle membranes this second contribution can be considered to be an exponential or stretched exponential decay, respectively. In this study, it is shown that this assumption is not valid in detergent micelles. Spin-labeled fatty acids that are randomly partitioned into different detergent micelles give rise to PELDOR time traces which clearly deviate from stretched exponential decays. As a main conclusion a PELDOR signal deviating from a stretched exponential decay does not necessarily prove the observation of specific distance information on the molecule or cluster. These results are important for the interpretation of PELDOR experiments on membrane proteins or lipophilic peptides solubilized in detergent micelles or small vesicles, which often do not show pronounced dipolar oscillations in their time traces.
In the third part, PELDOR has been utilized to study the structural flexibility of the Toc34 GTPase homodimer, a preprotein receptor of the translocon of the outer envelope of chloroplasts (TOC). Toc34 belongs to GAD subfamily of G-proteins that are regulated and activated by nucleotide-dependent dimerization. However, the function of Toc34 dimerization is not yet fully understood. Previous structural investigations of the Toc34 dimer yielded only marginal structural changes in response to different nucleotide loads. PELDOR revealed a nucleotide-dependent transition of the dimer flexibility from a tight GDP to a flexible GTP-loaded state. Substrate-binding stabilizes the dimer in the transition state mimicked by GDP-AlFx, but induces an opening in the GDP or GTP-loaded state. Thus, the structural dynamics of bona fide GTPases induced by GTP hydrolysis is replaced by substrate-dependent dimer flexibility, which represents the regulatory mode for dimerizing GTPases.
In the fourth part of the thesis, conformational flexibility and relative orientation of the N-terminal POTRA domains of a cyanobacterial Omp85 from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, a key component of the outer membrane protein assembly machinery, were investigated by PELDOR spectroscopy. Membrane proteins of the Omp85-TpsB superfamily are composed of a C-terminal β-barrel and a different number of N-terminal POTRA domains, three in the case of cyanobacterial Omp85. It has been suggested that the N-terminal POTRA domains (P1 and P2) might have functions in substrate recognition. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations predicted a fixed orientation for P2 and P3 and a flexible hinge between P1 and P2. The PELDOR distances measured between the P2 and P3 POTRA domains are in good agreement with the structure determined by X-ray, and compatible with the MD simulations suggesting a fixed orientation between these domains. PELDOR constraints between the P1 and P2 POTRA domains imply a rather rigid structure with a slightly different relative orientation of these domains compared with the X-ray structure. Moreover, the large mobility predicted from MD is not observed in the frozen solution. The PELDOR results further highlight the restricted relative orientation of the POTRA domains of the Omp85-TpsB proteins as a conserved characteristic feature that might be important for the processive sliding of the unfolded substrate towards the membrane.
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TIP47 plays a crucial role in HCV morphogenesis and release by its interaction with viral nonstructural protein 5A and host protein Rab9
(2012)
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Daniela Ploen
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) assembly and production is closely linked to lipid metabolism. Indeed, lipid droplets (LD) have been shown to serve as a platform for HCV assembly. To investigate the effect of HCV on the host cell proteome, 2D-gelelectrophoresis with subsequent MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of HCV replicating and the corresponding control cells were done. Based on this analysis, it was found out that HCV-replicating Huh7.5 cells revealed lower amounts of TIP47 (tail interacting protein of 47kD) compared to HCV-negative cells. TIP47, a cytoplasmic sorting factor, has been shown to be associated with lipid droplets. As it is known that HCV-replication and assembly takes place at the so called ”membranous web” that is composed of LDs and rearranged ER-derived membranes, it was tempting to investigate the role of TIP47 in HCV life-cycle. Western blot analysis did reveal that overexpression of TIP47 in HCV replicating Huh7.5 cells leads to decreased amounts of the HCV core protein while the levels of non-structural protein (NS)5A and intracellular HCVgenomes are increased. Moreover, in TIP47 overproducing cells higher amounts of infectious HCV particles are secreted. Vice versa, inhibition of TIP47 expression by siRNA results in a decreased level of intracellular NS5A, increased amounts of intracellular core and less infectious viral particles in the supernatant. In addition, complete silencing of TIP47 by lentiviral transduction abolishes HCV replication that can be restored by transfection of these cells with a TIP47 expression construct. It has been shown recently that apoE binds to NS5A and that this interaction plays an important role for the HCV life cycle (Benga et al., 2010). The C-terminal part of TIP47 harbours a 4 helix bundle motif and displays high homology to the N-terminus of apoE. Therefore, we investigated the interaction of NS5A and TIP47. Confocal double immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that a fraction of NS5A colocalizes with TIP47. