Universitätspublikationen
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (11007)
- Preprint (1739)
- Doctoral Thesis (1578)
- Working Paper (1443)
- Part of Periodical (570)
- Conference Proceeding (515)
- Report (299)
- Part of a Book (107)
- Review (92)
- Book (60)
Language
- English (17514) (remove)
Keywords
- inflammation (95)
- COVID-19 (91)
- SARS-CoV-2 (63)
- Financial Institutions (48)
- climate change (46)
- Germany (45)
- ECB (43)
- aging (43)
- apoptosis (42)
- cancer (42)
- crystal structure (41)
- autophagy (40)
- Inflammation (39)
- monetary policy (39)
- glioblastoma (38)
- Capital Markets Union (37)
- Financial Markets (35)
- Banking Union (34)
- mitochondria (34)
- Monetary Policy (31)
- Cancer (30)
- Deutschland (30)
- Banking Regulation (29)
- Household Finance (29)
- prostate cancer (29)
- ADHD (28)
- Europe (28)
- breast cancer (27)
- machine learning (27)
- biomarker (26)
- Depression (25)
- Machine learning (24)
- RNA (24)
- fMRI (24)
- global justice (24)
- pain (24)
- Apoptosis (23)
- EEG (23)
- Human behaviour (23)
- development (23)
- gender (23)
- immunotherapy (23)
- macrophage (23)
- migration (23)
- reactive oxygen species (23)
- Cell biology (22)
- Mitochondria (22)
- children (22)
- coronavirus (22)
- China (21)
- European Union (21)
- Heavy Ion Experiments (21)
- Research article (21)
- microRNA (21)
- quality of life (21)
- Banking Supervision (20)
- Biodiversity (20)
- Neuroscience (20)
- Quality of life (20)
- Regulation (20)
- Systemic Risk (20)
- depression (20)
- BESIII (19)
- Biomarker (19)
- Breast cancer (19)
- Epilepsy (19)
- Financial Stability (19)
- Genetics (19)
- Video (19)
- angiogenesis (19)
- chemotherapy (19)
- cognition (19)
- data science (19)
- democracy (19)
- epilepsy (19)
- hypoxia (19)
- regulation (19)
- Macro Finance (18)
- NMR spectroscopy (18)
- household finance (18)
- tumor microenvironment (18)
- Biochemistry (17)
- ESG (17)
- NMR (17)
- Podospora anserina (17)
- Stroke (17)
- Treatment (17)
- attention (17)
- proliferation (17)
- schizophrenia (17)
- Climate change (16)
- Covid-19 (16)
- endothelial cells (16)
- glioma (16)
- hippocampus (16)
- proteomics (16)
- ALICE (15)
- Biomarkers (15)
- Cirrhosis (15)
- Gene expression (15)
- Heavy-ion collisions (15)
- LHC (15)
- Liquidity (15)
- MRI (15)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (15)
- Surgery (15)
- X-ray crystallography (15)
- e +-e − Experiments (15)
- financial stability (15)
- prevention (15)
- radical prostatectomy (15)
- stroke (15)
- structural biology (15)
- terrorism (15)
- working memory (15)
- Angiogenesis (14)
- Cryoelectron microscopy (14)
- Financial Crisis (14)
- HIV (14)
- Immunology (14)
- Mortality (14)
- Oncology (14)
- Outcome (14)
- Radiotherapy (14)
- USA (14)
- artificial intelligence (14)
- asset pricing (14)
- cirrhosis (14)
- cytokines (14)
- extracellular matrix (14)
- financial crisis (14)
- human rights (14)
- miRNA (14)
- multiple sclerosis (14)
- obesity (14)
- oxidative stress (14)
- systemic risk (14)
- ubiquitination (14)
- uncertainty (14)
- Aging (13)
- BRRD (13)
- Children (13)
- Democracy (13)
- Epidemiology (13)
- Gender (13)
- Immunotherapy (13)
- Insurance (13)
- NADPH oxidase (13)
- Parkinson’s disease (13)
- Solvency II (13)
- bladder cancer (13)
- corporate governance (13)
- education (13)
- epigenetics (13)
- fiscal policy (13)
- inflation (13)
- islamic state (13)
- lung cancer (13)
- mTOR (13)
- macrophages (13)
- neurodegeneration (13)
- populism (13)
- survival (13)
- synaptic plasticity (13)
- Autophagy (12)
- Banking Resolution (12)
- Behavior (12)
- Bioenergetics (12)
- Biogeography (12)
- Branching fraction (12)
- Capsule endoscopy (12)
- Climate Change (12)
- Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) (12)
- Internet (12)
- Invasive species (12)
- Lambda-Kalkül (12)
- Machine Learning (12)
- Proteomics (12)
- ROS (12)
- Relativistic heavy-ion collisions (12)
- Sustainable Finance (12)
- cell death (12)
- financial literacy (12)
- gene expression (12)
- metabolism (12)
- mouse (12)
- psoriasis (12)
- stress (12)
- targeted therapy (12)
- treatment (12)
- Asset Pricing (11)
- Cognition (11)
- Contagion (11)
- Coronavirus (11)
- ESMA (11)
- Ecology (11)
- Education (11)
- Endoscopy (11)
- Endothelial cells (11)
- Formale Semantik (11)
- Hadron-Hadron Scattering (11)
- Heart failure (11)
- Indonesia (11)
- Islam (11)
- Molecular biology (11)
- Psychology (11)
- VEGF (11)
- biodiversity (11)
- child (11)
- colorectal cancer (11)
- diagnosis (11)
- epidemiology (11)
- health (11)
- hepatitis C virus (11)
- human (11)
- hydrogen bonding (11)
- integrins (11)
- invasion (11)
- liquidity (11)
- macrophage polarization (11)
- mass spectrometry (11)
- memory (11)
- metastasis (11)
- model uncertainty (11)
- mortality (11)
- outcome (11)
- physical activity (11)
- prevalence (11)
- radiotherapy (11)
- risk factors (11)
- signal transduction (11)
- taxonomy (11)
- trauma (11)
- Alzheimer’s disease (10)
- Artificial Intelligence (10)
- Atrial fibrillation (10)
- Bail-in (10)
- COPD (10)
- Chemotherapy (10)
- Corporate Governance (10)
- Diagnostic markers (10)
- EGFR (10)
- Financial Literacy (10)
- German (10)
- HCV (10)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (10)
- Inflation (10)
- Life Insurance (10)
- Medical research (10)
- Membrane proteins (10)
- NASH (10)
- Optogenetics (10)
- Phylogeny (10)
- Primary care (10)
- Prostate cancer (10)
- QCD (10)
- SSM (10)
- Schizophrenia (10)
- Suicide (10)
- Survival (10)
- bail-in (10)
- capital regulation (10)
- climate (10)
- competition (10)
- curcumin (10)
- elderly (10)
- exercise (10)
- fungi (10)
- gene therapy (10)
- growth (10)
- inequality (10)
- infection (10)
- innate immunity (10)
- leukemia (10)
- magnetic resonance imaging (10)
- microbiome (10)
- neuroblastoma (10)
- neuropathic pain (10)
- oil price (10)
- p53 (10)
- photochemistry (10)
- real-time data (10)
- responsibility (10)
- surgery (10)
- validity (10)
- Adolescents (9)
- Bipolar disorder (9)
- Blood (9)
- Disclosure (9)
- Drug therapy (9)
- EBA (9)
- Egypt (9)
- Emotions (9)
- Federal Reserve (9)
- Fiscal Policy (9)
- Frankfurt School (9)
- General practice (9)
- Hemorrhage (9)
- Household finance (9)
- IS (9)
- Macrophages (9)
- Microbiology (9)
- Migration (9)
- PCR (9)
- Pain (9)
- Prediction (9)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (9)
- Schätzung (9)
- Semantics (9)
- Small bowel (9)
- Solution-state NMR (9)
- Taxonomy (9)
- West Africa (9)
- adaptation (9)
- adhesion (9)
- adolescents (9)
- banking union (9)
- banks (9)
- biomarkers (9)
- brain metastases (9)
- complications (9)
- copyright (9)
- differentiation (9)
- drug resistance (9)
- evolution (9)
- fibrosis (9)
- globalization (9)
- graph theory (9)
- iron (9)
- justice (9)
- liver (9)
- membrane proteins (9)
- metabolomics (9)
- microglia (9)
- molecular dynamics (9)
- morphology (9)
- osteoarthritis (9)
- phylogeny (9)
- plasticity (9)
- portal hypertension (9)
- 5-lipoxygenase (8)
- ACLF (8)
- Acute myeloid leukemia (8)
- Artificial intelligence (8)
- Attention (8)
- Bayesian inference (8)
- Bitcoin (8)
- C. elegans (8)
- Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (8)
- Cell signalling (8)
- Consumption (8)
- Critical Theory (8)
- DNA methylation (8)
- DSGE (8)
- DSGE models (8)
- Diagnosis (8)
- European Central Bank (8)
- Eye movements (8)
- Geldpolitik (8)
- Haloferax volcanii (8)
- Health care (8)
- Heart (8)
- Heavy-ion collision (8)
- Hepatitis C virus (8)
- Hypoxia (8)
- Language (8)
- Law (8)
- Liver diseases (8)
- MEG (8)
- MREL (8)
- Malaria (8)
- Mass spectrometry (8)
- Membrane Proteins (8)
- Mental health and psychiatry (8)
- Multimorbidity (8)
- Osteoporosis (8)
- Oxidative stress (8)
- Particle and Resonance Production (8)
- Patients (8)
- Proteins (8)
- Quantitative Easing (8)
- Quarkonium (8)
- Risk factors (8)
- Russia (8)
- Screening (8)
- Seizure (8)
- Social System (8)
- Syria (8)
- TAVI (8)
- Trauma (8)
- anxiety (8)
- aortic stenosis (8)
- attachment (8)
- banking (8)
- banking regulation (8)
- complexity (8)
- confirmatory factor analysis (8)
- deep learning (8)
- dentate gyrus (8)
- discrimination (8)
- drug discovery (8)
- efficacy (8)
- exosomes (8)
- flow cytometry (8)
- heat stress (8)
- heavy-ion collisions (8)
- hepatocellular carcinoma (8)
- hereditary angioedema (8)
- ideology (8)
- internet (8)
- leverage (8)
- liver transplantation (8)
- market discipline (8)
- monitoring (8)
- monocytes (8)
- periodontitis (8)
- polypharmacy (8)
- polytrauma (8)
- precipitation (8)
- pregnancy (8)
- public debt (8)
- regulatory arbitrage (8)
- renal cell carcinoma (8)
- semantics (8)
- sepsis (8)
- sleep (8)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (8)
- therapy (8)
- toxicity (8)
- transcranial magnetic stimulation (8)
- ubiquitin (8)
- vaccination (8)
- welfare (8)
- wound healing (8)
- Archaea (7)
- Autism spectrum disorder (7)
- Bank Lending (7)
- Biophysical chemistry (7)
- Black holes (7)
- Borrelia (7)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (7)
- Cancer treatment (7)
- Classification (7)
- Colorectal cancer (7)
- Comments disabled (7)
- Community ecology (7)
- Competition (7)
- Computational models (7)
- Crustacea (7)
- Cryptocurrency (7)
- Culture (7)
- DNA (7)
- Data processing (7)
- Data science (7)
- Demography (7)
- Derivatives (7)
- Developmental biology (7)
- Diabetes mellitus (7)
- Diseases (7)
- EIOPA (7)
- EU (7)
- Equation of state (7)
- Evolution (7)
- Forensic entomology (7)
- Gene regulation (7)
- General Equilibrium (7)
- Greece (7)
- Guidelines (7)
- HDAC (7)
- HIV-1 (7)
- Herb induced liver injury (7)
- Hippocampus (7)
- India (7)
- Innovation (7)
- Japan (7)
- Lattice QCD (7)
- Learning (7)
- Legs (7)
- Mechanisms of disease (7)
- MiFID II (7)
- Molecular neuroscience (7)
- Multiple sclerosis (7)
- NK cells (7)
- Neurology (7)
- Neurons (7)
- Obesity (7)
- Open Science (7)
- PD-L1 (7)
- PTSD (7)
- Pathogenesis (7)
- Phosphorylation (7)
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (7)
- Postural control (7)
- Prevalence (7)
- Private Investment (7)
- Prognosis (7)
- QCD phase diagram (7)
- Quark-Gluon Plasma (7)
- Reaction time (7)
- Reactive oxygen species (7)
- Religion (7)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (7)
- Risk assessment (7)
- Saving (7)
- Sensory processing (7)
- Spectroscopy (7)
- Speech (7)
- Systemic risk (7)
- TLAC (7)
- TRAIL (7)
- Toxicity (7)
- Training (7)
- Twitter (7)
- Uncertainty (7)
- Venture Capital (7)
- Vision (7)
- Walter Eucken (7)
- ageing (7)
- ambiguity (7)
- antiviral therapy (7)
- atherosclerosis (7)
- autonomy (7)
- bacteria (7)
- bank resolution (7)
- bioinformatics (7)
- biophysics (7)
- bipolar disorder (7)
- cGMP (7)
- cholesterol (7)
- chronic kidney disease (7)
- conservation (7)
- credit risk (7)
- crisis (7)
- critical theory (7)
- cytotoxicity (7)
- decision making (7)
- density functional theory (7)
- diversity (7)
- electrophysiology (7)
- euro area (7)
- evaluation (7)
- forecasting (7)
- forensic entomology (7)
- forward guidance (7)
- heart failure (7)
- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (7)
- homeostasis (7)
- insurance (7)
- islamism (7)
- law (7)
- liver cirrhosis (7)
- machine-learning (7)
- mathematical modeling (7)
- mental health (7)
- mice (7)
- multimorbidity (7)
- natural killer cells (7)
- natural resources (7)
- network analysis (7)
- networks (7)
- oligomerization (7)
- phosphorylation (7)
- political economy (7)
- predictive coding (7)
- primary care (7)
- prognosis (7)
- prudential supervision (7)
- qualitative research (7)
- racism (7)
- radiation (7)
- rat (7)
- refugees (7)
- resistance (7)
- risk (7)
- seizure (7)
- shadow banking (7)
- sphingolipids (7)
- sustainability (7)
- temperature (7)
- thrombosis (7)
- transparency (7)
- tumor-associated macrophages (7)
- visual cortex (7)
- water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) (7)
- 3D printing (6)
- 401(k) plan (6)
- AML (6)
- ATM (6)
- Acinetobacter baumannii (6)
- Adhesion (6)
- Antarctica (6)
- Antiviral therapy (6)
- Asset Allocation (6)
- BRD4 (6)
- Banks (6)
- Basel III (6)
- Bayesian estimation (6)
- Big Data (6)
- Brazil (6)
- C-reactive protein (6)
- COSMO-CLM (6)
- Calliphoridae (6)
- Charm Physics (6)
- Charmonium (6)
- Clearing (6)
- Clinical trial (6)
- Comorbidity (6)
- Complications (6)
- Cortex (6)
- Crohn’s disease (6)
- Cyanobacteria (6)
- Death rates (6)
- Decision making (6)
- Digitalisierung (6)
- Dopamine (6)
- E2 enzyme (6)
- Elderly (6)
- Electroencephalography (6)
- Entrepreneurship (6)
- Enzyme mechanisms (6)
- Epigenetics (6)
- Exercise (6)
- Extracellular matrix (6)
- Financial literacy (6)
- Finanzkrise (6)
- Fintech (6)
- Functional connectivity (6)
- Glioblastoma (6)
- Green Finance (6)
- HBV (6)
- Histology (6)
- Hypertension (6)
- Image processing (6)
- Immunohistochemistry (6)
- Incidence (6)
- Infection (6)
- Investor Protection (6)
- Liver transplantation (6)
- Low Interest Rates (6)
- MLL (6)
- Mammakarzinom (6)
- Memory (6)
- Metabolic engineering (6)
- Metabolism (6)
- Morbidity (6)
- Multivariate analysis (6)
- Musculoskeletal system (6)
- Namibia (6)
- Neural Networks (6)
- Nitric oxide (6)
- Numerical accuracy (6)
- OTC markets (6)
- Oral anticoagulation (6)
- Outcomes (6)
- PI3K (6)
- Palaeoclimate (6)
- Pandemic (6)
- Patient blood management (6)
- Pension Insurance (6)
- Physics (6)
- Physiology (6)
- Pneumonia (6)
- Portal hypertension (6)
- Pregnancy (6)
- Prevention (6)
- Psychiatric disorders (6)
- Quark-gluon plasma (6)
- RHIC (6)
- RNA sequencing (6)
- Randomized controlled trial (6)
- Rare diseases (6)
- Rectal cancer (6)
- Reproducibility (6)
- Retirement (6)
- Sensory perception (6)
- Signaling (6)
- Social Interaction (6)
- Solution methods (6)
- Species distribution modelling (6)
- Surgical and invasive medical procedures (6)
- Sustainability (6)
- Synapses (6)
- T cell (6)
- T cells (6)
- TRACT (6)
- Thailand (6)
- Trading (6)
- Transfusion (6)
- Translational research (6)
- Transparency (6)
- Trust (6)
- Ukraine (6)
- Viral load (6)
- acute lymphoblastic leukemia (6)
- acute myeloid leukemia (6)
- acute-on-chronic liver failure (6)
- antibiotic resistance (6)
- archaea (6)
- asthma (6)
- atrial fibrillation (6)
- bank regulation (6)
- bevacizumab (6)
- big data (6)
- cell biology (6)
- cochlear implant (6)
- communication (6)
- compensation (6)
- concurrency (6)
- conduct disorder (6)
- confinement (6)
- consumption (6)
- contagion (6)
- cooperation (6)
- cosmopolitanism (6)
- deliberative democracy (6)
- diabetes (6)
- diabetes mellitus (6)
- diffusion tensor imaging (6)
- dopamine (6)
- environmental tobacco smoke (6)
- episodic memory (6)
- equation of state (6)
- fibroblasts (6)
- financial regulation (6)
- fluorescence (6)
- focused electron beam induced deposition (6)
- functional programming (6)
- genomics (6)
- global change (6)
- human capital (6)
- immune response (6)
- immunity (6)
- information theory (6)
- integrin (6)
- investor protection (6)
- iron deficiency (6)
- leadership (6)
- learning (6)
- liver fibrosis (6)
- long non-coding RNA (6)
- melanoma (6)
- membrane protein (6)
- mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (6)
- modeling (6)
- modularity (6)
- neuroscience (6)
- ovarian cancer (6)
- pandemic (6)
- particulate matter (6)
- peer effects (6)
- perception (6)
- platelets (6)
- polymorphism (6)
- prefrontal cortex (6)
- private equity (6)
- prophylaxis (6)
- quality control (6)
- radiation-induced nanostructures (6)
- representation (6)
- resilience (6)
- rhabdomyosarcoma (6)
- screening (6)
- signaling (6)
- simulation (6)
- social media (6)
- social security (6)
- solid-state NMR (6)
- sphingosine 1-phosphate (6)
- systematic review (6)
- tracking (6)
- transcriptome (6)
- translation (6)
- ultrasound (6)
- unemployment (6)
- visual attention (6)
- vitamin D (6)
- wassergefiltertes Infrarot A (wIRA) (6)
- wealth inequality (6)
- ABS (5)
- ALICE experiment (5)
- Acoustics (5)
- Adaptation (5)
- Adenocarcinoma (5)
- Africa (5)
- Ageing (5)
- Anemia (5)
- Anticoagulation (5)
- Anxiety (5)
- Aortic stenosis (5)
- Ascomycota (5)
- Aspergillus (5)
- Atherosclerosis (5)
- Atmospheric chemistry (5)
- Attitude (5)
- Autism (5)
- Autopsy (5)
- B cells (5)
- Bacteria (5)
- Bacterial structural biology (5)
- Balloon enteroscopy (5)
- Banking (5)
- Biogeochemistry (5)
- Biophysics (5)
- Biophysics and structural biology (5)
- Blockchain (5)
- Brain (5)
- Brexit (5)
- Burkina Faso (5)
- COVID19-NMR (5)
- CXCR4 (5)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (5)
- Cardiovascular disease (5)
- Cardiovascular diseases (5)
- Cell staining (5)
- Cell therapy (5)
- Clinical trials (5)
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (5)
- Cognitive impairment (5)
- Cognitive neuroscience (5)
- Collective Flow (5)
- Computed tomography (5)
- Consensus (5)
- Conservation (5)
- Conservation biology (5)
- Corporate Bonds (5)
- Corporate Finance (5)
- Corporate Social Responsibility (5)
- Costs (5)
- Critical care (5)
- Crystal structure (5)
- Cytokines (5)
- DMEK (5)
- DNA damage (5)
- DNA-PAINT (5)
- Development (5)
- Dodd-Frank Act (5)
- Drug induced liver injury (5)
- Ecological modelling (5)
- Electron Transfer (5)
- Electronic properties and materials (5)
- Emotion (5)
- Enteroscopy (5)
- Entzündung (5)
- Environmental sciences (5)
- Euro (5)
- European Central Bank (ECB) (5)
- European Portuguese (5)
- Europäische Union (5)
- Evaluation (5)
- Ewing sarcoma (5)
- Experimental models of disease (5)
- Extracellular vesicles (5)
- FAIR (5)
- FEBID (5)
- Financial stability (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Fragmentation (5)
- France (5)
- Fungi (5)
- GPCR (5)
- Geochemistry (5)
- Glioma (5)
- Globalization (5)
- Governance (5)
- Großbritannien (5)
- HADES (5)
- HNSCC (5)
- Hadronic decays (5)
- Hepatotoxicity (5)
- Herbal hepatotoxicity (5)
- High-throughput screening (5)
- Hodgkin lymphoma (5)
- Homeostasis (5)
- IL-6 (5)
- In vitro (5)
- Inequality (5)
- Infectious diseases (5)
- Innate immunity (5)
- Interest Rates (5)
- Italy (5)
- Jets (5)
- Justification (5)
- Kinases (5)
- Kinematic analysis (5)
- Kreditrisiko (5)
- Lebensversicherung (5)
- Machine-learning (5)
- Magnetic properties and materials (5)
- Market Efficiency (5)
- Melanoma (5)
- Mental health (5)
- Metabolomics (5)
- Michel Foucault (5)
- MicroRNAs (5)
- Mitochondrial dysfunction (5)
- Molecular medicine (5)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulation (5)
- Morphogenesis (5)
- Mouse models (5)
- NAFLD (5)
- NF-κB (5)
- NK cell (5)
- NK-92 (5)
- NKG2D (5)
- Neuer Markt (5)
- Non-coding RNA (5)
- Non-small cell lung cancer (5)
- Normative Orders (5)
- Omicron (5)
- Operationale Semantik (5)
- Ordoliberalism (5)
- PBPK (5)
- Palaeoceanography (5)
- Parkinson's disease (5)
- Pension (5)
- Perception (5)
- Persistence (5)
- Pharmacology (5)
- Photorhabdus (5)
- Photosynthesis (5)
- Physical activity (5)
- Plasticity (5)
- Platelet-rich fibrin (5)
- Poland (5)
- Polarization (5)
- Polypharmacy (5)
- Portfolio choice (5)
- Portfoliomanagement (5)
- Predictive markers (5)
- Privacy (5)
- Probability distribution (5)
- Programmiersprache (5)
- Protein Structure (5)
- Protein folding (5)
- Prävention (5)
- Psychological stress (5)
- Quantum chromodynamics (5)
- Questionnaires (5)
- RUCAM (5)
- Radiomics (5)
- Refugees (5)
- Rhabdomyosarcoma (5)
- Rule of Law (5)
- STAT3 (5)
- Safety (5)
- Salinity (5)
- Sepsis (5)
- Simulation (5)
- Smac (5)
- Stem cells (5)
- Streptomyces hydrogenans (5)
- Super-resolution microscopy (5)
- Surgical oncology (5)
- Synaptic plasticity (5)
- Syntax (5)
- Systematic review (5)
- TIPS (5)
- Targeted therapy (5)
- Transcription factors (5)
- Transcriptomics (5)
- Tumor microenvironment (5)
- Ubiquitination (5)
- Ultrasound (5)
- Vaccination (5)
- Validation (5)
- Verifikation (5)
- Walter Benjamin (5)
- Well-being (5)
- Working memory (5)
- XIAP (5)
- Zebrafish (5)
- acute coronary syndrome (5)
- additive manufacturing (5)
- adult neurogenesis (5)
- age (5)
- annuity (5)
- ataxia telangiectasia (5)
- auditory cortex (5)
- bats (5)
- biochemistry (5)
- bioenergetics (5)
- biogeography (5)
- capital requirements (5)
- capital structure (5)
- cardiac surgery (5)
- cardiovascular disease (5)
- cell migration (5)
- cell therapy (5)
- central bank independence (5)
- ceramides (5)
- cerebellum (5)
- chimeric antigen receptor (5)
- clinical trial (5)
- colon cancer (5)
- complement (5)
- computational modeling (5)
- computed tomography (5)
- connective tissue (5)
- connectivity (5)
- culture (5)
- debt sustainability (5)
- dental implant (5)
- dental implants (5)
- diagnostics (5)
- digital medicine (5)
- dynamics (5)
- endoplasmic reticulum (5)
- entropy (5)
- epigenetic (5)
- equality (5)
- everolimus (5)
- executive function (5)
- expectations (5)
- exploitation (5)
- extracellular vesicles (5)
- far right (5)
- fascism (5)
- fatigue (5)
- finance (5)
- financial markets (5)
- forecast combination (5)
- functional connectivity (5)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (5)
- functional traits (5)
- gamma (5)
- guideline (5)
- higher education (5)
- histology (5)
- hybridization (5)
- hyperglycemia (5)
- imaging (5)
- immune system (5)
- immunohistochemistry (5)
- immunology (5)
- impulsivity (5)
- influenza (5)
- information (5)
- integration (5)
- intellectual property (5)
- international relations (5)
- journals (5)
- justification (5)
- lactate (5)
- lambda calculus (5)
- law and finance (5)
- legal pluralism (5)
- lipocalin-2 (5)
- liquidity risk (5)
- lncRNA (5)
- mRNA (5)
- mTORC1 (5)
- media (5)
- medical students (5)
- meningioma (5)
- metastases (5)
- mitophagy (5)
- model comparison (5)
- money (5)
- music (5)
- mutual information (5)
- nationalism (5)
- natural killer cell (5)
- neurocognition (5)
- nitric oxide (5)
- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (5)
- oligonucleotides (5)
- optogenetics (5)
- outcomes (5)
- overall survival (5)
- pancreatic cancer (5)
- participation (5)
- patient blood management (5)
- patients (5)
- pension (5)
- phagocytosis (5)
- phase transition (5)
- pi-calculus (5)
- piracy (5)
- policy rules (5)
- portfolio choice (5)
- precision medicine (5)
- predictability (5)
- preeclampsia (5)
- prostaglandins (5)
- proteasome (5)
- protein degradation (5)
- psychotherapy (5)
- public health (5)
- publishing (5)
- quantitative MRI (5)
- questionnaire (5)
- rapamycin (5)
- regeneration (5)
- reliability (5)
- reproducibility (5)
- respiratory chain (5)
- retirement (5)
- risk assessment (5)
- risk-taking (5)
- safety (5)
- senescence (5)
- social interactions (5)
- solidarity (5)
- sovereign debt (5)
- sovereign risk (5)
- speciation (5)
- spinal cord (5)
- stability (5)
- stochastic volatility (5)
- sulforaphane (5)
- surveillance (5)
- sustainable finance (5)
- synchronization (5)
- tissue engineering (5)
- transcription (5)
- transcription factor (5)
- transcriptomics (5)
- vaccine (5)
- validation (5)
- valproic acid (5)
- vector (5)
- volatility (5)
- welfare state (5)
- zebrafish (5)
- zero lower bound (5)
- 177Lu-PSMA-617 (4)
- ABC Transporter (4)
- ABC transporter (4)
- ABCB1 (4)
- ADAM15 (4)
- ARDS (4)
- ATP (4)
- ATPases (4)
- Acetogenesis (4)
- Acute inflammation (4)
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (4)
- Adolescence (4)
- Adorno (4)
- Adverse Selection (4)
- AfD (4)
- Age groups (4)
- Alcohol (4)
- Algorithms (4)
- Amblyopia (4)
- Angiography (4)
- Animal models (4)
- Annuities (4)
- Antimicrobial resistance (4)
- Aortic valve (4)
- Arab Spring (4)
- Arabidopsis (4)
- Archaeology (4)
- Ascites (4)
- Aspergillus fumigatus (4)
- Asset pricing (4)
- Asymmetrische Information (4)
- Ataxia telangiectasia (4)
- Atomic and molecular interactions with photons (4)
- B-cell lymphoma (4)
- BMI (4)
- BRAF (4)
- Bacterial infection (4)
- Bank (4)
- Bank Resolution (4)
- Bank Restructuring (4)
- Batten disease (4)
- Behandlung (4)
- Big Five (4)
- Biopsy (4)
- Biosynthesis (4)
- Biotechnology (4)
- Birds (4)
- Bladder cancer (4)
- Blood pressure (4)
- Bone density (4)
- Bone marrow (4)
- Brain metastasis (4)
- Branching fractions (4)
- Burden of illness (4)
- Business Cycle (4)
- CBM (4)
- CBM experiment (4)
- CIK cells (4)
- CMDI (4)
- COVID-19 pandemic (4)
- CT (4)
- Calcium (4)
- Cameroon (4)
- Canary Islands (4)
- Cancer genomics (4)
- Carbonate (4)
- Cardiology (4)
- Cell proliferation (4)
- Cellular microbiology (4)
- Cerebellum (4)
- Cesarean section (4)
- Charm physics (4)
- Charmed mesons (4)
- Child abuse (4)
- Chronic kidney disease (4)
- Clinical genetics (4)
- Cochlear implant (4)
- Cohort studies (4)
- Communication (4)
- Complex I (4)
- Complexity (4)
- Computer science (4)
- Conduct disorder (4)
- Conflict (4)
- Connectomics (4)
- Copyright (4)
- Corona (4)
- Counterparty Risk (4)
- Credit Risk (4)
