Refine
Year of publication
- 2014 (1077) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (1077) (remove)
Language
Has Fulltext
- yes (1077)
Keywords
- Benjamin, Walter (18)
- Deutsch (15)
- Literatur (14)
- red riječi (13)
- Mehrsprachigkeit (12)
- word order (12)
- Bratoljub Klaić (10)
- Rezeption (10)
- Begriff (9)
- Croatian language (8)
Institute
- Medizin (233)
- Biowissenschaften (77)
- Präsidium (62)
- Physik (56)
- Geowissenschaften (34)
- Biochemie und Chemie (32)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (29)
- Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F) (28)
- Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (26)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (20)
U ovome se radu bavimo formom i funkcijom poštapalica u razgovornom bosanskom jeziku s obzirom na njihovu pozicijsku valentnost u konstrukcijskim komunikacijskim jedinicama (TCU). Poštapalice zauzimaju periferno mjesto u formalno-gramatičkim modelima i najčešće se analiziraju sa stilskog ili sociolingvističkog aspekta, pri čemu se njihova uporaba ne preporučuje, jer se smatraju obilježjem lošeg govornog stila i nepotrebnim dodatcima u govoru. Ovdje ih promatramo s aspekta njihove uporabe pri organizaciji i konstrukciji komunikacijskih cjelina i tvrdimo da su poštapalice neophodni konverzacijski elementi čija funkcija proizlazi iz elementarnih mehanizama konverzacijske razmjene definiranih u Sacks et al. (1974) – potrebe da se pri konverzaciji umanje praznine i simultani govor. Analiza obuhvaća oko 550 poštapalica izdvojenih iz korpusa (Kurtić et al. 2012) koji se sastoji od audio-vizualnog zapisa razgovora četiriju govornika bosanskog jezika (oko četiri sata snimljenog materijala). Služeći se metodološkim okvirom konverzacijske analize, opisat ćemo različite funkcije poštapalica, čime ćemo nastojati revidirati tvrdnje da su poštapalice smetnja u konverzaciji.
U radu se račlanjuje odnos reda riječi i negacije u hrvatskome crkvenoslavenskome jeziku. Prvi se vid toga odnosa tiče položaja niječnih izraza ne, ni i bez. U zadanome korpusu oni stoje ispred, odnosno lijevo od jezične jedinice koju niječu. Jedinica ispred koje se niječni izraz nalazi nije nužno glagol, pa ni finitni glagolski oblik. Položaj niječnih izraza povezan je i s razlikom, odnosno s utvrđivanjem razlike između sastavničke negacije, kao negacije nepredikatne sastavnice, i rečenične negacije, negacije predikata. Konačno, o redu riječi ovisi hoće li se ili neće provesti niječno slaganje. U hrvatskome je crkvenoslavenskome jeziku provođenje niječnoga slaganja djelomično (ne i proizvoljno), a ovisi o tome na kojemu se mjestu u rečenici nalazi niječna zamjenica ili prilog.
Složeni glagolski predikat u hrvatskom kajkavskom književnom jeziku sa stajališta reda riječi
(2014)
U radu se donosi raščlamba reda riječi u rečenicama sa složenim glagolskim predikatom.1 Na korpusu tiskanih tekstova na hrvatskom kajkavskom književnom jeziku utvrđuje se redoslijed sintaktičkih jedinica složenoga glagolskog predikata, mjesto složenoga glagolskog predikata u rečenici te njegov suodnos s drugim rečeničnim dijelovima.
Ovaj se rad bavi položajem zanaglasnica u kontekstu njegove obrade u nastavi hrvatskoga jezika u srednjim školama. S obzirom na to da pisani korpus pokazuje velika odstupanja od klasičnoga tumačenja Wackernagelova pravila (Peti-Stantić 2007), htjele smo ovu pojavu istražiti u kontekstu odnosa nastavnika hrvatskoga jezika prema poučavanju pravila o položaju zanaglasnica. Dosadašnji radovi u ovome području pokazuju različite težnje. Dok većina suvremenih gramatika (Babić i dr. 2007, Barić i dr. 2005, Težak i Babić 1994) staje u prilog prozodijskome tumačenju Wackernagelova pravila, prema kojemu se zanaglasnica uvrštava iza prve naglašene riječi u rečenici, neki suvremeni jezikoslovci (Peti-Stantić 2002, 2002a, 2006, 2007) zagovaraju sintaktičko tumačenje ovoga pravila u hrvatskome jeziku, prema kojemu se zanaglasnice smještaju iza prve naglašene sintaktičke jedinice. Ovi drugi svoje tvrdnje podupiru neskladom između propisanih pravila i stvarne uporabe, tj. korpusa, a naše se istraživanje bavi sličnim problemom – odnosom između načelnih i praktičnih elemenata poučavanja ovoga pravila. Ispitivanje predodžbe nastavnika o pravilu o položaju zanaglasnica u hrvatskome jeziku te prakse poučavanja toga pravila otkrilo je da nastavnici daju prednost prozodijskom tumačenju Wackernagelova pravila, no nisu skloni ispravljanju učenika koji ga drugačije primjenjuju.
Sintaksa se u ranom jezičnom razvoju povećanjem kronološke dobi mijenja i usložnjava. Različitim teorijskim modelima pokušava se opisati razvoj sintakse, ali i put kojim dijete od najranijih iskaza dolazi do kompetencije odraslog govornika. Slijedeći navedenu misao, Tomasello (2006) je ponudio opis gramatičkih struktura ranih višečlanih iskaza kojim prikazuje put usložnjavanja sintakse iskaza, od jednočlanih i višečlanih iskaza (kombinacije riječi, pivot-sheme, konstrukcije zasnovane na čestici) do apstraktnih konstrukcija. Posebno su za opis ranog razvoja sintakse važne dvije kategorije konstrukcija, pivot-sheme (engl. pivot schemes) i konstrukcije zasnovane na čestici (engl. item-based constructions). Pivot-sheme definirane su kao dvočlane konstrukcije u kojima postoji ‘stalni’ element koji se nadopunjava novim elementima. Konstrukcije zasnovane na čestici od pivot-konstrukcija razlikuje veća sloboda u leksičkom izboru te prikladna uporaba gramatičkih kategorija (uporaba morfologije i reda riječi). Ovim se istraživanjem željelo provjeriti uklapaju li se hrvatske dvočlane glagolske konstrukcije u uobičajene podjele pivot-konstrukcija i konstrukcija zasnovanih na čestici i kakav je njihov red riječi s obzirom na tipološke karakteristike, odnosno morfološku razvedenost i relativno slobodan red riječi hrvatskoga jezika. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni dvočlani glagolski iskazi u Hrvatskom korpusu dječjeg jezika (HKDJ – Kovačević 2002). Izdvojene su i opisane pivot-konstrukcije te njihov put prema sintaktički složenijim oblicima, konstrukcijama zasnovanima na čestici. Rezultati hrvatskih dvočlanih iskaza upućuju na vrlo ranu uporabu gramatičkih morfema što nije u skladu s istraživanjima provedenima u engleskom jeziku. Nadalje, definicija pivot-shema samo se djelomično može primijeniti na iskaze pronađene u HKDJ-u. Hrvatske pivot-konstrukcije sadrže specifične morfološke i sintaktičke veze, različite od potpunoga gramatičkog sustava odraslih govornika, ali nedvojbeno s pripadajućim značenjima. Istraživanje je pokazalo da tipološke osobine određenog jezika utječu na razvoj sintakse pri usvajanju jezika te potiču ranu pojavu složenih gramatičkih elemenata.
U bosanskom, hrvatskom i srpskom jeziku, s fleksibilnim (gotovo slobodnim) redom riječi, prijedložno-padežni izrazi s mjesnim značenjem popunjavaju funkciju mjesnog adverbijala (kada se odnose na predikat), ali stoje i kao dopuna imenskoj riječi (kada se u atributskoj funkciji odnose na supstantiv), što može dovesti do mogućih dvosmislenih izraza, i/ili potpuno gramatički nepravilnih kombinacija, zavisno od reda riječi, odnosno zavisno od pozicije takvih konstrukcija u rečenici. U ovom radu daju se neki primjeri nepravilnog rasporeda riječi, odnosno primjeri s pogrešnom pozicijom rečeničnih elemenata, konkretno mjesnog adverbijala, što rezultira ambigvitetnim (dvosmislenim) konstrukcijama s prijedložno-padežnim izrazima. Vidjećemo da je u bosanskom, hrvatskom i srpskom jeziku ova pojava često prisutna, a naročito zapažena u govornom jeziku i kolokvijalnom diskursu, ili na primjerima žurnalističkog stila (diskursa). Moguće rješenje kojim bi se izbjegao ambigvitet vezan za prijedložno-padežne izraze s mjesnim značenjem jeste dosljedno poštivanje pravila o osnovnom redu riječi koje mjesni adverbijal postavlja u postverbalnoj poziciji i ne uz neku imensku riječ.
Obligatory control refers to the relation of obligatory coreference between one of the arguments in the matrix clause and an unexpressed argument of the subordinate infinitive. This paper provides examples of subject and object control in Croatian that reveal significant differences between these two constructions. Subject control is understood as a purely syntactic relation, while the analysis of object control requires the introduction of semantic macroroles. The two constructions are therefore based on different basic principles, which results in various asymmetries with regard to restrictions on possible syntactic realizations. Moreover, the limitations on scope interpretation of temporal adverbs resulting from word order changes in object control constructions suggest that the two verbs in object control might form a tighter unit than those in subject control constructions.
Red riječi u smješnicama
(2014)
U radu se promatra i analizira red riječi u rečenici u hrvatskim anonimnim komedijama u prozi nastalim u 17. stoljeću na dubrovačkom području. Rezultati se analize uspoređuju s redom riječi potvrđenim u onodobnom književnom jeziku. Sinkronijskom su prikazu pridružene i usporedbe s rezultatima istraživanja Laznibata o dubrovačkim arhivskim spisima 17. i 18. stoljeća i I. Lovrić Jović o dubrovačkim oporukama iz istog tog razdoblja, dok je dijakronijski pregled napravljen usporedbom s Rešetarovim istraživanjima jezika Ranjinina zbornika i Držićeva jezika, s istraživanjem frančezarija 18. stoljeća I. Lovrić Jović te s Budmanijevim istraživanjem devetnaestostoljetnoga dubrovačkoga govora. Posebna se pozornost posvećuje poretku zanaglasnica, koji je, kao što je bilo očekivano, uglavnom stariji pa zamjenička zanaglasnica prethodi glagolskoj, no ovisno o smješnici, potvrđena su i brojna odstupanja.
The paper considers the interdependence between word order, congruence and formal cases – the means which, together with lexical meaning and formal class markers, explicate the concrete syntactic relations in a sentence. There are languages (including the Slavic ones) in whose structure congruence is very important. They may or may not possess formal cases. Even if they have no formal cases their word order is relatively free due to the compensatory role of congruence, which is often, but not always, able to eliminate potential ambiguity in the sentence, assisted to a certain extent by animacy, definiteness, pronoun duplicates of the objects and extra-linguistic knowledge (and Modern Bulgarian is good enough to illustrate this). At the same time, even in congruence languages with formal cases there are strict word order rules. In both kinds of congruence languages the violation of these rules can make a sentence utterly unintelligible (the last is exemplified by a couple of lines from Spanish and Ukrainian poetry).