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments and a yeast-two-hybrid screening confirmed the interaction between NS5A and TIP47 and deletion of the N-terminal-TIP47-PAT domain abolishes this interaction. From this we conclude that the TIP47-NS5A interaction is required for virus morphogenesis. Moreover, TIP47 can bind to Rab9 and this is relevant for targeting the viral particle out of the cell. In accordance to this, TIP47 was identified to be associated to the viral particle. Mutants of TIP47 that fail to bind Rab9 reveal lower amounts and a changed distribution of the HCV core protein. Furthermore, we could see that the core staining colocalizes with subcellular structures that were identified as autophagosomes using a p62-specific antibody which is a specific autophagosome-marker. Based on this, we hypothized that destruction of the Rab9 binding domain misdirects the viral particle towards the lysosomal compartment.
For the first time it could be shown that TIP47 interacts with NS5A and is associated to the viral particle, therefore plays a crucial role for the virus morphogenesis and secretion of the viral article.
Taken together, these results indicate that TIP47 is an essential cellular factor for the life cycle of HCV Abstract and might be used as target for antiviral treatment, e.g. by targeting the NS5A-TIP47 interaction, based on small molecules that mimic the NS5A-specific sequence that binds to TIP47 which might result in a competition of the TIP47/NS5A interaction.
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Biochemical and structural investigations on the architecture of the F0 complex from Ilyobacter tartaricus ATP synthase
(2012)
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Jonna Hakulinen
- The universal biological energy currency adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is synthesized by the F1Fo-ATP synthase in most living organisms. The overall structure and function of F-type ATPases is conserved in the different organisms. The F1Fo-ATP synthase consist of two domains; the soluble F1 complex has the subunit stoichiometry α3β3γδε and the membrane embedded Fo complex consists of subunits ab2c10-15 in its simplest form found in bacteria. F1 and Fo both function as reversible rotary motors that are connected by a central stalk (γε) and a peripheral stalk (b2δ).
For ATP synthesis, the electrochemical energy formed by a proton or sodium ion gradient is required. The ion translocation across the Fo subcomplex induces torque in the motor part of the enzyme (cnγε), which causes conformational changes in the α3β3 domain leading to ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) catalyzed in the β-subunits. ATP hydrolysis causes a reverse torque in the Fo subcomplex triggering uphill ion translocation from cytoplasm to periplasm, and the enzyme functions as an ion pump.
The ATP synthesis mechanism is well understood, since several high-resolution structures of F1 are available. In contrast, the ion translocation mechanism across the membrane, mediated by the Fo subcomplex, is not understood in its structural detail.
Subunit a and the c-ring form an ion pathway, but subunit b is needed to form an active ion translocation pathway in both H+- and Na+-dependent systems. Several high-resolution structures of c-rings have provided insights in the ion translocation mechanism. The different ion translocation models based on biochemical, biophysical and structural analysis are in agreement in the fact that ions are translocated through a periplasmic ion access pathway in subunit a to the middle of the membrane and there to the binding site of a c-subunit. After almost a whole rotation of the c-ring the ion returns into the a-c interface, where it can be released to the cytoplasm. In the different models the cytoplasmic access pathway has been proposed to be located in subunit a, at the a-c interface or within the c-ring. The driving force of torque generation has been proposed to be the pH gradient or membrane potential. Several biochemical studies show that a conserved arginine in helix four of subunit a (R226 in Ilyobacter tartaricus or R210 in Escherichia coli)plays a critical role in the ion translocation. The arginine has been proposed to function as an electrostatic separator between the cytoplasmic and periplasmic pathways and as a mediator of the ion exchange into the c-ring ion-binding site.