- Crisis (4)
- Croatia (4)
- Cyprus (4)
- Cytoskeleton (4)
- DILI (4)
- DSGE model (4)
- Databases (4)
- Decorin (4)
- Deep learning (4)
- Denosumab (4)
- Density equalizing mapping (4)
- Deposit Insurance (4)
- Diagnostic medicine (4)
- Diffraction (4)
- Disposition Effect (4)
- Dravet syndrome (4)
- Drought (4)
- Drug discovery (4)
- Dynamical systems (4)
- Dyson–Schwinger equations (4)
- E. coli (4)
- EDIS (4)
- EPR (4)
- ER stress (4)
- Economics (4)
- Efficiency (4)
- Einkommensverteilung (4)
- Electroencephalography – EEG (4)
- Electrophysiology (4)
- Electroweak interaction (4)
- Embryos (4)
- Emotion regulation (4)
- Endocrinology (4)
- Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (4)
- Endothelium (4)
- Enforcement (4)
- Europa (4)
- Everolimus (4)
- Evidence-based medicine (4)
- Exotics (4)
- Eyes (4)
- FPGA (4)
- Face (4)
- Familie (4)
- Feasibility (4)
- Feedback (4)
- Fibrosis (4)
- FinTech (4)
- Finance (4)
- Financial Crises (4)
- Financial Regulation (4)
- Fisher information (4)
- Fluctuations (4)
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (4)
- G-quadruplexes (4)
- GDPR (4)
- Gastric cancer (4)
- Gene therapy (4)
- Genetic engineering (4)
- Genetics research (4)
- Giraffa (4)
- Globalisierung (4)
- Gross-Neveu model (4)
- HCC (4)
- Health (4)
- Healthcare worker (4)
- Heart transplantation (4)
- Heavy Ion Collisions (4)
- Heavy Ions (4)
- Heavy ion collisions (4)
- Hematology (4)
- Herding (4)
- Hereditary angioedema (4)
- High-Frequency Trading (4)
- Homeownership (4)
- Human Rights (4)
- IAP proteins (4)
- ISGylation (4)
- Identification (4)
- Idiosyncratic Risk (4)
- Indonesien (4)
- Infections (4)
- IntelliCage (4)
- Intensive care (4)
- Intensive care units (4)
- Interest Rate Risk (4)
- Interleukin-6 (4)
- Internationaler Vergleich (4)
- Inverse kinematics (4)
- Investor Sentiment (4)
- Iran (4)
- Ischemia (4)
- Islamischer Staat (4)
- Italien (4)
- Justice (4)
- Kalman filter (4)
- Kapitalmarkteffizienz (4)
- Kinetics (4)
- Knees (4)
- Knowledge (4)
- Kritik (4)
- LPS (4)
- Labor and delivery (4)
- Labor income risk (4)
- Learning analytics (4)
- Lebensqualität (4)
- Leistungsbilanz (4)
- Lepton colliders (4)
- Linear regression analysis (4)
- Liver cirrhosis (4)
- Liver fibrosis (4)
- Logik (4)
- Long non-coding RNAs (4)
- Luciferase (4)
- Lung failure (4)
- MRSA (4)
- MSD (4)
- MYC (4)
- Magnetoencephalography (4)
- Marcuse (4)
- Market Microstructure (4)
- Medical education (4)
- Medical risk factors (4)
- Membrane potential (4)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (4)
- Messenger RNA (4)
- Meta-analysis (4)
- Metaanalysis (4)
- Metastasen (4)
- MiFIR (4)
- Microbiome (4)
- Mitophagy (4)
- Mollusca (4)
- Monetary Union (4)
- Monetary policy (4)
- Monitoring (4)
- Moral Hazard (4)
- Morphology (4)
- Mouse (4)
- Multidetector computed tomography (4)
- Myanmar (4)
- Myocardial infarction (4)
- NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (4)
- NLP (4)
- NS5A (4)
- Natural Language Processing (4)
- Natural products (4)
- Nebenläufigkeit (4)
- Neoliberalism (4)
- Neonates (4)
- Nerve fibers (4)
- Neural circuits (4)
- Neural networks (4)
- Neurodegeneration (4)
- Neurophysiology (4)
- Neutropenia (4)
- Next-generation sequencing (4)
- Nigeria (4)
- Non-REM sleep (4)
- Nox4 (4)
- NoxO1 (4)
- Nrf2 (4)
- Nuclear Physics (4)
- Nuclear reactions (4)
- OSCE (4)
- Object vision (4)
- Older adults (4)
- Oxidoreductases (4)
- PELDOR (4)
- PSMA (4)
- Particle and resonance production (4)
- Patient safety (4)
- Pediatric (4)
- Permeation and transport (4)
- Permutation (4)
- Personalized medicine (4)
- Peru (4)
- Petri net (4)
- Phagocytosis (4)
- Phase transitions and critical phenomena (4)
- Phonology (4)
- Physicians (4)
- Portfolio optimization (4)
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (4)
- Preclinical research (4)
- Preventive medicine (4)
- Private equity (4)
- Proliferation (4)
- Prophylaxis (4)
- Protein Translocation (4)
- Protein translation (4)
- Psychometrics (4)
- Public health (4)
- Pulmonary embolism (4)
- QCD equation of state (4)
- Quantitative MRI (4)
- Quark–gluon plasma (4)
- Quasi-free scattering (4)
- RCT (4)
- REM sleep (4)
- RNA interference (4)
- Regeneration (4)
- Registry (4)
- Regression analysis (4)
- Relativistic kinetic theory (4)
- Respiration (4)
- Respiratory chain (4)
- Risiko (4)
- Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (4)
- SNP (4)
- STAR (4)
- Saudi Arabia (4)
- School of Salamanca (4)
- Senescence (4)
- Sensitivity (4)
- Sex (4)
- Sex differences (4)
- Single Supervisory Mechanism (4)
- Small molecules (4)
- Sociology (4)
- Solanum lycopersicum (4)
- Solution NMR spectroscopy (4)
- Solution NMR-spectroscopy (4)
- Southern Ocean (4)
- Sports and exercise medicine (4)
- Status epilepticus (4)
- Stem cell (4)
- Strength training (4)
- Stress (4)
- Structural biology (4)
- Surveillance (4)
- Sustainable Investments (4)
- Sweden (4)
- Synechococcus (4)
- Syrien (4)
- TARGET (4)
- TATD (4)
- TEPT (4)
- Tax (4)
- Thermophile (4)
- Thrombosis (4)
- Tissue engineering (4)
- Tools and resources (4)
- Translation (4)
- Transport (4)
- Turkey (4)
- Ubiquitin (4)
- Unconventional Monetary Policy (4)
- United States (4)
- Visual cortex (4)
- Volatility (4)
- Westafrika (4)
- Wnt (4)
- Women (4)
- Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (4)
- Word-of-Mouth (4)
- Xenorhabdus (4)
- Zika virus (4)
- acetaminophen (4)
- acetyl-CoA (4)
- acetylcholine (4)
- acute kidney injury (4)
- adequate translations (4)
- adverse events (4)
- aggression (4)
- al-Qaida (4)
- alcohol use disorder (4)
- alirocumab (4)
- alternative splicing (4)
- ambulatory assessment (4)
- anaemia (4)
- anemia (4)
- animal model (4)
- anthropology (4)
- antibodies (4)
- antioxidants (4)
- aptamer (4)
- asymmetric information (4)
- augmentation (4)
- authoritarianism (4)
- autobiographical reasoning (4)
- bailout (4)
- bank lending (4)
- behavior (4)
- bereavement (4)
- bibliometrics (4)
- bibliometry (4)
- bioacoustics (4)
- biofilm (4)
- brachytherapy (4)
- business cycles (4)
- cancer stem cells (4)
- capital markets (4)
- caspase-2 (4)
- cell cycle (4)
- cerebrospinal fluid (4)
- cervical cancer (4)
- chemoradiotherapy (4)
- chemoresistance (4)
- classical Hodgkin lymphoma (4)
- clinical study (4)
- cluster analysis (4)
- co-infection (4)
- collagen (4)
- colonialism (4)
- combination therapy (4)
- community ecology (4)
- computer vision (4)
- confidence (4)
- conflict (4)
- connection to nature (4)
- consciousness (4)
- consumer protection (4)
- consumption-portfolio choice (4)
- contextual equivalence (4)
- conversation analysis (4)
- cortisol (4)
- crises (4)
- critical care (4)
- crowdfunding (4)
- crude oil (4)
- cryo-EM (4)
- cystic fibrosis (4)
- cytomegalovirus (4)
- dendrite (4)
- dendritic cells (4)
- dentist (4)
- direct-acting antivirals (4)
- discourse (4)
- doxorubicin (4)
- ecosystem services (4)
- efficiency (4)
- electrolytic cleaning (4)
- elementary school (4)
- emotion regulation (4)
- endothelial cell (4)
- energy supply (4)
- ergonomics (4)
- ethics (4)
- external beam radiotherapy (4)
- facebook (4)
- fusion (4)
- gamma oscillations (4)
- gastric cancer (4)
- general practice (4)
- glucose (4)
- glycolysis (4)
- habit formation (4)
- haemophilia treatment (4)
- health-related quality of life (4)
- heart (4)
- hemorrhage (4)
- hepatitis C (4)
- heterogeneity (4)
- host specificity (4)
- identification (4)
- identity (4)
- idiosyncratic risk (4)
- immigration (4)
- immune evasion (4)
- in vitro (4)
- incentives (4)
- incomplete markets (4)
- inflammasome (4)
- inflammatory bowel disease (4)
- inhomogeneous phases (4)
- institutional investors (4)
- insulin resistance (4)
- intervention (4)
- investment (4)
- jihad (4)
- kidney (4)
- land use (4)
- leukocytes (4)
- leveraged buyouts (4)
- levetiracetam (4)
- lipid metabolism (4)
- lipidomics (4)
- lipoxygenase (4)
- literature (4)
- longevity (4)
- lung function (4)
- magnetoencephalography (4)
- matching (4)
- mean-field (4)
- membrane transport (4)
- mesenchymal stromal cells (4)
- metabolic syndrome (4)
- metastatic prostate cancer (4)
- methodology (4)
- microbial rhodopsin (4)
- mild cognitive impairment (4)
- mindfulness (4)
- missing data (4)
- mitosis (4)
- mobility (4)
- mobilization (4)
- motility (4)
- motor cortex (4)
- mouse model (4)
- multidrug resistance (4)
- musculoskeletal disorders (4)
- neural oscillations (4)
- neuroimaging (4)
- neuromodulation (4)
- next-generation sequencing (4)
- nociception (4)
- non-bank financial intermediation (4)
- nuclear receptor (4)
- observational study (4)
- open access (4)
- open science (4)
- oscillations (4)
- oxidative phosphorylation (4)
- oxygen supply (4)
- p21 (4)
- p63 (4)
- patient safety (4)
- paywalls (4)
- pediatric (4)
- periimplantitis (4)
- peripheral artery disease (4)
- persistence (4)
- personality (4)
- pharmacokinetics (4)
- phase diagram (4)
- photolabile protecting groups (4)
- phylogenomics (4)
- plasmid (4)
- polarization (4)
- polypharmacology (4)
- polyploidy (4)
- population genetics (4)
- portfolio allocation (4)
- positive psychological interventions (4)
- posttraumatic stress disorder (4)
- poverty (4)
- prediction (4)
- price stability (4)
- primary cilium (4)
- primary immunodeficiency (4)
- primary visual cortex (4)
- problem wounds (4)
- productivity (4)
- prostaglandin (4)
- protein structure (4)
- proteome (4)
- psoriatic arthritis (4)
- psychometric properties (4)
- public policy (4)
- public sphere (4)
- pulmonary hypertension (4)
- quantitative easing (4)
- quark-gluon plasma (4)
- reduction of pain (4)
- registry (4)
- replication (4)
- resting state (4)
- resveratrol (4)
- review (4)
- rheumatoid arthritis (4)
- rhodesain (4)
- rhodopsin (4)
- ribosome (4)
- risk premium (4)
- rna (4)
- savanna (4)
- saving (4)
- self-organization (4)
- sex (4)
- sex differences (4)
- simulation training (4)
- skeletal muscle (4)
- skin (4)
- smoking (4)
- social identity (4)
- social investment (4)
- social norms (4)
- social support (4)
- species distribution model (4)
- spectroscopy (4)
- spirochetes (4)
- stability analysis (4)
- status epilepticus (4)
- stockholding (4)
- strategy (4)
- strength training (4)
- stress response (4)
- structural equation modeling (4)
- structural reforms (4)
- subtomogram averaging (4)
- syria (4)
- systematics (4)
- systems biology (4)
- temozolomide (4)
- temporal lobe epilepsy (4)
- theory (4)
- thermotolerance (4)
- thrombolysis (4)
- thymus (4)
- tissue blood flow (4)
- tissue oxygen partial pressure (4)
- tissue temperature (4)
- tooth loss (4)
- training (4)
- transdisciplinarity (4)
- transfer (4)
- transfer entropy (4)
- transfusion (4)
- transnationalism (4)
- transplantation (4)
- transport (4)
- traumatic brain injury (4)
- treatment centres (4)
- tumor growth (4)
- tumor progression (4)
- tyrosine kinase inhibitors (4)
- venture capital (4)
- violence (4)
- virtual reality (4)
- von Willebrand factor (4)
- walking (4)
- wound infections (4)
- yeast (4)
- 创伤后应激障碍 (4)
- (surface) partial differential equations (3)
- 3D rapid prototyping (3)
- 5′-UTR (3)
- ABC transporters (3)
- AIDS (3)
- AMPK (3)
- Acetogen (3)
- Action potentials (3)
- Acute kidney injury (3)
- Adaptive Erwartung (3)
- Addiction (3)
- Adherence (3)
- Adults (3)
- Adverse events (3)
- Aedes aegypti (3)
- Aedes albopictus (3)
- Aesthetics (3)
- Afghanistan (3)
- Afrique de l'Ouest (3)
- Age (3)
- Allergy (3)
- Alzheimer (3)
- Alzheimer's disease (3)
- Annuity (3)
- Anthropology (3)
- Antibiotics (3)
- Antigen Processing (3)
- Antiretroviral therapy (3)
- Anura (3)
- Aortic valve replacement (3)
- Arbeitsloser (3)
- Arbeitslosigkeit (3)
- Armut (3)
- Asian bush mosquito (3)
- Ataxia-telangiectasia (3)
- Atomic force microscopy (3)
- Audition (3)
- Auditory system (3)
- Australia (3)
- Austria (3)
- Authoritarianism (3)
- Außenwirtschaftliches Gleichgewicht (3)
- Axons (3)
- BAG3 (3)
- BCR/ABL (3)
- BMC (3)
- Basidiomycota (3)
- Bayesian Estimation (3)
- Bayesian learning (3)
- Beam Energy Scan (3)
- Benin (3)
- Benthos (3)
- Bias (3)
- Bibliometrics (3)
- Biocatalysis (3)
- Biochemie (3)
- Biohydrogen (3)
- Bioinformatics (3)
- Blood-brain barrier (3)
- Board of Directors (3)
- Bone defect (3)
- Bone regeneration (3)
- Bone tissue engineering (3)
- Brownian motion (3)
- Business Cycles (3)
- Börsenkurs (3)
- C1 inhibitor (3)
- CAD/CAM (3)
- CAR (3)
- CD19 (3)
- CD36 (3)
- CDK4/6 (3)
- CDS (3)
- COMP (3)
- COVID 19 (3)
- CRM (3)
- CRP (3)
- CTGF (3)
- CXCL12 (3)
- Canada (3)
- Cancer chemotherapy (3)
- Cancer detection and diagnosis (3)
- Cancer genetics (3)
- Cancer models (3)
- Candida (3)
- Cannabis (3)
- Capital-Asset-Pricing-Modell (3)
- Cardiac surgery (3)
- Carlos Runcie Tanaka (3)
- Carotenoids (3)
- Case report (3)
- Catheter ablation (3)
- Cell Biology (3)
- Cell culture (3)
- Cell differentiation (3)
- Cell membranes (3)
- Cellular neuroscience (3)
- Central Clearing (3)
- Cerebral cortex (3)
- Cerebrospinal fluid (3)
- Chaperone (3)
- Chemical biology (3)
- Chemical communication (3)
- Chemistry (3)
- Chemoradiotherapy (3)
- Child (3)
- Chiral Magnetic Effect (3)
- Christianity (3)
- Chromatin (3)
- Chromatin accessibility (3)
- Chronic depression (3)
- Chronic hepatitis C (3)
- Citation analysis (3)
- Clausius–Clapeyron scaling (3)
- Climate (3)
- Clinical Trials and Observations (3)
- Clinical decision support systems (3)
- Clustering (3)
- Collagen (3)
- Compact stars (3)
- Comparative genomics (3)
- Complex II (3)
- Complex networks (3)
- Computational biology and bioinformatics (3)
- Computational biophysics (3)
- Computational chemistry (3)
- Computational neuroscience (3)
- Computer software (3)
- Computer-assisted diagnosis (3)
- Connective tissue (3)
- Connectivity (3)
- Consolidation (3)
- Consumers (3)
- Coordination (3)
- Coping (3)
- Coronary heart disease (3)
- Cortisol (3)
- Covid19-NMR (3)
- Credit Spread (3)
- Critique (3)
- Cross section (3)
- Cryo-electron microscopy (3)
- Cryptocurrencies (3)
- Crystal Structure (3)
- Cyber Security (3)
- Cyber War (3)
- Cyberwar (3)
- D-wave (3)
- DAA (3)
- DFT (3)
- DNA barcoding (3)
- DNA damage response (3)
- DNA mismatch repair (3)
- DNase1-seq (3)
- DTI (3)
- Decision (3)
- Decision trees (3)
- Deep brain stimulation (3)
- Degradation (3)
- Dental implant (3)
- Dental students (3)
- Diabetes (3)
- Dicer (3)
- Digitalization (3)
- Discourse (3)
- Discretion (3)
- Disintegration (3)
- Distress (3)
- Distribution (3)
- Dose response (3)
- Downy mildew (3)
- Drosophila melanogaster (3)
- Drug hepatotoxicity (3)
- Drug resistance (3)
- Dynamisches Gleichgewicht (3)
- ECMO (3)
- EEG microstates (3)
- EEG-fMRI (3)
- ERP (3)
- ESM (3)
- ETFs (3)
- Eastern Europe (3)
- Eccentric fixation (3)
- Ecological speciation (3)
- Economic and Monetary Union (3)
- Ecosystem services (3)
- Edema (3)
- Ejection fraction (3)
- Elastic scattering (3)
- Electron microscopy (3)
- Eligibility premium (3)
- Elliptic flow (3)
- Endoplasmic reticulum (3)
- Energiebereitstellung (3)
- Energy system design (3)
- Entomology (3)
- Environment (3)
- EphB4 (3)
- Episodic memory (3)
- Equality (3)
- Equator Principles (3)
- Erwartungsbildung (3)
- Escola de Frankfurt (3)
- European Banking Authority (EBA) (3)
- European Monetary Union (3)
- European integration (3)
- Eurozone (3)
- Event Study (3)
- Evolutionary biology (3)
- Exosomes (3)
- Expectations (3)
- Experiment (3)
- Experimental nuclear physics (3)
- Experimental particle physics (3)
- Extra dimensions (3)
- FFLU (3)
- FGFR (3)
- FOS: Physical sciences (3)
- FTY720 (3)
- Fair value accounting (3)
- Fasting (3)
- Fibronectin (3)
- FinTechs (3)
- Financial Distress (3)
- Financial Knowledge (3)
- Financial crisis (3)
- Fingolimod (3)
- Finite Volumes (3)
- Fire Sales (3)
- Fistula (3)
- Flow (3)
- Foucault (3)
- Fourier analysis (3)
- Frankreich (3)
- Freshwater (3)
- Functional clustering (3)
- Funktionale Programmierung (3)
- Funktionelle NMR-Tomographie (3)
- G protein-coupled receptors (3)
- G-CSF (3)
- Gait analysis (3)
- Gene Regulation (3)
- Gene fusion (3)
- General relativity (3)
- Genome-wide association studies (3)
- German people (3)
- Gewebedurchblutung (3)
- Gewebetemperatur (3)
- Global South (3)
- Global health (3)
- Global warming (3)
- Glucose (3)
- Going Public (3)
- Granger Causality (3)
- Graph theory (3)
- Great Recession (3)
- Green bonds (3)
- Greenbook (3)
- Greenium (3)
- Groundwater (3)
- Growth (3)
- Großhirnrinde (3)
- Guided waves (3)
- HAE (3)
- HBT (3)
- HER2 (3)
- HER2/neu (3)
- HPV (3)
- HSCT (3)
- Habermas (3)
- Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (3)
- Head and neck cancer (3)
- Health shocks (3)
- Healthcare costs (3)
- Healthy adults (3)
- Heavy Quark Production (3)
- Hebbian learning (3)
- Hepatitis C (3)
- Heranwachsender (3)
- Heterogeneous Agents (3)
- High-pressure (3)
- Higher education (3)
- History (3)
- HoLEP (3)
- Horkheimer (3)
- Hospitals (3)
- Household income (3)
- Human genetics (3)
- Hungary (3)
- Hybridization (3)
- Hydrodynamic models (3)
- Hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (3)
- Hydrogenase (3)
- I-wave (3)
- IAPs (3)
- IBD (3)
- ICU (3)
- IFRS 9 (3)
- IL-1β (3)
- ISA (3)
- Identität (3)
- Immigration (3)
- Immobilienfonds (3)
- Immune cells (3)
- Immunity (3)
- Induction chemotherapy (3)
- Inflammatory bowel disease (3)
- Inflammatory diseases (3)
- Influenza (3)
- Initial state radiation (3)
- Injury (3)
- Inside Debt (3)
- Intelligence (3)
- Interaction (3)
- Interconnectedness (3)
- Interleukin (3)
- Interleukin-22 (3)
- Internal Controls (3)
- International Law (3)
- Interview (3)
- Invertebrates (3)
- Investments (3)
- Ion transport (3)
- Iraq (3)
- Ireland (3)
- Ixodes ricinus (3)
- Jets and Jet Substructure (3)
- Jumps (3)
- Kidney transplantation (3)
- Kirche (3)
- Klimawandel (3)
- Konjunktur (3)
- Kreditmarkt (3)
- Kreditwesen (3)
- LILBID-MS (3)
- LTP (3)
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis (3)
- Lehm (3)
- Lesions (3)
- Leukemia (3)
- Leukotriene (3)
- LibGen (3)
- Light-sheet microscopy (3)
- Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition (3)
- Liquidity Provision (3)
- Liquidity Risk (3)
- Liver Transplantation (3)
- LncRNA (3)
- Long-term care (3)
- Loss Sharing (3)
- Low back pain (3)
- Lumbar spine (3)
- Lyme disease (3)
- MCAK (3)
- MET (3)
- MET receptor (3)
- MHC (3)
- MICOS (3)
- Macrophage polarization (3)
- Magnetic compass (3)
- Magnetic field (3)
- Major depressive disorder (3)
- Mali (3)
- Marine Diatoms (3)
- Marine biology (3)
- Markteffizienz (3)
- Masquelet technique (3)
- Mathematik (3)
- Maxent (3)
- Membrane Transport (3)
- Membrane protein (3)
- Mental imagery (3)
- Metabolic diseases (3)
- Metabolic syndrome (3)
- Metalloenzymes (3)
- Microplastic (3)
- Microscopy (3)
- Microwave ablation (3)
- Mindfulness (3)
- Mitosis (3)
- Mixed methods (3)
- Mobility (3)
- Model (3)
- Model Uncertainty (3)
- Modification (3)
- Monetary policy transmission (3)
- Monte Carlo simulations (3)
- Moran model (3)
- Motivation (3)
- Motor control (3)
- Multianalyte detection (3)
- Musculoskeletal disorder (3)
- Music (3)
- Music perception (3)
- Myalgia (3)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3)
- NATO (3)
- NIRS (3)
- NSCLC (3)
- Named entity recognition (3)
- Nature (3)
- Neuer Markt <Börse> (3)
- Neuroinflammation (3)
- Neuronal dendrites (3)
- Neuronal plasticity (3)
- Neurotoxicity (3)
- Neurotransmitter (3)
- Neutron star (3)
- Neutron stars (3)
- New Economy (3)
- Nivolumab (3)
- Nok Culture (3)
- Non-structural protein (3)
- Nonperturbative methods (3)
- Normal distribution (3)
- Nox (3)
- OMT (3)
- OXA-48 (3)
- Oaks (3)
- Observational study (3)
- Occlusion treatment (3)
- Offene Volkswirtschaft (3)
- Oomycetes (3)
- Optimal policy (3)
- Optionspreistheorie (3)
- Oxidative phosphorylation (3)
- PARK2 (3)
- PD1/PDL1 (3)
- PDGFRβ (3)
- PISA (3)
- PROTAC (3)
- Pain management (3)
- Parkinson disease (3)
- Participation (3)
- Particle decays (3)
- Particulate matter (3)
- Pediatric patients (3)
- Pegida (3)
- Penile carcinomas (3)
- Peri-implantitis (3)
- Personality traits (3)
- Petrology (3)
- Phase Diagram of QCD (3)
- Philosophy (3)
- Photooxidation (3)
- Photosystem II (3)
- Phylogenetics (3)
- Phylogeography (3)
- Pierre Bourdieu (3)
- Pigmentation (3)
- Plants (3)
- Plastics (3)
- Platelets (3)
- Policy Center (3)
- Polymers (3)
- Portal veins (3)
- Portfolio allocation (3)
- Positive selection (3)
- Poverty (3)
- Power (3)
- Pre-analytics (3)
- Precautionary Saving (3)
- Predictive coding (3)
- Preterm birth (3)
- Price Efficiency (3)
- Primary health care (3)
- Private Equity (3)
- Probability density (3)
- Problemwunden (3)
- Produktivität (3)
- Prognostic markers (3)
- Programming (3)
- Progranulin (3)
- Progressive Taxation (3)
- Prolonged grief disorder (3)
- Protease inhibitor therapy (3)
- Proteostasis (3)
- Proton (3)
- Publizitätspflicht (3)
- Pulmonary hypertension (3)
- Quantum field theory (3)
- Quantum gravity (3)
- Quark-Gluon-Plasma (3)
- Questionnaire (3)
- Quinones (3)
- R (3)
- RITA (3)
- RNA processing (3)
- RNA structures (3)
- RNA therapeutics (3)
- RNA therapy (3)
- RNA-binding protein (3)
- Radiative capture (3)
- Random Graph (3)
- Real Effects (3)
- Recognition (3)
- Recursive Preferences (3)
- Registries (3)
- Regulierung (3)
- Rehabilitation (3)
- Relaxometry (3)
- Reliability (3)
- Renal cell carcinoma (3)
- Replication (3)
- Research Article (3)
- Retail investors (3)
- Return Predictability (3)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (3)
- Risikokapital (3)
- Risk (3)
- Running (3)
- S1P (3)
- SF-36 (3)
- SRM (3)
- SUMO (3)
- Saccharomyces (3)
- Sarcoma (3)
- Sauerstoffpartialdruck im Gewebe (3)
- Sauerstoffversorgung (3)
- Savanne (3)
- Schiff bases (3)
- Schmerzminderung (3)
- Schweden (3)
- Sci-Hub (3)
- Scrum (3)
- Secondary metabolites (3)
- Secretion (3)
- Security (3)
- Sehrinde (3)
- Self-control (3)
- Sequence analysis (3)
- Shear viscosity (3)
- Simulated patients (3)
- Single-molecule biophysics (3)
- Sleep (3)
- Social Media (3)
- Social Security (3)
- Social anxiety disorder (3)
- Social media (3)
- Solvency (3)
- Southeast Asia (3)
- Sovereign Debt (3)
- Sovereign debt (3)
- Spectroscopic factors (3)
- Speculation (3)
- Speech signal processing (3)
- Sphingolipids (3)
- Spine (3)
- Sport (3)
- Sports (3)
- Squamous cell carcinoma (3)
- Standardization (3)
- Start-ups (3)
- Statistical data (3)
- Stereotactic body radiation therapy (3)
- Strangeness (3)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (3)
- Stress Test (3)
- Studien (3)
- Sudden cardiac death (3)
- Superconducting properties and materials (3)
- Surgeons (3)
- Symbiosis (3)
- Systematic Risk (3)
- Systematic reviews (3)
- TGF-β (3)
- TGFβ (3)
- TKI (3)
- Tacrolimus (3)
- Target identification (3)
- Target validation (3)
- Teeth (3)
- Telemedicine (3)
- Temozolomide (3)
- Tensiomyography (3)
- Terrorism (3)
- Testosterone (3)
- Textual Analysis (3)
- Theft (3)
- Therapy (3)
- Thermoanaerobacter kivui (3)
- Thermophiles (3)
- Thermoregulation (3)
- Thermus thermophilus (3)
- Thoracic trauma (3)
- Tomography (3)
- Tontines (3)
- Torque (3)
- Tracking (3)
- Tradition (3)
- Transarterial chemoembolization (3)
- Transcriptome (3)
- Transcriptome analysis (3)
- Transformation (3)
- Transition risk (3)
- Transport affordability (3)
- Transport-related social exclusion (3)
- Transportation (3)
- Treatment outcome (3)
- Trichoptera (3)
- Trump (3)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (3)
- Type 2 diabetes (3)
- U-Pb dating (3)
- UAV (3)
- UK (3)
- USP28 (3)
- Umfrage (3)
- Undergraduate medical education (3)
- Unemployment (3)
- Uniform Sampling (3)
- Upper body posture (3)
- Values (3)
- Variant histology (3)
- Venture capital (3)
- Verification (3)
- Versicherungen (3)
- Vesicles (3)
- Viral infection (3)
- Vitamin D (3)
- Vocational education (3)
- Vulnerability (3)
- Wealth (3)
- Welfare (3)
- Wirecard (3)
- Wirtschaftswachstum (3)
- Wood–Ljungdahl pathway (3)
- Wound healing (3)
- Wundheilung (3)
- Wundinfektionen (3)
- X-ray powder diffraction (3)
- Yarrowia lipolytica (3)
- Yeast (3)
- Zahlungsbilanzausgleich (3)
- Zahlungsbilanzungleichgewicht (3)
- Zero Lower Bound (3)
- Zoonosis (3)
- abundance (3)
- accountability (3)
- acculturation (3)
- actin (3)
- active perception (3)
- active shareholders (3)
- acute coronary syndromes (3)
- acute decompensation (3)
- acute wounds (3)
- additives (3)
- adenosine (3)
- adjuvant chemotherapy (3)
- adolescence (3)
- advertising (3)
- aesthetic liking (3)
- aesthetics (3)
- aged (3)
- agency (3)
- aggregate risk (3)
- agriculture (3)
- albumin (3)
- alcohol (3)
- algorithms (3)
- allogeneic stem cell transplantation (3)
- allostery (3)
- alveolar ridge augmentation (3)
- amino acids (3)
- amplicon sequencing (3)
- amyloid precursor protein (3)
- anal cancer (3)