U redu riječi prijedlozi imaju relativno stalno mjesto po kojemu su i nazvani – predlažu se ispred riječi na koju se odnose. U gramatikama se još spominje i postpozicija, kad prijedlozi dolaze iza riječi na koju se odnose (svemu unatoč...). U ovom radu prijedlozi se ne promatraju na morfološkoj razini, dakle na razini jedne riječi, nego se promatraju kao funkcionalna skupina koja uključuje i višerječne prijedložne izraze. Analizom su obuhvaćene i sveze riječi, odnosno koligacije temeljene na gramatičkoj uvjetovanosti sastavnica, a koje tvore jednu značenjsku cjelinu. Ta dva metodološka pomaka u percepciji prijedloga i u percepciji riječi pokazuju da se prijedlog može naći i u drugim pozicijama te se u radu analizira gdje se sve u rečenici mogu naći prijedlozi.
Tema je našega rada položaj zamjeničkoga pridjeva sam uz naglašeni oblik povratne zamjenice (sebe) unutar konstrukcija s pravim povratnim glagolima. U tim konstrukcijama zamjenički pridjev sam može biti u akuzativu ili u nominativu (hvalim sam sebe / hvalim samog sebe). Poznato je svojstvo zamjeničkoga pridjeva sam da u pojačajnome značenju najčešće slijedi iza lične zamjenice, ali prethodi imenicama (On sam to radi. / Sama Marija to radi.). Cilj je ovoga istraživanja utvrditi koji mu je neobilježeni položaj uz povratnu zamjenicu te ponaša li se drukčije s obzirom na red riječ kad je u nominativnome ili u akuzativnome obliku.
O kognitivnim temeljima položaja modifikatora, determinatora i kvantifikatora u imenskoj sintagmi
(2014)
U središtu je pozornosti ovoga rada redoslijed pridjevnih (premodifikacijskih), determinacijskih te kvantifikacijskih sastavnica višestrukosloženih imenskih sintagmi u hrvatskom jeziku. Metodologijom kognitivne gramatike (Langacker 1987, 1991, Taylor 2002, Radden i Dirven 2007) na nekoliko se tipičnih primjera najprije objašnjavaju značenjski aspekti koji uvjetuju neutralan redoslijed njihovih sastavnica, a zatim se preispituje manja ili veća neovjerenost pojedinih konstrukcija pri promjeni redoslijeda sastavnica. Ključnim semantičko-pragmatičkim čimbenikom koji uvjetuje veću ili manju ovjerenost takvih konstrukcija, a uvjetovanu promjenom redoslijeda sastavnica, smatra se referencija odnosno ‘usidrenje’ (engl. grounding) koja se odnosi na uspostavljanje „mentalnoga kontakta” sudionika govornoga čina s referentom imenske sintagme. S obzirom na to posebna se pozornost posvećuje značenjskim razlikama između elemenata referencije – determinatora, relativnih i neodređenih apsolutnih kvantifikatora – te pridjevnih premodifikatora i određenih apsolutnih kvantifikatora (brojeva) koji to nisu.
Na tragu učenja praške funkcionalne (aktualne) rečenične perspektive o osnovnom i aktualiziranom redu riječi razmatrat će se redoslijed sastavnica u složenim strukturama (subordiniranima i koordiniranima). U prvome redu zanimat će nas poredak surečenica (klauza) u sastavu zavisnosložene rečenice. Postavlja se naime pitanje čime sve može biti uvjetovana anteponiranost zavisne surečenice (tzv. inverzija), i to u različitim tipovima tekstova odnosno komunikacijskim situacijama (npr. u akademskom/ znanstvenom i/ili predavačkom diskursu, potom u privatnim razgovorima itd.). U tu svrhu pozornost ćemo obratiti na primjere poput ovih: Kao što je naslovom najavljeno, bavit ćemo se složenim rečenicama.; Kako bismo ubrzali objavljivanje zbornika, želja nam je što prije skupiti radove.; Kao što je prethodno rečeno, nastava počinje u listopadu.; Ako ne prekineš s glupostima, odlazim!; Dok ne ispraviš jedinice, ništa od izlazaka! i sl. Što se pak nezavisnosloženih rečenica tiče, ponajprije ćemo se suočiti s pitanjem utvrđivanja primarnog redoslijeda sastavnica (Sjedim i razmišljam. ili Razmišljam i sjedim.), da bismo potom pokušali utvrditi moguće razloge remećenja toga redoslijeda (npr. Umro – brao trešnje i pao sa stabla. prema Popeo se, brao trešnje, pao sa stabla, umro.). Naposljetku budući da pristajemo uz gledište da se već složena rečenica može smatrati činjenicom teksta (J. Silić), ali i zbog toga što se aktualizirani red riječi/komponenata ostvaruje upravo u (kon)tekstualno uključenoj rečenici, u svjetlu ćemo novije lingvistike teksta (R. de Beaugrande i W. Dressler) o redoslijedu komponenata promišljati kao o kohezivnom sredstvu.
Uvod
(2014)
U radu se preispituju granice frazema s obzirom na tvorenice kao frazemske sastavnice (krenulo je niz brdo (nizbrdo) što, ići na ruku (naruku) komu) ili samostalne jedinice (bogtepitaj, budibogsnama, kvragu) koje prema postojećoj frazemskoj definiciji ne ulaze u frazeološki fond. Posebna se pozornost poklanja frazemskim polusloženicama kao novoustanovljenoj skupini frazema prema frazemskome opsegu (amo-tamo, brže-bolje, danas-sutra, rak-rana, više-manje, zbrda-zdola). Istraživanje je utemeljeno na korpusu hrvatskih pravopisa od Partaša do Babića i Moguša, hrvatskim općim i frazeološkim rječnicima te elektroničkom korpusu Hrvatska jezična riznica Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje.
The article gives an overview of the most important linguistic publications on the Burgenland Croatian dialects so far and concludes that our picture of these dialects is still far from complete. Two examples are given of unsolved questions that illustrate why a more complete picture than we have at the moment is necessary. The author wishes to point out that good quality linguistic fieldwork in this region deserves higher priority than it is given now, especially since the dialects are dying out so fast.
Vremenski instrumental
(2014)
U radu se analizira metoda opisa tvorbe pridjeva u Grammatik der illyrischen Sprache (Wien, 1854.) Andrije Torkvata Brlića i u Slovnici Hèrvatskoj za gimnazije i realne škole (Zagreb, 1859.) Antuna Mažuranića. Modeli se opisa tvorbe pridjeva propituju s obzirom na tvorbene načine te pripadajuće im sufikse i tvorbene preoblike. Dobiveni se rezultati analize uspoređuju sa suvremenim pristupima gramatičkim tvorbenim opisima pridjeva u hrvatskome jeziku.
Autor, motiviran ponajprije poznatom pretpostavkom o tome da je Marko Marulić možda studirao pravne znanosti, prvo daje pregled dosadašnjih ograničenih pokušaja da se govori o pravnoj terminologiji u Marulićevu opusu na hrvatskom jeziku. Poslije se, s obzirom na to da se u prikazanoj literaturi katkada implicira (ali i eksplicira) da se Marulić koristi tim terminima zato što je bio pravnik, pretragom spomenutog opusa u potrazi za potencijalnim pravnim terminima pokušava utvrditi može li se takvo razmišljanje bolje potkrijepiti ili pak opovrgnuti. Na kraju se raspravlja o metodološkim problemima, ograničenjima, ali i mogućnostima poboljšanja takvih filoloških istraživanja.
U novoštokavskim se govorima još uvijek dobro čuvaju ostatci starih naglasnih paradigama te su terenskim istraživanjem u govoru Komazina prikupljene imenice o-osnovâ muškoga roda. U članku se iznosi trenutačno stanje i opisuju promjene koje su zahvatile sve naglasne paradigme. Potvrđena je tendencija prelaska nekih imenica iz n. p. A u n. p. B, dok u množinskim oblicima nisu zabilježene sekundarne promjene naglaska. Staro stanje, pomičnost naglaska i preskakanje na proklitiku čuva se u n. p. C, no u množini se širi nepomičan naglasak na prvome slogu. Većina imenica n. p. B mno¬žinu ujednačava prema n. p. C, dok obrnut utjecaj nije zabilježen, a na n. p. A je neznatan. Donose se primjeri koji upućuju na moguće postojanje sinkronijske n. p. D.
U ovome se radu obrađuju naglasne značajke u govorima i toponimiji Zažablja i Popova. U prvome se dijelu rada iznose bitne fonološke, morfološke, sintaktičke i leksičke značajke obrađenoga područja te ga se uspoređuje s drugim štokavskim govorima. U središnjemu se dijelu rada obrađuju mjesne naglasne osobitosti, primjerice naglašivanje starih i suvremenih posuđenica, razlikovna uloga naglaska te odrazi praslavenskih naglasnih paradigma. U završnome se dijelu iznose i neke naglasne razlike u mjesnim govorima, poglavito s obzirom na narodnosnu pripadnost.
U ovome radu autor će, na osnovu vlastitih istraživanja, pokušati dati sumaran prikaz akcenatskih svojstava govora otoka Iža, smještenog u zadarskom arhipelagu. Namjera mu je smjestiti iški govor i akcenatski sustav među drugim čakavskim otočkim govorima, dati fonetski i fonološki opis pojedinih akcenata i potkrijepiti ih primjerima koje je čuo od iških govornika i, konačno, pokušati utvrditi fonološki status čakavskog akuta u iškome govoru. Budući da su istraživanja bila ograničenoga karaktera, ovaj rad nije zamišljen kao konačan opis, već kao polažišna točka za buduća istraživanja koja je potrebno izvršiti na osnovu kojih će se moći napraviti što iscrpniji i potpuniji opis iškoga govora i akcenatskoga sustava.
U članku je riječ o sklonidbi i naglasku imenica srednjega roda o-sklonidbe u mjesnom govoru sela Jevšček pokraj Livka (općina Kobarid, Slovenija), koji pripada nadiškomu dijalektu slovenskoga, i to sa sinkronijskoga i dijakronijskoga aspekta. S aspekta jezikoslovnoga opisa prikazani su nastavci i njihova distribucija s obzirom na osnovu te naglasni tipovi i njihove paradigme. U jezičnopovijesnome dijelu određuje se povijesni izvod pojedinih nastavaka i naglasnih tipova. Opisani oblici i naglasni sustav postavljaju se u širi slovenski i slavenski kontekst.
The article analyzes the accentuation of western South Slavic l-participles of verbal stems ending in an occlusive that are formed by adding the formant *-l- directly to the stem, e.g. *nes-lъ, Croatian nȅsao, Slovene nesel. Data from Slovene, Čakavian, Kajkavian and Štokavian dialects are compared and discussed against the background of late Proto-Slavic and early dialectal accentual and phonological changes. The operation of accentological changes such as Dybo’s law, Stang’s law and the rise of the neocircumflex, as well as the reduction of weak jers caused alternations in tone, vowel-length and position of the ictus. These alterations could be analogically eliminated or extended at different times and in different areas during the linguistic history of western South Slavic, thus causing the rise of some of the earliest isoglosses in the area in which western South Slavic is spoken.
Ovaj rad predstavit će akcentuaciju, podrijetlo i distribuciju naglasaka u kajkavskim govorima istočne ludbreške Podravine. Prozodija ludbreških govora naselja istočno od Ludbrega, u smjeru Ludbreg – Legrad, nije prikazana u dosadašnjim istraživanjima mjesnih govora toga kraja pa je cilj ovoga rada opisati sadašnje stanje koje se zbog utjecaja medija i migracija stanovništva mijenja, a jedna od očekivanih promjena u razvoju fonoloških sustava mjesnih govora gubljenje je oprjeke po kvantiteti. Istraživanja će se nadovezati na dosad provedena istraživanja fonoloških sustava govora ludbreške Podravine.