Structural data of a related enzyme (V1Vo-ATPase from Thermus thermophilus) has provided insight into the helical arrangement of the ion translocating subunits I and Lring (related to subunit a and the c-ring). These structures indicated a small interface between subunit I and the L-ring, and two four-helix bundles in the N-terminal domain of subunit I were proposed to build the periplasmic and cytoplasmic ion pathways. To comprehend the ion-translocation and torque generation mechanism in F1Fo-ATP synthase, structural data of an intact a-c complex is needed.
The goal of this work was to obtain structural data of subunit a, most preferably in a complex with the c-ring or additionally with subunit b. Therefore, a new purification procedure for the I. tartaricus Fo-subcomplex, heterologously expressed in E. coli cells, was established. The purified Fo was characterized biochemically and by Laserinduced liquid bead ion desorption mass spectrometry (LILBID-MS). These analyses showed that pure and completely assembled Fo containing all its subunits in the correct stoichiometry (ab2c11) was obtained. The purified Fo complex was stable at 4°C for several months and at room temperature in the presence of lipids for several weeks. A lipid analysis was performed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to investigate the qualitative lipid composition of I. tartaricus whole lipid extract and various I. tartaricus F1Fo isolates. The whole lipid extract contained PC, PG and PE lipids and probably cardiolipin. PC, PG and PE lipids were bound to wild type I. tartaricus F1Fo, whereas recombinant I. tartaricus F1Fo did not have any bound lipids, but was able to bind the synthetic lipids POPC and POPG if they were provided during the purification.
For subsequent structural studies the purified Fo was subjected to two-dimensional (2D) crystallization trials. Vesicles and sheets tightly packed with protein and crystals with a rare plane group for I. tartaricus c11 (p121) were obtained. The c-ring was visible in the CCD images, and immunogold-labeling revealed the presence of the His-tagged a-subunit in the reconstituted vesicles. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging showed protein densities next to the c-rings, which protruded less from the membrane (0.4±0.1 nm) than the c-ring (0.7±0.1 nm). These protein densities presumably belonged to subunit a.
Cryo-electronmicroscopy (cryo-EM) was used to collect data of the p121 crystals and a merged projection density map was calculated to 7.0 Å resolution. The unit cell of the crystals (81 × 252 Å) contained two asymmetric units with three c-rings in each and next to the c11-rings new prominent densities were visible. In each extra density up to 7 transmembrane helices were visible, belonging to the stator subunit a and/or subunit b. To elucidate whether there are conserved elements in the three extra densities non-crystallographic averaging was applied using a single-particle approach.
Six possible arrangements for the c-rings and the extra densities were identified and used for the averaging. The extra densities were enhanced only in one of the possible arrangements. The average showed a four-helix bundle and a fifth helix in close proximity to the c-ring. Two more helices were present in each position but their position was ambivalent. The data obtained in this work provides the first insight in the helical arrangement in the a-c interface of F1Fo-ATP synthase.