- ancestral selection graph (3)
- animacy (3)
- animal (3)
- animal models (3)
- anti-angiogenic therapy (3)
- antigen presentation (3)
- antiviral (3)
- aroma (3)
- arousal (3)
- art (3)
- arteriogenesis (3)
- ascites (3)
- asset purchases (3)
- astrocytes (3)
- asymmetry (3)
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (3)
- attitudes (3)
- autism spectrum disorder (3)
- automation (3)
- banking separation proposals (3)
- banking supervision (3)
- banknotes (3)
- beliefs (3)
- benzoxazines (3)
- bid-ask spread (3)
- bioequivalence (3)
- biosynthesis (3)
- birds (3)
- bleeding (3)
- blockchain (3)
- blood (3)
- blood transfusion (3)
- body mass index (3)
- bone (3)
- bone regeneration (3)
- bortezomib (3)
- brain cancer (3)
- brain metastasis (3)
- brain networks (3)
- brain stimulation (3)
- brainstem (3)
- bubbles (3)
- bulk viscosity (3)
- burden of illness (3)
- burnout (3)
- business cycle (3)
- cAMP (3)
- calcitriol (3)
- callous-unemotional traits (3)
- calretinin (3)
- cancer immunotherapy (3)
- capture (3)
- carbapenemases (3)
- cardiac (3)
- cardiolipin (3)
- care (3)
- caregivers (3)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (3)
- cartilage (3)
- case study (3)
- caspase-8 (3)
- catheter ablation (3)
- cell proliferation (3)
- channelrhodopsin (3)
- chemokines (3)
- chemotaxis (3)
- childcare (3)
- children and adolescents (3)
- chronic myeloid leukemia (3)
- chronic venous stasis ulcers of the lower legs (3)
- circadian rhythm (3)
- cisplatin (3)
- citation (3)
- click chemistry (3)
- clinical research (3)
- clinical trials (3)
- clock genes (3)
- clumped isotopes (3)
- co-crystalline adducts (3)
- coercion (3)
- collateral (3)
- common ownership (3)
- community composition (3)
- comorbidities (3)
- comorbidity (3)
- comparability (3)
- comparative analysis (3)
- compartmental neuron model (3)
- compatible solutes (3)
- complex I (3)
- complex systems (3)
- complexome profiling (3)
- computational chemistry (3)
- computational model (3)
- computational virology (3)
- constitutionalism (3)
- continuous performance test (3)
- contraction method (3)
- convective storms (3)
- convergence (3)
- coordination (3)
- coping (3)
- corporate finance (3)
- corporate social responsibility (3)
- corpus callosum (3)
- correlated electrons (3)
- correlations (3)
- cortex (3)
- cosmological constant (3)
- costs (3)
- credit constraints (3)
- credit supply (3)
- cristae (3)
- crowding out (3)
- cyberpeace (3)
- cybersecurity (3)
- cycling (3)
- cytokine-induced killer cells (3)
- dark energy (3)
- data (3)
- data assimilation (3)
- data structures (3)
- data-science (3)
- database (3)
- decision-making (3)
- decolonization (3)
- decomposition (3)
- degradation (3)
- delirium (3)
- dementia (3)
- density forecasts (3)
- dental education (3)
- dental profession (3)
- desiccation (3)
- detector (3)
- dexamethasone (3)
- diabetic nephropathy (3)
- diagnostic algorithm (3)
- diet (3)
- discretion (3)
- disintegration (3)
- disorder (3)
- dispersal (3)
- dissolution (3)
- distress (3)
- distributive justice (3)
- domination (3)
- dorsal root ganglia (3)
- drug design (3)
- drug induced liver injury (3)
- drug release (3)
- dual task (3)
- e+-e− Experiments (3)
- echocardiography (3)
- economic competence (3)
- economics (3)
- educational freedom (3)
- efficient coding (3)
- elections (3)
- electroencephalography (3)
- electron beam induced deposition (3)
- electronic band structure (3)
- elevational gradient (3)
- elliptic flow (3)
- embodiment (3)
- emotions (3)
- endemism (3)
- endocannabinoids (3)
- endothelium (3)
- energy (3)
- entry (3)
- environmental education (3)
- ephrinB2 (3)
- epidermal growth factor (3)
- epidermal growth factor receptor (3)
- epileptogenesis (3)
- equity (3)
- equity premium (3)
- ethnomethodology (3)
- euro (3)
- event-related potentials (3)
- extreme value theory (3)
- eye tracking (3)
- eye-tracking (3)
- fNIRS (3)
- faculty development (3)
- fairness (3)
- fascia (3)
- feminism (3)
- fenfluramine (3)
- fermentation (3)
- financial distress (3)
- financial frictions (3)
- financial innovation (3)
- financial services (3)
- financing policy (3)
- fintech (3)
- fiscal reaction function (3)
- fitness (3)
- fixed-links modeling (3)
- fluorine (3)
- focal adhesion (3)
- follow-up (3)
- framing (3)
- freedom (3)
- frontal cortex (3)
- functional outcome (3)
- fungal pathogens (3)
- game theory (3)
- gasoline price (3)
- gender differences (3)
- gene flow (3)
- gene regulation (3)
- general equilibrium (3)
- genetic diversity (3)
- genetics (3)
- giraffe (3)
- gravitational waves (3)
- growth inhibition (3)
- guidelines (3)
- haemophilia care (3)
- head and neck cancer (3)
- healthcare worker (3)
- heart rate (3)
- heavy ion collisions (3)
- heavy ions (3)
- hematopoiesis (3)
- hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (3)
- hemodialysis (3)
- hepatitis B (3)
- hepatitis C virus (HCV) (3)
- herb induced liver injury (3)
- heritage speakers (3)
- hermeneutics (3)
- heterogeneous agents (3)
- high pressure (3)
- high temperature (3)
- histone acetylation (3)
- histone modifications (3)
- history (3)
- homeostatic plasticity (3)
- homeschooling (3)
- household debt (3)
- housing (3)
- hybrid (3)
- hydrogen bond (3)
- hydrogen storage (3)
- hyperactivity (3)
- hyperons (3)
- iCLIP (3)
- immune cells (3)
- immune checkpoint inhibitors (3)
- immune escape (3)
- immune reconstitution (3)
- improvement (3)
- individual differences (3)
- inertial motion capture (3)
- infection defense (3)
- infectious diseases (3)
- injury (3)
- innovation (3)
- institutions (3)
- interest rate risk (3)
- interest rates (3)
- interference (3)
- intergenerational justice (3)
- intergenerational persistence (3)
- interleukin-22 (3)
- invasive fungal disease (3)
- invasive fungal infection (3)
- investment decisions (3)
- iraq (3)
- iron metabolism (3)
- irradiation (3)
- jurisprudence (3)
- kidney transplantation (3)
- kinematics (3)
- kinetics (3)
- knowledge (3)
- labor supply (3)
- laboratory experiments (3)
- land degradation (3)
- language production (3)
- lattice QCD (3)
- legitimacy (3)
- leptin (3)
- letrec (3)
- leukotriene (3)
- limited attention (3)
- limits to arbitrage (3)
- lipids (3)
- liposomes (3)
- liver injury (3)
- lockdown (3)
- long-run risk (3)
- long-term potentiation (3)
- long-term prophylaxis (3)
- longevity risk (3)
- loss (3)
- loss function (3)
- lyme disease (3)
- lymphoma (3)
- macroeconomic models (3)
- maladaptation (3)
- mammals (3)
- management (3)
- managerial incentives (3)
- massively parallel multigrid solvers (3)
- mathematics (3)
- mathematics education (3)
- measurement (3)
- membrane protein complex (3)
- membrane structure (3)
- meta-analysis (3)
- metformin (3)
- miR-181 (3)
- miRNAs (3)
- microdialysis (3)
- microtubule-targeting agents (3)
- microwave ablation (3)
- minerals (3)
- mitochondrial disease (3)
- mitochondrial dysfunction (3)
- mitochondrial respiration (3)
- moat regime (3)
- modeling and simulation (3)
- modernity (3)
- molecular docking (3)
- molecular phylogenetics (3)
- monetary transmission (3)
- monetary transmission mechanism (3)
- money creation (3)
- money market funds (3)
- mood (3)
- moral hazard (3)
- morphogenesis (3)
- morphometry (3)
- mortgages (3)
- movement (3)
- mtDNA (3)
- multi-scale modeling (3)
- multilingualism (3)
- multiple myeloma (3)
- musculoskeletal (3)
- mycophenolic acid (3)
- nanofabrication (3)
- nanoparticles (3)
- natural products (3)
- natural scenes (3)
- necroptosis (3)
- neoadjuvant therapy (3)
- neonate (3)
- neoplasms (3)
- network topology (3)
- neural network (3)
- neural networks (3)
- neurobiology (3)
- neurocritical care (3)
- neuron (3)
- neurophysiology (3)
- neutralization (3)
- neutralizing antibodies (3)
- neutron stars (3)
- new species (3)
- new taxa (3)
- next generation sequencing (3)
- niche (3)
- noise (3)
- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (3)
- non-coding RNA (3)
- non-domination (3)
- nucleosynthesis (3)
- objective functions (3)
- oncology (3)
- osteoporosis (3)
- overweight (3)
- p47phox (3)
- panel VAR (3)
- participatory governance (3)
- pedagogy (3)
- pediatric patients (3)
- pentose phosphate pathway (3)
- perforant path transection (3)
- perfusion (3)
- peri-implantitis (3)
- pharmacogenetics (3)
- phase transitions (3)
- phenolic resins (3)
- photosynthesis (3)
- plant functional traits (3)
- pluralism (3)
- pneumonia (3)
- political economy of bureaucracy (3)
- political psychology (3)
- polyketide synthase (3)
- population genomics (3)
- portfolio optimization (3)
- positive psychological coaching (3)
- positive psychology (3)
- postoperative complications (3)
- postoperative pain (3)
- postural control (3)
- pp collisions (3)
- price discovery (3)
- pricing (3)
- primary health care (3)
- primary prostate cancer (3)
- privacy (3)
- privacy concerns (3)
- processing fluency (3)
- processing speed (3)
- prolonged grief disorder (3)
- proprietary trading (3)
- prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind studies (3)
- protein folding (3)
- protein phosphorylation (3)
- protein synthesis (3)
- proteins (3)
- proteoglycan (3)
- proteostasis (3)
- psychology (3)
- psychosis (3)
- public opinion (3)
- quality assurance (3)
- quantum chromodynamics (3)
- radical prostatecomy (3)
- radicalization (3)
- randomized controlled trial (3)
- reading (3)
- reading comprehension (3)
- realistic geometries (3)
- receptor (3)
- receptor tyrosine kinases (3)
- recovery (3)
- recursive utility (3)
- refugee crisis (3)
- regulatory capture (3)
- relapse (3)
- relativistic heavy-ion collisions (3)
- relaxometry (3)
- remodelling (3)
- renal cell cancer (3)
- reparations (3)
- representative claim (3)
- republicanism (3)
- research (3)
- reservoir computing (3)
- resistance mutation (3)
- resolution (3)
- respiratory complex I (3)
- resting-state (3)
- retirement age (3)
- retirement income (3)
- reward (3)
- right-wing extremism (3)
- risk management (3)
- risk taking (3)
- rituximab (3)
- roots (3)
- runs of homozygosity (3)
- s-process (3)
- salvage therapy (3)
- savane (3)
- school closures (3)
- scientometrics (3)
- security (3)
- seizures (3)
- selection (3)
- selective attention (3)
- self-determination (3)
- self-regulation (3)
- serum (3)
- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (3)
- siRNA (3)
- silicon (3)
- simulations (3)
- single-particle tracking (3)
- small protein (3)
- smut fungi (3)
- social identification (3)
- social justice (3)
- social movements (3)
- social preferences (3)
- social sciences (3)
- sociology (3)
- soft tissue sarcoma (3)
- soil degradation (3)
- soil erosion (3)
- soluble epoxide hydrolase (3)
- solvate (3)
- sovereignty (3)
- sparse coding (3)
- species richness (3)
- speech perception (3)
- sphingolipid (3)
- spike train (3)
- squamous cell carcinoma (3)
- stabilization (3)
- stem cell transplantation (3)
- stochastic differential utility (3)
- stock returns (3)
- strain (3)
- strangeness (3)
- structure elucidation (3)
- structure–activity relationships (3)
- super-resolution microscopy (3)
- supportive periodontal therapy (3)
- surgical procedures (3)
- survey (3)
- survival rate (3)
- sustainable development (3)
- synapse (3)
- synaptic scaling (3)
- synchrony (3)
- systematic biopsy (3)
- systemic antibiotics (3)
- target (3)
- taxes (3)
- terahertz (3)
- tetracycline (3)
- text analysis (3)
- therapeutics (3)
- thermal and non-thermal effects (3)
- thermic and non-thermic effects (3)
- time-resolved spectroscopy (3)
- tobacco prevention (3)
- toll-like receptor (3)
- trade (3)
- trading behavior (3)
- trafficking (3)
- traits (3)
- transcription factors (3)
- transient elastography (3)
- transition (3)
- transmission (3)
- transnational constitutionalism (3)
- transport coefficients (3)
- transport theory (3)
- trust (3)
- tryptophan (3)
- tumor angiogenesis (3)
- two-point function (3)
- type 1 diabetes (3)
- tyrosine kinase inhibitor (3)
- ultra-peripheral collision (3)
- unconventional monetary policy (3)
- universalism (3)
- university students (3)
- vector meson production (3)
- vemurafenib (3)
- verification (3)
- viral dynamics (3)
- virus (3)
- viruses (3)
- vision (3)
- visual search (3)
- vocalization (3)
- vocational training (3)
- volatile organic compounds (3)
- wave-function renormalization (3)
- wealth (3)
- web archiving (3)
- weight reduction (3)
- welfare state reform (3)
- whole-genome sequencing (3)
- word order (3)
- working conditions (3)
- wound exudation (3)
- Ökonomische Bildung (3)
- α-RuCl3 (3)
- (De-)stabilisation (2)
- 140Ce (2)
- 14CO2 Fixation (2)
- 17-AAG (2)
- 1968 (2)
- 2-aminobenzimidazole (2)
- 20β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (2)
- 3D reconstruction and image processing (2)
- 3D spatio-temporal resolved mathematical models (2)
- 6-shogaol (2)
- A. thaliana (2)
- A/D transition (2)
- ABCC1 (2)
- ABCG2 (2)
- AChE (2)
- AEC syndrome (2)
- AF4 (2)
- AI borrower classification (2)
- AI enabled credit scoring (2)
- AJAP1 (2)
- AKI (2)
- AKT (2)
- ALK (2)
- ALL (2)
- AMPA receptors (2)
- API (2)
- APP processing (2)
- ATP synthase (2)
- ATP-citrate lyase (2)
- ATR-FTIR (2)
- Ab initio calculations (2)
- Abort (2)
- Absolute branching fraction (2)
- Absorption (2)
- Abundance (2)
- Academic medicine (2)
- Accelerators & Beams (2)
- Access (2)
- Accidental reaction (2)
- Accounting (2)
- Acculturation (2)
- Aceh (2)
- Acetobacterium woodii (2)
- Acetogenic bacteria (2)
- Acinetobacter (2)
- Acoustic signals (2)
- Acquisitions (2)
- Acridine Orange (2)
- Actin (2)
- Activation (2)
- Active investors (2)
- Activism (2)
- Activities of daily living (2)
- Acuris (2)
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (2)
- Acute decompensation (2)
- Acute leukemia (2)
- Acute lymphocytic leukaemia (2)
- Acute myeloid leukaemia (2)
- Acute-on-chronic liver failure (2)
- AdS-CFT Correspondence (2)
- Addison’s disease (2)
- Adipose tissue (2)
- Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- Adjudication (2)
- Adult neurogenesis (2)
- Adverse Selection Risk (2)
- Affect (2)
- African Sleeping Sickness (2)
- Age estimation (2)
- Agent-based modeling (2)
- Aggregate outcomes (2)
- Aggression (2)
- Agile methods (2)
- Agroecology (2)
- Akaike information criterion (AIC) (2)
- Aktienkurs (2)
- Al-Sisi (2)
- Albania (2)
- Alcohol consumption (2)
- Alcoholic liver disease (2)
- Alcohols (2)
- Algorithmic Discrimination (2)
- Alignment (2)
- Alleles (2)
- Allergen avoidance (2)
- Allergic asthma (2)
- Allergie (2)
- Allosteric inhibition (2)
- Aloe (2)
- Alpha-synuclein (2)
- Alternative investments (2)
- Alternative splicing (2)
- Altruism (2)
- Amino Acid Pools (2)
- Anaemia (2)
- Anaerobes (2)
- Analog Circuits (2)
- Analyst Behaviour (2)
- Analytical chemistry (2)
- Anandamide (2)
- Anatomy (2)
- Anchoring (2)
- Animal flight (2)
- Animal model (2)
- Animal personality (2)
- Annual General Meeting (2)
- Anthropocene (2)
- Anti-IgE (2)
- Antibiotic Resistance (2)
- Antibodies (2)
- Anticoagulant therapy (2)
- Antigens (2)
- Antimicrobial treatment (2)
- Antioxidants (2)
- Antiretrovirals (2)
- Antitrust (2)
- Aortic dissection (2)
- Apheresis (2)
- Apixaban (2)
- Apomixis (2)
- Appraisal rights (2)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (2)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (2)
- Arbitrage (2)
- Archaeobotany (2)
- Architecture (2)
- Arctic Ocean (2)
- Aristotle (2)
- Arms (2)
- Arrhythmia (2)
- Art. 7 EU (2)
- Arzneimitteldesign (2)
- Asian tiger mosquito (2)
- Asphodelaceae (2)
- Asphyxia (2)
- Assessment (2)
- Asset Quality Review (2)
- Asset allocation (2)
- Associative memory (2)
- Asymmetric Information (2)
- Ataxia (2)
- Atmosphere (2)
- Atmospheric science (2)
- Atomic and Molecular Physics (2)
- Atomic, Molecular & Optical (2)
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2)
- Audio signal processing (2)
- Auditing (2)
- Auditory cortex (2)
- Aufsatzsammlung (2)
- Aurora A (2)
- Aurora kinase (2)
- Autoimmunity (2)
- Autologous biomaterial (2)
- Automation (2)
- B-slope (2)
- BA.1 (2)
- BCL2 (2)
- BCL6 (2)
- BCOR (2)
- BCX7353 (2)
- BDNF (2)
- BFR training (2)
- BMNC (2)
- BNT162b2 (2)
- BPH (2)
- BRCA1 (2)
- BRCA2 (2)
- Babesia divergens (2)
- Babesia microti (2)
- Bacterial biofilms (2)
- Bacterial meningitis (2)
- Bacterial physiology (2)
- Bailout (2)
- Baird's rule (2)
- Balance (2)
- Bali (2)
- Baltic age spectra (2)
- Bank Capitalization (2)
- Bank regulation (2)
- Bankenunion (2)
- Banking Stability (2)
- Banking crisis (2)
- Banking stability (2)
- Bartonella henselae (2)
- Basel regulation (2)
- Basidiomycetes (2)
- Bayesian (2)
- Bayesian Analysis (2)
- Bayesian VAR (2)
- Bayesian network (2)
- Beauty production (2)
- Behaviour (2)
- Behavioural ecology (2)
- Beliefs (2)
- Benefit (2)
- Beschleuniger (2)
- Bethe–Salpeter equation (2)
- Bevacizumab (2)
- Bewässerung (2)
- Bhabha (2)
- Bibliothek (2)
- Biceps brachii (2)
- Biglycan (2)
- Bile duct stone (2)
- BioCreative V.5 (2)
- BioNLP (2)
- Bioaccumulation (2)
- Bioacoustics (2)
- Bioequivalence (2)
- Biofilm (2)
- Biofuel (2)
- Biomedical engineering (2)
- Biomedical informatics (2)
- Biomonitoring (2)
- Biophysical models (2)
- Biorecognition strategies (2)
- Biosynthetic mesh (2)
- Biowaiver (2)
- Bird flight (2)
- Birth weight (2)
- Black hole (2)
- Blasphemy Law (2)
- Bleaching Herbicides (2)
- Bleeding (2)
- Blood groups (2)
- Blood loss (2)
- Blood loss estimation (2)
- Blood plasma (2)
- Bloodstream infections (2)
- Blow flies (2)
- Body mass index (2)
- Body modification (2)
- Boltzmann equation (2)
- Bond Markets (2)
- Bone marrow aspiration (2)
- Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- Borderline personality disorder (2)
- Borrelia burgdorferi (2)
- Brain structure (2)
- Brain tumor (2)
- Brasilien (2)
- Brazilian Legal System (2)
- Breast neoplasms (2)
- Breast tumors (2)
- Brent (2)
- Brownian dynamics simulation (2)
- Brussels (2)
- Built environment (2)
- Bulgaria (2)
- Bungarus niger (2)
- Burden of disease (2)
- Business Sentiment (2)
- Business lending (2)
- Bénin (2)
- Börse (2)
- Börsenzulassung (2)
- CAM (2)
- CBA (2)
- CBDC (2)
- CBM Experiment (2)
- CC16 (2)
- CCL2 (2)
- CD14 (2)
- CD16 (2)
- CD4 binding site (2)
- CD44 (2)
- CDK9 (2)
- CDKN1A (2)
- CES-Funktion (2)
- CIE-11 (2)
- CIOMS (2)
- CLN3 (2)
- CLP (2)
- CMR (2)
- CNN (2)
- CNS cancer (2)
- COI (2)
- COII (2)
- COVID-19 news (2)
- COVID-19 surveillance (2)
- CPE (2)
- CRISPR/Cas (2)
- CSM (2)
- CSR (2)
- CTLA-4 (2)
- CUELA (2)
- CV9202 (2)
- CXCL13 (2)
- CXCR3 (2)
- Caco-2 cells (2)
- Calcite (2)
- Call-Option (2)
- Callous-unemotional traits (2)
- Calpain (2)
- Cancer cell migration (2)
- Cancer epidemiology (2)
- Cancer stem cells (2)
- Cancer therapy (2)
- Cancer-specific mortality (2)
- Canis lupus (2)
- Cannabidiol (2)
- Cannings model (2)
- Canonical suppression (2)
- Capecitabine (2)
- Car Loans (2)
- Car-reduced neighborhood (2)
- Carbohydrates (2)
- Carbon capture (2)
- Carbonates (2)
- Cardiac arrest (2)
- Cardiac hypertrophy (2)
- Cardiac magnetic resonance (2)
- Cardioprotection (2)
- Cardiovascular biology (2)
- Carl Schmitt (2)
- Carnivores (2)
- CasaPound (2)
- Case management (2)
- Case-based learning (2)
- Cash (2)
- Cashflow (2)
- Casimir effect (2)
- Catherine Lu (2)
- Causality assessment (2)
- Celiac disease (2)
- Cell Surface Receptor (2)
- Cell adhesion (2)
- Cell binding (2)
- Cell cycle (2)
- Cell death (2)
- Cell death and immune response (2)
- Cell division (2)
- Cell migration (2)
- Cell motility (2)
- Cell salvage (2)
- Cellular Automaton (2)
- Cellular Immune Response (2)
- Central America (2)
- Central Bank (2)
- Central Bank Communication (2)
- Central Banking (2)
- Central Counterparties (2)
- Central Europe (2)
- Cezanne (2)
- Chaperones (2)
- Checkpoint inhibitor (2)
- Chemical modification (2)
- Chemical physics (2)
- Chemical tools (2)
- Chemicals of emerging concern (2)
- Chemiluminescence (2)
- Chemokines (2)
- Chikungunya (2)
- Childhood (2)
- Childhood abuse (2)
- Chiral Symmetry (2)
- Chiral phase transition (2)
- Chiral symmetry (2)
- Chiral symmetry restoration (2)
- Chironomus riparius (2)
- Chlorides (2)
- Chlorophyll (2)
- Chloroplast (2)
- Cholangiography (2)
- Cholangiopancreatography (2)
- Cholesterin (2)
- Chondrocytes (2)
- Choquet expected utility (2)
- Christentum (2)
- Chronic disease (2)
- Chronic hepatitis (2)
- Chronic inflammation (2)
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2)
- Circuit Breaker (2)
- Citizenship (2)
- Civil War (2)
- Classroom management (2)
- Climate sciences (2)
- Climate variability (2)
- Climate-change ecology (2)
- Clinical Global Impression of Change (2)
- Clinical presentation (2)
- Clinical studies (2)
- Clinical study (2)
- Closure (2)
- Co-residence (2)
- Cocaine (2)
- Cochlear implantation (2)
- Coco bonds (2)
- Coenzyme A (2)
- Coevolution (2)
- Cognitive (2)
- Cognitive archeology (2)
- Cognitive control (2)
- Cognitive evolution (2)
- Cognitive linguistics (2)
- Cognitive psychology (2)
- Cognitive science (2)
- Cohort study (2)
- Collagens (2)
- Collateral (2)
- Collateral Policy (2)
- Collectivity (2)
- Colloids (2)
- Colonialism (2)
- Colonoscopy (2)
- Color superconductivity (2)
- Commodities (2)
- Community based intervention (2)
- Community health services (2)
- Comorbidities (2)
- Comparative analysis (2)
- Compensation Structure (2)
- Complexome profiling (2)
- Compliance (2)
- Complication management (2)
- Computational model (2)
- Computational science (2)
- Computed Tomography (2)
- Computer Vision (2)
- Computer hardware (2)
- Conditionality (2)
- Conference (2)
- Conformal Field Theory (2)
- Consciousness (2)
- Conserved charge fluctuations (2)
- Constitution (2)
- Constitutional Economics (2)
- Consumer Welfare (2)
- Consumer financial protection (2)
- Control System (2)
- Convection-permitting climate model (2)
- Coral reefs (2)
- Coronary artery disease (2)
- Corporate Debt Structure (2)
- Corporate bonds (2)
- Corporate governance (2)
- Corporate law (2)
- Correlation (2)
- Cosmology (2)
- Cost-effectiveness (2)
- Covid pandemic (2)
- Cre-recombinase (2)
- Credit (2)
- Crime (2)
- Criminal Law (2)
- Critical theory (2)
- Crohn's disease (2)
- Cross-national (2)
- Crowdfunding (2)
- Crude oil (2)
- Crusades (2)
- Cryo-em (2)
- Cryoelectron tomography (2)
- Cryptochrome 1a (2)
- CspZ (2)
- Cuela (2)
- Cumulative prospect theory (2)
- Current Account (2)
- CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery (2)
- Cybersecurity (2)
- CysLTR1 (2)
- Cystic fibrosis (2)
- Cytochrome Oxidase (2)
- Cytochrome P450 (2)
- Cytogenetics (2)
- Cytoskeletal proteins (2)
- DCC-GARCH (2)
- DDR (2)
- DMARDs (biologic) (2)
- DNA Transformation (2)
- DNA repair (2)
- DNA transporter (2)
- DNA uptake (2)
- DOMS (2)
- DSGE Estimation (2)
- DSM (2)
- DYRK1A (2)
- Damascus (2)
- Daptomycin (2)
- Dark Pools (2)
- Dark Trading (2)
- Data protection (2)
- Data quality (2)
- Data visualization (2)
- Database searching (2)
- Deep Learning (2)
- Degree Sequence (2)
- Delegated portfolio management (2)
- Dementia (2)
- Demographic Change (2)
- Demokratie (2)
- Dendritic structure (2)
- Dengue (2)
- Dengue virus (2)
- Density-equalizing mapping (2)
- Dental implants (2)
- Dentist (2)
- Dentistry (2)
- Dentition (2)
- Depolarization (2)
- Depth (2)
- Desiccation resistance (2)
- Detrital zircons (2)
- Deutsche Bank (2)
- Developmental Biology (2)
- Devonian (2)
- Diagnose (2)
- Diagnostic algorithm (2)
- Diagnostic imaging (2)
- Diagnostic test (2)
- Dicarboxylic acids (2)
- Differential diagnosis (2)
- Differential equations (2)
- Differentiation (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Digestive system procedures (2)
- Digital (2)
- Digital Finance (2)
- Digital Services Act (2)
- Digital libraries (2)
- Dioscorea (2)
- Diptera (2)
- Direct current electrical stimulation (2)
- Directly acting antiviral agent (2)
- Disadvantages (2)
- Disc herniation (2)
- Discovery (2)
- Disease Activity (2)
- Disposition (2)
- Dissemination (2)
- Dissertation (2)
- Distance to water (2)
- Docetaxel (2)
- Domestic animals (2)
- Double-balloon enteroscopy (2)
- Drag-along rights (2)
- Drosophila (2)
- Drug development (2)
- Drugs (2)
- Dschihadismus (2)
- Duality (2)
- Dworkin (2)
- Dynamic Duration Models (2)
- Dynamic MRI (2)
- Dynamic inconsistency (2)
- Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (2)
- Dynamics (2)
- Dyslexia (2)
- Dänemark (2)
- E-Learning (2)
- E-cadherin (2)
- E-democracy (2)
- E2F-1 (2)
- E3 ligase (2)
- EET (2)
- EGC (2)
- ELISA (2)
- EMIR (2)
- EMT (2)
- EMU (2)
- ENCODE-DREAM in vivo Transcription Factor binding site prediction challenge (2)
- EPICS (2)
- EPR spectroscopy (2)
- EQ-5D (2)
- ER (2)
- ERAD (2)
- EROD (2)
- ESBL (2)
- ESG Rating Agencies (2)
- ESR Spectra (2)
- EU economic and financial services legislation (2)
- EU rule of law framework (2)
- EWSR1 (2)
- Ears (2)