Tema članka je naglasak i-glagolâ u govoru mjesta Banjole (oko 6 km južno od Pule), koji pripada premanturskoj skupini govorâ jugozapadnoga istarskog dijalekta. Ta je skupina govora zanimljiva jer se odlikuje nekim obilježjima tipičnima za štokavsko narječje (npr. nastavak -ā u Gmn.) te vjerojatno predstavlja ostatak prijelaznih južnočakavsko-zapadnoštokavskih govora, donesen u Istru tijekom seobâ u 16. i 17. st. Naglasni se sustav tih govora i u općim crtama donekle razlikuje od onoga ostalih JZ istarskih govora; npr. naglasak se tu povlači na prethodni slog u većem broju okolinâ, čuva se preskakanje naglaska na prednaglasnice i sl., zbog čega se oni, uz ostalo, i svrstavaju u zasebnu skupinu.
Kada je riječ o naglasku i-glagolâ, stanje je u raznim slavenskim govorima raznoliko i složeno. Opis situacije u govoru Banjolâ dopunit će sliku dobivenu istraživanjima drugih slavenskih govorâ te pripomoći rekonstrukciji naglaska toga glagolskog tipa u općeslavenskom.
U članku se opisuje naglasak imenica u govoru mjesta Kali na otoku Ugljanu. Uvodni dio rada čini kraći prikaz kaljskih glasova i deklinacije kaljskih imenica, jezgru čini pregled kaljskih imeničkih naglasnih paradigama te naglaska imenica s prefiksima i sufiksima, a na kraju se nalaze popis češćih kaljskih imenica i kraći kaljski tekst kao primjer govora.
Sadržaj: 1. Uvod; 2. Glasovi; 3. Oblici imenica; 4. Naglasak imenica; 5. Naglasak imenica s nekim sufiksima i prefiksima; 6. Češće kaljske imenice podijeljene na sinkronijske naglasne paradigme; 7. Primjer kaljskoga govora; Literatura
Franz Kafkas Äußerungen zu seiner angeblichen Unmusikalität sind in der Kafka-Forschung hinlänglich bekannt. Weniger erforscht ist, wie diese spezifische Unmusikalität mit Kafkas poetologischem Konzept zu vereinen ist. Die Auffassung von Musik in seinen Texten, wie zum Beispiel in 'Josefine, die Sängerin' oder 'Das Volk der Mäuse', im Schluss des Romanfragments 'Der Verschollene' und in seinen Briefen und Tagebucheintragungen, verdeutlicht, dass er ein ganz anderes Verständnis von Musik hatte als etwa sein musikalischer Freund Max Brod. Vor dem Hintergrund von Brods Übersetzungsarbeit am Libretto von Leoš Janáčeks 'Jenůfa (Ihre Ziehtochter)' und von der Einführung der Oper auf die internationale Szene wird ein Zusammenhang zwischen Musikalität und Kafkas Auffassung von Literatur hergestellt.
Noch vor 1900 wurde der Begriff 'Hermetismus' aus den spätantiken Geheimlehren auf die Literatur übertragen - um bald danach in der sog. hermetischen Lyrik eine negative Etikettierung zu erhalten. Vor allem die Dichter, die sich einer Poetik der Unverständlichkeit bedient haben, wurden somit kritisiert und zurückgewiesen. Dabei wurde oft übersehen, dass diese Unverständlichkeit keineswegs eine eitle Machart selbstbewusster Dichter war, sondern eine innere Notwendigkeit. Am Beispiel dessen, wie Paul Celan (1920–1970) und Nelly Sachs (1891–1970) die Shoah lyrisch verarbeiteten, sollen Gründe für die Wahl der hermetischen Ausdrucksweise gefunden werden: eine zu komplexe und widersprüchliche Wirklichkeit, die Angst vor der Gefährdung durch eine verständliche Aussage oder die Entscheidung für das 'offene Kunstwerk' mit beliebig vielen möglichen Interpretationen.
"wir haben ein land aus worten." In Semier Insayif Roman 'Faruq' (2009) geht es um Worte und Erinnerungen, um das (Nicht-)Sprechen-Können und darum, Sprache und Gedächtnis zu verlieren. Es geht um das Schreiben, Sprechen und Rezitieren im Bereich des Dazwischen von Sprachen und Kulturen. Ausgehend von der Perspektive des Ich-Erzählers im Text entfalten sich die Nuancen und Facetten des Lebens als Geschichten, als Texturen der Erinnerung und als eine Art Sprach- und Klanggewebe. Bezugnehmend auf eben diese poetischen und rhetorischen Aspekte des Textes wird eine Lektüre unternommen, die auf postkolonialen und dekonstruktiven Ansätzen wie auch auf Gedächtnistheorien basiert. Die Lektüre versucht sowohl auf die Anforderungen und Besonderheiten des Textes in allen Facetten des Dazwischens zu reagieren als auch jene Perspektiven zu ergründen, die für die zeitgenössische Entwicklung der sogenannten Migrationsliteratur signifikant sind.
Angekommensein ist Unterwegssein : zur Neudeutung der Begriffe 'Flucht' und 'Wohnen' bei Fred Wander
(2014)
Der Aufsatz untersucht die literarisch-philosophischen Voraussetzungen von Fred Wanders Prosaschriften, insbesondere seinen Hotelromanen. Ausgangspunkt des Beitrags ist Wanders Autobiographie 'Das gute Leben' (2006), mit besonderem Augenmerk auf das Adjektiv 'gut' und dessen kontextueller Bedeutung. Sein Verständnis von 'gut' weist auf die Notwendigkeit einer neuen Ethik für die Überlebenden des Naziterrors hin, die sich teils mit Adornos Ethik-Begriff der 'Minima Moralia', teils mit Heideggers Kritik des Humanismus deckt. Vor allem die Begriffe 'Flucht' und 'Wohnen' - bei Wander jeweils als 'gelassenes Ausweichen' ebenso als 'Haus-Hotel-Metapher' dargestellt - tragen zu einer neuen Bestimmung von Wanders Ethik-Begriff bei, die allen Menschen helfen soll, vergangenes und gegenwärtiges Unheil zu überleben.
Die Feminisierung der Migration ist trotz ihrer verspäteten öffentlichen Wahrnehmung kein neues Phänomen: Seit den Anfängen der Arbeitsmigration immigrierten Frauen nicht nur als 'Anhängsel' ihrer Männer, sondern auch selbständig in die deutschsprachigen Länder. In der Öffentlichkeit werden sie bis heute, von stereotypen medialen Zerrbildern beeinflusst, als Opfer wahrgenommen, als die fremde Frau, die sprach- und chancenlos ist. Der Beitrag untersucht vor diesem Hintergrund und am Beispiel von Julya Rabinowichs Roman 'Die Erdfresserin' (2012) die weibliche Identitätssuche unter den Bedingungen der nicht-privilegierten Formen der Migration nach Österreich und im Spannungsfeld von Ethnizität, Kultur, Geschlecht und Klasse.
Der Beitrag widmet sich den genderspezifischen Aspekten angesichts des Terrors und Totalitarismus in den Romanen 'Studenten, Liebe, Tscheka und Tod' (1931) von Alja Rachmanowa und 'Spaltkopf' (2008) von Julya Rabinowich. Anhand zweier Figuren - Griselda Nikolajewna (Rachmanowa) und Ada/Rahel (Rabinowich) - werden ganz unterschiedliche Verhaltensmuster weiblicher Gewaltopfer aufgezeigt: politische Verblendung und krankhaftes Morden, also Gewalt gegen andere (Griselda Nikolajewna) und Scham, Verdrängung und Verfälschung der eigenen Identität - Gewalt gegen sich selbst (Ada/Rahel). Von zentraler Bedeutung ist dabei die von beiden Frauen geteilte Gewalterfahrung in der Begegnung mit dem Fremden: Während Griselda Nikolajewna von ihrem chinesischen Ehemann misshandelt und halbtot verprügelt wurde, musste das kleine jüdische Mädchen Rahel zuschauen, wie sein Vater von Antisemiten umgebracht wurde.
Dieser Beitrag setzt sich mit der wenig bekannten Schriftstellerin Viktorija Kocman und ihrem Werk auseinander. Kocman gehört zur jüngeren Generation der auf Deutsch schreibenden ImmigrantInnen aus dem ehemaligen Jugoslawien. Die gebürtige Belgraderin beschäftigt sich in ihren Texten mit Migration und den Jugoslawienkriegen. Der Aufsatz gliedert sich in drei Teile: Der erste Teil stellt mit einem Fokus auf die eigenen Erfahrungen der Migration und des Sprachwechsels die Autorin vor. Im darauffolgenden Teil werden die einzelnen Publikationen in chronologischer Reihenfolge kurz präsentiert, kategorisiert sowie Kocman im literarischen Feld positioniert. Der abschließende Teil nimmt eine thematische Analyse des Werkganzen vor, wobei das entworfene Wien-Bild, die Ost-West-Dichotomie, das Thema der Zugehörigkeit sowie der Umgang mit dem Fremden hinsichtlich des Eigenen untersucht werden.
Dieser Beitrag stellt das sowohl auf Serbisch als auch auf Deutsch verfasste Werk von Ivan Ivanji vor und bezieht es auf Fragestellungen zur trans- bzw. interkulturellen Literatur. Als Schwerpunkt dabei wird die Konstruktion von kultureller Identität untersucht, die seinem Werk zugrunde liegt. Ivanji zeichnet ein transkulturelles Bild seiner Herkunftsregion Banat und thematisiert Mehrsprachigkeit als Normalität. Doch das Werk entzieht sich weitgehend einer Einordnung in Kategorien der sogenannten Migrations- bzw. interkulturellen Literatur. Nicht einmal eindeutig beantwortet werden kann, ob Ivanji in seiner Muttersprache schreibt. Die Texte verzichten auf eine verfremdende Einarbeitung der Mehrsprachigkeit und auf Distanz zur und Brüchen mit der deutschen literarischen Tradition. Manche Schwierigkeiten der Begrifflichkeiten und Kategorien wie 'Migrations-' oder 'interkulturelle Literatur' können so mit einer Betrachtung von Ivanjis Werk sichtbar gemacht werden.
Spätestens im Zuge der postkolonialen Theorie wurde auch in den Literaturwissenschaften eine Sichtweise auf Interkulturalität etabliert, die sich von Essentialismen und Dichotomien verabschiedet hat und kulturelle Identität nicht als starres Konstrukt, sondern allenfalls als das vorübergehende Resultat beständiger Prozesse des Aushandelns und der selektiven Aneignung versteht. Ort dieser Aushandlung ist nach Homi K. Bhabha der dritte Raum (third space), der als Schwellenraum zwischen Identität und Differenz gegen die Vorstellung scharf gezogener Grenzen opponiert. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Versuch unternommen, die vielfältigen Motive und Strukturelemente des Hybriden und Monströsen im Roman 'Terminifera' (2007) von Michael Stavarič im Kontext neuerer Ansätze der Interkulturalitätsforschung als Zeichen individueller Identitätsbildung jenseits binärer Ordnungssysteme (neu) zu interpretieren.