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Between re-traditionalization and islamic resurgence : the influence of the national question and the revival of tradition on gender issues among Maranaos in the Southern Philippines
(2013)
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Birte Brecht-Drouart
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Cannabinoid-mediierte Neuroprotektion in exzitotoxisch geschädigten organotypischen hippokampalen Schnittkulturen (OHSC) der Ratte mit besonderem Fokus auf N-Arachidonyl-Dopamin (NADA)
(2012)
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Urszula Grabiec
- Schädigungen des Zentralnervensystems führen häufig zu schweren irreversiblen Schäden, die die Betroffenen vor große körperlichen und psychischen Herausforderungen stellen. Auf zellulärer Ebene ist bekannt, dass das Gehirn über protektive Mechanismen verfügt, die zwar nach der Schädigung aktiviert werden deren Potential jedoch nicht ausreicht, um den Schaden einzudämmen. Das Endocannabinoidsystem wurde mehrfach als ein solches protektives System bei ZNS Läsionen beschrieben. Zu den klassischen und gut untersuchten Endocannabinoiden (eCBs) wie Anandamid oder 2-AG kommen im Gehirn mehrere eCBs vor, deren physiologische und pathologische Bedeutung schwer einzuordnen ist. Das N-Arachidonyl-Dopamin (NADA) gehört zu dieser Gruppe und wirkt über bereits bekannte Cannabinoid Rezeptoren.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Wirkung von NADA auf das Überleben der Körnerzellen im Gyrus dentatus im Modell der organotypischen hippokampalen Schnittkulturen (OHSC) untersucht. Weiterhin wurden die beteiligten Rezeptoren und die intrazellulären Signalkaskaden an neuronalen und gliösen Primärkulturen sowie Zelllinien analysiert. Nach der NMDA Schädigung kam es zum massiven Absterben der Neurone und einer deutlichen Zunahme der Zahl von Mikrogliazellen. NADA (100 pM-10 μM) hemmte den Prozess der neuronalen Schädigung und führte bei 1 nM und 1 μM zum Rückgang der Mikrogliaanzahl in geschädigten OHSC. Weiterführende Analysen ergaben, dass NADA Effekte über den Cannabinoid (CB)1 Rezeptor mediiert. Sowohl die abnCBD, CB2, TRPV1 und TRPA1 Rezeptoren als auch -als struktureller Bestandteil des NADA waren an den Wirkungen nicht beteiligt. Es ist bekannt, dass der TRPV1 Rezeptor eine große Rolle bei NADA mediierten Effekten in der Peripherie spielt. Das Vorkommen bzw. die funktionelle Aktivität des TRPV1 im ZNS ist Gegenstand kontroverser Diskussionen. TRPV1 konnte auf mRNA Ebene in organotypischen hippokampalen Schnittkulturen (OHSC), Astrozyten, hippokampalen Neuronen und DRG (Spinalganglien) nachgewiesen werden. Mittels Calcium Imaging und Elektrophysiologie konnte an HEK293-TRPV1 Zellen NADA als Agonist des TRPV1 bestätigt werden. In allen untersuchten Zellen war jedoch die Funktionstüchtigkeit des TRPV1 Rezeptors mittels Calcium Imaging Messungen nicht nachweibar.
Im nächsten Schritt wurde geprüft, welche der klassischen mit dem Endocannabinoidsystem assoziierten Signalkaskaden an der NADA vermittelten Protektion teilnehmen. Die Signalkaskaden p38 und p44/42 MAPK wurden in den stimulierten und nichtstimulierten Zellen durch NADA nicht beeinflusst.
NADA gehört somit zur Gruppe der neuroprotektiv wirkenden Endocannabinoide, welches seine Effekte über den CB1 Rezeptor vermittelt. Im Schädigungsmodell des OHSC spielt der TRPV1 Rezeptor keine Rolle. Weitere intrazelluläre Signalkaskaden, wie der PLC Weg, bedürfen einer weitergehenden Analyse bezüglich ihrer Involvierung in NADA-vermittelte Effekte.
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On-line reconstruction algorithms for the CBM and ALICE experiments
(2013)
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Sergey Gorbunov
- This thesis presents various algorithms which have been developed for on-line event reconstruction in the CBM experiment at GSI, Darmstadt and the ALICE experiment at CERN, Geneve. Despite the fact that the experiments are different — CBM is a fixed target experiment with forward geometry, while ALICE has a typical collider geometry — they share common aspects when reconstruction is concerned.