- Earthworms (2)
- East Africa (2)
- Ebola virus (2)
- Ech (2)
- Ecological momentary assessment (2)
- Ecological networks (2)
- Economic Governance (2)
- Economic Reforms (2)
- Ecophysiology (2)
- Ecosystem ecology (2)
- Ecosystems (2)
- Ecotoxicogenomics (2)
- Ecotoxicology (2)
- Ectoparasites (2)
- Edoxaban (2)
- Effective Field Theories of QCD (2)
- Efficacy (2)
- Elasticity (2)
- Electrical stimulation (2)
- Electrode potentials (2)
- Electromagnetic probes (2)
- Electron Bifurcation (2)
- Electron Transport (2)
- Electron transport chain (2)
- Electronic structure of atoms and molecules (2)
- Electroweak Interaction (2)
- Elevation (2)
- Emad al-Dīn Zingy (2)
- Embryo toxicity (2)
- Empathy (2)
- Empirical Asset Pricing (2)
- Employment (2)
- Encephalopathy (2)
- EndMT (2)
- Endocannabinoid (2)
- Endocannabinoids (2)
- Endocrine disruption (2)
- Endogenous Growth (2)
- Endogenous growth (2)
- Endometriosis (2)
- Endoscopic retrograde (2)
- Endoscopic ultrasound (2)
- Endosomes (2)
- Endothelial permeability (2)
- Energiepolitik (2)
- Energy (2)
- Energy Conservation (2)
- Energy Efficiency (2)
- Energy Metabolism (2)
- Energy conservation (2)
- Engineering (2)
- England (2)
- Ensemble learning (2)
- Enterobacteriaceae (2)
- Enterscopy (2)
- Entrepreneurial finance (2)
- Entry and exit (2)
- Entscheidungsassistenz (2)
- Entwicklung (2)
- Environment perception (2)
- Environmental (2)
- Environmental impact (2)
- Environmental policy (2)
- Environmental support (2)
- Enzyme Induction (2)
- Enzyme Mechanisms (2)
- Enzyme-linked immunoassays (2)
- Eocene (2)
- Epicutaneous immunotherapy (2)
- Epidemiology and End Results (2)
- Epidermal growth factor receptor (2)
- Epileptic seizures (2)
- Epileptische Anfälle (2)
- Epstein-Barr virus (2)
- Equator Principles Association (2)
- Equity (2)
- Equity Crowdfunding (2)
- Equity Premium (2)
- Ergonomics (2)
- Erzgebirge (2)
- Escuela de Frankfurt (2)
- Esters (2)
- Estudios organizacionales (2)
- Estudos organizacionais (2)
- Ethiopia (2)
- Etiology (2)
- Euro Area (2)
- European Banking Union (2)
- European Commission (2)
- European Court of Human Rights (2)
- European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) (2)
- European Parliament (2)
- European Stability Mechanism (2)
- European Supervisory Architecture (2)
- European beech (2)
- Eurosystem (2)
- Eutheria (2)
- Event-by-event fluctuations (2)
- Evidence-based dentistry (2)
- Evil (2)
- Evolutionary ecology (2)
- Executive Compensation (2)
- Exotic options (2)
- Expectation Formation (2)
- Expected Returns (2)
- Expected credit losses (2)
- Experience (2)
- Exposure (2)
- Extended donor criteria (2)
- Extinction (2)
- Extracellular matrix proteins (2)
- Extremes (2)
- F.4.1 (2)
- F1Fo-ATP-synthase (2)
- FBSDE (2)
- FEV1 (2)
- FFPE (2)
- FHIR (2)
- FOMC (2)
- Factor analysis (2)
- Fair value (2)
- Family practice (2)
- Fascia (2)
- Fatty liver (2)
- Ferroptosis (2)
- Feuer (2)
- Fibroblast growth factor (2)
- Fibroblasts (2)
- Field study (2)
- Financial Advice (2)
- Financial Decisions (2)
- Financial Frictions (2)
- Financial Reporting (2)
- Financial advice (2)
- Financial distress (2)
- Finanzintermediäre (2)
- Finanzmärkte (2)
- Finanzwirtschaft (2)
- Finite Temperature or Finite Density (2)
- Finite elements (2)
- Finite temperature field theory (2)
- Finitely many measurements (2)
- Finland (2)
- Fire (2)
- Fiscal Consolidation (2)
- Fiscal policy (2)
- Flaps (2)
- Flavoproteins (2)
- Flavour Physics (2)
- Flexibility (2)
- Flotation Costs (2)
- Fluorescence (2)
- Fluorescence imaging (2)
- Foam rolling (2)
- Forbearance (2)
- Forecasting (2)
- Forensic medicine (2)
- Forest ecology (2)
- Formate dehydrogenase (2)
- Forschung (2)
- Forward Guidance (2)
- Fractional Laplacian (2)
- Frailty (2)
- Frankfurt am Main (2)
- Frankfurt school (2)
- Franz L. Neumann (2)
- Fraud (2)
- Free energy (2)
- Freshwater ecology (2)
- Friedrich August von Hayek (2)
- Frühgeburt (2)
- Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (2)
- Fukushima (2)
- Functional Renormalization Group (2)
- Functional characterization (2)
- Functional electrical stimulation (2)
- Functional genomics (2)
- Functional renormalization group (2)
- Functional traits (2)
- Fund Flows (2)
- Fusarium (2)
- Fusion (2)
- G-Quadruplex (2)
- G-SIB (2)
- G-SIFIs (2)
- G-protein-coupled receptors (2)
- G2A (2)
- GABA (2)
- GABARAP (2)
- GEMs (2)
- GFAP (2)
- GIS (2)
- GMYC (2)
- GPGPU (2)
- GRACE (2)
- GRIP1 (2)
- GSI (2)
- GWAS (2)
- Gabor lens (2)
- Gadobutrol (2)
- Gammaspektroskopie (2)
- Gastritis (2)
- Gastrointestinal bleeding (2)
- Gauge-gravity correspondence (2)
- Gehirn (2)
- Gender gap (2)
- Gene (2)
- Gene flow (2)
- Gene ontology (2)
- Gene prediction (2)
- General practitioners (2)
- Genetic testing (2)
- Genetic variation (2)
- Genome (2)
- Genome annotation (2)
- Geographic variation (2)
- Geographically weighted regression (GWR) (2)
- Geography (2)
- Geopolitik (2)
- Gerechtigkeit (2)
- Geriatric patients (2)
- German Banking System (2)
- German Neoliberalism (2)
- German banks (2)
- German financial system (2)
- German reunification (2)
- German-Jewish history (2)
- Geschichte 2007-2010 (2)
- Geschlecht (2)
- Gesundheit (2)
- Giorgio Agamben (2)
- Glaucoma (2)
- Gleason score (2)
- Global Governance (2)
- Global Justice (2)
- Glucose metabolism (2)
- Gluons (2)
- Glycolysis (2)
- Gläubiger (2)
- Golden Dawn (2)
- Golgi (2)
- Government Debt (2)
- Grafts (2)
- Granger causality (2)
- Graph Neural Networks (2)
- Gravitational waves (2)
- Greek (2)
- Greek economic crisis (2)
- Green Bonds (2)
- Green chemistry (2)
- Greenwashing (2)
- Growth factors (2)
- Guideline (2)
- Gütefunktion (2)
- H1N1 (2)
- HCMV (2)
- HDACi (2)
- HGF (2)
- HIF (2)
- HIV protease inhibitors (2)
- HL7 FHIR (2)
- HLA class I (2)
- HLT (2)
- HOD (2)
- HPC (2)
- HSV (2)
- HSV-1 (2)
- HUVEC (2)
- Hadron (2)
- Hadron-hadron interactions (2)
- Hadronic cross section (2)
- Hadronization (2)
- Handwerk (2)
- Hannah Arendt (2)
- Hans Kelsen (2)
- Happiness (2)
- Hate (2)
- Hawkes processes (2)
- HeLa cells (2)
- Health care workers (2)
- Health economics (2)
- Health policy (2)
- Health services (2)
- Health services research (2)
- Healthcare resource utilization (2)
- Heart rate (2)
- Heavy Ion Phenomenology (2)
- Heavy baryons (2)
- Heavy flavor (2)
- Heavy-Ion Collision (2)
- Heavy-flavour production (2)
- Heavy-ion (2)
- Heavy-ion Collisions (2)
- Hebron (2)
- Hegel (2)
- Hematologic malignancies (2)
- Heme (2)
- Hemodynamics (2)
- HepG2 (2)
- Hepatitis (2)
- Hepatitis B (2)
- Hepatitis B virus (2)
- Hepatocytes (2)
- Herstellung (2)
- Heterogeneity (2)
- Heterogeneous innovation (2)
- High energy physics (2)
- High oblique sagittal osteotomy (2)
- High-Frequency Traders (HFTs) (2)
- High-density lipoprotein (2)
- Hinduism (2)
- Hirnforschung (2)
- Holmes tremor (2)
- Holy Cross Mountains (2)
- Home ownership (2)
- Homestead exemptions (2)
- Hominins (2)
- Homology (2)
- Honey bees (2)
- Hong Kong (2)
- Hope (2)
- Hospital (2)
- Host-biofilm interactions (2)
- Host-parasite interaction (2)
- Hostile emotions (2)
- House prices (2)
- Household Crisis Barometer (2)
- Hsp70 (2)
- Hubbard model (2)
- Human (2)
- Human Capital (2)
- Human Right (2)
- Human capital (2)
- Human well-being (2)
- Humphrey II (2)
- Hybrid mesons (2)
- Hydrogen production (2)
- Hydrogen storage (2)
- Hypernuclei (2)
- Hyperons (2)
- Hypertext (2)
- IAP (2)
- IAS (2)
- ICD (2)
- ICD-11 (2)
- ICT (2)
- ICT4D (2)
- IDH mutation (2)
- IHC (2)
- IKZF1 (2)
- IL-10 (2)
- IL-33 (2)
- ILO (2)
- INS (2)
- IPS (2)
- IR (2)
- IR-A (2)
- ISGlyation (2)
- ISR (2)
- Iceland (2)
- Identifikation (2)
- Ideology (2)
- Image analysis (2)
- Immune Response (2)
- Immune suppression (2)
- Immune system (2)
- Immunogenicity (2)
- Immunologie (2)
- Immunosuppression (2)
- Immunsystem (2)
- Implementation (2)
- Implicit (2)
- In vivo (2)
- Incidence rate (2)
- Incisional hernia (2)
- Income and Wealth Inequality (2)
- Incomplete Markets (2)
- Incomplete markets (2)
- Index (2)
- Indirect-binding (2)
- Individual Ethics (2)
- Individual differences (2)
- Indoles (2)
- Induced pluripotent stem cells (2)
- Inert knowledge (2)
- Infection control (2)
- Infektionsabwehr (2)
- Information (2)
- Information Acquisition (2)
- Information Retrieval (2)
- Information theory (2)
- Infrastructure (2)
- Injuries (2)
- Innate Immunity (2)
- Innate immune response (2)
- Insects (2)
- Insider Trading (2)
- Insidergeschäft (2)
- Institution building (2)
- Insulin (2)
- Insulin signalling (2)
- Insurance Activities (2)
- Insurance Companies (2)
- Insurance Markets (2)
- Integral Geometry (2)
- Integration (2)
- Integrin (2)
- Integrins (2)
- Intensive care treatment (2)
- Interbank Market (2)
- Interest Rate Guarantees (2)
- Interferon (2)
- Interleukin-1 (2)
- International Accounting (2)
- International Accounting Standards (2)
- International Finance (2)
- International Financial Reporting Standards (2)
- International Macroeconomics (2)
- Internationale Konferenz (2)
- Internationaler Wettbewerb (2)
- Internet use disorders (2)
- Interpretation (2)
- Intersubjectivity (2)
- Intervention (2)
- Introgression (2)
- Investor behavior (2)
- Irak (2)
- Iris Marion Young (2)
- Irland (2)
- Iron (2)
- Iron deficiency (2)
- Iron deficiency anemia (2)
- Iron-Sulfur Protein (2)
- Ischemia/reperfusion injury (2)
- Java (2)
- Jaw (2)
- Jews (2)
- Jihadi (2)
- Jihadism (2)
- Joint loading (2)
- Jumping (2)
- Jürgen Habermas (2)
- KGF (2)
- Kalman Filter (2)
- Kant (2)
- Kaons (2)
- Kapitalallokation (2)
- Kapitalanlage (2)
- Kapitalismus (2)
- Kapitalmarkt (2)
- Ketogenic diet (2)
- Ki-67 (2)
- Kinase (2)
- Kinase inhibitors (2)
- Kind (2)
- Kinect (2)
- Kingdom of Jerusalem (2)
- Kirchengeschichte (2)
- Klebsiella pneumoniae (2)
- Knee joint (2)
- Konfliktlösung (2)
- Konstitutionalismus (2)
- Kontextuelle Gleichheit (2)
- L-DOPA (2)
- LC3 (2)
- LCMV (2)
- LILBID (2)
- LINE-1 (2)
- LSCC (2)
- LVAD (2)
- Ladder-RFQ (2)
- Land cover (2)
- Language Critique (2)
- Large-scale integration of renewable power generation (2)
- Laser-produced plasmas (2)
- Lasers (2)
- Latin America (2)
- Latin East (2)
- Lattice Quantum Field Theory (2)
- Lattice field theory (2)
- Law and economics (2)
- Law and finance (2)
- Learning and memory (2)
- Left hemisphere (2)
- Legitimacy (2)
- Lending (2)
- Lepidoptera (2)
- Leptin (2)
- Lepton-Nucleon Scattering (experiments) (2)
- Leptonic, semileptonic & radiative decays (2)
- Lernen (2)
- Leukemias (2)
- Leukocytes (2)
- Libya (2)
- Life Insurance Surrender (2)
- Life Insurers (2)
- Life cycle saving (2)
- Life insurance (2)
- Life insurance companies (2)
- Life-Cycle Model (2)
- Life-history evolution (2)
- Light (2)
- Light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy (2)
- Liikanen Commission (2)
- Linked Data (2)
- Lipid signalling (2)
- Lipidomics (2)
- Liposomes (2)
- Liquidity provision (2)
- Liquiditätsrisiko (2)
- Liver (2)
- Liver cancer (2)
- Liver injury (2)
- Livestock (2)
- Loan loss accounting (2)
- Loans (2)
- Local adaptation (2)
- Local climate (2)
- Local therapy (2)
- Locomotion (2)
- Logic in computer science (2)
- Logics (2)
- Loneliness (2)
- Long-run Risk (2)
- Long-term memory (2)
- Long-term potentiation (2)
- Longitudinal (2)
- Longitudinal analysis (2)
- Lottery stocks (2)
- Low-molecular-weight heparin (2)
- Low-virulent infection (2)
- Lucilia sericata (2)
- Lung cancer (2)
- Lyme borreliosis (2)
- Lymph nodes (2)
- Lymphectasia (2)
- Lymphocytes (2)
- Lymphoma (2)
- Lysophosphatidic acids (2)
- Lysosome (2)
- Lysozyme (2)
- MALAT1 (2)
- MAPS (2)
- MCAO (2)
- MCI (2)
- MENA (2)
- MICA (2)
- MIRCA2000 (2)
- MLH1 (2)
- MLKL (2)
- MLL-r leukemia (2)
- MMP9 (2)
- MO Calculations (2)
- MR spectroscopy (2)
- MRP4 (2)
- MTT assay (2)
- MVPA (2)
- Macaronesia (2)
- Macroautophagy (2)
- Macrotermes (2)
- Madagascar (2)
- Magnetic resonance (2)
- Magnetoencephalographie (2)
- Makrophagen (2)
- Makroökonomie (2)
- Malaria prevalence (2)
- Malaysia (2)
- Malpighiales (2)
- Mammals (2)
- Management (2)
- Many-core computer architectures (2)
- Marburg virus (2)
- Margin (2)
- Marginal Propensity to Consume (2)
- Marine chemistry (2)
- Market Design (2)
- Market Fragmentation (2)
- Market Liquidity (2)
- Market Quality (2)
- Market efficiency (2)
- Marketplace lending (2)
- Markov model (2)
- Markovianity (2)
- Marktdisziplin (2)
- Marsupials (2)
- Materials science (2)
- Mathematical models (2)
- Max Weber (2)
- Maxillary sinus (2)
- Measurement (2)
- Mediation (2)
- Medical consultation (2)
- Medical diagnostics (2)
- Medication Appropriateness Index (2)
- Medicinal chemistry (2)
- Medicine (2)
- Mediterranean (2)
- Medizinstudenten (2)
- Meldepflicht (2)
- Membrane (2)
- Membrane Biogenesis (2)
- Membrane Protein (2)
- Membrane biophysics (2)
- Membrane fusion (2)
- Membranes (2)
- Memory consolidation (2)
- Mental health therapies (2)
- Mergers and Acquisitions (2)
- Mesh (2)
- Metabolic Engineering (2)
- Metacognition (2)
- Metastasis (2)
- Metastatic (2)
- Metastatic breast cancer (2)
- Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (2)
- Metazoan parasite fauna (2)
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2)
- Methylation (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 (2)
- Metta (2)
- Mice (2)
- Microarray (2)
- Microbial ecology (2)
- Microbialite (2)
- Microbiota (2)
- Microplastics (2)
- Micropollutants (2)
- Microsurgery (2)
- Mid-German Crystalline Zone (2)
- Middle East (2)
- Migrants (2)
- Mineralogy (2)
- Minimal length (2)
- Minimal residual disease (2)
- Mistral (2)
- Mitochondrial ROS (2)
- Mitochondrial Transport (2)
- Mitochondrial complex I (2)
- MitraClip (2)
- Mobilization (2)
- Model evaluation (2)
- Model uncertainty (2)
- Model validation (2)
- Modernity (2)
- Molecular Biology (2)
- Molecular autopsy (2)
- Molecular conformation (2)
- Molecular dynamics simulation (2)
- Molecular profiling (2)
- Molecular subtypes (2)
- Monocytes (2)
- Monopoly (2)
- Monte Carlo (2)
- Monte Carlo method (2)
- Monte Carlo simulation (2)
- Morphologie (2)
- Morphometry (2)
- Mortality risk (2)
- Mortgages (2)
- Motherhood (2)
- Motor neurons (2)
- Mountain (2)
- Multidrug Transporters (2)
- Multidrug resistance (2)
- Multimodal Learning Analytics (2)
- Multiphoton microscopy (2)
- Multiple chronic conditions (2)
- Multiple stressors (2)
- Multivariable analysis (2)
- Muon anomaly (2)
- Muslim Brotherhood (2)
- Muslims (2)
- Mutation (2)
- Mutations (2)
- Mutual Fund Managers (2)
- Myeloid Neoplasia (2)
- Myocardial perfusion (2)
- Myocarditis (2)
- NA61/SHINE (2)
- NADH dehydrogenase (2)
- NCCN (2)
- NCoR1 (2)
- NF-κB pathway (2)
- NFκB (2)
- NGO (2)
- NGS (2)
- NHC (2)
- NK cells (2)
- NMR Spectroscopy (2)
- NO (2)
- NOTCH1 (2)
- NR4A2 (2)
- NS3 (2)
- NTFPs (2)
- Na+ transport (2)
- NanoBRET (2)
- Nanodisc (2)
- Nanoscale biophysics (2)
- Nanoscale materials (2)
- National Competent Authorities (2)
- Necrotizing enterocolitis (2)
- Neoplasms (2)
- Neotropics (2)
- Nepal (2)
- Nephrectomy (2)
- Nephrons (2)
- Nerve regeneration (2)
- Network analysis (2)
- Network model (2)
- Network models (2)
- Networks (2)
- Neural Network (2)
- Neural stem cells (2)
- Neuroimaging (2)
- Neuron (2)
- Neuronal morphology (2)
- Neuropathic pain (2)
- Neutron Star (2)
- New Keynesian model (2)
- New species (2)
- News and Business Cycles (2)
- Niche (2)
- Niche construction (2)
- Nicotine (2)
- Non-interventional study (2)
- Non-invasive sampling (2)
- Non-performing Loans (2)
- Notch signaling (2)
- Notverkäufe (2)
- Nour al- al-Dīn Zingy (2)
- Nox1 (2)
- Nuclear astrophysics (2)
- Nuclear matter (2)
- Nuclear modification factor (2)
- Nuclear resonance fluorescence (2)
- Nucleic acid biomarkers (2)
- Nucleon induced nuclear reactions (2)
- Nucleus–nucleus collisions (2)
- Numerical Relativity (2)
- Numerical simulation (2)
- Numismatics (2)
- Nutrition (2)
- OCT (2)
- Object recognition (2)
- Observational (2)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (2)
- Obstetrics and gynecology (2)
- Occupational health (2)
- Oceans (2)
- Odenwald (2)
- Odra (2)
- Olfactory system (2)
- Olpidiopsis (2)
- Omics (2)
- Open Access (2)
- Open Economy DSGE Models (2)
- Open science (2)
- Operons (2)
- Ophthalmology (2)
- Opioids (2)
- Opportunistic infections (2)
- Optical phenomena (2)
- Optionsgeschäft (2)
- Optionshandel (2)
- Optionsmarkt (2)
- Oqaluttuaq (2)
- Oral immunotherapy (2)
- Oral surgery (2)
- Ordinary least squares (OLS) (2)
- Ordoliberalismus (2)
- Organ dysfunction (2)
- Organ dysfunctions (2)
- Organ preservation (2)
- Organic electrochemistry (2)
- Organic micropollutants (2)
- Organoids (2)
- Oroantral (2)
- Orthognathic surgery (2)
- Oscillations (2)
- Osteoarthritis (2)
- Osteogenic differentiation (2)
- Osteoporotic fractures (2)
- Outcome assessment (2)
- Outcomes research (2)
- Outpatients (2)
- Ovarian cancer (2)
- Ovary (2)
- Over-Allotment Option (2)
- Overall survival (2)
- Overlapping Generations (2)
- Overlapping generations (2)
- Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (2)
- OxyELITE Pro (2)
- Oxygen (2)
- P2P lending (2)
- P2X7 receptor (2)
- PAD4 (2)
- PC12 cells (2)
- PCA (2)
- PCAOB (2)
- PD-1 (2)
- PELDOR/DEER spectroscopy (2)
- PGE2 (2)
- PINK1 (2)
- PML (2)
- PPARγ (2)
- PRNT (2)
- PSA (2)
- PTEN (2)
- Pacemaker (2)
- Paging (2)
- Pain sensation (2)
- Pakistan (2)
- Palaeontology (2)
- Palliative care (2)
- Palliative care [MeSH] (2)
- Panama (2)
- Panic disorder (2)
- Pantothenate (2)
- Parallel and SIMD calculations (2)
- Parameter Elicitation (2)
- Parametertest (2)
- Parasites (2)
- Parasitic infection (2)
- Parenteral nutrition (2)
- Parkin (2)
- Parmeliaceae (2)
- Particle Correlations and Fluctuations (2)
- Particle correlations and fluctuations (2)
- Patents (2)
- Pathologic complete response (2)
- Pathology (2)
- Patient manikins (2)
- Patient needs (2)
- Patient preference (2)
- Patient reported outcomes (2)
- Patientenbedürfnisse (2)
- Paycheck Protection Program (2)
- Pb–Pb (2)
- Pb–Pb collisions (2)
- Pediatric infections (2)
- Pelargonium sidoides (2)
- Penile cancer (2)
- Peptides and proteins (2)
- Percutaneous coronary intervention (2)
- Perfectionism (2)
- Performance (2)
- Periodontal treatment (2)
- Periodontitis (2)
- Peritonitis (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Persistent depressive disorder (2)
- Persistent organic pollutants (2)
- Persistent wound infections (2)
- Person-Umwelt-Passung (2)
- Person-environment fit (2)
- Personal bankruptcy (2)
- Personality (2)
- Pesticides (2)
- Petrov-Galerkin finite volumes (2)
- Phase Transitions (2)
- Phase transitions (2)
- Philadelphia chromosome (2)
- Philippines (2)
- Phospholipids (2)
- Photodynamic Effect (2)
- Photoreduction (2)
- Photosynthese (2)
- Photosynthetic Reaction Center (2)
- Phycocyanin-Free Lamellae (2)
- Phylogenetic analysis (2)
- Phylogenomics (2)
- Physical environment (2)
- Physical fitness (2)
- Physical oceanography (2)
- Pion form factor (2)
- Planning (2)
- Plasma (2)
- Plasma Physics (2)
- Plasma-based accelerators (2)
- Plasmodium (2)
- Plastic pollution (2)
- Pleasure (2)
- Plerixafor (2)
- Plk1 inhibitors (2)
- Pneumocystis jirovecii (2)
- Poecilia (2)
- Point-of-care testing (2)
- Pokémon Go (2)
- Policy Rules (2)
- Political Economy (2)
- Politischer Wandel (2)
- Polypeptides (2)
- Polytrauma (2)
- Population (2)
- Population dynamics (2)
- Population genetics (2)
- Population genomics (2)
- Portfolio Choice (2)
- Positive polynomials (2)
- Positron emission tomography (2)
- Post-mortem interval (2)
- Post-translational modifications (2)
- Postoperative radiochemotherapy (2)
- Posture analysis (2)
- Potassium channels (2)
- Practical skills (2)
- Practice theory (2)
- Pre-service teachers (2)
- Precipitation (2)
- Precipitation inhibition (2)
- Predation (2)
- Predominant polarity (2)
- Preeclampsia (2)
- Price Discovery (2)
- Price Formation (2)
- Price Impact of Trades (2)
- Primary cilium (2)
- Principal component analysis (2)
- Principle of Proportionality (2)
- Prisoners (2)
- Prisons (2)
- Privacy concerns (2)
- Private Information (2)
- Private ordering (2)
- Product Design (2)
- Product Market Competition (2)
- Productivity (2)
- Professionalism (2)
- Prognostic (2)
- Prognostic tool (2)
- Promoters (2)
- Propensity score matching (2)
- Prostatic neoplasms (2)
- Proteasome (2)
- Protein Domains (2)
- Protein Dynamics (2)
- Protein biomarkers (2)
- Protein degradation (2)
- Protein domains (2)
- Protein drugability (2)
- Protein synthesis (2)
- Protein-Protein Interactions (2)
- Proteine (2)
- Protest (2)
- Prototypes (2)
- Prudential oversight (2)
- Pseudomonas (2)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)
- Psoriasis (2)
- Psychedelics (2)
- Psychopathology (2)
- Public Administration (2)
- Public Private Partnership (2)
- Pulmonary veins (2)
- Put-Option (2)
- Putin (2)
- Python (2)
- QCD Phenomenology (2)
- QCD phase transition (2)
- QGP (2)
- Qualitative research (2)
- Quality control (2)
- Quality of care (2)
- Quantenchromodynamik (2)
- Quantitative easing (2)
- Quarantine (2)
- Quark deconfinement (2)
- Quinine (2)
- R software (2)
- R&D (2)
- RBFOX1 (2)
- RDoC (2)
- RFQ (2)
- RIPK3 (2)
- RNA binding proteins (2)
- RNA interference (RNAi) (2)
- RNA isolation (2)
- RNA modification (2)
- RNA polymerase (2)
- RNA stability (2)
- RNA structure (2)
- RNA-binding proteins (2)
- RNA-sequencing (2)
- RNAseq (2)
- RND (2)
- RNF4 (2)
- Rab7 (2)
- Radiation (2)
- Radiative decay (2)
- Radical prostatectomy (2)
- Radio Frequenz Quadrupol (2)
- Radiochemotherapy (2)
- Rain (2)
- Rainfall (2)
- Random forest (2)
- Randomised controlled trial (2)
- Randomized controlled trials (2)
- Rapid rotation (2)
- Rating Agencies (2)
- Real-time Data (2)
- Real-world data (2)
- Reallocation (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Reasons (2)
- Reconhecimento (2)
- Recurrence (2)
- Red blood cell transfusion (2)
- Redoxin (2)
- Reef (2)
- Reefs (2)
- Referral to the ECJ (2)
- Refractory ALL (2)
- Regret (2)
- Regulatory Ethics (2)
- Reinforcement Learning (2)
- Religiöser Konflikt (2)
- Religiöser Pluralismus (2)
- Remission (2)
- Renal system (2)
- Rendite (2)
- Replication crisis (2)
- Representation (2)
- Representative survey (2)
- Reproduction (2)
- Reptilia (2)
- Rescue medication (2)
- Research architecture (2)
- Research design (2)
- Research validity (2)
- Reservoir (2)
- Resolution (2)
- Resonances (2)
- Respiratory distress syndrome (2)
- Restenosis (2)
- Resting state (2)
- Resting-state (2)
- Restrukturierung (2)
- Retail Investor (2)
- Retina (2)
- Retirement Welfare (2)
- Return to play (2)
- Review (2)
- Reward (2)
- Ribavirin (2)
- Rietveld refinement (2)
- Risikokommunikation (2)
- Risk Assessment (2)
- Risk Attitudes (2)
- Risk Management (2)
- Risk Preferences (2)
- Risk aggregation (2)
- Risk communication (2)
- Risk factor (2)
- Risk stratification (2)
- Risk-Taking (2)
- Rivaroxaban (2)
- Robotics (2)
- Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) (2)
- Ruhestand (2)
- Rural area (2)
- S. cerevisiae (2)
- S1P lyase (2)
- S1P receptors (2)
- SAMHD1 (2)
- SARS-CoV-2 monitoring (2)
- SARS-CoV-2 testing (2)
- SARS‐CoV‐2 (2)
- SCC (2)
- SCCHN (2)
- SD-OCT (2)
- SEC (2)
- SENP (2)
- SFAP (2)
- SFDR (2)
- SILAC (2)
- SINE (2)
- SIRT1 (2)
- SKAP1 (2)
- SL1 (2)
- SMAD (2)
- SOD (2)
- SPAD (2)
- SPM (2)
- SPTAN1 (2)
- SR proteins (2)
- SRSF3 (2)
- SRSF7 (2)
- STAT1 (2)
- STAT5 (2)
- STDP (2)
- STING (2)
- SUMOylation (2)
- SV2A (2)
- SVAR (2)
- SVR (2)
- SWIFT (2)
- Sahel (2)
- Sanctions (2)
- Savings Banks (2)
- Saward (2)
- Scalp (2)
- Scheimpflug imaging (2)
- Schizophrenie (2)
- Schwerionenphysik (2)
- Scientists (2)
- Sea water (2)
- Secondary metabolism (2)
- Secretin (2)
- Seizures (2)
- Self-esteem (2)
- Self-renewal (2)
- Semantik (2)
- Semidefinite Programming (2)
- Semiquinone (2)
- Sensorimotor processing (2)
- Sentiment (2)
- Sequence alignment (2)
- Sequence motif analysis (2)
- Sequencing (2)
- Serbia (2)
- Serum (2)
- Sestrin 2 (2)
- Shakespeare (2)
- Shell model (2)
- Sholl analysis (2)
- Short bowel syndrome (2)
- SiGe alloys (2)
- Sigmund Freud (2)
- Sign Restrictions (2)
- Signal Transduction (2)
- Signal transduction (2)
- Signifikanzniveau (2)
- Silicon (2)
- Similarity (2)
- Simulation and modeling (2)
- Simulation training (2)
- Single Resolution Mechanism (2)
- Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) (2)
- Single electrons (2)
- Single molecule force spectroscopy (2)
- Single-particle states (2)
- Singlet Oxygen (2)
- Skewness (2)
- Skills (2)
- Smac mimetic (2)
- Smoking habits (2)
- Snakebite (2)
- Social Conditioning (2)
- Social Justice (2)
- Social Networks (2)
- Social behaviour (2)
- Social epidemiology (2)
- Social health determinants (2)
- Social identity (2)
- Social networks (2)
- Social neuroscience (2)
- Social participation (2)
- Social phobia (2)