Aktuelle Berichte
(2014)
Repräsentationen der verlorenen Heimat in der deutschsprachigen Literatur Böhmens, Mährens und Schlesiens. Internationale Tagung in Vitoria-Gasteiz, 27.-29. Juni 2013
Transnationale Repräsentationen von Flucht und Vertreibung der Deutschen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (Deutschland - Polen - Tschechien - Slowakei). Internationale Tagung an der Universität Lille 3, 20.–22. März 2014
"Ende einer Ära. 1914 in den Literaturen der Donaumonarchie und ihrer Nachfolgestaaten". 22. Franz Werfel-StipentiatInnen-Tagung in Wien, 28.–29. März 2014
Projekt SpoluRosteme :: ZusammenWachsen :: 30 Jahre GFPS-Geschichte im Kontext der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung in Mittel- und Osteuropa. Internationales Seminar in Ústí nad Labem, 3.–6. April 2014
Zentren und Peripherien. Deutsch und seine interkulturellen Beziehungen in Mitteleuropa. Sektion: "Macht und Ohnmacht. Hegemonialität und Marginalität in den Literaturen Mitteleuropas". IV. Kongress des MGV in Erfurt, 10.–12. April 2014
Eine "Nomadisierung der Moderne"? Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven der Interkulturalitätsforschung. Internationale Tagung am Internationalen Forschungszentrum Chamisso-Literatur an der Universität München, 26.–28. Juni 2014
"Deutsch ohne Grenzen". Tagung des Germanistenverbandes der Tschechischen Republik in České Budějovice, 16.–18. September 2014
Frieden und Krieg im mitteleuropäischen Raum. Historisches Gedächtnis und literarische Reflexion. Kolloquium der Österreich-Bibliotheken im Ausland. Tschechische Republik, 20.−27. September 2014
Anhand von zwei auf Deutsch verfassten essayistischen Texten von Jiří Gruša - 'Beneš als Österreicher' (2012) und 'Die Gebrauchsanweisung für Tschechien und Prag' (2003) - wird gezeigt, wie die Konzepte von Nationalgeschichte und Nationalliteratur an ihre Grenzen gebracht werden können: Durch vervielfältigende, ironisierende und verdichtende Verfahren werden nationale Selbst-Behauptungen entstellt, sowie die Konstitution und Funktion kollektiver Identitätsnarrative ausgestellt. Während in der Gebrauchsanweisung ausgerechnet ein 'pluralis nationalis' die Selbstvergewisserungen subvertiert, zeigt sich im bzw. durch den Beneš-Essay, wie die Erzählungen der Figur Beneš die Geister der Nation scheiden. Insofern werden die beiden Texte als Beispiele dafür gelesen, wie durch Schreibstrategien, aber auch angesichts editionsgeschichtlicher Zusammenhänge sowie im Hinblick auf die Rezeption eindeutige Zuweisungen zu einer Nationalliteratur oder Nationalgeschichte in Frage gestellt werden.
Background & Aims: Simeprevir is an oral, once-daily inhibitor of hepatitis c virus (HCV) protease NS3/4A. We investigated the safety and efficacy of simeprevir with peg-interferon α-2a and ribavirin (PR) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial of patients with HCV genotype 1 infection who relapsed after previous interferon-based therapy.
Methods: Patients were assigned randomly (2:1) to groups given simeprevir (150 mg, once daily) and PR (n = 260) or placebo and PR (n = 133) for 12 weeks. Patients then were given PR alone for 12 or 36 weeks (simeprevir group, based on response-guided therapy criteria) or 36 weeks (placebo group).
Results: Simeprevir and PR was significantly superior to placebo and PR; rates of sustained virologic response 12 weeks after planned end of treatment (SVR12) were 79.2% vs 36.1%, respectively (43.8% difference; 95% confidence interval, 34.6–53.0; P < .001). Among patients given simeprevir, 92.7% met the response-guided therapy criteria and were eligible to complete PR at week 24; of these, 83.0% achieved SVR12. HCV RNA was undetectable at week 4 in 77.2% of patients given simeprevir and 3.1% given placebo. On-treatment failure and relapse rates were lower among patients given simeprevir and PR than those given placebo and PR (3.1% vs 27.1%, and 18.5% vs 48.4%, respectively). Patients given simeprevir did not have adverse events beyond those that occurred in patients given PR alone. Most adverse events were grades 1/2; the prevalence of anemia and rash was similar in both groups. Patients in both groups reported similar severity of fatigue and functional impairments during the study, but duration was reduced among patients given simeprevir.
Conclusions: In a phase 3 trial of patients who had relapsed after interferon-based therapy, the addition of simeprevir to PR was generally well tolerated, with an SVR12 rate of 79.2%. Most patients (92.7%) receiving simeprevir were able to shorten therapy to 24 weeks. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01281839.
In many markets, design is one of the key factors in determining a product’s success. The present research offers insights into the role of design for the success of cars, and offers procedures to measure the quality of the designs objectively. The authors show that visual design plays a major role in a product’s success in the automobile market. In the study, two visual design aspects were already sufficient to significantly improve traditional sales forecasting models for cars. Visual prototypicality and visual complexity both had a positive impact on sales, and designs that were perceived as both prototypical and complex were the ones that displayed the best results. Most design evaluation used to be based on subjective measures, but the researcher applied a new, objective procedure to measure prototypicality and complexity. While the latter was detected by the disk space needed by the compressed image file, the new approach for measuring prototypicality was even more sophisticated. It relied on the technique of image morphing. Morphing is a technique that allows the construction of a visual synthesis – or average picture – from a number of individual pictures. Once a car morph is developed, one can determine the visual similarity of different car models to the morph in order to obtain its prototypicality. In principle, this procedure can be automated completely, and including a large number of versions is possible. These measures therefore seem suitable for supporting design decision processes in practice.
OBJECTIVES: Outcome of aortic valve replacement may be influenced by the choice of bioprosthesis. Pericardial heart valves are described to have a favourable haemodynamic profile compared with porcine valves, although the clinical notability of this finding is still controversially debated. Herein, we compared the long-term results of two commonly implanted bioprosthesis at a single centre.
METHODS: All consecutive patients undergoing isolated aortic valve replacement with either a Carpentier-Edwards Magna pericardial prosthesis or a Medtronic Mosaic porcine prosthesis between 2002 and 2008 were analysed regarding preoperative characteristics, short- and long-term survival, valve-related complications and echocardiographic findings.
RESULTS: The Medtronic Mosaic was implanted in 163 patients and the Carpentier-Edwards Magna in 295 patients. The sizes of implanted valves were 22.4 ± 1.5 mm for the Mosaic and 21.8 ± 1.8 mm for the Magna (P = 0.001). The long-term survival rate was 76 and 56% after 5 and 10 years for the Medtronic Mosaic, which was comparable with the Carpentier-Edwards Magna (77 and 57%; P = 0.92). Overall long-term survival was comparable with an age- and sex-matched Austrian general population for both groups. Valve-related adverse events were similar between groups. The postoperative mean transvalvular gradient was significantly increased in the Mosaic group (24 ± 9 mmHg vs 17 ± 7 mmHg; P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Both types of aortic bioprostheses offer excellent results after isolated aortic valve replacement. Despite relevant differences in gradients, long-term survival was comparable with the expected normal survival for both bioprostheses. Patients with a porcine heart valve had a higher postoperative transvalvular gradient.
The paper is aimed at contributing to an empirically grounded understanding of the psychosocial dynamics that underlie the relation between heteronormative images of masculinity, internalized heterosexism and health behavior of gay men in the global North. It is based on a qualitative interview study that focuses on the consequences of the internalization of dominant images of masculinity for the identity constructions of gay men and their HIV-related sexual risk behavior in Germany. In the paper it will be argued that 1) the tension between the authoritative image of masculinity that is determined by heteronormative discourses one the one hand and the gendered self-image that is shaped and threatened by connotations of a non-masculine homosexuality on the other constitutes a decisive issue of gay identity constructions, 2) a higher sexual risk behavior can be understood as a possible consequence of the internalization of masculine images and its impact on the self-esteem, if the self-image does not match the male ideal, and 3) this may include a paradoxical desire for the imagined masculinity that is experienced as violent with regard to one’s own psychodynamics. Finally, perspectives on gay masculinities that may transgress dominant heteronormative modes of subjectification are discussed.
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a specialized subpopulation of T cells, which are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. The immunomodulatory effects of Tregs depend on their activation status. Here we show that, in contrast to conventional anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the humanized CD4-specific monoclonal antibody tregalizumab (BT-061) is able to selectively activate the suppressive properties of Tregs in vitro. BT-061 activates Tregs by binding to CD4 and activation of signaling downstream pathways. The specific functionality of BT-061 may be explained by the recognition of a unique, conformational epitope on domain 2 of the CD4 molecule that is not recognized by other anti-CD4 mAbs. We found that, due to this special epitope binding, BT-061 induces a unique phosphorylation of T-cell receptor complex-associated signaling molecules. This is sufficient to activate the function of Tregs without activating effector T cells. Furthermore, BT-061 does not induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results demonstrate that BT-061 stimulation via the CD4 receptor is able to induce T-cell receptor-independent activation of Tregs. Selective activation of Tregs via CD4 is a promising approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases where insufficient Treg activity has been described. Clinical investigation of this new approach is currently ongoing.
Brain activity reveals exquisite coordination across spatial scales, from local microcircuits to brain-wide networks. Understanding how the brain represents, transforms and communicates information requires simultaneous recordings from distributed nodes of whole brain networks with single-cell resolution. Realizing multi-site recordings from communicating populations is hampered by the need to isolate clusters of interacting cells, often on a day-to-day basis. Chronic implantation of multi-electrode arrays allows long-term tracking of activity. Lithography on thin films provides a means to produce arrays of variable resolution, a high degree of flexibility, and minimal tissue displacement. Sequential application of surface arrays to monitor activity across brain-wide networks and subsequent implantation of laminar arrays to target specific populations enables continual refinement of spatial scale while maintaining coverage.
Generating functionals may guide the evolution of a dynamical system and constitute a possible route for handling the complexity of neural networks as relevant for computational intelligence.We propose and explore a new objective function, which allows to obtain plasticity rules for the afferent synaptic weights. The adaption rules are Hebbian, self-limiting, and result from the minimization of the Fisher information with respect to the synaptic flux. We perform a series of simulations examining the behavior of the new learning rules in various circumstances.The vector of synaptic weights aligns with the principal direction of input activities, whenever one is present. A linear discrimination is performed when there are two or more principal directions; directions having bimodal firing-rate distributions, being characterized by a negative excess kurtosis, are preferred. We find robust performance and full homeostatic adaption of the synaptic weights results as a by-product of the synaptic flux minimization. This self-limiting behavior allows for stable online learning for arbitrary durations.The neuron acquires new information when the statistics of input activities is changed at a certain point of the simulation, showing however, a distinct resilience to unlearn previously acquired knowledge. Learning is fast when starting with randomly drawn synaptic weights and substantially slower when the synaptic weights are already fully adapted.
Polo-like kinase 1 regulates the stability of the mitotic centromere-associated kinesin in mitosis
(2014)
Proper bi-orientation of chromosomes is critical for the accurate segregation of chromosomes in mitosis. A key regulator of this process is MCAK, the mitotic centromere-associated kinesin. During mitosis the activity and localization of MCAK are regulated by mitotic key kinases including Plk1 and Aurora B. We show here that S621 in the MCAK’s C-terminal domain is the major phosphorylation site for Plk1. This phosphorylation regulates MCAK’s stability and facilitates its recognition by the ubiquitin/proteasome dependent APC/CCdc20 pathway leading to its D-box dependent degradation in mitosis. While phosphorylation of S621 does not directly affect its microtubule depolymerising activity, loss of Plk1 phosphorylation on S621 indirectly enhances its depolymerization activity in vivo by stabilizing MCAK, leading to an increased level of protein. Interfering with phosphorylation at S621 causes spindle formation defects and chromosome misalignments. Therefore, this study suggests a new mechanism by which Plk1 regulates MCAK: by regulating its degradation and hence controlling its turnover in mitosis.