The thesis describes:
— general modifications to the Kalman filter method, which allows one to accelerate, to improve, and to simplify existing fit algorithms;
— developed algorithms for track fit in CBM and ALICE experiment, including a new method for track extrapolation in non-homogeneous magnetic field.
— developed algorithms for primary and secondary vertex fit in the both experiments. In particular, a new method of reconstruction of decayed particles is presented.
— developed parallel algorithm for the on-line tracking in the CBM experiment.
— developed parallel algorithm for the on-line tracking in High Level Trigger of the ALICE experiment.
— the realisation of the track finders on modern hardware, such as SIMD CPU registers and GPU accelerators.
All the presented methods have been developed by or with the direct participation of the author.
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"Seht dies gastliche Haus, ringsum das Wasser der Quelle" : von der Großen Oed zum Holzhausenschlösschen ; die Metamorphose eines patrizischen Anwesens und sein Funktionswandel im geschichtlichen, gesellschaftlichen und topografischen Kontext
(2012)
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Hannelore Limberg
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Selbstkontrolle als volitionale Kompetenz im Vorschulalter : Vergleich unterschiedlicher kultureller Gruppen mit Hilfe der Sanduhraufgabe
(2012)
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Anna Neubauer
- Schulkinder mit einem türkischen Migrationshintergrund zeigen im deutschen Bildungssystem einen spezifischen Leistungsnachteil: Während der Leistungsnachteil von Schulkindern mit einem Migrationshintergrund aus anderen Ländern durch Hintergrundvariablen wie beispielsweise dem SES aufklärbar ist, ist der Leistungsabstand zwischen Schulkindern mit einem türkischen Migrationshintergrund und Schulkindern ohne Migrationshintergrund nicht nur stärker ausgeprägt, sondern zudem nicht durch die bisher betrachteten Hintergrundvariablen aufklärbar. Daher erscheint die Suche nach Gründen für diesen spezifischen Leistungsnachteil bei Prozessen des vorschulischen Kompetenzerwerbs notwendig.
Eine Voraussetzung für schulischen Erfolg ist Selbstkontrolle, also die Fähigkeit, eine Handlungstendenz für das Erreichen eines anderen Zieles zu unterdrücken. Kinder, die bereits im Kindergartenalter eine gut ausgeprägte Selbstkontrolle aufweisen, zeigen in ihrem späteren Leben bessere Schulleistungen als Kindergartenkinder mit einer geringeren Fähigkeit zur Selbstkontrolle. Die Fähigkeit zur Selbstkontrolle könnte bei Kindern mit einem türkischen Migrationshintergrund durch kultur- und/oder migrationsspezifische Faktoren geringer sein als die von Kindern ohne Migrationshintergrund. Als kulturspezifischer Faktor ist beispielsweise eine geringere Bewertung von Selbstkontrolle im türkischen Erziehungssystem möglich; als migrationsspezifischer Faktor kommt eine Verminderung der Selbstkontrolle durch migrationsbedingte Stressoren in Betracht.
Daher war die zentrale Frage der vorliegenden Dissertation, ob Kindergartenkinder mit einem türkischen Migrationshintergrund eine geringere Selbstkontrolle zeigen als Kindergartenkinder ohne Migrationshintergrund. Ein bewährtes Paradigma zur Erfassung von Selbstkontrolle bei Kindergartenkindern ist der Belohnungsaufschub, die Fähigkeit auf eine sofortige, kleinere Belohnung zugunsten einer späteren aber größeren Belohnung zu verzichten. In einer Literaturübersicht (Artikel 1) wurde sich mit verschiedenen Paradigmen zur Erfassung des Belohnungsaufschubes beschäftigt. Dabei wurden Probleme in der konvergenten Validität der bestehenden Methoden festgestellt. Das Warteparadigma scheint den Belohnungsaufschub im Kindergartenalter am adäquatesten zu erfassen, zeigt jedoch nur eine geringe Re-Test Reliabilität. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine neue Variante der klassischen Warteaufgabe, die Sanduhraufgabe, auf ihre prognostische Validität und Re-Test Reliabilität geprüft (Artikel 2). Die Sanduhraufgabe, gemessenen im Kindergartenalter, besitzt eine ausreichende Re-Test Reliabilität und Vorhersagekraft für mathematische Kompetenzen und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten am Ende der ersten Klasse.