- Social practice theory (2)
- Social sciences (2)
- Social support (2)
- Social systems (2)
- Societal constitutionalism (2)
- Society (2)
- Socio-economic analysis (2)
- Socioeconomic status (2)
- Solid Earth sciences (2)
- Solid-state NMR (2)
- Solid-state chemistry (2)
- Solidarität (2)
- Sonication (2)
- Sorafenib (2)
- South-Eastern Europe (2)
- Sovereign Risk (2)
- Sovereign default (2)
- Space-Time Symmetries (2)
- Special issue (2)
- Speciation (2)
- Specificity (2)
- Spectral functions (2)
- Spinal cord (2)
- Spirochetes (2)
- Sponge (2)
- Sponges (2)
- Spread Decomposition Models (2)
- Squamata (2)
- Stability (2)
- Stability and Growth Pact (2)
- Stablecoins (2)
- Standard endoscopy (2)
- Standard value (2)
- State (2)
- Statistical analysis (2)
- Statistical distributions (2)
- Statistischer Test (2)
- Stem-cell therapies (2)
- Sterols (2)
- Stochastic mortality risk (2)
- Stock Market (2)
- Stock market (2)
- Stockholding (2)
- Stoffwechsel (2)
- Stone-Geary preferences (2)
- Stress response (2)
- Striatum (2)
- Strong interaction (2)
- Structural plasticity (2)
- Student Movement (2)
- Students (2)
- Study protocol (2)
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (2)
- Subjectivation (2)
- Sudden death (2)
- Suicidality (2)
- Sumatra (2)
- Sums of arithmetic-geometric exponentials (2)
- Sunitinib (2)
- Superficial vein thrombosis (2)
- Superoxide (2)
- Supersaturation (2)
- Supply Chain (2)
- Supported decision making (2)
- Survey Indicator (2)
- Surveys (2)
- Survival analysis (2)
- Survivin (2)
- Sustainable Development Goals (2)
- Sustainable Investing (2)
- Swimming (2)
- Switching Algorithm (2)
- Switzerland (2)
- Syllables (2)
- Synaptic transmission (2)
- Synchron Cultures (2)
- Synovial sarcoma (2)
- Synthesis gas (2)
- Systemic inflammation (2)
- Systemic therapy (2)
- Systemically Important Financial Institutions (2)
- Südostasien (2)
- T-cell (2)
- T-cell development (2)
- T-cell receptor (2)
- T-cell targeting (2)
- T-cells (2)
- TACE (2)
- TBK1 (2)
- TBSS (2)
- TEPT complejo (2)
- TF-complexes (2)
- TGF-β1 (2)
- TLR (2)
- TMT (2)
- TPACK (2)
- TPDL conference (2)
- TRPA1 (2)
- TRPV4 (2)
- TSC (2)
- Tail Risk (2)
- Tail risk (2)
- Targeted therapies (2)
- Task performance (2)
- Task-switching (2)
- Tasmanian devil (2)
- Taxation of Capital (2)
- Taylor rule (2)
- Teaching (2)
- Technologie (2)
- Technology (2)
- Telecommuting (2)
- Telework (2)
- Temporal Graph (2)
- Teoria crítica (2)
- TeraFET (2)
- Terbium (2)
- Term Structure of Interest Rates (2)
- Term life insurance (2)
- Terpenes (2)
- Terrorismus (2)
- Testing (2)
- Testtheorie (2)
- Theodor Adorno (2)
- Theory–practice gap (2)
- Thermal & statistical models (2)
- Thermalization (2)
- Thermus (2)
- Thomas Pogge (2)
- Thomism (2)
- Thromboembolism (2)
- Thrombolysis (2)
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (2)
- Thyroid (2)
- Tibnīn (2)
- Tick (2)
- Tick-borne diseases (2)
- Tight junctions (2)
- Time Inconsistency (2)
- Time Preferences (2)
- TolC (2)
- Toll-like receptor (2)
- Toll-like receptors (2)
- Tomography (x-ray computed) (2)
- Ton (2)
- Tools and ressources (2)
- Tooth loss (2)
- Top Income Taxation (2)
- Topology (2)
- Toron (2)
- Trade sales (2)
- Trading Intensity (2)
- Traditional medicine (2)
- Tramontane (2)
- Transcription (2)
- Transcription Factors (2)
- Transfer Learning (2)
- Transfer learning (2)
- Transgender (2)
- Translation initiation (2)
- Transmission (2)
- Transnationaler Konstitutionalismus (2)
- Transparenz (2)
- Transport poverty (2)
- Transport properties (2)
- Transporters (2)
- Trastorno de estrés postraumático (2)
- Traumatic brain injury (2)
- Traumatic injury (2)
- Travel behavior (2)
- Treg cell (2)
- Trend Growth (2)
- Triatominae (2)
- Tribolium castaneum (2)
- Trifluoromethylation (2)
- Tropical geometry (2)
- Troponin (2)
- Trust Game (2)
- Trustworthiness (2)
- Trypanosoma brucei (2)
- Tuberculosis (2)
- Tumour immunology (2)
- Tunisia (2)
- Two-dimensional materials (2)
- Tyre (2)
- UBA5 (2)
- UFM1 (2)
- UGCG (2)
- US GAAP (2)
- UV-B Stress (2)
- Ubihydrochinon-Cytochrom-c-Reductase (2)
- Ubiquitin Ligase (2)
- Ubiquitylation (2)
- Ulcerative colitis (2)
- Ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions (2)
- Ultrasonography (2)
- Underwriter Fee (2)
- United Nations (2)
- Unternehmensanleihen (2)
- Unternehmensfinanzierung (2)
- Unterstützung der Umwelt (2)
- UrQMD (2)
- Urban (2)
- Urethral cancer (2)
- Urology (2)
- Ursidae (2)
- Ursus arctos (2)
- Usability (2)
- Ustilaginomycotina (2)
- Uteroglobin (2)
- U–Pb ages (2)
- V4 (2)
- VDR (2)
- VEGF receptors (2)
- VIGALL (2)
- VRE (2)
- Vaccine (2)
- Vaccine uptake rate (2)
- Valuation Theory (2)
- Value (2)
- Value-at-Risk (2)
- Value-at-risk (2)
- Variscides (2)
- Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (2)
- Vascularization (2)
- Vasculitis (2)
- Veins (2)
- Vemurafenib (2)
- Vergleich (2)
- Verkehr (2)
- Vertex Detector (2)
- Vertrauen (2)
- Virtual reality (2)
- Virulence (2)
- Visual acuity (2)
- Visual estimation (2)
- Visual quality (2)
- Visuelle Wahrnehmung (2)
- Vitamin D deficiency (2)
- Vmem (2)
- Volatility Interruption (2)
- Volume therapy (2)
- Voluntariness (2)
- Vowels (2)
- Voxel-based morphometry (2)
- WAF (2)
- WTI (2)
- WTO (2)
- Warburg effect (2)
- WaterGAP (2)
- Wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (2)
- Web 2.0 (2)
- Weight loss (2)
- Weltpolitik (2)
- Weltwirtschaft (2)
- Wertpapieremission (2)
- Western Kenya (2)
- Western blot (2)
- White blood cells (2)
- Work engagement (2)
- Working Memory (2)
- Wounds (2)
- Wundsekretion (2)
- X-ray (2)
- X-ray Crystallography (2)
- X-ray diffraction (2)
- X-ray structure analysis (2)
- Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (2)
- Xetra-Handelssystem (2)
- Zea mays (2)
- Zero lower bound (2)
- Zero nominal interest rate bound (2)
- Zika fever (2)
- Zingiber officinale Roscoe (2)
- Zinssätze (2)
- Zoonotic diseases (2)
- Zoopotentation (2)
- Zooprophylaxis (2)
- Zustandsgleichung (2)
- aDGVM (2)
- ablation (2)
- abortion (2)
- absent expenditure of material (2)
- abuse (2)
- academic development (2)
- accelerometry (2)
- accessibility switch (2)
- accident (2)
- acclimation (2)
- acetogen (2)
- acetogenic bacteria (2)
- acetogens (2)
- action-effect association (2)
- active aging (2)
- acute leukemia (2)
- acute lung injury (2)
- acute myeloid leukaemia (2)
- acute respiratory distress syndrome (2)
- adalimumab (2)
- adaptations to microgravity (2)
- adaptive immunity (2)
- added value (2)
- adenovirus (2)
- adenylyl cyclases (2)
- adherence (2)
- adipocytes (2)
- adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (2)
- adjuvant therapy (2)
- adjuvante Therapie (2)
- adolescent (2)
- adolescentes (2)
- adoptive cancer immunotherapy (2)
- adult (2)
- advanced care planning (2)
- adverse reaction (2)
- affect (2)
- affective disorder (2)
- age differences (2)
- age of onset (2)
- age-related macular degeneration (2)
- agent-based modeling (2)
- air flow (2)
- akute Wunden (2)
- alcoholic liver disease (2)
- algorithm (2)
- allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2)
- alpha band (2)
- alpha power (2)
- alpha-synuclein (2)
- alzheimer’s disease (2)
- aminal structure (2)
- amphiregulin (2)
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (2)
- analgesia (2)
- analgesics (2)
- analysis (2)
- anaplastic large cell lymphoma (2)
- anger (2)
- angiography (2)
- animal experiment (2)
- animal experiments (2)
- animal welfare (2)
- anisotropic azimuthal correlation (2)
- ankyrin (2)
- anorexia nervosa (2)
- antibacterial activity (2)
- antibiotic therapy (2)
- antibiotics (2)
- anticipation (2)
- anticoagulants (2)
- anticoagulation (2)
- anticonvulsants (2)
- antiepileptic drug (2)
- antiepileptic drugs (2)
- antifungal therapy (2)
- antigen processing (2)
- antioxidant (2)
- antiseizure medication (2)
- antisocial behavior (2)
- antiviral drugs (2)
- aortic valve stenosis (2)
- approximate number system (2)
- aptamers (2)
- arachidonic acid (2)
- architecture (2)
- argumentation (2)
- art criticism (2)
- art market (2)
- arthritis (2)
- aspect (2)
- aspirin (2)
- assembly (2)
- asset valuation (2)
- asset-backed securities (2)
- astrocytoma (2)
- asymptotic giant branch stars (2)
- atezolizumab (2)
- atheism (2)
- athletes (2)
- atmospheric boundary layer (2)
- atomic force microscopy (2)
- attachment loss (2)
- attack (2)
- attractiveness (2)
- auctions (2)
- audiovisual (2)
- auditor liability (2)
- augmented reality (2)
- austerity (2)
- authenticity (2)
- autism (2)
- autoantibodies (2)
- autoimmune diabetes (2)
- autoimmunity (2)
- autoinhibition (2)
- autologous stem cell transplantation (2)
- avian magnetic compass (2)
- axon bifurcation (2)
- azo compounds (2)
- baicalein (2)
- bailouts (2)
- ban (2)
- bank deposits (2)
- bank filtration (2)
- bank risk (2)
- bank runs (2)
- banking separation (2)
- base pairing (2)
- behavioral economics (2)
- behavioral finance (2)
- belonging (2)
- benchmarking (2)
- betulinic acid (2)
- bibliometric analysis (2)
- biliary stricture (2)
- bilingualism (2)
- binary neutron star merger (2)
- binary neutron star mergers (2)
- binocular rivalry (2)
- binocular vision (2)
- bio imaging (2)
- bio-enabling formulations (2)
- bioassays (2)
- bioavailability (2)
- biocompatibility (2)
- biodiversity conservation (2)
- biodiversity protection (2)
- biodiversity research (2)
- bioethics (2)
- biofuel (2)
- biofuels (2)
- biographical research (2)
- biologicals (2)
- biologics (2)
- bioluminescence (2)
- biopolitics (2)
- biopsy (2)
- biopsy cores (2)
- biorelevant dissolution (2)
- biospeleology (2)
- black holes (2)
- blood coagulation (2)
- blood flow restriction (2)
- blood pressure (2)
- blood-brain barrier (2)
- blood–brain barrier (2)
- body plethysmography (2)
- bone healing (2)
- bone marrow microenvironment (2)
- bone metabolism (2)
- bone metastasis (2)
- border control (2)
- border effects (2)
- boron (2)
- borrelia (2)
- borrowing constraints (2)
- boryl anions (2)
- boswellic acids (2)
- bounded rationality (2)
- brain function (2)
- brain imaging (2)
- brain states (2)
- brain tumor (2)
- brain-derived neurotrophic factor (2)
- branches (2)
- brightness (2)
- broadly neutralizing antibodies (2)
- broker (2)
- bromodomains (2)
- brown-spinning (2)
- bulimia nervosa (2)
- business equity (2)
- c-MYC (2)
- cART (2)
- cabozantinib (2)
- call-by-need (2)
- calprotectin (2)
- campesterol (2)
- cancer cell metabolism (2)
- cancer specific survival (2)
- cancer therapy (2)
- cancer treatment (2)
- cancer-associated fibroblasts (2)
- cancer-specific mortality (2)
- cancer-specific survival (2)
- candidate genes (2)
- capitalism (2)
- capsaicin (2)
- carbapenem resistance (2)
- carbapenemase (2)
- carbon capture (2)
- carbonates (2)
- cardiovascular (2)
- cardiovascular diseases (2)
- case-referent study (2)
- caspase-1 (2)
- cataract surgery (2)
- causality (2)
- cell differentiation (2)
- cell motility (2)
- cell-free expression (2)
- cells (2)
- center embedding (2)
- central bank communication (2)
- central banking (2)
- central banks (2)
- central nervous system (2)
- ceramide (2)
- cerebral hemorrhage (2)
- cerebral ischemia (2)
- cerebral venous thrombosis (2)
- cerebrovascular disease (2)
- cesarean section (2)
- challenges (2)
- chaperones (2)
- checklist (2)
- chemically peculiar stars (2)
- chemotherapy resistance (2)
- chest trauma (2)
- childhood (2)
- childhood acute myeloid leukemia (2)
- childhood cancer (2)
- chiral symmetry (2)
- chiral symmetry restoration (2)
- chloroplasts (2)
- cholangiocarcinoma (2)
- cholestanol (2)
- cholesterol absorption (2)
- cholesterol synthesis (2)
- chromatin (2)
- chronic granulomatous disease (2)
- chronic hepatitis C (2)
- chronic inflammation (2)
- chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (2)
- chronische venöse Unterschenkel-Ulzera (2)
- chronobiology (2)
- chronotype (2)
- cigarette (2)
- circadian (2)
- circadian rhythms (2)
- circuit analysis (2)
- circular RNA (2)
- circular dichroism (2)
- circumstellar dust (2)
- cisplatin resistance (2)
- citizen engagement (2)
- citizenship (2)
- citrullination (2)
- classification (2)
- cleaning (2)
- clinical benefit (2)
- clinical immunology (2)
- clinical isolates (2)
- clinical studies (2)
- clinically important restrictions and symptoms (2)
- cluster compounds (2)
- clustering (2)
- co-crystalline adduct (2)
- co-presence (2)
- coagulopathy (2)
- coal (2)
- coalescence (2)
- coalescent (2)
- cochlea (2)
- cognitive decline (2)
- cognitive development (2)
- cognitive flexibility (2)
- cognitive load (2)
- cognitive training (2)
- collaboration (2)
- collaboration script (2)
- collective action (2)
- collective litigation (2)
- colon (2)
- colon carcinoma cells (2)
- color (2)
- colorectal cancer (CRC) (2)
- colorectal carcinoma (2)
- comics and memory (2)
- communion (2)
- community assembly (2)
- comparative genomics (2)
- comparison (2)
- compensation design (2)
- complementary and alternative medicine (2)
- complementary medicine (2)
- complex PTSD (2)
- compliance (2)
- complication (2)
- composite structures (2)
- compulsory education (2)
- computational biology (2)
- computational neuroscience (2)
- computer-assisted (2)
- concordance (2)
- conditionality (2)
- conflict resolution (2)
- conformational dynamics (2)
- congenital diaphragmatic hernia (2)
- connectedness to nature (2)
- consensus (2)
- conservation funding (2)
- conservation genetics (2)
- conservation planning (2)
- consolidating supervision (2)
- constipation (2)
- constructivist turn (2)
- consumer behavior (2)
- consumer credit (2)
- consumption hump (2)
- contact-free method (2)
- contamination (2)
- contemporary (2)
- content analysis (2)
- contentious politics (2)
- context (2)
- context lemma (2)
- continuation vote (2)
- continuum model (2)
- contract design (2)
- controlled diffusions and jump processes (2)
- convection-permitting simulation (2)
- convulsive seizures (2)
- core (2)
- corn (2)
- corneal edema (2)
- corneal transplantation (2)
- corona (2)
- corona virus (2)
- coronary artery bypass graft surgery (2)
- coronary artery disease (2)
- corporate bond market (2)
- corporate restructuring (2)
- correlation functions (2)
- cost-effective (2)
- counterfactual analysis (2)
- coupling (2)
- cox2 (2)
- cpDNA (2)
- credit funds (2)
- credit rationing (2)
- credit scoring (2)
- credit scoring methodology (2)
- credit scoring regulation (2)
- critical gerontology (2)
- critical realist democratic theory (2)
- critical size defect (2)
- criticality (2)
- critically ill patients (2)
- critique (2)
- cropland (2)
- cross-border banking (2)
- cross-frequency coupling (2)
- cross-national comparison (2)
- cross-section (2)
- crowdinvesting (2)
- cryo-electron microscopy (2)
- cryo-electron tomography (2)
- cryoballoon (2)
- cryopreservation (2)
- cryptochrome (2)
- cryptochrome 1a (2)
- cryptocurrencies (2)
- cultural capital (2)
- cultural heritage (2)
- cultural memory of Greenland (2)
- cultural memory studies (2)
- cuticular hydrocarbons (2)
- cyber peace (2)
- cycle flows (2)
- cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (2)
- cyclical liabilities (2)
- cycloaddition (2)
- cyclooxygenase (2)
- cyclosporin A (2)
- cytochrome P450 2E1 (2)
- cytokine (2)
- cytotoxic T cells (2)
- dabrafenib (2)
- dance (2)
- data analysis (2)
- data protection (2)
- data quality (2)
- de novo design (2)
- deafness (2)
- debt maturity (2)
- debt restructuring (2)
- decays (2)
- decision theory (2)
- decompensated liver cirrhosis (2)
- dedifferentiation (2)
- delay (2)
- delayed claiming (2)
- delayed retirement (2)
- deletion mutant (2)
- deliberation (2)
- deliberative systems (2)
- democratic backsliding (2)
- democratic boundary problem (2)
- democratic innovation (2)
- democratic theory (2)
- demographic change (2)
- demography (2)
- denervation (2)
- dental assistant (2)
- dental assistants (2)
- dentists (2)
- dentoalveolar surgery (2)
- deposit insurance (2)
- depressive symptoms (2)
- derivatives (2)
- desensitization (2)
- determinism (2)
- detoxification (2)
- deubiquitinase (DUB) (2)
- dialectics (2)
- dialysis (2)
- diesel (2)
- dietary supplements (2)
- diffusion model (2)
- digital divide (2)
- digital heritage (2)
- dignity (2)
- dihydroceramide (2)
- direct democracy (2)
- directed flow (2)
- disaster risk (2)
- discount (2)
- discourse analysis (2)
- discretionary decisions (2)
- disease burden (2)
- disease models (2)
- disease progression (2)
- disequilibrium (2)
- dislocation (2)
- distance (2)
- distance learning (2)
- distribution (2)
- diurnal cycle (2)
- docetaxel (2)
- docking domains (2)
- documentary (2)
- downside risk (2)
- doxycycline (2)
- drought (2)
- drug-induced liver injury (2)
- duality (2)
- dynamic portfolio choice (2)
- dysphagia (2)
- e-learning (2)
- early breast cancer (2)
- early childhood (2)
- early retirement (2)
- early second language acquisition (2)
- eating disorders (2)
- economic and monetary union (2)
- economic burden (2)
- economic crisis (2)
- economic governance (2)
- economic growth (2)
- economy (2)
- effective connectivity (2)
- effectiveness (2)
- eicosanoid (2)
- eicosanoids (2)
- elasticity of intertemporal substitution (2)
- elderly patients (2)
- electrical stimulation (2)
- electricity (2)
- electrocardiography (2)
- electroencephalography (EEG) (2)
- electromagnetic probes (2)
- electron cryo-microscopy (2)
- electron cryo-tomography (2)
- electron crystallography (2)
- electron transfer (2)
- electron transfer chain (2)
- electron transport (2)
- electron transport chain (2)
- electronic transport (2)
- elite athletes (2)
- emancipation (2)
- emergence (2)
- emergency care (2)
- emotion (2)
- emotional competence (2)
- emotional exhaustion (2)
- employees (2)
- enamides (2)
- encoding (2)
- endogenous growth (2)
- endophytes (2)
- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (2)
- endothelial (2)
- endovascular treatment (2)
- energy system design (2)
- engagement (2)
- enrichment (2)
- entorhinal cortex lesion (2)
- entrepreneurial finance (2)
- entrepreneurship (2)
- environmental DNA (2)
- environmental attitudes (2)
- environmental behavior (2)
- environmental knowledge (2)
- enzyme kinetics (2)
- epidemics (2)
- epidermis (2)
- epigenome (2)
- epileptic encephalopathy (2)
- epithelial cells (2)
- epithelial to mesenchymal transition (2)
- equity options (2)
- erastin (2)
- erectile dysfunction (2)
- erythrocyte (2)
- esophageal cancer (2)
- estimation risk (2)
- ethanol (2)
- euro crisis (2)
- euthymic (2)
- everyday life (2)
- evolutionary biology (2)
- exchange rate (2)
- excited state aromaticity (2)
- executive compensation (2)
- executive functions (2)
- exercise countermeasure (2)
- exhaustion (2)
- expectation formation (2)
- experience (2)
- experiment (2)
- experimental asset markets (2)
- expertise (2)
- experts (2)
- exploratory structural equation modeling (2)
- exposure (2)
- extended Einstein gravity (2)
- extraversion (2)
- extremophile (2)
- eye movements (2)
- face perception (2)
- facilitation (2)
- factor H (2)
- fair trade (2)
- fall (2)
- far-right politics (2)
- farnesoid X receptor (2)
- fasting (2)
- fat-free-mass (2)
- fatty acid synthesis (2)
- fear conditioning (2)
- feasibility (2)
- feedback (2)
- female subjects (2)
- feminist epistemology (2)
- femoral artery ligation (2)
- ferric carboxymaltose (2)
- ferroptosis (2)
- fertility (2)
- fibrinolysis (2)
- field-effect transistor (2)
- financial advice (2)
- financial institutions (2)
- financial intermediation (2)
- financial privacy (2)
- financing decisions (2)
- firm heterogeneity (2)
- fixation probability (2)
- fluctuations (2)
- fluid intelligence (2)
- fluorescent probes (2)
- focal therapy (2)
- foraging (2)
- forecasts (2)
- forensic aesthetics (2)
- forest management (2)
- fractionation (2)
- fracture (2)
- fragment screening (2)
- frankincense (2)
- free will (2)
- frühes Mammakarzinom (2)
- functional genetics (2)
- functional genomics (2)
- functional programming languages (2)
- fundamental rights (2)
- furcation involvement class III (2)
- fusion biopsy (2)
- futures (2)
- gait analysis (2)
- gallbladder cancer (2)
- gallbladder cancer xenografts (2)
- gaming disorder (2)
- gangliosides (2)
- gasoline (2)
- gauge theory (2)
- gaze-contingent protocol (2)
- gender equality (2)
- gender inequality (2)
- gene conversion (2)
- gene expression profiling (2)
- gene signature (2)
- genealogy (2)
- general cognitive ability (2)
- generating functionals (2)
- genes (2)
- genetic algorithm (2)
- genetic engineering (2)
- genetic markers (2)
- genetic predisposition (2)
- genome (2)
- genome editing (2)
- genotype (2)
- geology (2)
- germanium (2)
- glecaprevir (2)
- global (2)
- global banks (2)
- global commons (2)
- global democracy (2)
- global governance (2)
- global health (2)
- global inequality (2)
- global jets (2)
- global real activity (2)
- global warming (2)
- global water model (2)
- glucose metabolism (2)
- glycoproteins (2)
- gold (2)
- goods market integration (2)
- governance (2)
- government bonds (2)
- graphene (2)
- gravitation (2)
- gravitational wave (2)
- green finance (2)
- grit (2)
- grounded theory (2)
- growth factor (2)
- guanidine analogs (2)
- guanylyl cyclases (2)
- guided bone regeneration (2)
- hadron gas (2)
- haemophilia (2)
- haemophilia A (2)
- halogen bonding (2)
- happiness (2)
- haptic memory (2)
- hate crimes (2)
- hate speech (2)
- head and neck neoplasms (2)
- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (2)
- health care (2)
- health information exchange (2)
- healthcare (2)
- healthcare personnel (2)
- healthcare workers (2)
- hearing loss (2)
- heat (2)
- heat shock protein (2)
- hedge funds (2)
- hedgehog signaling (2)
- helical magnetic fields (2)
- hematological (2)
- hematopoietic stem cells (2)
- hemolysis (2)
- hemorrhagic transformation (2)
- hepatic encephalopathy (2)
- hepatitis B virus (2)
- hepatotoxicity (2)
- herbal hepatotoxicity (2)
- heteronuclear detection (2)
- heterostructures (2)
- hierarchical models (2)
- high energy physics (2)
- high throughput (2)
- high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction (2)
- high-throughput sequencing (2)
- hippocampal sclerosis (2)
- histamine (2)
- histological validation (2)
- histone deacetylase (2)
- histone deacetylase inhibitor (2)
- historical statistics (2)
- home education (2)
- homeostatic adaption (2)
- homogeneity (2)
- hot spots (2)
- household portfolios (2)
- household survey (2)
- household-portfolio shares (2)
- human biology and medicine (2)
- human cytomegalovirus (2)
- human genomics (2)
- human immunodeficiency virus (2)
- human resource management (2)
- human space flight (2)
- humans (2)
- hydrocarbons (2)
- hydrodynamics (2)
- hydrogen bonds (2)
- hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (2)
- hydrology (2)
- hydrothermal fluids (2)
- hyperalgesia (2)
- hyperhomocysteinemia (2)
- hypertrophy (2)
- iCBT (2)
- iDILI (2)
- iPS (2)
- ideology critique (2)
- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2)
- imitation (2)
- immune therapy (2)
- immunocytochemistry (2)
- immunomodulatory effects (2)
- immunosuppression (2)
- impact factor (2)
- implied correlation (2)
- implied volatility (2)
- implied volatility skew (2)
- impostor phenomenon (2)
- impulse response (2)
- in vitro model (2)
- incidence (2)
- inclination compass (2)
- inclusion (2)
- indigenous peoples (2)
- indirect inference estimation (2)
- individual investor (2)
- individual investors (2)
- individual responsibility (2)
- induced membrane (2)
- induction chemotherapy (2)
- infancy (2)
- infections (2)
- infectious disease (2)
- infectivity (2)
- infiltration (2)
- influenza vaccination (2)
- information asymmetry (2)
- information flow (2)
- information processing (2)
- information processing theory (2)
- information transfer (2)
- infrared thermography (2)
- infrared-A radiation (2)
- inhibition (2)
- inhibitor (2)
- inhibitors (2)
- inhibitory control (2)
- initial state (2)
- injection (2)
- inner ear (2)
- input (2)
- insect (2)
- insider trading (2)
- insulin (2)
- integrate-and-fire (2)
- integrated stress response (2)
- integrative medicine (2)
- intelligence (2)
- interbank network (2)
- interbank networks (2)
- interdisciplinarity (2)
- interdisciplinary (2)
- interest (2)
- interferon (2)
- interferon gamma (2)
- intergenerational transmission (2)
- interleukin-4 (2)
- interleukins (2)
- intermediate risk (2)
- internal ratings (2)
- internalin B (2)
- international law (2)
- international relations theory (2)
- interpersonal closeness (2)
- intervention study (2)
- intracranial hemorrhage (2)
- intrinsic motivation (2)
- intrinsic plasticity (2)
- intrinsically disordered protein (2)
- invariance testing (2)
- investments (2)
- inward proton pump (2)
- ion (2)
- irritable bowel syndrome (2)