Global Governance ist in: Klingt neuartig, global ist eigentlich auch alles und wer will sich schon vorwerfen lassen, noch im „methodologischen Nationalismus“ verhaftet zu sein? Dies ist überspitzt formuliert, doch wie sich zeigte nicht ganz unberechtigt. Nichtsdestotrotz waren die OrganisatorInnen des ersten Weltkongresses der International Association of Political Science Students (IAPSS) wohl selbst überrascht als zur Tagung mit dem Titel „The Limits of Global Governance“ rund 200 Anmeldungen von Studierenden kamen. In Thessaloniki, der europäischen Jugendhauptstadt 2014, wurde vier Tage über Global Governance debattiert und in den insgesamt sieben studentischen Panels, zahlreichen Vorträgen von etablierten WissenschaftlerInnen und weiteren Veranstaltungen zeigte sich vor allem die Vielfalt und Breite des Themas. Wir werden daher im Folgenden Schlaglichter auf interessante Veranstaltungen und Inhalte werfen und abschließend ein kritisch-konstruktives Fazit der Tagung ziehen.
Objective: To investigate the impact of HPV status in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), who received surgery and cisplatin-based postoperative radiochemotherapy.
Materials and methods: For 221 patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx, oropharynx or oral cavity treated at the 8 partner sites of the German Cancer Consortium, the impact of HPV DNA, p16 overexpression and p53 expression on outcome were retrospectively analysed. The primary endpoint was loco-regional tumour control; secondary endpoints were distant metastases and overall survival.
Results: In the total patient population, univariate analyses revealed a significant impact of HPV16 DNA positivity, p16 overexpression, p53 positivity and tumour site on loco-regional tumour control. Multivariate analysis stratified for tumour site showed that positive HPV 16 DNA status correlated with loco-regional tumour control in patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma (p = 0.02) but not in the oral cavity carcinoma group. Multivariate evaluation of the secondary endpoints in the total population revealed a significant association of HPV16 DNA positivity with overall survival (p < 0.01) but not with distant metastases.
Conclusions: HPV16 DNA status appears to be a strong prognosticator of loco-regional tumour control after postoperative cisplatin-based radiochemotherapy of locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma and is now being explored in a prospective validation trial.
Late stage cancer is often associated with reduced immune recognition and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and specific gene-signatures prior to treatment are linked to good prognosis, while the opposite is true for extensive immunosuppression. The use of adenoviruses as cancer vaccines is a form of active immunotherapy to initialise a tumor-specific immune response that targets the patient’s unique tumor antigen repertoire. We report a case of a 68-year-old male with asbestos-related malignant pleural mesothelioma who was treated in a Phase I study with a granulocyte-macrophage colony‑stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing oncolytic adenovirus, Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF (ONCOS-102). The treatment resulted in prominent infiltration of CD8C lymphocytes to tumor, marked induction of systemic antitumor CD8C T-cells and induction of Th1- type polarization in the tumor. These results indicate that ONCOS-102 treatment sensitizes tumors to other immunotherapies by inducing a T-cell positive phenotype to an initially T-cell negative tumor.
"Kapabel, miserabel, aimabel" : Funktionen der französischen Sprachelemente in Heinrich Heines Lyrik
(2014)
Durch das gesamte Werk Heinrich Heines ziehen sich fremdsprachige Einstreuungen, wobei diejenigen in französischer Sprache das größte Gewicht einnehmen. Nach einem Rekurs auf Heines biographische Situation und sein Verhältnis zur deutschen und französischen Sprache werden Form und Funktion der französischen Einsprengsel – vor allem Adjektive, substantivierte Verben und Interjektionen – in Heines lyrischen Texten untersucht. Anhand zahlreicher Beispiele zeigt der Beitrag, dass die französischen Elemente offensichtlich bewusst eingesetzt wurden, um bestimmte semantische Strategien zu verfolgen. Dabei können vor allem sprach-spielerische und gesellschaftskritische Funktionen nachgewiesen werden.
Response to Kriticos et al.
(2014)
Various aspects of uncertainty have become topical in pest risk modelling discussions. A recent contribution to the literature sought to explore the effect of taxonomic uncertainty on modelled pest risk. The case study involved a high profile plant pathogen Puccinia psidii, which causes a major disease of plants within the Myrtaceae family. Consequently, the results and recommendations may attract a wide range of interest in the biosecurity and pest risk modelling communities. We found the study by Elith et al. (2013) included a number of methodological issues that limit some of the specific and general conclusions reached in the paper. We discuss these issues and the ensuing implications for biosecurity management. We also draw attention to the need for pest risk modellers and biosecurity managers to find ways to communicate more effectively. We urge modellers and managers alike to develop a better understanding of the challenges and limitations of modelling species potential distributions across novel climates, and to be able to appreciate the meanings and limitations of models framed in different ways.
This dataset represents a registry of species that are not native but recorded to live in the wild of at least one of the four countries that comprise the Two Seas Area, i.e. Great Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. For each of the 6,661 species, subspecies and hybrids listed, we provide detailed information on its status in each country, taxonomic affiliation and environment inhabited. The data were collected by review of 36 web- and print-based sources over an eight-month period. Further systematic scanning of three of the most relevant scientific journals, i.e. Neobiota, Aquatic Invasions and BioInvasions Records, recovered 19 additional relevant publications from which information was included in the registry. As a result, the registry will serve as a basis for developing effective, cross-boundary strategies to manage and control non-native species, which can have severe ecological and economic impacts. The registry can further be used as a general reference for both scientists and practitioners, as well as a tool to assess reliability and comprehensiveness of other well-known databases such as the DAISIE portal.
The article reviews distribution records of Deroceras invadens (previously called D. panormitanum and D. caruanae), adding significant unpublished records from the authors’ own collecting, museum samples, and interceptions on goods arriving in the U.S.A. By 1940 D. invadens had already arrived in Britain, Denmark, California, Australia and probably New Zealand; it has turned up in many further places since, including remote oceanic islands, but scarcely around the eastern Mediterranean (Egypt and Crete are the exceptions), nor in Asia. Throughout much of the Americas its presence seems to have been previously overlooked, probably often being mistaken for D. laeve. New national records include Mexico, Costa Rica, and Ecuador, with evidence from interceptions of its presence in Panama, Peru, and Kenya. The range appears limited by cold winters and dry summers; this would explain why its intrusion into eastern Europe and southern Spain has been rather slow and incomplete. At a finer geographic scale, the occurrence of the congener D. reticulatum provides a convenient comparison to control for sampling effort; D. invadens is often about half as frequently encountered and sometimes predominates. Deroceras invadens is most commonly found in synanthropic habitats, particularly gardens and under rubbish, but also in greenhouses, and sometimes arable land and pasture. It may spread into natural habitats, as in Britain, South Africa,
Australia and Tenerife. Many identifications have been checked in the light of recent taxonomic revision, revealing that the sibling species D. panormitanum s.s. has spread much less extensively. A number of published or online records, especially in Australia, have turned out to be misidentifications of D. laeve.
Non-neuronal acetylcholine plays a substantial role in the human skin by influencing adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. These processes are regulated by the Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) kinase cascade. Here we show that in HaCaT keratinocytes all five muscarinic receptor subtypes are expressed, but M1 and M3 are the subtypes involved in mitogenic signaling. Stimulation with the cholinergic agonist carbachol leads to activation of the MAP kinase extracellular signal regulated kinase, together with the protein kinase Akt. The activation is fully dependent on the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which even appears to be the sole pathway for the muscarinic receptors to facilitate MAP kinase activation in HaCaT cells. The transactivation pathway involves a triple-membrane-passing process, based on activation of matrix metalloproteases, and extracellular ligand release; whereas phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Src family kinases or protein kinase C do not appear to be involved in MAP kinase activation. Furthermore, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and endocytosis of the EGF receptor after cholinergic transactivation are different from that induced by a direct stimulation with EGF, suggesting that ligands other than EGF itself mediate the cholinergic transactivation.
Im Aufsatz versucht der Autor, nach einer textgestützten Interpretation von Martial II 51, zu zeigen, wie der Epigrammatiker die Fabel des augusteischen Historikers Livius vom Magen und den Gliedern (II 32,9ff.) in eine frivole Parodie überführt und sie zu einer witzigen und grotesken Karikatur verformt – ein spöttisches Spiel mit gattungs- und literaturgeschichtlichen Elementen.
Die bisher vorliegenden Lesungen einer fragmentarischen Weihinschrift aus Solothurn/Salodurum (CIL XIII 5170) müssen in einigen Punkten korrigiert werden. So ist die Lesung des Personennamens [O]pilius, Ma[o]pilius, Ma[ga]pilius oder Mapilius zu verwerfen. Wahrscheinlich führte der Dedikant der Inschrift den Namen M(arcus) A(urelius) [Ap]rilius. Das Gentilnomen Aprilius ist in den germanischen Provinzen und der Gallia Belgica mehrfach bezeugt.
In den römischen Grabinschriften 2. N. Nr.129 (Mittelstrimmig) und CIL XIII 6202 (Schwarzerden) sollte D•F zu d(e)f(unctis) bzw. d(e)f(uncto) aufgelöst werden und nicht zu D(ecimi) f(ilio) bzw. d(efuncto) f(ecit). Die Wendung defunctus kommt im gallisch-germanischen Raum vor allem in Bordeaux/Burdigala und im Gebiet von Trier/Augusta Treverorum vor.
It has become increasingly apparent over the last decades that cooking pottery played a considerable role as a trade commodity in ancient times, yet relatively little research has yet been done on this topic for its own sake. By taking a closer look at the cooking pottery found in Priene, a small city in southern Ionia re-founded in the middle of the 4th century BCE, we want to trace some of the broader developments within the cooking wares that were used over a period of roughly 300 years. The aim is not only to outline the general shapes that were in use over this period of time, but also to register if and how these shapes correlate with the different fabrics observed in Priene so far.
The title compound, [Li2(C25H23BN4OP)2], features a centrosymmetric dimeric complex. The four-memberered Li2O2 ring is exactly planar due to symmetry. The Li atom is four-coordinated by two O atoms and by two N atoms of two different pyrazole rings. The dihedral angle between two pyrazole rings bonded to the same B atom is 45.66 (9)°. The B—N—N—Li—N—N metalla ring adopts a boat conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by van der Waals interactions only.
The structure of the title compound, C8H16N4, which consists of four fused seven-membered rings, has been redetermined at 173 K. This redetermination corrects the orientation of two H atoms, which were located at unrealistic positions in the original room-temperature study [Murray-Rust (1974[Murray-Rust, P. (1974). J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, pp. 1136-1141.]). J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, pp. 1136–1141]. The complete molecule is generated by -42m symmetry, with one quarter of a molecule [one N atom (site symmetry m), two C atoms (one with site symmetry m and the other with site symmetry 2) and two H atoms] in the asymmetric unit. No directional interactions beyond van der Waals contacts are apparent in the crystal structure.
In the title compound, C40H76Si, the Si atom is located on a special position of site symmetry -4. Thus, there is just a quarter of a molecule in the asymmetric unit. The C=C double bonds exhibit a trans configuration. The Si atom and the tert-butyl group are located on the same side of the plane formed by the C=C double bond and its four substituents. The crystal packing shows no short contacts between the molecules and despite the low crystal density (0.980 Mg m−3), there are no significant voids in the structure.
In the title compound, C19H24N2O2, a di-Mannich base derived from 2-methylphenol and 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane, the imidazolidine ring adopts a twist conformation, with a twist about the ring N—C bond [C—N—C—C torsion angle = −44.34 (14)°]. The two 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzyl groups are located in trans positions with respect to the imidazolidine fragment. The structure displays two intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which each form an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O interactions with a bifurcated acceptor, forming a three-dimensional network.