Mit dieser Aufgabe wurde die zentrale Frage der vorliegenden Dissertation, ob Kindergartenkinder mit einem türkischen Migrationshintergrund eine geringere Selbstkontrolle zeigen als Kindergartenkinder ohne Migrationshintergrund, untersucht (Artikel 3). Zur Differenzierung zwischen kultur- und migrationsspezifischen Faktoren wurde hierbei die Selbstkontrollfähigkeit von Kindergartenkindern mit unterschiedlichem Migrationshintergrund (türkisch vs. andere) verglichen sowie die von deutschen und türkischen Kindern ohne Migrationshintergrund. Die in Deutschland untersuchten Gruppen (ohne Migrationshintergrund, türkischer Migrationshintergrund und Migrationshintergrund aus anderen Ländern) unterschieden sich nicht in ihrer Selbstkontrolle. Damit scheint der spezifische Leistungsnachteil von Kindern mit einem türkischen Migrationshintergrund im deutschen Bildungssystem nicht durch vorschulische Unterschiede in der Fähigkeit zur Selbstkontrolle erklärbar zu sein. Allerdings wiesen die türkischen Kinder ohne Migrationshintergrund eine geringere Selbstkontrolle auf als die deutschen Kinder ohne Migrationshintergrund. Die Ergebnisse wurden bezüglich ihrer Aussagekraft über mögliche kultur- und migrationsspezifische Einflussfaktoren auf die Selbstkontrolle von Kindergartenkindern diskutiert.
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Shedding light on reaction mechanisms : structure determination of reactive intermediates and investigation of protein structural dynamics using 2D-IR spectroscopy
(2012)
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Andreas T. Meßmer
- Detailed knowledge of reaction mechanisms is key to understanding chemical, biological, and biophysical processes. For many reasons, it is desirable to comprehend how a reaction proceeds and what influences the reaction rate and its products.
In biophysics, reaction mechanisms provide insight into enzyme and protein function, the reason why they are so efficient, and what determines their reaction rates. They also reveal the relationship between the function of a protein and its structure and dynamics.
In chemistry, reaction mechanisms are able to explain side products, solvent effects, and the stereochemistry of a product. They are also the basis for potentially optimizing reactions with respect to yield, enhancing the stereoselectivity, or for modifying reactions in order to obtain other related products.
A key step to investigate reaction mechanisms is the identification and characterization of intermediates, which may be reactive, short-lived, and therefore only weakly populated. Nowadays, the structures of those can in most cases only be hypothesized based on products, side products, and isolable intermediates, because intermediates with a life time of less than a few microseconds are not accessible with the commonly used techniques for structure determination such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
In this thesis, two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy is shown to be a powerful complement to the existing techniques for structure determination in solution. 2D-IR spectroscopy uses a femtosecond laser setup to investigate interactions between vibrations - analogous to 2D-NMR, which investigates the interactions between spins. Its ultrafast time resolution makes 2D-IR spectroscopy particularly well suited for the two topics investigated in this thesis: Structure Determination of Reactive Intermediates and Conformational Dynamics of Proteins.