- isis (2)
- islam (2)
- island (2)
- isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) (2)
- isotope labeling (2)
- jihadism (2)
- job-exposure matrix (2)
- joint contact forces (2)
- joint inference (2)
- jumps (2)
- keratinized mucosa (2)
- keratinocytes (2)
- kidney cancer (2)
- kidney function (2)
- kinase inhibitor (2)
- kinase regulation (2)
- kinematic analysis (2)
- kinesin (2)
- kink-like instability (2)
- knowledge discovery (2)
- laboratory experiment (2)
- land-use change (2)
- language communities (2)
- lapatinib (2)
- large eddy simulation (2)
- latent class analysis (2)
- latent factors (2)
- lathosterol (2)
- lattice (2)
- layer-specificity (2)
- leader self-awareness (2)
- leader self-efficacy (2)
- leadership emergence (2)
- learning about jumps (2)
- legal culture (2)
- legal theory (2)
- legislation (2)
- leisure time activity (2)
- lenalidomide (2)
- leukodystrophy (2)
- leukopenia (2)
- lexical aspect (2)
- lexical tone (2)
- liability (2)
- liberalism (2)
- life cycle saving (2)
- life insurance (2)
- life plans (2)
- life satisfaction (2)
- life trajectories (2)
- life-cycle (2)
- lifespan (2)
- lifestyle intervention (2)
- lifetime income (2)
- ligand binding (2)
- limit order book (2)
- linguistic rhythm (2)
- liquidity premium (2)
- liquidity provision (2)
- literature review (2)
- live-cell imaging (2)
- livelihood (2)
- liver cancer (2)
- liver damage (2)
- liver disease (2)
- liver metastases (2)
- living will (2)
- loan officer (2)
- loan origination (2)
- loanable funds (2)
- local control (2)
- local field potential (2)
- local information dynamics (2)
- local recurrence (2)
- local-field potentials (2)
- localized prostate cancer (2)
- log data (2)
- long-term depression (2)
- long-term outcome (2)
- long-term success (2)
- long-term survival (2)
- long-term tooth survival (2)
- longitudinal invariance (2)
- longitudinal study (2)
- low molecular weight heparin (2)
- low-glycaemic meal replacement (2)
- lump sum (2)
- lung development (2)
- lymph node dissection (2)
- lymphocytes (2)
- lysosome (2)
- lysosomes (2)
- mHealth (2)
- mRNA stability (2)
- mTOR inhibitor (2)
- macro-prudential supervision (2)
- macrohabitat (2)
- macroprudential supervision (2)
- magnetic compass (2)
- magnetic fields (2)
- magnetic frustration (2)
- magnetic susceptibility (2)
- maintenance (2)
- major depression (2)
- major depressive disorder (2)
- malaria (2)
- malignancies (2)
- malignancy (2)
- malignant melanoma (2)
- mammary carcinoma (2)
- mandatory reporting (2)
- manganese (2)
- mannitol (2)
- marginal bone loss (2)
- marginal propensity to consume (2)
- market making (2)
- market supervision (2)
- markups (2)
- mast cells (2)
- mathematical and relativistic aspects of cosmology (2)
- mathematical models of viral RNA cycle (2)
- matrix (2)
- maturity (2)
- meaning (2)
- medical education (2)
- medication management (2)
- medication review (2)
- medicinal chemistry (2)
- medulloblastoma (2)
- melatonin (2)
- memantine (2)
- membrane (2)
- membrane fluidity (2)
- membrane potential (2)
- memory consolidation (2)
- mesenchymal stromal cell (2)
- metabarcoding (2)
- metals (2)
- metasomatism (2)
- metastatic (2)
- metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (2)
- methylprednisolone (2)
- methyltransferase (2)
- miR (2)
- miR-21 (2)
- micro-prudential supervision (2)
- microbes (2)
- microdosing (2)
- microenvironment (2)
- microgastropods (2)
- microplastics (2)
- microsatellites (2)
- microscopy (2)
- microsurgery (2)
- microvesicles (2)
- middle childhood (2)
- middle east (2)
- migrants (2)
- military (2)
- minipublics (2)
- mitochondrial dynamics (2)
- mitogen-activated protein kinase (2)
- model (2)
- model of measurement (2)
- molecular identification (2)
- molecular machines (2)
- molecular marker (2)
- molecular mechanisms (2)
- molecular modeling (2)
- molecular typing (2)
- monetary policy rule (2)
- monetary policy strategy (2)
- monetary policy transmission (2)
- money in the utility function (2)
- monoclonal antibody (2)
- morbidity (2)
- motivation (2)
- motor control (2)
- mountain (2)
- mouse models (2)
- mucormycetes (2)
- multi-objective optimization (2)
- multi-tasking (2)
- multicentre study (2)
- multidetector computed tomography (2)
- multienzyme (2)
- multinational companies/business and human rights (2)
- multinucleated giant cells (2)
- multipolarity (2)
- multisensory integration (2)
- muscle quality (2)
- musculoskeletal modeling (2)
- muslims (2)
- mutation (2)
- mycorrhiza (2)
- myelin (2)
- myelodysplastic syndrome (2)
- myocardial infarction (2)
- nanoparticle (2)
- nanotechnology (2)
- narrative (2)
- natural experiment (2)
- natural gas (2)
- natural product (2)
- ncRNA (2)
- negative priming (2)
- neo-fascism (2)
- neoadjuvant chemotherapy (2)
- neocortical circuits (2)
- nerve injury (2)
- net zero transition (2)
- network (2)
- network dynamics (2)
- network model (2)
- neural computation (2)
- neurocognitive (2)
- neurodegenerative diseases (2)
- neurodevelopment (2)
- neuroendocrine (2)
- neuroethology (2)
- neurogenesis (2)
- neuroinflammation (2)
- neuroinformatics (2)
- neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (2)
- neuronal populations (2)
- neurons (2)
- neurooncology (2)
- neuropathy (2)
- neuroprotection (2)
- neuropsychology (2)
- neurosciences (2)
- neuroticism (2)
- neutropenia (2)
- neutrophils (2)
- newborn (2)
- newly founded firms (2)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (2)
- nivolumab (2)
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (2)
- non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (2)
- non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (2)
- non-small cell lung cancer (2)
- non-small-cell lung cancer (2)
- non-structural proteins (2)
- nonlinear dynamical systems (2)
- nouvelle droite (2)
- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2)
- nuclear modification (2)
- nuclear parton modification (2)
- nucleolus (2)
- null subjects (2)
- nursery schools (2)
- nutlin-3 (2)
- object-based classification (2)
- objects (2)
- observational semantics (2)
- occupational exposure (2)
- occupational health (2)
- occupational infections (2)
- oceanic islands (2)
- oil (2)
- oil inventories (2)
- oil market (2)
- olfaction (2)
- oligarchy (2)
- oligomerisation (2)
- oligonucleotide (2)
- omega-3 fatty acids (2)
- omissions (2)
- oncogene (2)
- oncomodulation (2)
- one new species (2)
- online advertising (2)
- online learning (2)
- online survey (2)
- ontology (2)
- oomycetes (2)
- open content (2)
- open-access (2)
- operational performance (2)
- optimal investment (2)
- optimal monetary policy (2)
- option prices (2)
- option-implied distribution (2)
- oral and maxillofacial surgery (2)
- organic charge-transfer salts (2)
- organisational psychology (2)
- organizational identification (2)
- organoids (2)
- organotypic slice cultures (2)
- orthology (2)
- oscillation (2)
- oscillators (2)
- osteoclasts (2)
- osteogenesis (2)
- other-cause mortality (2)
- out-patient paediatrics (2)
- overlapping generations (2)
- oxygen isotopes (2)
- p-Kerne (2)
- p-n junction (2)
- p16 (2)
- p38 (2)
- p73 (2)
- pH (2)
- paclitaxel (2)
- pain management (2)
- pain therapy (2)
- paired associative stimulation (2)
- palatal tremor (2)
- paleoaltimetry (2)
- paleoanthropology (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (2)
- pandemic insurance (2)
- pandemics (2)
- paper-based assessment (2)
- parameter estimation (2)
- parental autonomy (2)
- parietal cortex (2)
- partial compliance (2)
- partial information decomposition (2)
- particle physics (2)
- particle-in-cell simulations (2)
- partisanship (2)
- pass-through (2)
- passive smoke (2)
- patents (2)
- pathogenicity (2)
- pathology (2)
- patient (2)
- patient and public involvement (2)
- patient centered care (2)
- patient preferences (2)
- patient triage (2)
- patient-reported outcomes (2)
- pattern (2)
- payout policy (2)
- pediatric surgery (2)
- pelvic packing (2)
- penile cancer (2)
- pension reform (2)
- pensions (2)
- peptide aptamer (PA) (2)
- peptide-loading complex (2)
- peptides (2)
- perceptual closure (2)
- perceptual-cognitive expertise (2)
- performance evaluation (2)
- performativity (2)
- peri-implant diseases (2)
- pericytes (2)
- periodontal diseases (2)
- periodontitis stage III and IV (2)
- peri‐implantitis (2)
- peroxisomes (2)
- persecution (2)
- personalized medicine (2)
- personalized oncology (2)
- pertussis (2)
- phage display (2)
- phagocytes (2)
- pharmaceutical industry (2)
- pharmacodynamics (2)
- pharmacoresistance (2)
- pharmacovigilance (2)
- phase noise (2)
- phase separation (2)
- phenomenology (2)
- phenotype (2)
- phenotypic screening (2)
- phosphate (2)
- phosphorus (2)
- photoaging (2)
- photocycle (2)
- photodynamic therapy (2)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- photoisomerization (2)
- photopharmacology (2)
- photoswitches (2)
- phylogenetic network (2)
- phylogenetic signal (2)
- phylogeography (2)
- physiotherapy (2)
- pibrentasvir (2)
- plasma (2)
- plasma membrane (2)
- plasmid copy number (2)
- plastic (2)
- platelet-rich fibrin (2)
- platinum (2)
- pleasure (2)
- poetry (2)
- point process (2)
- policy (2)
- policy evaluation (2)
- policy robustness (2)
- political epistemology (2)
- political participation (2)
- political realism (2)
- political science (2)
- political trust (2)
- politics (2)
- polo-like kinase 1 (2)
- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (2)
- polygenic risk score (2)
- polyketide synthases (2)
- polymerase chain reaction (2)
- polymers (2)
- population aging (2)
- population dynamics (2)
- population structure (2)
- pore-forming toxin (2)
- portfolio management (2)
- post-2020 biodiversity targets (2)
- post-transcriptional regulation (2)
- post-translational modifications (2)
- post-truth (2)
- postcolonial memory (2)
- postcolonial studies (2)
- power (2)
- power transmission (2)
- practice theories (2)
- pre-mRNA (2)
- preclinical (2)
- predation (2)
- predator recognition (2)
- prediction error (2)
- predictive (2)
- predictive modelling (2)
- predictive processing (2)
- predictor (2)
- preschool (2)
- pressure (2)
- presynaptic active zone (2)
- preterm birth (2)
- price elasticity (2)
- primary motor cortex (2)
- primary sclerosing cholangitis (2)
- principal-agent models (2)
- principles-based regulation (2)
- private companies (2)
- probability of default (2)
- process evaluation (2)
- processing style (2)
- professional networks (2)
- prognostic (2)
- prognostic factors (2)
- prognostic value (2)
- program transformation (2)
- progranulin (2)
- prohibition of proprietary trading (2)
- project finance (2)
- property rights (2)
- prosocial behavior (2)
- prospective memory (2)
- prostaglandin E (2)
- prostate carcinoma cells (2)
- proteasome inhibitor (2)
- protein aggregation (2)
- protein assembly (2)
- protein denaturation (2)
- protein engineering (2)
- protein evolution (2)
- protein kinase (2)
- protein kinase inhibitor (2)
- protein quality control (2)
- protein stability (2)
- protein targeting (2)
- protein turnover (2)
- protein-protein interaction (2)
- protein-protein interactions (2)
- protein-rich (2)
- protein–protein interaction (2)
- proteolysis (2)
- proteolysis systems (2)
- proto-oncogene proteins c-akt (2)
- proton transfer (2)
- proximal tubule (2)
- pseudosymmetry (2)
- pseudouridylation (2)
- psychiatric comorbidity (2)
- psychiatric disorders (2)
- psychoanalysis (2)
- public participation (2)
- pulmonary embolism (2)
- pulmonary vein isolation (2)
- pupillometry (2)
- qPCR (2)
- qRT-PCR (2)
- quadratic-linear gravity (2)
- qualia (2)
- quality (2)
- quantitative methods (2)
- quantitative proteomics (2)
- quantum gravity (2)
- quantum mechanics (2)
- quark gluon plasma (2)
- quercetin (2)
- quorum sensing (2)
- rRNA (2)
- race (2)
- radical cystectomy (2)
- radicalisation (2)
- radioimmunotherapy (2)
- randomized (2)
- range expansion (2)
- rare disease (2)
- rare diseases (2)
- rat model (2)
- rational learning (2)
- re-osseointegration (2)
- real estate lending (2)
- real world (2)
- real-time NMR spectroscopy (2)
- real-world (2)
- real-world data (2)
- reale Auswirkungen (2)
- rearrangements (2)
- recapitalization (2)
- reception (2)
- receptor tyrosine kinase (2)
- recession (2)
- reciprocity (2)
- recognition (2)
- recollimation shocks (2)
- recommendations (2)
- reconstruction (2)
- recruitment (2)
- redistribution (2)
- reductases (2)
- reference values (2)
- referential communication (2)
- reflexivity (2)
- refractory (2)
- regenerative medicine (2)
- regulatory T cell (2)
- rehabilitation (2)
- reinforcement learning (2)
- reintroduction (2)
- relationality (2)
- relationship lending (2)
- relative clauses (2)
- relativistic hydrodynamics (2)
- relativistic jets (2)
- relaxation (2)
- religion (2)
- religious freedom (2)
- remodeling (2)
- remote sensing (2)
- renal failure (2)
- renal function (2)
- renal tubular epithelial cells (2)
- repeated games (2)
- representative claims (2)
- reproductive isolation (2)
- reptiles (2)
- repurchases (2)
- reputational risk (2)
- requirements analysis (2)
- research funding (2)
- residual myometrial thickness (2)
- resistance training (2)
- resistant cell lines (2)
- resolution of inflammation (2)
- resonance (2)
- resonances (2)
- respiratory failure (2)
- respiratory tract infection (2)
- response inhibition (2)
- responsible lending (2)
- resting-state fMRI (2)
- retrotransposition (2)
- return predictability (2)
- revision surgery (2)
- rhythm (2)
- ribavirin (2)
- ribosome biogenesis (2)
- risk aversion (2)
- risk culture (2)
- risk group (2)
- risk prediction (2)
- risk premia (2)
- robotics (2)
- robustness (2)
- rule (2)
- running (2)
- sRNA (2)
- safe assets (2)
- salinity (2)
- saliva (2)
- sanitation (2)
- sarcoma (2)
- scaffold (2)
- scalar implicature (2)
- scale development (2)
- scaling (2)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (2)
- school-based prevention (2)
- schooling (2)
- sci-hub (2)
- scientometry (2)
- scoping review (2)
- seasonal forecasting (2)
- seasonality (2)
- second-hand smoke (2)
- second-line (2)
- secondary data analysis (2)
- secondary transport (2)
- secretion (2)
- secretome (2)
- secukinumab (2)
- securities regulation (2)
- self-assembled monolayers (2)
- self-control (2)
- self-leadership (2)
- semi-arid (2)
- sensory neurons (2)
- sensory neuropathy (2)
- sentiment (2)
- septic shock (2)
- sequence alignment (2)
- sequence analysis (2)
- serine protease (NS3-4A) (2)
- serotonin (2)
- sexuality (2)
- shareholder activism (2)
- shareholder recovery (2)
- shell variability (2)
- shia (2)
- shipping (2)
- short contacts (2)
- short-term memory (2)
- shunt (2)
- signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) (2)
- signature (2)
- similarity measures (2)
- simulated method of moments (2)
- single-molecule FRET (2)
- single-molecule localization microscopy (2)
- single-sided deafness (2)
- site-directed mutagenesis (2)
- sitosterol (2)
- situation (2)
- skewness (2)
- skin infection model (2)
- sleep quality (2)
- small and medium enterprises (2)
- small proteins (2)
- smoking cessation (2)
- smooth muscle cell (2)
- smooth muscle cells (2)
- soccer (2)
- social (2)
- social anxiety (2)
- social cognitive theory (2)
- social comparison (2)
- social dilemmas (2)
- social identity approach (2)
- social inequality (2)
- social isolation (2)
- social networks (2)
- social rights (2)
- sodium-proton exchange (2)
- soft power (2)
- soft tissue (2)
- solid-state NMR spectroscopy (2)
- soluble MICA (2)
- sorting (2)
- sound localization (2)
- sound-induced flash illusion (2)
- sovereign debt crisis (2)
- sovereign debt restructuring (2)
- sovereign exposures (2)
- space (2)
- space adaptations (2)
- special rights (2)
- species delimitation (2)
- species distribution modeling (2)
- species turnover (2)
- speech acts (2)
- speed bump (2)
- sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (2)
- sphingosine kinase (2)
- spiking neural networks (2)
- spillover effects (2)
- spinal dural leaks (2)
- spine head (2)
- splicing (2)
- sport (2)
- sports medicine (2)
- sports nutrition (2)
- spreadsheet (2)
- stage (2)
- stakeholder analysis (2)
- standard value (2)
- standardization (2)
- starvation (2)
- state-owned enterprises (2)
- statin (2)
- stationarity (2)
- statistical discrimination (2)
- statistical operator (2)
- statistics (2)
- steatosis (2)
- stellar abundances (2)
- stem cells (2)
- stereoselective synthesis (2)
- stereotactic radiosurgery (2)
- stimulus encoding (2)
- stochastic control (2)
- stock demand (2)
- stock market (2)
- stock market participation (2)
- storage (2)
- storage rings (2)
- strategic site selection (2)
- stress granules (2)
- string fragmentation (2)
- structural VAR (2)
- structural biology and molecular biophysics (2)
- structural change (2)
- structural health monitoring (2)
- structural injustice (2)
- structural validity (2)
- structure determination (2)
- structured finance (2)
- structured products (2)
- sub-Saharan Africa (2)
- sub-lineage (2)
- subchondral bone (2)
- subjective well-being (2)
- subjectivity (2)
- subsidiaries (2)
- subsistence consumption (2)
- substituent effects (2)
- subvalent compounds (2)
- sunni (2)
- superficial siderosis (2)
- supersaturation (2)
- supervision (2)
- supervisory arbitrage (2)
- supervisory board (2)
- surfactant (2)
- surround suppression (2)
- survivin (2)
- sustainable investments (2)
- swarming (2)
- symbiosis (2)
- sympathetic nervous system (2)
- symptoms (2)
- synaptopodin (2)
- syndicated loans (2)
- synergy (2)
- synesthesia (2)
- synovium (2)
- syntax (2)
- syntax-phonology interface (2)
- system analysis and design (2)
- systemisches Risiko (2)
- systems theory (2)
- tDCS (2)
- tRNA splicing (2)
- tail measure (2)
- task performance (2)
- tatonnement (2)
- tax (2)
- tax sheltering (2)
- taxation (2)
- teaching skills (2)
- team identification (2)
- technocracy (2)
- technological change (2)
- technology (2)
- telemedicine (2)
- temperaturabhängige und temperaturunabhängige Effekte (2)
- temporality (2)
- temsirolimus (2)
- test cases (2)
- testosterone (2)
- tetraether lipid (2)
- tetrahydrobiopterin (2)
- tetrahydrocannabinol (2)
- textual analysis (2)
- theory of mind (2)
- therapy monitoring (2)
- therapy resistance (2)
- thermische und nicht-thermische Effekte (2)
- thermographic image analysis (2)
- thrombin (2)
- thromboxane (2)
- time-lapse imaging (2)
- time-varying risk premia (2)
- timing (2)
- tissue Doppler imaging (2)
- tobacco (2)
- tobacco smoke (2)
- tolerability (2)
- tooth transplantation (2)
- topology (2)
- torsion (2)
- total hip replacement (2)
- trace elements (2)
- trading strategies (2)
- tragedy of the commons (2)
- trajectories (2)
- trans-sequential analysis (2)
- transcriptome analysis (2)
- transcultural memory (2)
- transfer strategies (2)
- transforming growth factor-β (2)
- transgenic mice (2)
- transition-metal oxides (2)
- translanguaging (2)
- translation initiation (2)
- trastorno de estrés postraumático (2)
- trastuzumab (2)
- travel (2)
- treatment preference (2)
- trehalose (2)
- trials (2)
- triathlon (2)
- triglycerides (2)
- triple-negative breast cancer (2)
- trophoblast (2)
- trophoblasts (2)
- tropics (2)
- trustworthy AI (2)
- truth (2)
- tuberous sclerosis complex (2)
- tumor (2)
- tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (2)
- tumor necrosis factor (2)
- tumor stroma (2)
- tumor suppressor (2)
- tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (2)
- two-asset portfolio (2)
- type 2 diabetes (2)
- typology (2)
- ultrafast spectroscopy (2)
- unconventional oil (2)
- understanding (2)
- unilateral hip osteoarthritis (2)
- university (2)
- unsupervised learning (2)
- upgrading (2)
- urbanization (2)
- urethral stricture (2)
- urethroplasty (2)
- urinary incontinence (2)
- urological cancer (2)
- ursodeoxycholic acid (2)
- ustekinumab (2)
- uteroglobin (2)
- vaccination rates (2)
- valley winds (2)
- valuation (2)
- value (2)
- value creation (2)
- vanadium (2)
- variability (2)
- variance risk premium (2)
- vascular biology (2)
- vascular disease (2)
- vascular endothelial cells (2)
- vasodilation (2)
- ventral striatum (2)
- vergence (2)
- very high risk (2)
- videos (2)
- virulence factor (2)
- visual analogue scales (VAS) (2)
- visual perception (2)
- visual system (2)
- visual working memory (2)
- visuelle Analogskalen (VAS) (2)
- vitamin B deficiency (2)
- von Willebrand disease (2)
- vulnerability (2)
- waiting time (2)
- water use (2)
- wealth distribution (2)
- weight loss (2)
- welfare loss (2)
- white matter hyperintensity (2)
- wine (2)
- within-host viral modelling (2)
- women (2)
- work engagement (2)
- work-life balance (2)
- workflow (2)
- working memory capacity (2)
- x-ray crystallography (2)
- xenograft (2)
- yellow flags (2)
- young people (2)
- zero-energy universe (2)
- zinc (2)
- zoo education (2)
- zymogen (2)
- µ-protein (2)
- Ärztliche Aufklärung (2)
- Öffentliche Ordnung (2)
- Λ−coalescent (2)
- Υ suppression (2)
- β-catenin (2)
- 复杂性PTSD (2)
- "Critical Race Theory” (1)
- "Event Study" (1)
- "magnet effect" (1)
- #isa2015 (1)
- (2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methyl (1)
- (Anti-)(Hyper-)Nuclei (1)
- (F)EBID (1)
- (cardiac) surgery (1)
- (lyso)phospholipids (1)
- (mobile) Internet (1)
- (n (1)
- (non-)gradable predicate (1)
- (novel) brominated flame retardants ((N)BFR) (1)
- (re-)openings (1)
- (self-)representation (1)
- (sub-) luxation (1)
- *ABA (1)
- *BEAST (1)
- -MS) (1)
- 1 new taxon (1)
- 1,2,3 triazole (1)
- 1,2,3-Triazoles (1)
- 1,2,3-bis-triazoles (1)
- 1,2,3-triazole-acyclonucleosides (1)
- 1,2,4-thiadiazoles (1)
- 1,2-D ioxetanes (1)
- 1,2-dichloroethane (1)
- 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1)
- 1,3-bis(2,6-di-methylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (1)
- 1,3-diamine (1)
- 1,3-diazinane (1)
- 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1)
- 1,4-dioxane (1)
- 1,4-naphthoquinone (1)
- 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)thiourea (1)
- 1-octanol (1)
- 1-propanol (1)
- 1/c 2 electronic Hamiltonian (1)
- 10 new taxa (1)
- 11N45 (1)
- 11th September (1)
- 124Sn (1)
- 13F filings (1)
- 14-3-3 gene family (1)
- 14C- and 15N-Assimilation (1)
- 14C-Labeled Terpenoids (1)
- 14N10 (secondary) (1)
- 15-PGDH (1)
- 15N-Labelled Amino Acids (1)
- 16 segment AHA model (1)
- 16S barcodes (1)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 16S rRNA sequencing (1)
- 16p11.2 (1)
- 16th century (1)
- 17a-ethinylestradiol (1)
- 17th century (1)
- 17‐OH itraconazole (1)
- 18S rRNA gene (1)
- 1969 (1)
- 19F (1)
- 19F MR spectroscopy (1)
- 19F NMR shifts for fluoroarenes (1)
- 1H MR spectroscopy (1)
- 1H NMR; Conformational Properties (1)
- 1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopy (1)
- 1st order liquid–gas phase transition (1)
- 1α,25(OH)2D3 (1)
- 2 + 1-dimensional field theories (1)
- 2'-deoxyguanosine riboswitch (1)
- 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (1)
- 2-AG (1)
- 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol (1)
- 2-Oxoglutarate oxygenases (1)
- 2-SAT (1)
- 2-Sector Model (1)
- 2-deoxy-d-glucose (1)
- 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) (1)
- 2-hydroxyglutarate (1)
- 20 β-Activity (1)
- 2016 US Presidential Election (1)
- 2019 (1)
- 2019-nCoV (1)
- 2030 (1)
- 2030 Agenda (1)
- 21st Century Skills (1)
- 21st century skills (1)
- 223Radium-dichloride (1)
- 26 LncRNA (1)
- 2D NMR spectroscopy (1)
- 2D cellular structures (1)
- 2D materials (1)
- 2D vdW magnets (1)
- 2cpsdummy′-O-ribose-methylation (1)
- 2‑methoxyestradiol (1)
- 2′,3′-cGAMP (1)
- 2′-O-methylation (1)
- 3 mm RAS instruments (1)
- 3 mm instruments (1)
- 3' UTR (1)
- 3,17 β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (1)
- 3,30′-ethane-1,2-diyl-bis-1,3,5-triazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (1)
- 3,4-Benzopyrene (1)
- 3,4-DCA; biotransformation (1)
- 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (1)
- 3-MA (1)
- 3-alkylphenols (1)
- 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (1)
- 3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine (1)
- 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (1)
- 3-year survival (1)
- 30F30 (1)
- 32D progenitor cells (1)
- 32G15 (primary) (1)
- 3C protease(3Cpro) (1)
- 3Cs technology (1)
- 3D EM (1)
- 3D acquisition (1)
- 3D cell culture (1)
- 3D culture (1)
- 3D electron diffraction (1)
- 3D gait analysis (1)
- 3D image analysis (1)
- 3D laparoscopy (1)
- 3D modeling (1)
- 3D orientation pattern of ciliary bundles (1)
- 3D printed cell-free scaffold (1)
- 3D printed stamp (1)
- 3D printing using composite resin (1)
- 3D printing using zirconia (1)
- 3D spatiotemporal resolved mathematical models (1)
- 3D tissue models (1)
- 3D-models (1)
- 3D-printing (1)