In the title solvate, C14H12N2O·0.5C6H6, the complete benzene molecule is generated by a crystallographic inversion centre. The dihedral angle between the planes of the benzimidazole moiety and the phenol substituent is 75.28 (3)°. In the crystal, O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into parallel chains propagating along [100]. The molecules are further connected by C—H⋯π interactions.
Background: The invasive eel parasite Anguillicoloides crassus (syn. Anguillicola crassus) is considered one of the major causes for the decline of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) panmictic population. It impairs the swim bladder function and reduces swimming performance of its host. The life cycle of this parasite involves different intermediate and paratenic hosts. Despite an efficient immune system of the paratenic fish hosts acting against infections with A. crassus, levels of parasitized eels remain high in European river systems. Recently, the round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Gobiidae) has become dominant in many rivers in Europe and is still spreading at a rapid pace. This highly invasive species might potentially act as an important, so far neglected paratenic fish host for A. crassus.
Methods: Based on own observations and earlier single sightings of A. crassus in N. melanostomus, 60 fresh individuals of N. melanostomus were caught in the Rhine River and examined to assess the infection levels with metazoan parasites, especially A. crassus. Glycerin preparations were used for parasite identification.
Results: The parasite most frequently found in N. melanostomus was the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus sp. (subadult stage) which occurred mainly encysted in the mesenteries and liver. Every third gobiid (P = 31.7%) was infected by A. crassus larvae (L3) which exclusively occurred inside the acanthocephalan cysts. No intact or degenerated larvae of A. crassus were detected elsewhere in the goby, neither in the body cavity and mesenteries nor in other organs. Affected cysts contained the acanthocephalan larvae and 1-12 (mI =3) living A. crassus larvae. Additionally, encysted larvae of the nematode Raphidascaris acus were detected in the gobies, but only in the body cavity and not inside the acanthocephalan cysts.
Conclusions: Based on our observations, we suggest that A. crassus might actively bypass the immune response of N. melanostomus by invading the cysts of acanthocephalan parasites of the genus Pomphorhynchus using them as "Trojan horses". Providing that eels prey on the highly abundant round goby and that the latter transfers viable infective larvae of A. crassus, the new paratenic host might have a strong impact on the epidemiology of A. crassus.
The late physicist Carl Sagan, whom I quote in the first part of my title, skillfully phrased the common sense view on evidence in the mature sciences. In linguistics, however, evidence has become a controversial issue, especially so when it comes to the investigation of less well studied languages. In this paper, I argue that Sagan's principle should be applied to linguistics. The growing accessibility of a wide array of experimental techniques and computational tools to analyze such data makes it feasible to back up extraordinary claims with evidence from a variety of sources. At the same time, it is in many cases possible to agree on what constitutes an ordinary claim and focus the extra effort on extraordinary claims. For non-controversial claims no more than the minimum effort to establish the claim and properly document the evidence is necessary.
Im Folgenden soll kurz geklärt werden, was Genus ist (Kap. 2) und – auch wenn diese Frage nicht mit unserem derzeitigen Wissen beantwortbar ist – woher Genus kommen könnte (Kap. 3). Hauptsächlich stellt sich jedoch die Frage: Was tun mit Genus, das heute das Endstadium einer langen Grammatikalisierung darstellt (Kap. 4)? Hier wird die wichtigste Antwort lauten: Genus hat eine neue, eine syntaktische Nutzung erfahren, indem es maßgeblich daran beteiligt ist, unsere berühmten Nominalklammern zu bauen (4.1). Außerdem gibt es weitere "Recyclingmöglichkeiten" von Genus, nämlich: a) Objekte, die Namen tragen, zu klassifizieren (die Kaiser Wilhelm), b) Beziehungen zwischen namentragenden und namenverwendenden Personen zu qualifizieren (der Peterle, das Anna) oder sogar c) Personen zu degradieren (das Merkel). Mit Punkt a) begebe ich mich in die Onomastik, mit Punkt b) in die Dialektologie, und mit Punkt c) werde ich mit der Genderlinguistik enden.
Mapping is an important tool for the management of plant invasions. If landscapes are mapped in an appropriate way, results can help managers decide when and where to prioritize their efforts. We mapped vegetation with the aim of providing key information for managers on the extent, density and rates of spread of multiple invasive species across the landscape. Our case study focused on an area of Galapagos National Park that is faced with the challenge of managing multiple plant invasions. We used satellite imagery to produce a spatially explicit database of plant species densities in the canopy, finding that 92% of the humid highlands had some degree of invasion and 41% of the canopy was comprised of invasive plants. We also calculated the rate of spread of eight invasive species using known introduction dates, finding that species with the most limited dispersal ability had the slowest spread rates while those able to disperse long distances had a range of spread rates. Our results on spread rate fall at the lower end of the range of published spread rates of invasive plants. This is probably because most studies are based on the entire geographic extent, whereas our estimates took plant density into account. A spatial database of plant species densities, such as the one developed in our case study, can be used by managers to decide where to apply management actions and thereby help curtail the spread of current plant invasions. For example, it can be used to identify sites containing several invasive plant species, to find the density of a particular species across the landscape or to locate where native species make up the majority of the canopy. Similar databases could be developed elsewhere to help inform the management of multiple plant invasions over the landscape.
The deregulation of Polo-like kinase 1 is inversely linked to the prognosis of patients with diverse human tumors. Targeting Polo-like kinase 1 has been widely considered as one of the most promising strategies for molecular anticancer therapy. While the preclinical results are encouraging, the clinical outcomes are rather less inspiring by showing limited anticancer activity. It is thus of importance to identify molecules and mechanisms responsible for the sensitivity of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition. We have recently shown that p21Cip1/CDKN1A is involved in the regulation of mitosis and its loss prolongs the mitotic duration accompanied by defects in chromosome segregation and cytokinesis in various tumor cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that p21 affects the efficacy of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitors, especially Poloxin, a specific inhibitor of the unique Polo-box domain. Intriguingly, upon treatment with Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitors, p21 is increased in the cytoplasm, associated with anti-apoptosis, DNA repair and cell survival. By contrast, deficiency of p21 renders tumor cells more susceptible to Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition by showing a pronounced mitotic arrest, DNA damage and apoptosis. Furthermore, long-term treatment with Plk1 inhibitors induced fiercely the senescent state of tumor cells with functional p21. We suggest that the p21 status may be a useful biomarker for predicting the efficacy of Plk1 inhibition.
The transcription factor Tal1 is a critical activator or repressor of gene expression in hematopoiesis and leukaemia. The mechanism by which Tal1 differentially influences transcription of distinct genes is not fully understood. Here we show that Tal1 interacts with the peptidylarginine deiminase IV (PADI4). We demonstrate that PADI4 can act as an epigenetic coactivator through influencing H3R2me2a. At the Tal1/PADI4 target gene IL6ST the repressive H3R2me2a mark triggered by PRMT6 is counteracted by PADI4, which augments the active H3K4me3 mark and thus increases IL6ST expression. In contrast, at the CTCF promoter PADI4 acts as a repressor. We propose that the influence of PADI4 on IL6ST transcription plays a role in the control of IL6ST expression during lineage differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. These results open the possibility to pharmacologically influence Tal1 in leukaemia.
Predominant polarity in bipolar disorder and validation of the polarity index in a German sample
(2014)
Background: A large number of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) can be characterized by predominant polarity (PP), which has important implications for relapse prevention. Recently, Popovic et al. (EUR NEUROPSYCHOPHARM 22(5): 339¿346, 2012) proposed the Polarity Index (PI) as a helpful tool in the maintenance treatment of BD. As a numeric expression, it reflects the efficacy of drugs used in treatment of BD. In the present retrospective study, we aimed to validate this Index in a large and well characterized German bipolar sample.
Methods: We investigated 336 bipolar patients (BP) according to their PP and calculated the PI for each patient in order to prove if maintenance treatment differs according to their PP. Furthermore, we analysed whether PP is associated with demographic and clinical characteristics of BP.
Results: In our sample, 63.9% of patients fulfilled criteria of PP: 169 patients were classified as depressive predominant polarity (DPP), 46 patients as manic predominant polarity (MPP). The two groups differed significantly in their drug regime: Patients with DPP were more often medicated with lamotrigine and antidepressants, patients with MPP were more often treated with lithium, valproate, carbamazepine and first generation antipsychotics. However, patients with DPP and MPP did not differ significantly with respect to the PI, although they received evidence-based and guideline-driven treatment.
Conclusion: The reason for this negative finding might well be that for several drugs, which were used frequently, no PI value is available. Nevertheless we suggest PP as an important concept in the planning of BD maintenance treatment.
Background: In this study, we examined patients who had non-progressive disease for at least 2 years after diagnosis of inoperable locoregional recurrent or metastatic breast cancer under continuous trastuzumab treatment. Our primary goal was to assess the long-term outcome of patients with durable response to trastuzumab.
Methods: 268 patients with HER2-positive inoperable locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer and non-progressive disease for at least 2 years under trastuzumab treatment were documented retrospectively or prospectively in the HER-OS registry, an online documentation tool, between December 2006 and September 2010 by 71 German oncology centers. The study end point was time to tumor progression.
Results: Overall, 47.1% of patients (95% confidence interval (CI): 39.9–54.1%) remained in remission for more than 5 years, while the median time to progression was 4.5 years (95% CI: 4.0–6.6 years). Lower age (<50 years) and good performance status (ECOG 0) at time of trastuzumab treatment initiation as well as complete remission after initial trastuzumab treatment were associated with longer time to progression. Interruption of trastuzumab therapy correlated with shorter time to progression.
Conclusions: HER2-positive patients, who initially respond to palliative treatment with trastuzumab, can achieve a long-term tumor remission of several years.
Zur Flora von Deutschland gehören sieben Arten der Wintergrüngewächse, die alle auch in Sachsen-Anhalt heimisch sind: Dolden-Winterlieb (Chimaphila umbellata [L.] BARTON), Einblütiges Wintergrün (Moneses uniflora [L.] A. GRAY), Birngrün (Orthilia secunda [L.] HOUSE), Grünblütiges Wintergrün (Pyrola chlorantha SW.), Mittleres Wintergrün (Pyrola media SW.), Kleines Wintergrün (Pyrola minor L.) und Rundblättriges Wintergrün (Pyrola rotundifolia L.). Im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrages steht nur die aktuelle Verbreitung im Bundesland mit Bezug auf MTB-Q4, und zwar bezogen auf zwei Perioden von jeweils 10 Jahren: Nachweise im MTB-Q4 von 2005 bis 2014, sowie Nachweise im MTB-Q4 von 1995 bis 2004.
Die Mauerkronen der Nicolai-Kirche in Zerbst wurden im Jahr 2001 mit unterschiedlichen Methoden begrünt. Das Ziel dieser Maßnahmen war die Pufferung extremer Temperaturunterschiede, die häufig zu starken Schäden am Mauerwerk führen. In Vorbereitung von anstehenden Sanierungsmaßnahmen wurde der Artenbestand auf repräsentativen Abschnitten der Mauern erfasst. Auf diese Weise konnte ermittelt werden, welche Arten mit den extremen Standortbedingungen, wie Hitze, Trockenheit und große Temperaturunterschiede gut zurechtkommen und daher bei der Sanierung an Fehlstellen erfolgversprechend angesiedelt werden können.