Structure Determination of Reactive Intermediates: The focus of this thesis is using polarization-dependent 2D-IR (P2D-IR) spectroscopy for structure determination of N-crotonyloxazolidinone (referred to as 1), a small organic compound with a chiral oxazolidinone, known as Evans auxiliary, and its reactive complexes with the Lewis acids SnCl4 and Mg(ClO4)2. Chiral oxazolidinones in combination with Lewis acids have frequently been used in stereoselective synthesis for over 30 years. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanisms are in many cases xvi ABSTRACT still mere hypotheses and have not yet been experimentally proven. By accurately measuring the angles between the transition dipole moments in the molecules using an optimized P2D-IR setup and comparing the results to DFT calculations, the conformation of 1 and the conformation and coordination of the main complexes with SnCl4 and Mg(ClO4)2 are unequivocally identified and analyzed in depth. Structural details, such as a slight twist in the solution structure of 1, are detected using P2D-IR spectroscopy; these cannot be inferred from NMR spectroscopy or DFT calculations. In addition to the main Lewis acid complexes, complexes in low concentration are detected and tentatively assigned to different conformations and complexation geometries. The knowledge of those structures is essential for rationalizing the observed stereoselectivities. Additionally, a method is introduced that enables structure determination of molecules in complex mixtures and even in the presence of molecules with similar spectral properties and in high concentration. This work sets the stage for future studies of other substrate-catalyst complexes and reaction intermediates for which the structure determination has not been possible to date.
Conformational Dynamics of Proteins: Exchange 2D-IR spectroscopy allows the investigation of fast dynamics without disturbing the equilibrium of the exchanging species. It is therefore well suited to investigate fast dynamics of proteins and to reveal the speed limit of those. The temperature dependence of the conformational dynamics between the myoglobin substates A1 and A3 in equilibrium is analyzed. The various substates of myoglobin can be detected with FTIR spectroscopy, if carbon monoxide is bound to the heme. From previous studies it is known that the exchange rates at room temperature are in the picosecond time range, well suited to be investigated by 2D-IR spectroscopy. In the temperature range between 0 °C and 40 °C only a weak temperature dependence of the exchange rate in the myoglobin mutant L29I is observed in the present study. The exchange rate approximately doubles from 15 ns-1 at 0 °C to 31 ns-1 at 40 °C. It turned out that the conformational dynamics correlates linearly with the solvent viscosity, which itself is temperature dependent. Comparing our results to measurements at cryogenic temperatures, the linear relation between exchange time constant for this process and the viscosity is shown for the temperature range between -100 °C and 40 °C (corresponding to a viscosity change of 14 orders of magnitude). Thus, it is proven that the dynamics of the conformational switching are mainly determined by solvent dynamics, i.e., the protein dynamics are slaved to the solvent dynamics. This is the first time slaving is observed for such fast processes (in the picosecond time range). The observation implies a long-range structural rearrangement between the myoglobin substates A1 and A3. In addition, the exchange for other mutants and wild type myoglobin is analyzed qualitatively and found to agree with the conclusions drawn from L29I myoglobin.
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Language and transnationalism : language discourse in transnational Salsa communities of practice
(2013)
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Britta Schneider
- Language ideologies in contemporary Western societies are characterised by a strong influence of the idea that one language ‘pertains’ to one culture. Yet, cultural developments of globalisation, such as migration, the construction of transnational networks or global mass media, question national frameworks of culture and language.
In this thesis, after reviewing the field of language ideology and discussing historical examples of the development of national language discourse, language ideologies in a transnational context are examined. Using ethnographic research methods and a discursive approach to interview data, concepts and ideas revolving around language of transnational Communities of Practice constituted through Salsa dancing are analysed. Due to its connections to the Latin American cultural space, the practice of Salsa dancing in non-Latin contexts intrinsically constructs transnational ties. Different Salsa Communities of Practice are studied in Sydney, Australia, and Frankfurt, Germany. Interestingly, different local communities show very different ideologies concerning the role of language, multilingualism, concepts of authenticity or influences of capitalist discourse. The cross-national approach allows studying the influence of different national discourses on the formation of local ideologies in transnational contexts.
Thus, next to scrutinising the traditional concept of a ‘language’ and its relevance in a transnational age, the theoretical aim of this study is to analyse the interaction of discourses from different realms – local, regional, national, transnational – in the formation of contemporary discourses on language. These construct new symbolic meanings of language that co-exist next to the national concept of the relationship of language and culture, so that a multiplication of language boundaries can be considered to be a characteristic trait of contemporary language discourse.