- 3T3-L1 mouse fibroblasts (1)
- 3years (1)
- 3´-5´ phosphodiesterases (1)
- 3‐D inversion (1)
- 3′UTR length (1)
- 4,4’-Disubstituted 2,2’-Bipyridines (1)
- 4,4’-dihydroxy-nostoxanthin (1)
- 4,4’-diketo-nostoxanthin (1)
- 4-1BB (1)
- 4-FA (1)
- 4-ROD RFQ (1)
- 4-fluoroamphetamine (1)
- 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (1)
- 48Ca (1)
- 5 lipoxygenase (1)
- 5' UTR (1)
- 5'-UTR (1)
- 5-Hydroxyaloin A (1)
- 5-Lipoxygenase (1)
- 5-Lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) (1)
- 5-lipoxygenase; (1)
- 505 (1)
- 5_SL4 (1)
- 6-Methylsalicylic acid decarboxylase (1)
- 6-Methylsalicylic acid synthase (1)
- 6-Schritt-Methode (1)
- 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (1)
- 600-700 (1)
- 8 weeks (1)
- 9-Euro-Ticket (1)
- 9-HODE (1)
- 9-aminoacridine (1)
- 9-borafluorene (1)
- 90% or more improvement in baseline Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (1)
- 900 GeV (1)
- 99mTc-MIBI (1)
- 99mTc-pertechnetate (1)
- A-Discriminant (1)
- A-FFIP (1)
- A-PRF+ (1)
- A2BP1 (1)
- A375 human melanoma cell line (1)
- A375 human melanoma cells (1)
- A498 cells (1)
- A549 (1)
- AA-amylodosis (1)
- AAA (1)
- AAA+ disaggregase (1)
- AB-serum (1)
- ABC proteins (1)
- ABC proteins, ribosome recycling (1)
- ABCB5 (1)
- ABCE1 (1)
- ABE fermentation (1)
- ABR (1)
- ABT-737 (1)
- ACE inhibitor (1)
- ACE-inhibitor (1)
- ACKR (1)
- ACL (1)
- ACL rupture (1)
- ACPM (1)
- ACT-777991 (1)
- ACTH (1)
- ACURATE neo (1)
- AChE inhibition (1)
- ADAM-17 (1)
- ADAM10 (1)
- ADAMTS-13 (1)
- ADAMTS13 (1)
- ADAR (1)
- ADCC (1)
- ADCD (1)
- ADGRE1 (1)
- ADHD differential diagnosis (1)
- ADHS (1)
- ADL (1)
- ADP (1)
- ADR (1)
- AF4–MLL (1)
- AFLP (1)
- AGB star (1)
- AGC kinase (1)
- AGMO (1)
- AGN host galaxies (1)
- AGN jets (1)
- AI (1)
- AI Act (1)
- AI Safety (1)
- AI fairness (1)
- AICAR (1)
- AIFMD (1)
- AIH immunopathogenesis (1)
- AIS (1)
- AIWG (1)
- AKP (1)
- AKT signaling (1)
- AKT-mTOR pathway (1)
- ALD (1)
- ALDH2 (1)
- ALE (1)
- ALF (1)
- ALICE detector (1)
- ALICE upgrade (1)
- ALICE, Teilchendetektor (1)
- ALK gene (1)
- ALK-rearranged NSCLC (1)
- AM-PM noise conversion (1)
- AMD3100 (1)
- AML – acute myeloid leukemia (1)
- AMP-activated kinase (1)
- AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) (1)
- AMPK, nuclear receptors, PPAR, LXR, fatty acid oxidation, ABCA1, human macrophages (1)
- ANOSIM (1)
- ANOVA (1)
- AO-PCCF (1)
- AOSpine (1)
- AOSpine injury score (1)
- APA (1)
- APCO (1)
- APM (1)
- APMPPE - acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (1)
- APP (1)
- APRI (1)
- APT-CEST (1)
- ARA (1)
- ARID5B (1)
- ARMA (1)
- ART (1)
- ASA404 (1)
- ASAP (1)
- ASCT (1)
- ASD-specific (1)
- ASO (1)
- ASPA (1)
- ASPECTS (1)
- AT-101 (1)
- AT1 receptor antagonist (1)
- ATAD2 (1)
- ATG24 (1)
- ATG3 (1)
- ATG4 (1)
- ATG8 (1)
- ATO (1)
- ATP binding (1)
- ATP synthesis (1)
- ATPase (1)
- ATTO 390 (1)
- ATXN2 (1)
- AU-rich element (1)
- AVM hemorrhage (1)
- AZD7762 (1)
- Abatacept (1)
- Abbau (1)
- Abdominal infections (1)
- Abdominal surgery (1)
- Abdominal trauma (1)
- Abductor pollicis longus (1)
- Abfrageverarbeitung (1)
- Abgabe (1)
- Abiraterone acetate (1)
- Abl kinase inhibitors (1)
- Ablation (1)
- Ablation Techniques (1)
- Abnormal Returns (1)
- Abnormal Use (1)
- Abraham b. Azriel (1)
- Abrasion (1)
- Abronia graminea (1)
- Abronia lythrochila (1)
- Absenteeism (1)
- Absolute Level (1)
- Absolute quantification (1)
- Absorption Spectra (1)
- Absorption modeling (1)
- Absorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Abstraction (1)
- Abstrakter Automat (1)
- Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (1)
- Abundanz (1)
- Abuse (1)
- Abusive head trauma (AHT) (1)
- Abuso infantil (1)
- Abyssal (1)
- Academic Publishing (1)
- Academic faculties (1)
- Academic health centres (1)
- Academic publishing (1)
- Academics (1)
- Acanthocephalan parasites (1)
- Accelerator (1)
- Accelerators & storage rings (1)
- Accelerometry (1)
- Acceptability (1)
- Accessibility (1)
- Accession Protocol (1)
- Accessories in carbonatites (1)
- Accessory olfactory system (1)
- Accidents (1)
- Accounting research (1)
- Accreting black holes (1)
- Accumulated degree days (1)
- Acellular dermis (1)
- Acer platanoides (1)
- Acetobacterium (1)
- Acetogenic metabolism (1)
- Acetyl-CoA (1)
- Acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (1)
- Acid ceramiase (1)
- Acid transporters (1)
- Acidic Amino Acids (1)
- Ackerbau (1)
- Acquired drug resistance (1)
- Acquired resistance (1)
- Actaea cimicifuga (1)
- Actinomycin D (1)
- Action Plan for Medication Safety (1)
- Action potential (1)
- Actions in mathematical learning (1)
- Activated Cry1a (1)
- Activated partial thromboplastin time (1)
- Activation experiment (1)
- Active Particles (1)
- Active learning (1)
- Active middle ear implants (1)
- Activin (1)
- Activist Hedge Fund (1)
- Activity (1)
- Activity control (1)
- Activity-silent (1)
- Actuators (1)
- Aculifera (1)
- Acupuncture (1)
- Acute (1)
- Acute HIV infection (1)
- Acute Hemiparesis (1)
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (1)
- Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (1)
- Acute appendicitis (1)
- Acute bronchitis (1)
- Acute calcolous cholecystitis (1)
- Acute coronary syndrome (1)
- Acute cough (1)
- Acute elbow dislocation (1)
- Acute heart failure (1)
- Acute hospital (1)
- Acute kidney failure (1)
- Acute leukemia, chromosomal translocation, MLL, KMT2A, AF4-MLL, reciprocal fusion protein, MLL-r leukemia, (1)
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (1)
- Acute respiratory distress syndrom (1)
- Acute toxicity (1)
- Acute-on-chronic subdural hematoma (1)
- Adam (1)
- Adam Smith (1)
- Adaptive Prediction (1)
- Adaptive control (1)
- Adaptive dynamics (1)
- Adaptive immunity (1)
- Adaptive process control (1)
- Adaptive sequence evolution (1)
- Adenin (1)
- Adeno associated virus (1)
- Adeno-associated virus vector (1)
- Adenosine (1)
- Adenosine A1 receptor (1)
- Adenylyl cyclase (1)
- Adherence junctions (1)
- Adherencia terapéutica (1)
- Adherens junctions (1)
- Adhesins (1)
- Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- Adiposity (1)
- Adjective (1)
- Adjektiv (1)
- Adjustment of dosage at steady state (1)
- Adjuvant therapies (1)
- Administered World (1)
- Administrative claims data (1)
- Adoption (1)
- Adorno Theodor (1)
- Adult (1)
- Adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1)
- Adult-onset ADHD (1)
- Advanced biliary tract cancer (1)
- Advanced breast cancer (1)
- Advanced glycation endproducts (1)
- Advanced stage (1)
- Advanced treatment technologies (1)
- Adverse Selection Costs (1)
- Adverse drug reaction (1)
- Adverse effects (1)
- Advertisement disclosure (1)
- Advertising (1)
- Advertising performance (1)
- Aedes (1)
- Aerobic exercise training (1)
- Aeroplysinin-1 (1)
- Aerosol (1)
- Aesthetic Liking (1)
- Aesthetic Objectivity (1)
- Aesthetic Subjectivity (1)
- Aesthetic responsiveness (1)
- Affective Misattribution Procedure (1)
- Affective disorders (1)
- Affektive Entwicklung (1)
- Affinity Chromatography (1)
- Affinity Labeling (1)
- Affirmative action (1)
- Affordability crisis (1)
- African Agency (1)
- African fountain grass (1)
- African philosophy (1)
- African plum (1)
- African studies (1)
- Afrika (1)
- Afrikanistik/Afrikaforschung (1)
- Afrique de l’Ouest (1)
- Afrique subsaharienne (1)
- Afrotheria (1)
- Ag-RDT (1)
- Agamben (1)
- Aganglionosis (1)
- Agapetes (1)
- Agaricales (1)
- Agaricomycotina (1)
- Age determination (1)
- Age determination by skeleton (1)
- Age-structure (1)
- Agency (1)
- Agency costs (1)
- Agent <Künstliche Intelligenz> (1)
- Agent-Based Modelling (1)
- Agenten (1)
- Agents (1)
- Agglomerationseffekt (1)
- Aggressive periodontitis (1)
- Agile Methods (1)
- Agile work (1)
- Aging Phenomenon (1)
- Aging Society (1)
- Aging society (1)
- Agonist selection (1)
- Agoraphobia (1)
- Agreement (1)
- Agreement attraction (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Agyriales (1)
- Aichi targets (1)
- Aid (1)
- Aiolochroia crassa (1)
- Air Pollutants (1)
- Air traffic (1)
- Airport emissions (1)
- Airport-related emissions (1)
- Airways (1)
- Akaike information criterion (1)
- Akkadian language (1)
- Akkadische Sprache (1)
- Akkulturation (1)
- Akt-mTOR pathway (1)
- Akt-mTOR signaling (1)
- Aktie (1)
- Aktienmarkt (1)
- Aktienoption (1)
- Aktienoptionshandel (1)
- Aktienoptionsplan (1)
- Aktionär (1)
- Aktivierte partielle Thromboplastinzeit (1)
- Aktivierungsmethode (1)
- Akute lymphoblastische Leukämie (1)
- Akutes Koronarsyndrom (1)
- Alain de Benoist (1)
- Alarm substance (1)
- Alaska (1)
- Albanija (1)
- Albertine rift (1)
- Albumin (1)
- Albumin ratio (1)
- Alburnoides bipunctatus (1)
- Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 (1)
- Alcohol dehydrogenase (1)
- Alcyonacea (1)
- Aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (1)
- Aldehydes (1)
- Alevis (1)
- Alexandrian commentaries (1)
- Alexy (1)
- Alfred Schütz (1)
- Algebraic Hodge polynomial (1)
- Algebraic number theory (1)
- Algorithmic Feedback Loops (1)
- Algorithmic Trading (1)
- Algorithmic fairness (1)
- Algorithmic transparency (1)
- Alien species (1)
- AlignMe (1)
- Alignment <Biochemie> (1)
- Alignment parameter (1)
- Alignmentparameter (1)
- Aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons (1)
- Alisertib (1)
- Alkylating Agents (1)
- Alkylation of RNA (1)
- All oral (1)
- All-oral therapy (1)
- All-trans retinoic acid (1)
- Allemagne (1)
- Allergen immunotherapy (1)
- Allergic rhinitis (1)
- Allergoid (1)
- Allgemeines Gleichgewichtsmodell (1)
- Allgemeinmedizin (1)
- Allocative Effciency (1)
- Allochromatium vinosum (1)
- Allogeneic (1)
- Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT) (1)
- Allogeneic hematopoietic stem (1)
- Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (1)
- Allograft bone block (1)
- Allohormone pheromones (1)
- Allopatric diversification (1)
- Alloy (1)
- Alpelisib (1)
- Alpha equivalence (1)
- Alpha oscillations (1)
- Alpha power (1)
- Alpha rhythm (1)
- Alpha-V integrin (1)
- Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (1)
- Alpha-synuclein deficiency (1)
- Alphaproteobacteria (1)
- Alpine orogeny (1)
- Altenberg–Teplice Volcanic Complex (1)
- Alter (1)
- Alter Orient (1)
- Alteration (1)
- Alternate hydrophobicity (1)
- Alternating Phase Focusing (1)
- Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) (1)
- Alternative oxidase (1)
- Altertum (1)
- Alterung (1)
- Alterungsgesellschaft (1)
- Altitude training (1)
- Altitudinal (1)
- Alu elements (1)
- Alveolar macrophages (1)
- Alveolar ridge augmentation (1)
- Alzheimer's Disease (1)
- Alzheimer-Krankheit (1)
- Alzheimer’s dementia (1)
- Ambient air (1)
- Ambroxol (1)
- Ambulatory Assessment (1)
- Ambulatory assessment (1)
- Ameloblastoma (1)
- American Empire (1)
- American Football (1)
- American crocodile (1)
- American legal paradigm (1)
- Amino Acids (1)
- Amino acid analysis (1)
- Amino acid pattern (1)
- Amino acids (1)
- Aminosäuremetabolismus (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Aminotransferases (1)
- Amisulpride (1)
- Amitriptyline (1)
- Amizon (1)
- Ammonium Chloride (1)
- Amniotic fluid (1)
- Amoeba (1)
- Amortization payments (1)
- Amphetamine (1)
- Amphibia (1)
- Amphisphaeriales (1)
- Amplexus (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Amtsgerichte (1)
- Amygdala (1)
- Amyloid (1)
- Amyloid precursor protein (1)
- Amyloid proteins (1)
- Amyloid-beta (1)
- Amyloid-beta 42 (1)
- Amyloidkern (1)
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1)
- América Central (1)
- AnaCredit (1)
- Anabaena flos-aquae (1)
- Anabelian Geometry (1)
- Anabolism (1)
- Anacystis (1)
- Anaerobic bacteria (1)
- Anaesthesia (1)
- Anahuasca (1)
- Anakinra (1)
- Anal cancer (1)
- Analgesia (1)
- Analog (1)
- Analog Verification (1)
- Analoges System (1)
- Analogschaltungen (1)
- Analogue modelling (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Analyse der Körperzusammensetzung (1)
- Analysis tool (1)
- Analytical model (1)
- Anamorphic fungi (1)
- Anaplastic astrocytoma (1)
- Anatomic competence (1)
- Anbauflächen (1)
- Ancestral selection graph (1)
- Ancient DNA sensu lato (1)
- Ancient Near Eastern International Law (1)
- Ancient Near Eastern law (1)
- Ancient near east (1)
- Andean compression (1)
- Andersen-Tawil syndrome (1)
- Anderson Impurity model (1)
- Anderson-Modell (1)
- Anderson–Fabry (1)
- Andes (1)
- Andesites (1)
- Andexanet alpha (1)
- Androgen (1)
- Andropogon virginicus (1)
- Androst-4-en-3,17-dione (1)
- Anemia management (1)
- Anesthesia, Intravenous (1)
- Aneurysm (1)
- Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (1)
- Aneurysms (1)
- Angel (1)
- Angel Dzhambazki (1)
- Anger (1)
- Angiectasia (1)
- Angiodysplasia (1)
- Angioedema (1)
- Angiogenese (1)
- Angiogenèse (1)
- Angiomyolipoma (1)
- Angioplasty (1)
- Angola (1)
- Angolan giraffe (1)
- Angststörungen (1)
- Anguillicoloides crassus (1)
- Angular distribution (1)
- Animal Behavior (1)
- Animal Welfare Act (1)
- Animal behavior (1)
- Animal disease models (1)
- Animal experiment (1)
- Animal navigation (1)
- Animal phylogenetics (1)
- Animal physiology (1)
- Animal replacement (1)
- Animal rights (1)
- Animal sociality (1)
- Animal wings (1)
- Anion Transport System (1)
- Anion and Zwitterion Transport (1)
- Anionic boranes (1)
- Aniridia (1)
- Anisakid nematodes (1)
- Anisakidae (1)
- Anisotropic Norm (1)
- Anisotropic flow (1)
- Anisotropie (1)
- Anisotropy (1)
- Ankle arthrometer (1)
- Anlageverhalten (1)
- Annelida (1)
- Annihilation (1)
- Annotation (1)
- Annual density fluctuation (1)
- Annual general meeting (1)
- Anodic oxidation (1)
- Anomalous venous atrial connections (1)
- Anonymity (1)
- Anonymity Services (1)
- Anopheles (1)
- Anorexia Nervosa (1)
- Anosmia (1)
- Anpassung (1)
- Anregung (1)
- Anreizsystem (1)
- Anschlussheilbehandlung (1)
- Ansteckungsperiode (1)
- Anstrengung (1)
- Antarctic marine sponges (1)
- Antarctic parasites (1)
- Anteilseigner (1)
- Anterior cingulate cortex (1)
- Anterior cruciate ligament (1)
- Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (1)
- Anthraquinones (1)
- Anthropogene Klimaänderung (1)
- Anthropologie (1)
- Anti de Sitter space (1)
- Anti platelet therapy (1)
- Anti-CMV IgG (1)
- Anti-Semitism (1)
- Anti-TNF (1)
- Anti-Terror (1)
- Anti-inflammatory (1)
- Anti-kaon–nucleon physics (1)
- Anti-nuclei (1)
- Anti-predator (1)
- Anti-rheumatic agents (1)
- Anti-seizure medication (1)
- Anti-tumor immunity (1)
- Anti-viral activity (1)
- Antiangiogenesis (1)
- Antibiotic (1)
- Antibiotic generic drugs (1)
- Antibiotic resistance (1)
- Antibiotic steward-ship (1)
- Antibiotic stewardship (1)
- Antibiotic therapy (1)
- Antibiotics and Metabolite Export (1)
- Antibody avidity (1)
- Antibody isotypes (1)
- Antibody therapy (1)
- Antibody-mediated rejection (1)
- Anticancer therapy (1)
- Anticholinergic (1)
- Anticipated Inflation (1)
- Anticoagulant (1)
- Anticoagulants (1)
- Anticoagulants [MeSH] (1)
- Anticonvulsant (1)
- Anticonvulsant activity (1)
- Anticonvulsants (1)
- Antidepressant (1)
- Antifungal agents (1)
- Antigen carrier (1)
- Antigen processing and presentation (1)
- Antigen test (1)
- Antigen-presenting cells (1)
- Antigennachweis (1)
- Antigens/Peptides/Epitopes (1)
- Antihormone therapy (1)
- Antimatter (1)
- Antineoplastic agents (1)
- Antioxidant (1)
- Antiplatelet therapy (1)
- Antiproliferative (1)
- Antireflux surgery (1)
- Antirheumatic agents (1)
- Antisemitismus (1)
- Antisense RNA (1)
- Antisense agents (1)
- Antithrombotic therapy (1)
- Antivenom (1)
- Antiviral activity (1)
- Antiviral agents (1)
- Antiviral immune response (1)
- Antiviral response (1)
- Ants (1)
- Anwendbarkeit (1)
- Anxiety disorders (1)
- Anxiety sensitivity (1)
- Anxiolytic pharmacological therapy (1)
- Aortic Valve Replacement (1)
- Aortic aneurysm (1)
- Aortic arch replacement (1)
- Aortic debranching (1)
- Aortic input function (1)
- Aortic stiffness (1)
- Aortic valve sparing (1)
- Apache Spark (1)
- Aperiodic (1)
- Apes (1)
- Aphakia (1)
- Aphanomyces astaci (1)
- Aphantasia (1)
- Apical Vesicular Transport (1)
- Apis mellifera (1)
- ApoER2 (1)
- Aposematism (1)
- App (1)
- App Tracking Transparency Framework (1)
- App ecosystem (1)
- Appendectomy (1)
- Apple (1)
- Applied immunology (1)
- Applied microbiology (1)
- Approximation Algorithms (1)
- Aquaporin (1)
- Aquaporins (1)
- Aquatic invasion (1)
- Aquatic invertebrates (1)
- Aquilegia (1)
- Aquinas (1)
- Ara h2-specific IgE (1)
- Arab Awakening (1)
- Arab spring (1)
- Arabic-Islamic authors (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana metabolism (1)
- Arabin pessary (1)
- Arabin-Pessar (1)
- Arabinogalactan-proteins (1)
- Arachidonic acid cascade (1)
- Araneae (1)
- Araneomorphae (1)
- Arbeitsangebot (1)
- Arbeitsbedingungen muslimischen Personals (1)
- Arbeitslosenversicherung (1)
- Arbeitsplatzkonflikt (1)
- Arbeitsproduktivität (1)
- Arbeitsteilung (1)
- Arbeitswelt (1)
- Arboviruses (1)
- Arc discharges (1)
- Arc protein (1)
- ArchT (1)
- Archaebacterial Lipids (1)
- Archaeogeophysics (1)
- Archaeological Method (1)
- Archaeology of Knowledge (1)
- Archaeometry (1)
- Archebacterial Lipids (1)
- Archeology (1)
- Archery (1)
- Architekturtheorie (1)
- Archäologie (1)
- Archäologiegeschichte (1)
- Arduengo-type carbene (1)
- Area deprivation (1)
- Areas of Interest (1)
- Arendt, Hannah (1)
- Argentina (1)
- Arginine (1)
- Argumentative theory of reasoning (1)
- Aristòtil (1)
- Aristóteles (1)
- Arithmetic-geometric exponentials (1)
- Armadillo repeat protein (1)
- Armstrong (1)
- Armutszuwanderung (1)
- Arm’s Length Debt (1)
- Aromatase Inhibitors (1)
- Aromatase inhibitors (1)
- Arousal (1)
- Array seismology (1)
- Arrhythmia syndromes (1)
- Arrhythmia/all (1)
- Arriaga (1)
- Arrow (1)
- Art (1)
- Art interventions (1)
- Art investment (1)
- Art market (1)
- Art price index (1)
- Art. 2 EU (1)
- Artemether-lumefantrine (1)
- Artemisinin-combination-therapy (1)
- Artenrückgang (1)
- Artenschutz (1)
- Arteria ophthalmica (1)
- Arteriogenesis (1)
- Arteriovenous malformation (1)
- Artesunate (1)
- Arthroplasty (1)
- Arthropoda (1)
- Arthroscopy (1)
- Article 7 (1)
- Artificial Intelligence; (1)
- Artificial feeding bioassays (1)
- Artificial iris (1)
- Artificial neural networks (1)
- Arugat ha-Bosem (1)
- Asia (1)
- Asian American (1)
- Asparaginase (1)
- Aspergillosis (1)
- Aspergillus nidulans (1)
- Aspergillus species (1)
- Aspiration (1)
- Aspirin (1)
- Assault (1)
- Assay variation (1)
- Asses (1)
- Assessment of care (1)
- Asset Allocation, Contagion (1)
- Asset Concentration Risk (1)
- Asset Liquidation (1)
- Asset Management Companies (1)
- Asset Price Bubbles (1)
- Asset Prices (1)
- Asset Purchase Programme (1)
- Asset prices (1)
- Assignment (1)
- Assimilation of 15N-Nitrate (1)
- Assistive technology (1)
- Assortative mating (1)
- Astaxanthin Synthase (1)
- Asthma (1)
- Asthma and allergic disorders (1)
- Astrocytoma (1)
- Astrocytoma grades (1)
- Astronomical masses & mass distributions (1)
- Astrophysics (1)
- Asylum seekers (1)
- Asymmetric Tax Regimes (1)
- Asymmetric response (1)
- Asymmetrie Reconstitution (1)
- Asymmetry (1)
- Asymptotically Even Nonlinearity (1)
- Asynchronous evolution (1)
- Atakora mountain chain (1)
- Ataxia score (1)
- Atazanavir (1)
- Atelopus carbonerensis (1)
- Atelopus mucubajiensis (1)
- Atelopus tamaense (1)
- Atemwege (1)
- Atezolizumab (1)
- Atg8 (1)
- Athena SWAN (1)
- Athlete (1)
- Athletes (1)
- Atividades extra-curriculares (1)
- Atm (1)
- Atmospheric boundary layer (1)
- Atmospheric modeling (1)
- Atmospheric transport (1)
- Atmosphärischer Transport (1)
- Atomic & molecular beams (1)
- Atomic nuclei (1)
- Atomoxetine (1)
- Atoms (1)
- Atrazine (1)
- Atrial Fibrillation (1)
- Atrial appendage occlusion (1)
- Atrial fibrillation classification (1)
- Atrial function (1)
- Atrocity Prevention (1)
- Attack (1)
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (1)
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (1)
- Attention deficit (1)
- Attention mechanism (1)
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (1)
- Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (1)
- Attentional bias (1)
- Attentional set (1)
- Attenuated Total Reflection (1)
- Attitudes (1)
- Attosecond science (1)
- Attrition (1)
- Atxn2 (1)
- Auction (1)
- Auctions (1)
- Audience Segments (1)
- Audio equipment (1)
- Audiology (1)
- Audit fees (1)
- Audit partner style (1)
- Audit partner tenure (1)
- Audit quality (1)
- Auditor rotation (1)
- Auditory (1)
- Auditory midbrain (1)
- Auditory rehabilitation (1)
- Auferstehung (1)
- Aufgabenteilung (1)
- Aufholprozess (1)
- Aufreinigung (1)
- Aufstand/Revolte (1)
- Auftragsabwicklung (1)
- Aufwandsschätzung (1)
- Augmented reality (1)
- Auktionstheorie (1)
- Aung San Suu Kyi (1)
- Auric nanoparticles (1)
- Aurora (1)
- Aurora Ax (1)
- Aurora kinase inhibitor (1)
- Ausbildung (1)
- Ausbildung religiöses Personal (1)
- Ausländerbehörde (1)
- Ausschüsse für Politik und Recht (1)
- Ausstellung (1)
- Austen Jane (1)
- Austerity Measures (1)
- Austin (1)
- Australian marsupials (1)
- Australian/New Zealand families (1)
- Auswahlprozess (1)
- Autecology (1)
- Authorship (1)
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (1)
- Autism Spectrum disorder (1)
- Autism spectrum disorders (1)
- Autistic Behavior (1)
- Autistic disorder (1)
- Auto transfusion (1)
- Auto-ML (1)
- Autogenous bone block (1)
- Autographisches Gedächtnis (1)
- Autoimmune encephalomyelitis (1)
- Autoimmune response (1)
- Autoimmune vasculopathy (1)
- Autoinducer-2 (1)
- Autologous stem cell transplantation (1)
- Automata theory (1)
- Automated Feedback (1)
- Automated Tube Potential Selection (1)
- Automated sRNA analysis (1)
- Automatic (1)
- Automatic Environmental Tobacco Smoke Emitter (1)
- Automatization (1)
- Automobile Exhaust (1)
- Autonomic nervous system (1)
- Autonomous Driving (1)
- Autonomous Learning (1)
- Autonomy (1)
- Autophagic cell death (1)
- Autoritarismus (1)
- Autorrespeito (1)
- Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1C (1)
- Avian Clock gene (1)
- Awareness (1)
- Axel Honneth (1)
- Axiography (1)
- Axon (1)
- Axonal tracing (1)
- Ayahuasca (1)
- Aymara (1)
- Ayurveda (1)
- Ayurvedic herbal products (1)
- Azacitidine (1)
- Azan (1)
- Azan trichrome stain (1)
- Azathioprine (1)
- Azerbaijan (1)
- Azidothymidine (1)
- Azobenzene (1)
- Ação afirmativa (1)
- Aβ oligomers (1)
- B and Sr isotopes (1)
- B cell cancer (1)
- B cell differentiation (1)
- B cell malignancies (1)
- B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1)
- B cell receptor (1)
- B cell subpopulations (1)
- B chromosome (1)
- B-cell (1)
- B-cell antigen receptor (1)
- B-cell immunology (1)
- B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1)
- B-cell receptor (1)
- B-cell transcription factors (1)
- B-factor (1)
- B. subtilis (1)
- B.1.1.529 (1)
- B.1.1.7 (1)
- B.1.617.1 (1)
- B.1.617.2 (1)
- B16 cells (1)
- B3GNT2 (1)
- BA.4 (1)
- BA.5 (1)
- BACE1 (1)
- BATF3 (1)
- BBB (1)
- BCBS (1)
- BCL-2 (1)
- BCL11b (1)
- BCORL1 (1)
- BCR signaling (1)
- BCR-ABL (1)
- BCS phase (1)
- BEACOPP (1)
- BESIII detector (1)
- BET inhibitor (1)
- BET inhibitors (1)
- BET proteins (1)
- BEZ235 (1)
- BFIS (1)
- BFR (1)
- BG-index (1)
- BH3 mimetics (1)
- BI1361849 (1)
- BIAM switch assay (1)
- BIAM-switch (1)
- BIOfid (1)
- BIRC5 (1)
- BISA (1)
- BK channel (1)
- BMAC (1)
- BMP signaling (1)
- BMP4 (1)
- BMR (1)
- BMSC (1)
- BNC2 (1)
- BNE (1)
- BNT2b2 (1)
- BPD (1)
- BPDCN (1)
- BPO (1)
- BPTF (1)
- BPTI (1)
- BRAF V600E (1)
- BRAF inhibitors (1)
- BRAF mutation (1)
- BRD2 (1)
- BRD4-NUT (1)
- BRG1 (1)
- BRIC (1)
- BROMO-10 (1)
- BRUCE (1)
- BRVO (1)
- BSRN (1)
- BTC (1)
- BTK (1)
- BV6 (1)
- BVerfG (1)
- Babesia venatorum (1)
- Bacillariaphyceae (1)
- Bacillus (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Back pain (1)
- Back scan (1)
- Background expression (1)
- Background work (1)
- Backpropagating action potential (1)
- Backscattering (1)
- Backward error (1)
- Bacteraemia (1)
- Bacteria-host interaction (1)
- Bacterial Metabolism (1)
- Bacterial Protein Kinases (1)
- Bacterial Protein Phosphatases (1)
- Bacterial Signal Transduction (1)
- Bacterial abundance (1)
- Bacterial adhesion (1)
- Bacterial biofilm (1)
- Bacterial genes (1)
- Bacterial genetics (1)
- Bacterial genomics (1)
- Bacterial leakage (1)
- Bacterial pathogenesis (1)
- Bacterial pathogens (1)
- Bacteriology (1)
- Bacteriophages (1)
- BadA, (1)
- Badges (1)
- Bag6 (1)
- Bailin (1)
- Baleen whales (1)
- Ballet (1)
- Ballon-assisted enteroscopy (1)
- Balloon-expandable TAVI (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Bamlanivimab (1)
- Banach spaces (1)
- Band 3 Protein (1)
- Bandpass filters (1)
- Bangkok (1)
- Bank Accounting (1)
- Bank Acquisition (1)
- Bank Bailout (1)
- Bank Capital (1)
- Bank Capital Structure (1)