Das Vorkommen von Bunias orientalis (Orientalische Zackenschote) konzentriert sich auf den Südwesten Sachsen-Anhalts. Bisher ist die Art vorrangig aus dem Straßenbegleitgrün bekannt, doch zunehmend kann das Einwandern in Halbtrockenrasen und Frischwiesen beobachtet werden. Ein Beispiel dafür ist die 2011 eingerichtete und ca. 24 ha große Ganzjahresstandweide bei Hainrode. 2013 konnten hier 58 Fundpunkte mit 644 Sprossen dokumentiert werden. Die Art wird von den weidenden Salers angenommen und verbissen. Das Abfressen führt zu geringeren Wuchshöhen und vermutlich ist die Reproduktion über Samen auch bei Neuaustrieb deutlich herabgesetzt. Es wird die Möglichkeit, mittels Beweidung der Südharzer Frischwiesen die weitere Ausbreitung von Bunias orientalis zu verhindern bzw. die Art über eine Beweidung zurückzudrängen, diskutiert.
Oscillations play a critical role in cognitive phenomena and have been observed in many brain regions. Experimental evidence indicates that classes of neurons exhibit properties that could promote oscillations, such as subthreshold resonance and electrical gap junctions. Typically, these two properties are studied separately but it is not clear which is the dominant determinant of global network rhythms. Our aim is to provide an analytical understanding of how these two effects destabilize the fluctuation-driven state, in which neurons fire irregularly, and lead to an emergence of global synchronous oscillations. Here we show how the oscillation frequency is shaped by single neuron resonance, electrical and chemical synapses.The presence of both gap junctions and subthreshold resonance are necessary for the emergence of oscillations. Our results are in agreement with several experimental observations such as network responses to oscillatory inputs and offer a much-needed conceptual link connecting a collection of disparate effects observed in networks.
A measurement of the transverse momentum spectra of jets in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV is reported. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles using the anti-kT jet algorithm with jet resolution parameters R of 0.2 and 0.3 in pseudo-rapidity |η|<0.5. The transverse momentum pT of charged particles is measured down to 0.15 GeV/c which gives access to the low pT fragments of the jet. Jets found in heavy-ion collisions are corrected event-by-event for average background density and on an inclusive basis (via unfolding) for residual background fluctuations and detector effects. A strong suppression of jet production in central events with respect to peripheral events is observed. The suppression is found to be similar to the suppression of charged hadrons, which suggests that substantial energy is radiated at angles larger than the jet resolution parameter R=0.3 considered in the analysis. The fragmentation bias introduced by selecting jets with a high pT leading particle, which rejects jets with a soft fragmentation pattern, has a similar effect on the jet yield for central and peripheral events. The ratio of jet spectra with R=0.2 and R=0.3 is found to be similar in Pb-Pb and simulated PYTHIA pp events, indicating no strong broadening of the radial jet structure in the reconstructed jets with R<0.3.
This study investigates the diabetes-associated alterations present in cardiac mesenchymal cells (CMSC) obtained from normoglycemic (ND-CMSC) and type 2 diabetic patients (D-CMSC), identifying the histone acetylase (HAT) activator pentadecylidenemalonate 1b (SPV106) as a potential pharmacological intervention to restore cellular function. D-CMSC were characterized by a reduced proliferation rate, diminished phosphorylation at histone H3 serine 10 (H3S10P), decreased differentiation potential, and premature cellular senescence. A global histone code profiling of D-CMSC revealed that acetylation on histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9Ac) and lysine 14 (H3K14Ac) was decreased, whereas the trimethylation of H3K9Ac and lysine 27 significantly increased. These observations were paralleled by a downregulation of the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases (GNAT) p300/CBP-associated factor and its isoform 5-α general control of amino acid synthesis (GCN5a), determining a relative decrease in total HAT activity. DNA CpG island hypermethylation was detected at promoters of genes involved in cell growth control and genomic stability. Remarkably, treatment with the GNAT proactivator SPV106 restored normal levels of H3K9Ac and H3K14Ac, reduced DNA CpG hypermethylation, and recovered D-CMSC proliferation and differentiation. These results suggest that epigenetic interventions may reverse alterations in human CMSC obtained from diabetic patients.
Cytokine-regulated GADD45G induces differentiation and lineage selection in hematopoietic stem cells
(2014)
The balance of self-renewal and differentiation in long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC) must be strictly controlled to maintain blood homeostasis and to prevent leukemogenesis. Hematopoietic cytokines can induce differentiation in LT-HSCs; however, the molecular mechanism orchestrating this delicate balance requires further elucidation. We identified the tumor suppressor GADD45G as an instructor of LT-HSC differentiation under the control of differentiation-promoting cytokine receptor signaling. GADD45G immediately induces and accelerates differentiation in LT-HSCs and overrides the self-renewal program by specifically activating MAP3K4-mediated MAPK p38. Conversely, the absence of GADD45G enhances the self-renewal potential of LT-HSCs. Videomicroscopy-based tracking of single LT-HSCs revealed that, once GADD45G is expressed, the development of LT-HSCs into lineage-committed progeny occurred within 36 hr and uncovered a selective lineage choice with a severe reduction in megakaryocytic-erythroid cells. Here, we report an unrecognized role of GADD45G as a central molecular linker of extrinsic cytokine differentiation and lineage choice control in hematopoiesis.
Use of drug-eluting balloon coronary intervention prior to living donor kidney transplantation
(2014)
Background: Kidney transplantation is the gold standard of therapy in patients with terminal renal insufficiency. Living donor transplantation is a well-established option in this field. Enlarging the donor's pool implicates the acceptance of an increased rate of comorbidities. Among them, coronary artery disease is a growing problem. An increasing number of patients, undergoing living donation, receive antiplatelet therapies due to coronary disease.
Case presentation: Here we report about the perioperative treatment with a drug-eluting balloon in a patient with major cardiac risk factors who underwent kidney transplantation.
Conclusion: At the current time no recommendation can be given for the routine use of drug-eluting balloons.
Linear Ubiquitin chain Assembly Complex (LUBAC) is an E3 ligase complex that generates linear ubiquitin chains and is important for tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signaling activation. Mice lacking Sharpin, a critical subunit of LUBAC, spontaneously develop inflammatory lesions in the skin and other organs. Here we show that TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1)-associated death domain (TRADD)-dependent TNFR1 signaling in epidermal keratinocytes drives skin inflammation in Sharpin-deficient mice. Epidermis-restricted ablation of Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) combined with receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) deficiency fully prevented skin inflammation, while single RIPK3 deficiency only delayed and partly ameliorated lesion development in Sharpin-deficient mice, showing that inflammation is primarily driven by TRADD- and FADD-dependent keratinocyte apoptosis while necroptosis plays a minor role. At the cellular level, Sharpin deficiency sensitized primary murine keratinocytes, human keratinocytes, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts to TNF-induced apoptosis. Depletion of FADD or TRADD in Sharpin-deficient HaCaT cells suppressed TNF-induced apoptosis, indicating the importance of FADD and TRADD in Sharpin-dependent anti-apoptosis signaling in keratinocytes.
Ziel: Die Evaluation der DEGUM-Mammasonografiekurse nach objektivierbaren Kriterien war Ziel dieser Arbeit. Damit sollte die Qualität der Kurse überprüft werden, um eine flächendeckende Fort- und Weiterbildung auf hohem Niveau anzubieten.
Material und Methoden: 10 Qualitätskriterien, orientierend an den Vorgaben der KBV-Ultraschallvereinbarungen wurden als Qualitätsparameter definiert. Alle Kursleiter des Arbeitskreises Mammasonografie der DEGUM wurden angeschrieben. Dabei wurden die 10 definierten Qualitätskriterien überprüft.
Ergebnisse: Alle Kurse erfüllten die Voraussetzungen bezüglich der Qualität des Kursleiters, der Kursdauer und Unterrichtseinheiten sowie der Anzahl an Kursteilnehmern pro Ultraschallgerät. In 1 von 9 Kursen wurde die Zeit der praktischen Übungen, gefordert sind 50 %, unterschritten. Die Voraussetzungen für den Abschlusskurs (200 selbst durchgeführte und dokumentierte Fälle) sind in den Kursankündigungen zum Teil nicht klar definiert. Ein strukturierter Lehrkatalog fehlt.
Schlussfolgerung: Die DEGUM-Mammasonografiekurse werden auf hohem Niveau angeboten und erfüllen zum größten Teil die Anforderungen der KBV. Trotz der hohen Qualität der DEGUM-Kurse sind Optimierungsoptionen im Bereich Kursankündigung und strukturierter Lehrkatalog möglich.
Dil öğretiminde geleneksel öğretmen merkezli ve dilbilgisi ağırlıklı metotlardan gitgide uzaklaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada işitsel ve görsel araçlardan biri olarak tiyatronun ders dışı sosyal aktivite olarak kullanımı ve öğrenimi hızlandırıcı etkisi incelenmiştir.
Bu amaç ile Akdeniz Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu tarafından Türkiye Burslusu 43 farklı ülkeden 70 öğrenciye (Tablo1) 30 Eylül 2013-27 Haziran 2014 tarihleri arasında verilen Türkçe eğitimi programı kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilere 960 saat Türkçe eğitimi verilmesinin yanı sıra haftada 2 saatten az olmamak üzere sosyal aktivite adı altında ek çalışmalara (koro, dans, tiyatro vs.) yönlendirilmişlerdir.
Bu çalışmada, hedef dilin öğretilmesinde tiyatro tekniğinin/ çalışmalarının öğrencinin hedef dildeki performansına etkisini belirlemek amacıyla ön test-son test kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel araştırma deseni kullanılmıştır.
Çalışma sonunda; Konuşma becerisi açısından bakıldığında Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe'nin Öğretilmesi (YDT) konusunda Akdeniz Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu bünyesinde ders dışında ‒ sosyal etkinlik olarak ‒ uygulanmakta olan Tiyatro Çalışmalarının öğrencilerin dil edinme performanslarına etkisinin olumlu olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Bununla beraber, üç alt bulgu da tespit edilmiştir: Konuşma becerisi açısından bakıldığında tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılığın olduğu sınav sonuçlarının analizi ile ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, Yeterlik sınav sonucu değerlendirildiğinde tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılığın da tespiti yapılmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, "Motivasyon açısından bakıldığında, tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılık var mıdır?" alt hipotezi de tiyatro çalışmalarının öğrenci motivasyonunu arttırdığı belirlenmiştir.
Bu bağlamda, her hafta hazırlanan öğrenci gelişim raporu ile öğrencinin dil gelişimi, motivasyonu ve öğrencinin ilgi alanları (müzik, dans, drama vs.) danışman öğretim elemanları tarafından değerlendirilmesi uygulamalarına gelecek akademik yıllarda da devam edilmesi kurumca kararlaştırılmıştır.
2013 yılında ilk kez gerçekleştirilen Öğretmenler için Alan Bilgisi (ÖABT) Almanca sınavı üniversitelerin Alman Dili Eğitimi Anabilim Dallarında ve Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümlerinde okuyan lisans öğrencileri için umut kapısı olmuştur. Bu bölümlerin öğrencileri önceki yıllarda "mezun olup diploma sahibi olmak" gibi bir amaçla okuduklarından dolayı derslere karşı motivasyonları düşük kalmaktaydı. ÖABT ve beraberinde getirdiği Almanca öğretmeni olarak atanma fırsatı sayesinde bu öğrenciler artık lisans eğitimlerini daha fazla ciddiye almaya ve olabildiğince donanımlı bir şekilde mezun olmaya çalışmaktadır.
Yukarıdaki bilgilerden hareketle bu çalışmamızda öncelikli olarak ÖABT Almanca sınavının içeriği, kapsamı, alanlara göre soru dağılımı ve puan ağırlıkları incelenecek, daha sonra da Eğitim Fakültelerinin Alman Dili Eğitimi Anabilim Dallarının müfredatı ele alınacak ve böylelikle bu bölümlerde okutulan derslerin ÖABT Almanca sınavının içeriğiyle ne derece uyumlu ve sınavı kazanıp atanabilmek adına ne derece yeterli olduğu tartışılacaktır. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi lmanca Öğretmenliği öğrencileri ile yapılan anket çalışması ışığında da öğrencilerin sınava dair görüşleri ve beklentileri analiz edilmiş ve çalışmaya monte edilmiştir.
Redensarten sind für die Deutsch als Fremdsprache Studierenden im hohen Grad interpretationsbedürftig. Auch der Muttersprachler braucht für sie häufig eine nähere Erklärung, die im vorliegenden Fall formal (Redensart veraltet und wegen antisemitischer Sicht nicht verwendbar) und inhaltlich (Zusammenhänge, die kaum einer ahnt) sein muss. Redensarten können einen weitreichenden kulturellen Hintergrund haben und sie sind selbst, entsprechend analysiert, Quelle zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte. Die Redensart "... wie in der Judenschule" verrät uns zudem überraschenderweise etwas über die Frühform literarischer Entwicklung im Kulturprozess von der Mündlichkeit zur Schriftlichkeit.
D. Seleskovitch ve M. Lederer'in birlikte geliştirmiş oldukları Yorumlayıcı Çeviri (Anlam) Kuramı, çevirmeni merkeze koyan bir yaklaşım gösterir. Çeviriye ilişkin kuramsallaşmanın tarihine bakılırsa; önceki yüzyıllardan günümüze değin çevirmenin rolünü öne çıkaran görüş ve düşüncelere rastlanmaktadır. 90'lı yıllardan sonra belirginleşen bilişsel yaklaşımlar, alana yeni kazanımlar sağlamış, çeviribilim araştırmalarının uygulama alanına yansıyarak kültürlerarası veya dillerarası aktarımın başat aktörü olarak 'çevirmen'in bilişsel bakımdan yeniden değerlendirilmesine zemin hazırlamıştır. Bilişsel odaklı bir görünüm sergileyen çevirmen merkezli yaklaşımlar, çevirinin başarısının çevirmene bağlı olduğu görüşünden hareketle çevirmenin çeviri eylemi sırasında zihninde olup bitenlerin, bilişsel süreçlerinin işleyişinin ve dili kullanma mekanizmasının açıklığa kavuşturulmasını öngörür.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Yorumlayıcı Çeviri Kuramı doğrultusunda 'anlama'nın koşulları olarak öne çıkan saptamaları ortaya koyarak çevirmenin sahip olması gereken özniteliklere ilişkin izdüşümleri serimlemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, anlamın kavranması sürecinde çevirmenin zihinsel süreçlerinin nasıl işlediği, çevirmenin bu süreçleri nasıl yönettiği betimlenmeye ve söylem çözümlemesine dayanan Yorumlayıcı Çeviri Kuramı ve Yorumlayıcı Çeviri Yöntemi'nde yer alan düşünsel veriler görünür kılınmaya çalışılacaktır.
Eine immer dringlicher geforderte kultur- und medienwissenschaftliche Orientierung der interkulturellen Germanistik erfordert zugleich auch eine Auseinandersetzung mit neueren Konzepten, die differenzierende, dynamische und multiperspektivische Ansätze anbieten. So bemühen sich neuere kulturphilosophische Konzepte wie die Hyperkulturalität und Transdifferenz über rigide binäre Unterscheidungen zwischen "Eigenem" und "Fremden" hinauszugehen und der Durchlässigkeit der Grenzen und der internen Heterogenität von Gesellschaften im Zeitalter der Globalisierung in angemessener Weise gerecht zu werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuche ich in meinem Beitrag den Film "Almanya – Willkommen in Deutschland" (Samdereli 2011) im Rahmen einer diskursiven Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Begrifflichkeiten. Entgegen bisheriger Darstellungen im so genannten türkisch-deutschen Migrantenkino fokussiert dieses Filmbeispiel verstärkt eine (postmigrantische) Perspektive, die mit tradierten Sichtweisen und Klischees bricht. Grundsätzlich soll herausgestellt werden, wie kollektive und individuelle Phänomene von Zugehörigkeit und Identitiätskonstruktion mit filmischen Mitteln dargestellt werden. Zur Diskussion gestellt soll dabei die Frage, inwiefern neuere kulturtheoretische Konzepte dabei greifen.
Bu çalışmada geleneksel Türk namus anlayışı, biçimleri ve toplumda ve ailede erkek ve kadının konumu ile görevleri üzerine etkisi tartışılacaktır. Burada özellikle, genel olarak ve göçmenlik yaşamında namus cinayetlerini teşvik eden ve bu suçun toplum tarafından görmezlikten gelinmesini sağlayan faktörler açığa çıkarılacaktır. Bu amaçla yazar, Feo Aladag'ın sosyal açıdan ilginç ve göçmenliği konu edinen ve böylece tartışmaların bir parçası olan "Die Fremde" adlı filmini ele alacaktır. Söz konusu film, gerçeğe yakın sahneleri ile gündemdeki olguyu objektif ve eleştirel olarak tartışmaktadır.
In Ernst Jüngers Werk spielt der Topos des Niemandslandes von Anfang an eine außerordentliche Rolle. Gleich ob es sich um den umkämpften Raum zwischen den erstarrten Fronten des ersten Weltkrieges, die Imagination tropischer Zonen, die Überschreitung jeder Normalität im Drogenrausch oder den Entschluß zur Desertation aus dem bürgerlichen Alltag im "Waldgang" handelt -, stets fasziniert das Niemandsland durch die Abwesenheit von Sicherheit und die Nötigung zu freier Aktion. Seinen geheimen Fluchtpunkt findet der Topos der "Terra nullius" aber in der Idee eines Schreibens, das dem Tod, dem eigentlichen Niemandsland, eine Stimme geben könnte.
Nach dem letzten Germanistikkongress 2009 in Izmir wurde der zwölfte Germanistikkongress unter dem Motto "Migration und kulturelle Diversität" vom 12. bis 14. Mai 2014 an der Universität Kocaeli veranstaltet. Bei der Veranstaltung des Kongresses hat der türkische Germanistenverband GERDER aktiv mitgewirkt. Der DAAD, das Goethe Institut Ankara, das Österreichische Kulturinstitut und das Schweizer Konsulat Istanbul haben zur Organisation des Kongresses beigetragen, indem sie die Einladung von Professoren zu Plenarvorträgen und die Verwirklichung kultureller sowie sozialer Aktivitäten, wie Konzert und Abendessen unterstützen.
Türkiye'de Akademik Açık Erişim Dergi Yayıncılığı ve Çeviribilim Alanındaki Açık Erişim Dergiler
(2014)
Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin akademik açık erişim dergi yayıncılığında geldiği noktayı ortaya koymak, 70'li yıllardan itibaren dilbilim ve filolojiden ayrılarak kendi bilimsel çerçevesini çizen ve kendi bilimsel iletişim sistemini oluşturan Çeviribilim alanının, bilimsel iletişim sisteminin en önemli araçlarından biri olan akademik açık erişim dergicilik konusunda aldığı mesafeyi görmek, bu konuda mevcut eksiklikleri tespit etmek ve bunlara çözüm önerilerinde bulunmak amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla ulusal ve uluslararası açık erişim veritabanları incelenerek elde edilen bilgiler değerlendirilmeye çalışıldı. Çalışmanın birinci aşamasında Türkiye'nin akademik açık erişim dergicilik konusundaki mevcut durumu değerlendirilirken ikinci aşamada Çeviribilim alanının durumu ele alındı. Son aşamada ise elde edilen verilerden anlamlı sonuçlar çıkarılarak genel bir değerlendirme yapıldı ve çeşitli öneriler sunuldu.
Die Anwendung von Social Media im Fremdsprachenunterricht am Beispiel von "Twitter" Microblogging
(2014)
"Sosyal medya" sözcüğü günümüzün sloganı haline gelmiştir. Teknik olarak sosyal ağları destekleyen Web 2,0 hizmetlerinin uygulaması ile blog ve microblog hizmetleri her alanda kullanılmaya ve hiç olmadığı kadar iletişim kurulmaya başlanmıştır.
Twitter da, bu hizmetlerin ortak paydası olan dünyadan haberdar olma, olaylara katılma, bu amaçla da, fazla teknik bilgi gerektirmeden içerik oluşturma ve yayınlama özelliğini kullanıcılarına sunmaktadır. Nasıl ve ne şekilde iletişim kurulduğu çok farklılık göstermekle birlikte, paylaşılanlar çok basit önemsiz konuşmalardan, eğlendirici, bilgilendirici politik ve ticari içeriklere kadar uzanıp, zaman zaman da kutuplaşmalara sebep olmaktadır. Öyle ki bazıları bu içerikleri önemsiz ve gereksiz görürken, diğerleri 'devrim' yaratan nitelikte bulabilmektedir. Gerçek olan, bu kanallar aracılığı ile birçok bilginin ve içeriğin paylaşılıyor, iletişim kuruluyor olmasıdır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı Microblogging hizmeti [uygulaması] olan Twitter'ın tanıtılması, anlaşılır hale getirilmesidir. Bunu için öncelikle tarihçesi ve var olan durum açıklanmış, hesap oluşturma ve uygulamaları üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca "internet dili", bu dilin gençler üzerindeki etkileri ile medya okuryazarlığının önemine ve meslek edinme sürecindeki etkilerine kısaca değinilmiştir. Son olarak örnek bir uygulama üzerinden Twitter'ın ders ortamlarında kullanılabilirlik özelliği işlenmiştir.
Eğitim, Öğretme ve Öğrenme konuları uluslararası eğitim alanında olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de son yıllarda en fazla konuşulan, tartışılan ve değişime uğrayan temadır. Öyle ki artan bilgi yoğunluğu, hızlı teknolojik kazanımlar ve buna bağlı olarak farklılaşan anlayış ve beklentiler eğitimin sürekli ve nitel açıdan irdelenmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Çalışmada eğitim konusunun temel sorun ve soruları, uluslararası eğitim standartları ve değişen eğitim stratejileri, öğrenme ve etkin öğretme ile ilgili yeni yaklaşımları, öğretmen tanımlamaları, öğretmen-öğrenci ve veli iletişimin önemi, öğretmen kazanımları ve yeterlilikleri gibi geniş bir perspektif taranmaktadır. Çalışmada yüksek öğretim reformu kapsamında eğitim fakülteleri ve öğretmen yetiştirme modelleri ve bu çalışmaların uluslararası uyumu değerlendirilmekte ve daha iyi bir eğitim, daha etkin öğretme ve öğrenme için öneriler sunulmaktadır.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist über historische und soziale Beziehungen zwischen Brasilien und Deutschland zu diskutieren, die bei den frühesten iberischen Expeditionen im 16. Jahrhundert, bei der Entdeckung Brasiliens, stattfanden, und sich mit dem offiziellen Beginn der deutschen Auswanderung nach Brasilien, im Jahr 1824, mit der Gründung der Kolonie von São Leopoldo im Bundesstaat Rio Grande do Sul, verstärkte. Im Hinblick darauf, dass die Deutschen ihre Traditionen, Sprache und Kultur, deren Unterschiede die brasilianische Heterogenität intensivierte, nicht vollständig verloren haben, bezieht sich der zweite Teil dieses Textes auf ein konkretes Beispiel einer brasilianischen Stadt namens Marechal Câdido Rondon. Die Stadt liegt in Südbrasilien und wurde von deutschstämmigen Auswanderern gegründet. Trotz diesen germanischen Wurzeln, welche sich durchaus in der Architektur und den Volksfesten bemerkbar machen, zeigt die Gemeinde keine Auffälligkeiten hinsichtlich der deutschen Sprache aufgrund der Förderung der Zweisprachigkeit.