- Bank Corporate Governance (1)
- Bank Credit (1)
- Bank Defaults (1)
- Bank Deregulation (1)
- Bank Financing (1)
- Bank Incentives (1)
- Bank Pool (1)
- Bank Recapitalization (1)
- Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) (1)
- Bank Supervision (1)
- Bank affiliation (1)
- Bank lending standards (1)
- Bank of Japan (1)
- Bank's Balance Sheets (1)
- Banker's pay (1)
- Banking Competition (1)
- Banking Crisis (1)
- Banking Separation (1)
- Banking Supervision, (1)
- Banking union (1)
- Bankkredit (1)
- Bankruptcy (1)
- Bantu (1)
- Bantu expansion (1)
- Barcelona (1)
- Barclays (1)
- Barclays Bank (1)
- Bare Life (1)
- Bargaining (1)
- Bariatric surgery (1)
- Barlow disease (1)
- Barrel Bombs (1)
- Barrier (1)
- Bartolomé de Las Casas (1)
- Bartonella (1)
- Bartonella adhesin A (1)
- Bartonella grahamii (1)
- Bartonella schoenbuchensis (1)
- Baryon number susceptibilities (1)
- Baryonic resonances (1)
- Basal Ganglia (1)
- Basal ganglia (1)
- Base Catalysis (1)
- Base metal sulphides (1)
- Baseline toxicity (1)
- Batch Learning (1)
- Bathydraconinae (1)
- Bathyergidae (1)
- Batrachochytrium dentrobatidis (Bd) (1)
- Bats (1)
- Bayes-Lernen (1)
- Bayes-Regel (1)
- Bayesian Inference (1)
- Bayesian Network (1)
- Bayesian Persuasion (1)
- Bayesian Statistics (1)
- Bayesian analysis (1)
- Bayesian information criterion (1)
- Bayesian model (1)
- Bayesian model averaging (1)
- Bayesian multiple regression (1)
- Bayesian time-varying parameter estimation (1)
- Bayesianische Schätzung (1)
- Baylisascaris procyonis (1)
- Bcl-2 (1)
- Bcr-Abl (1)
- Beam dynamics simulation (1)
- Beam energy scan (1)
- Beam loss (1)
- Beam techniques (1)
- Bears (1)
- Beck Depression Inventory (1)
- Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (1)
- Becton Dickinson (1)
- Bee venom allergy (1)
- Beer (1)
- Beginners (1)
- Behandlungspfad (1)
- Behavior change (1)
- Behavior problems (1)
- Behavioral Agency Model (1)
- Behavioral Finance (1)
- Behavioral Insurance (1)
- Behavioral Measurement (1)
- Behavioral analysis (1)
- Behavioral disorders (1)
- Behavioral ecology (1)
- Behavioral experiment (1)
- Behavioral finance (1)
- Behavioral reaction norms (1)
- Behavioral specialization (1)
- Behavioral syndromes (1)
- Behavioral tests (1)
- Behavioral type (1)
- Behavioural methods (1)
- Belgium (1)
- Belief Formation (1)
- Belief Propagation (1)
- Belief up-dating (1)
- Beliefs and Choice (1)
- Bell theorem (1)
- Bellman Equations (1)
- Belohnung (1)
- Belt and Road Initiative (1)
- Benchmark testing (1)
- Benchmarks (1)
- Benefits (1)
- Benign disorder (1)
- Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces (BESS) (1)
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (1)
- Bentall operation (1)
- Benthic environment (1)
- Beobachtungsdaten (1)
- Berci needle (1)
- Bereavement (1)
- Berkovich spaces (1)
- Berlin Affective Word List (BAWL) (1)
- Bernard Harcourt (1)
- Berne Convention (1)
- Berotralstat (1)
- Bertolt Brecht (1)
- Berufserfolg (1)
- Beryllium-7 (1)
- Beskid Niski Mts (1)
- Best practice (1)
- Best-practice model (1)
- Beta (1)
- Beta and return (1)
- Beta decay (1)
- Beta-diversity (1)
- Beta-sheet (1)
- Betafaktor (1)
- Betatrons (1)
- Bewegungserziehung (1)
- Bewertungseinheit (1)
- Beziehung zwischen Staat und muslimischen Gemeinden (1)
- Bias in medical research (1)
- Biased Beliefs (1)
- Bibliografie (1)
- Bibliography of Linguistic Literature (BLL) (1)
- Bibliometric analysis (1)
- Bibliotheksgeschichte (1)
- Bicycle use (1)
- Bidirectional connections (1)
- Bidirectional genes (1)
- Bielik-Robson (1)
- Bifurcation Theory (1)
- Big Data Benchmarks (1)
- Big Five Personality (1)
- Big Techs (1)
- Big Three (1)
- Big data (1)
- Big five (1)
- BigBench (1)
- Bilanzrecht (1)
- Bilateral cochlear implant (1)
- Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (1)
- Bilaterales Monopol (1)
- Bilderkennung (1)
- Bildladung (1)
- Bildung (1)
- Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung (1)
- Bildungsforschung (1)
- Bildungsraum (1)
- Bildungsreise (1)
- Bile (1)
- Biliary physiology (1)
- Biliary tree (1)
- Biliary tree stones (1)
- Bilingualism (1)
- Bilirubin (1)
- Billroth II gastroenterostomy (1)
- Billroth papillotome (1)
- Billroth’s operation-II (1)
- Binary (1)
- Binary Neutron Star Mergers (1)
- Binary pulsars (1)
- Binding Kinetics (1)
- Binding analysis (1)
- Binding kinetic (1)
- Binnenwanderung (1)
- Binocular Rivalry (1)
- Binoculars (1)
- Bio safety (1)
- BioFrankfurt (1)
- BioID (1)
- Bioactivity-guided fractionation (1)
- Bioavailability (1)
- Bioavailability prediction (1)
- Biochemical simulations (1)
- Biochemistry and chemical biology (1)
- Biodiversity Data (1)
- Biodiversity conservation (1)
- Biodiversity loss (1)
- Biodiversity tools and pipelines (1)
- Bioenabling formulations (1)
- Bioenergetics/Electron Transfer Complex (1)
- Bioengineering (1)
- Bioethanol (1)
- Bioethics (1)
- Biofluids (1)
- Biofuels (1)
- Biogeographical representativeness (1)
- Biogeographie (1)
- Biogeography of disease (1)
- Biographie (1)
- Biologging (1)
- Biological (1)
- Biological Activity (1)
- Biological Sciences (1)
- Biological anthropology (1)
- Biological citizenship (1)
- Biological heart valves (1)
- Biological indicators (1)
- Biological invasion (1)
- Biological locomotion (1)
- Biological markers (1)
- Biological neural networks (1)
- Biological physics (1)
- Biological profile (1)
- Biological psychiatry (1)
- Biological sciences (1)
- Biological techniques (1)
- Biomarker Discovery Study (1)
- Biomarkers & Diagnostic Imaging (1)
- Biomass monitoring (1)
- Biomaterials – proteins (1)
- Biomechanical analysis (1)
- Biomedical named entity recognition (1)
- Biomes (1)
- Biomineralization (1)
- Biophysical Chemistry (1)
- Biophysik (1)
- Biopolitics (1)
- Biopolymers in vivo (1)
- Biopower (1)
- Bioprocess automation (1)
- Bioprosthesis (1)
- Biopsychosocial (1)
- Biopsychosocial model (1)
- Biopysikalische Chemie (1)
- Bioreactor (1)
- Biosecurity (1)
- Biota (1)
- Biotechnologische Industrie (1)
- Biotest (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Biotic stress (1)
- Biotin (1)
- Biotransformation (1)
- Bipolar (1)
- Bipolar seesaw (1)
- Biradicals (1)
- Bird physiology (1)
- Birds of prey (1)
- Birkenpollen (1)
- Birth (1)
- Bis-azido-NAD+ Analog (1)
- Bispecific (1)
- Bisphenol A (1)
- Bisphosphonates (1)
- Bivalves (1)
- Bjorken flow (1)
- Black Holes (1)
- Black Lipid Membrane (1)
- Black Sea (1)
- Black and Scholes Option Price theory (1)
- Black cohosh (1)
- Black cohosh induced liver injury (1)
- Black mildews (1)
- Blanchot (1)
- Blankoverkauf (1)
- Blastocysts (1)
- Blech- und Metallwarenindustrie (1)
- Bleeding Risk (1)
- Blei (1)
- Blended learning (1)
- Blinatumomab (1)
- Blindness (1)
- Bloc Identitaire (1)
- Blocco Studentesco (1)
- Blockchain-based crowdfunding (1)
- Blocked occlusion (1)
- Blockplay (1)
- Blog (1)
- Blood brain barrier (1)
- Blood cells (1)
- Blood coagulation disorder (1)
- Blood flow (1)
- Blood flow restriction (1)
- Blood loss calculator (1)
- Blood loss formula (1)
- Blood management (1)
- Blood sample handling (1)
- Blood sampling (1)
- Blood transfusion (1)
- Bloodstream infection (1)
- Blow fly (1)
- Blow-up (1)
- Blowflies (1)
- Blue Chip (1)
- Blue Hole (1)
- BluePrint (1)
- Blurred vision (1)
- Blutgefäßsystem (1)
- Blutspenderscreening (1)
- Blutung (1)
- Blutungskontrolle (1)
- Blutübertragbare Virusinfektionen (1)
- Board Appointments (1)
- Board Oversight (1)
- Boards für Stadt-Entwicklung (1)
- Bodenbedingungen (1)
- Body Composition (1)
- Body burden (1)
- Body limbs (1)
- Body sway (1)
- Body temperature (1)
- Body-contouring surgery (1)
- Bogert’s rule (1)
- Bohmian mechanics (1)
- Bohrung (1)
- Boidae (1)
- Boko Haram (1)
- Bold fmri (1)
- Bolhmann bands (1)
- Bolivia (1)
- Bolshoy Khailyk placer (1)
- Boltzmann-Gleichung (1)
- Boltzmann-Vlasov equation (1)
- Bond risk premia (1)
- Bone and joint mechanics (1)
- Bone cancer (1)
- Bone cement implantation syndrome (1)
- Bone conduction devices (1)
- Bone disease (1)
- Bone diseases (1)
- Bone diseases, Metabolic (1)
- Bone dust (1)
- Bone marrow aspirate concentrate (1)
- Bone marrow cells (1)
- Bone marrow fibrosis (1)
- Bone marrow mononuclear cells (1)
- Bone metastases (1)
- Bone metastasis (1)
- Bone remodelling (1)
- Bone strength assessment (1)
- Bone substitute (1)
- Bone tumor (1)
- Book production (1)
- Boolean Lattice (1)
- Boosted Jets (1)
- Bora (1)
- Borate (1)
- Born cross section (1)
- Born cross section measurement (1)
- Borobudur (1)
- Boron isotopes (1)
- Borrelia miyamotoi (1)
- Bortezomib (1)
- Bos taurus (1)
- Bose-Einstein condensates (1)
- Bose–Einstein condensation (1)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina (1)
- Bosonisierung (1)
- Boswellia serrata (1)
- Boswellic acids (1)
- Botanical Collections (1)
- Botany (1)
- Botswana (1)
- Bottled water (1)
- Bottom-up (1)
- Bottomonium (1)
- Boundary (1)
- Boundary Value Problems (1)
- Boundary elements (1)
- Boundary-making practices (1)
- Bourdieu, Pierre (1)
- Bovidae (1)
- Bovine liver catalase (1)
- Bow (1)
- Bowel obstruction (1)
- Boycotts (1)
- Brachial artery (1)
- Brachiopoda (1)
- Brachiozoa (1)
- Brachytherapy (1)
- Bradycardia (1)
- Bradykinin (1)
- Bradyrhizobium (1)
- Brain DNA methylation (1)
- Brain Rhythms (1)
- Brain anatomy (1)
- Brain asymmetry (1)
- Brain damage (1)
- Brain development (1)
- Brain imaging (1)
- Brain injuries (1)
- Brain injury (1)
- Brain ischemia (1)
- Brain lesion (1)
- Brain networks (1)
- Brain repair (1)
- Brain size I (1)
- Brain tumor surgery (1)
- Brain tumors (1)
- Brain-stimulus synchrony (1)
- Branch and Bound (1)
- Branching fraction measurement (1)
- Branching process approximation (1)
- Brand focus (1)
- Brassicales (1)
- Brazil Current (1)
- Brazilian Federal Supreme Court (1)
- Brazilian Judiciary (1)
- Brazilian Law courses (1)
- Brazilian legal system (1)
- Breast cancer survivers (1)
- Breast conserving surgery (1)
- Breast neoplasm (1)
- Breast reconstruction (1)
- Breathing (1)
- Breech delivery (1)
- Breeding glands (1)
- Bridge International (1)
- Bright light therapy (1)
- Brij 35 (1)
- BrijL23 (1)
- Britain (1)
- British National Party (1)
- Brittany (1)
- Brms (1)
- Brodalumab (1)
- Broken symmetry (1)
- Broker (1)
- Broker Crossing Networks (1)
- Bromeliads (1)
- Bromine (1)
- Bromodomänen (1)
- Bronchial inflammation (1)
- Bronchitis severity scale (1)
- Bronchodilator agents (1)
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (1)
- Bronze Age (1)
- Browsertool (1)
- Brudenell River (1)
- Brush Border Formation (1)
- Brustkrebs (1)
- Bryozoa (1)
- Brønsted Acid (1)
- Bubble-like structure (1)
- Bubbles (1)
- Buckingham’s π-theorem (1)
- Buffer Stock Saving (1)
- Bufonidae (1)
- Building Societies (1)
- Bulbouncinula (1)
- Bulk viscosity (1)
- Bumble bees (1)
- Bunching (1)
- Bundesbank (1)
- Bundeswehr (1)
- Bungarus (1)
- Bungarus walli (1)
- Buoyancy (1)
- Buparlisib (1)
- Burglary (1)
- Burkholderia arboris (1)
- Burkitt’s lymphoma (1)
- Burma (1)
- Burns (1)
- Burschenschaften (1)
- Burst (1)
- Bush (1)
- Business Subsidies (1)
- Business psychology (1)
- Business strategy in drug development (1)
- Business subsidies (1)
- Butanol (1)
- Butterworth filters (1)
- Butyrate (1)
- Bypass liner (1)
- Bärnighausen tree (1)
- Börsenhändler (1)
- Börsenmakler (1)
- Bürgerbeteiligung / Bürger:innenbeteiligung (1)
- Bürgerwissenschaft (1)
- Büros für Wirtschafts-und Handelsbeziehungen (1)
- Büros für Wohnungsbau (1)
- B−B bonds (1)
- B−H bonds (1)
- C corporations (1)
- C++ (1)
- C-H...Br hydrogen bond (1)
- C-H...O interactions (1)
- C-H...O interactions (1)
- C-H...[pi] interactions (1)
- C-H...[pi] interactions (1)
- C-clamp (1)
- C-mannosylation (1)
- C-reactive proteins (1)
- C-value (1)
- C. grani (1)
- C. radiatus (1)
- C. wailesii (1)
- C1 esterase inhibitor (human) (1)
- C1-INH (C1 inhibitor, C1-esterase inhibitor) (1)
- C1-esterase inhibitor protein (1)
- C1-inhibitor (1)
- C1-inhibitor concentrate (1)
- C1-inhibitor deficiency (1)
- C19orf70 (1)
- C2 domain (1)
- C3M (1)
- C4M (1)
- C5 acylcarnitine (1)
- C57BL/6J mice (1)
- C57BL/6N mice (1)
- C6 ceramide (1)
- CA (1)
- CA-ID-TIMS zircon dating (1)
- CA1 (1)
- CABG (1)
- CABLE (1)
- CAC-DRS Score (1)
- CAD-CAM (1)
- CAD/ CAM crown (1)
- CAD/CAM crown (1)
- CAI-1 (1)
- CAKUT (1)
- CANCAP project (1)
- CAPM (1)
- CAPON (1)
- CAR T cells (1)
- CAR-NK cell (1)
- CAR-T cell (1)
- CAR-immunotherapy (1)
- CAT (1)
- CAZy (1)
- CBC (1)
- CBM detector (1)
- CBRT (1)
- CBT (1)
- CCC-2 (1)
- CCD Camera (1)
- CCN2 (1)
- CCP (1)
- CCPA (1)
- CCR5 (1)
- CCTT (1)
- CD137 (1)
- CD23 (1)
- CD271 (1)
- CD3 (1)
- CD3/19 depletion (1)
- CD3/CD19 depletion (1)
- CD34 (1)
- CD34 selection (1)
- CD34+ cell enumeration (1)
- CD34 + cells (1)
- CD4+ T cells (1)
- CD4+ T lymphocytes (1)
- CD40 (1)
- CD41 (1)
- CD44s (1)
- CD44v6 (1)
- CD45RA Depletion (1)
- CD45RA naïve lymphocytes (1)
- CD47 (1)
- CD49d (1)
- CD56 (1)
- CD62L (1)
- CD62P (1)
- CD62p+Exosomes (1)
- CD74 (1)
- CD8 (1)
- CD8+ T cell (1)
- CD8+ T cells (1)
- CD8+ T lymphocytes (1)
- CD8+ T-cell mediated tumor suppression (1)
- CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (1)
- CD95/Fas receptor (1)
- CDC-42 (1)
- CDH13 (1)
- CDI (1)
- CDK inhibitor (1)
- CDK-cyclin axis (1)
- CDK2 (1)
- CDK4/6 inhibitor (1)
- CDK4/6 inhibitors (1)
- CDK4/CDK6 (1)
- CDKN2A (1)
- CDS spreads (1)
- CEBPD (1)
- CEBPE (1)
- CECL (1)
- CEMP (1)
- CEO Speeches (1)
- CEO attractiveness (1)
- CEO speeches (1)
- CEP-1 (1)
- CEP68 (1)
- CERN (1)
- CERN PSB (1)
- CERN SPS (1)
- CES production functions (1)
- CEST (1)
- CEST EPI (1)
- CFIm (1)
- CGD (1)
- CHA2DS2-VASc-score (1)
- CHEMDNER (1)
- CHEPs (1)
- CHIP (1)
- CHRDL1 (1)
- CHRNA10 (1)
- CHRNA7 (1)
- CHRNA9 (1)
- CIK cell (1)
- CIM (1)
- CIRS (1)
- CJT formalism (1)
- CJT-Formalismus (1)
- CK2α (1)
- CLIF-C ACLF score (1)
- CLIF-C ACLF-R score (1)
- CLIL (1)
- CLIP (1)
- CLOCC (1)
- CLOUD experiment (1)
- CLP protease (1)
- CLPXP protease (1)
- CLVisc (1)
- CM SAF (1)
- CMIP5 climate scenarios (1)
- CMOS (1)
- CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (1)
- CMS (1)
- CMU (1)
- CMVepidemiology (1)
- CNC manufacturing (1)
- CNDAC (1)
- CNNs (1)
- CNS (1)
- CNS infection (1)
- CNS melanoma (1)
- CNS toxicity (1)
- CNS tumor (1)
- CNV 16p11.2 (1)
- CNVs (1)
- CO2 capture (1)
- CO2 emission (1)
- CO2 emission reduction targets (1)
- CO2 emissions intensity (1)
- CO2 fertilization (1)
- CO2 reduction (1)
- CO2-induced forced ventilation (1)
- COBAS Taqman (1)
- COBL (1)
- COD performance (1)
- COD tests (1)
- COGNIMUSE (1)
- COINS (1)
- COMT (1)
- COPD assessment test (1)
- COPD course and therapy (1)
- COVID (1)
- COVID 19 pandemic (1)
- COVID-19 Pandemic (1)
- COVID-19 epitope signatures (1)
- COVID-19 lockdown (1)
- COVID-19 regulations (1)
- COVID-19 vaccination (1)
- COVID-19, Primary care (1)
- COVID‐19 (1)
- CP violation (1)
- CPI (1)
- CPS (1)
- CPT1A (1)
- CPTAC (1)
- CPVT (1)
- CQL (1)
- CRA3 (1)
- CRBN (1)
- CRC65 (1)
- CRE-dependent transcription (1)
- CRE-luciferase (1)
- CREB inhibitor (1)
- CRF (1)
- CRISPR screen (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 gene conversion (1)
- CRISPR/dCas9 (1)
- CRM1 (1)
- CRPC (1)
- CRT (1)
- CRT-D (1)
- CRVO (1)
- CSC marker (1)
- CSDP (1)
- CSO (1)
- CSPP (1)
- CSR Europe (1)
- CT dual-energy computed tomography (1)
- CT pulmonary angiography (1)
- CT radiation exposure (1)
- CT-guidance (1)
- CT-guided interventions (1)
- CTL (1)
- CTX (1)
- CUE domain (1)
- CUELA system (1)
- CUP (1)
- CVD (1)
- CVD biomarker (1)
- CVID (1)
- CWS Studiengruppe (1)
- CXCL10 (1)
- CXCL16 (1)
- CXCR3 antagonism (1)
- CXCR5 (1)
- CY-503 (1)
- CYBA/p22phox (1)
- CYP110 (1)
- CYP1A1 (1)
- CYP450 (1)
- Ca2+ imaging (1)
- CaChR1 (1)
- CaMPARI (1)
- Cabozantinib (1)
- Caco 2 cells/metabolism (1)
- Caco‐2 cells (1)
- Caddisfly (1)
- Caffeate Respiration (1)
- Caffeine (1)
- Calathea (1)
- Calcification (1)
- Calcite and dolomite cements (1)
- Calcium calmodulin kinase (1)
- Calcium gluconate (1)
- Calcium recordings (1)
- Calcium signalling (1)
- Calcium waves (1)
- Calderón operator (1)
- Calderón problem (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Call Markets (1)
- Call for action (1)
- Call options (1)
- Calliphora (1)
- Calmodulin (1)
- Calnexin (1)
- Calorimeter methods (1)
- Calorimeters (1)
- Calprotectin (1)
- Calstabin2/FKBP12.6 (1)
- Calycotome villosa (Poiret) Link Subsp. Intermedia (1)
- Cambio global (1)
- Cambodia (1)
- Camera trapping (1)
- Canadian foreign policy (1)
- Canary Current (1)
- Cancer Staging (1)
- Cancer detection (1)
- Cancer development (1)
- Cancer epigenetics (1)
- Cancer microenvironment (1)
- Cancer of unknown primary (1)
- Cancer progression (1)
- Cancer registries (1)
- Cancer risk factors (1)
- Cancer staging (1)
- Cancer survivors (1)
- Cancer therapeutic resistance (1)
- Cancer-specific survival (1)
- Candida spp (1)
- Canis lupus familiaris (1)
- Canopy height model (1)
- Capabilities (1)
- Cape Verde (1)
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (1)
- Capital Butgeting (1)
- Capital Inflows (1)
- Capital Market (1)
- Capital Markets (1)
- Capital Purchase Program (1)
- Capital allocation (1)
- Capital gains taxes (1)
- Capital requirements (1)
- Capital theory (1)
- Capital-labor substitution (1)
- Capitalism (1)
- Capitulation (1)
- Capnography (1)
- Capoeta damascina (1)
- Caprylic acid (1)
- Capsaicin (1)
- Capsule Synthesis (1)
- Capsule endoscopy, video (1)
- Car Sales (1)
- Car dependence (1)
- Car ownership (1)
- Car-free (1)
- Carapa procera (1)
- Carbanions (1)
- Carbapenem-resistente Gram-negative Bakterien (CRGN) (1)
- Carbapenemase (1)
- Carbapenemasen (1)
- Carbene Complexes (1)
- Carbohydrate active enzymes (1)
- Carbon Taxation (1)
- Carbon abatement (1)
- Carbon cycle (1)
- Carbon cycling (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Carbon tetrachloride (1)
- Carbonate geochemistry (1)
- Carbonated apatite (1)
- Carbonatite eruptions (1)
- Carboniferous volcanism (1)
- Carboxylic acid reductase (1)
- Carceral geography (1)
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast (1)
- Cardiac (1)
- Cardiac Fibrosis (1)
- Cardiac acoustic biomarkers (1)
- Cardiac biomarkers (1)
- Cardiac device therapy (1)
- Cardiac fibroblast (1)
- Cardiac function (1)
- Cardiac implantable electronic devices (1)
- Cardiac infarction (1)
- Cardiac masses (1)
- Cardiac monitoring (1)
- Cardiac necroenzymes (1)
- Cardiac output (1)
- Cardiac regeneration (1)
- Cardiac rehabilitation (1)
- Cardiac remodeling (1)
- Cardiac remodelling (1)
- Cardiac resynchronization therapy (1)
- Cardiac surgery patients (1)
- Cardiac troponin (1)
- Cardio-oncology (1)
- CardioMEMS™ HF system (1)
- Cardiogenic shock (1)
- Cardiolipin (1)
- Cardiomyocyte signaling pathways (1)
- Cardiomyopathy (1)
- Cardiopulmonary bypass (1)
- Cardiotoxicity (1)
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) (1)
- Cardiovascular disease risk (1)
- Cardiovascular epidemiology (1)
- Cardiovascular genetics (1)
- Cardiovascular mortality (1)
- Cardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen (1)
- Care home (1)
- Career promotion (1)
- Careers (1)
- Caregiver burden (1)
- Caribbean (1)
- Carnivora (1)
- Carotene Isomerase (1)
- Carotenoid Desaturation (1)
- Carotid injury (1)
- Carotinoide (1)
- Carrier-bound fibrin sealant (1)
- Cartilage (1)
- Cartilage Biology (1)
- Carychium (1)
- Cas9 inhibitor (1)
- Case management [MeSH] (1)
- Cash Flow Risk (1)
- Cash flow effect of monetary policy (1)
- Casirivimab (1)
- Caspase-8 (1)
- Caste (1)
- Castleman’s disease (1)
- Castor bean tick (1)
- Catalan number (1)
- Catalase (1)
- Catalogs (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Catch-up validation study (1)
- Catchment hydrological models (1)
- Catheters (1)
- Catholic Church (1)
- Catholicism (1)
- Cation Proton Antiporter (1)
- Cats (1)
- Catumaxomab (1)
- Cauchy horizon (1)
- Caudate nucleus (1)
- Causal Machine Learning (1)
- Causal inferences (1)
- Causality (1)
- Causality assessment. (1)
- Cause of death (1)
- Cave animal, ecotone (1)
- Cave fish (1)
- Cave-dwelling species (1)
- Cdk1/cyclin B1 (1)
- Cell Adhesion (1)
- Cell Death (1)
- Cell Metabolism (1)
- Cell Migration (1)
- Cell Motility (1)
- Cell Signaling (1)
- Cell Wall (1)
- Cell assembly (1)
- Cell cortex (1)
- Cell cultures (1)
- Cell distribution (1)
- Cell metabolism (1)
- Cell plasticity (1)
- Cell processing (1)
- Cell surface proteoglycans (1)
- Cell-assisted lipotransfer (1)
- Cell-based Assays (1)
- Cell-based therapies (1)
- Cell-free Protein Expression (1)
- Cell-free Protein Synthesis (1)
- Cell-free expression (1)
- Cell-free protein synthesis (1)
- Cell-free synthetic biology (1)
- Cell-to-Cell Spread (1)
- Cellular (1)
- Cellular energy metabolism (1)
- Cellular imaging (1)
- Cellular inflammatory response (1)
- Cellular network formation (1)
- Cellular neural network (1)
- Cellular stress (1)
- Cellular stress responses (1)
- Cellular suicide switch (1)
- Cellulase gene expression (1)
- Cement gap (1)
- Cementation (1)
- Cenchrus americanus (1)
- Center-specific time in therapeutic range (cTTR) (1)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1)
- Central African rainforest (1)
- Central Asia (1)
- Central Bank Losses (1)
- Central Bank of Cyprus (1)
- Central Banks (1)
- Central Banks and Their Policies (1)
- Central Counterparty Clearing House (CCP) (1)
- Central Germany (1)
- Central Nigeria (1)
- Central Oman (1)
- Central and Northern Europe (1)
- Central bank liquidity (1)
- Central banks (1)
- Central counterparty clearing house (CCP) (1)
- Central nervous system (1)
- Central nervous system metastases (1)
- Centrality (1)
- Centrality Class (1)
- Centrality Selection (1)
- Centric diatom (1)
- Centrifugation (1)
- Centrifuge modeling (1)
- Cephalic sensory organs (1)
- Ceramic (1)
- Ceramide Synthase (1)
- Ceramides (1)
- Cerasorb (1)
- Cerclage (1)
- Cercospora (1)
- Cerebellar ataxia (1)
- Cerebral Vasospasm (1)
- Cerebral hypoperfusion (1)
- Cerebral ischemia (1)
- Cerebral nerves (1)
- Cerebral oxygen saturation (1)
- Cerebral toxoplasmosis HIV (1)
- Cerebral vasospasm (1)
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (1)
- Cerebrovascular (1)
- Cerebrovascular disorders (1)
- Cerrado (1)
- Certainty (1)
- Certainty in Law (1)
- Certification (1)
- Cervical (1)
- Cesarean delivery (1)
- Cestode community (1)
- Ceteris paribus laws (1)
- Cetraria aculeata (1)
- ChAdOx1-S (1)
- ChIP (1)
- ChIP-Seq (1)
- Chabad Lubavitch (1)
- Chaenodraco wilsoni (1)
- Chagas disease (1)
- Challenge and hindrance stressors (1)
- Champsocephalus gunnari (1)
- Change (1)
- Changes in labor markets (1)
- Channelrhodopsin (1)
- Channichthyidae (1)
- Chaostheorie (1)
- Chaperone Chaperonin (1)
- Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (1)
- Charge change (1)
- Charge fluctuations (1)
- Charge-transfer collisions (1)
- Charged-particle multiplicity (1)
- Charisma (1)
- Charitable trust (1)
- Charity (1)
- Charm quark spatial diffusion coefficient (1)
- Charm vector (1)
- Charmed baryon (1)
- Charmed meson production (1)
- Charmonia (1)
- Charmonium (-like) (1)
- Charmonium decays (1)
- Chatbot (1)
- CheF (1)
- CheY (1)
- Checkpoint Inhibitor (1)
- Checkpoint kinase (1)
- Checkpoints (1)
- Chelated Pentacoordinated Silicon (1)
- Chemical Physics (1)
- Chemical characterization (1)
- Chemical company (1)
- Chemical composition (1)
- Chemical contamination (1)
- Chemical dispersant (1)
- Chemical dispersants (1)
- Chemical ecology (1)
- Chemical labeling (1)
- Chemical pollution (1)
- Chemical preservatives (1)
- Chemical probes (1)
- Chemical recycling (1)
- Chemische Sonden (1)
- Chemische Verschiebung (1)
- Chemnitz (1)
- Chemobrain (1)
- Chemoembolization (1)
- Chemoinformatics (1)
- Chemokine CCL2 (1)
- Chemometry (1)
- Chemoprevention (1)
- Chemoradiation (1)
- Chemorefractory advanced gastric cancer (1)
- Chemosensitivity (1)
- Chemotaxonomy (1)
- Cherenkov counter: lead-glass (1)
- Chest pain unit (1)
- Chicken (1)
- Chicken embryo (1)
- Chickens (1)
- Chikungunya virus (1)
- Child adiposity (1)
- Child and adolescent psychotherapy (1)
- Child development (1)
- Child health (1)
- Child sexual abuse (1)
- Childhood mortality rates (1)
- Childhood sexual abuse (1)
- Childhood theory (1)
- Children and adolescents (1)
- Children’s agency (1)
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) (1)
- Chimerism (1)
- Chinese Communist Party (1)
- Chinese crocodile lizard (1)
- Chinese restaurant process (1)
- Chinese river basins, water withdrawals, dam construction, river flow alteration, flow indicators, fish species richness, fish catch, riparian vegetation cover, quantitative analysis (1)
- Chinese studies (1)
- Chiquitano Dry Forest (1)
- Chiral Lagrangian (1)
- Chiral Lagrangians (1)
- Chiral effective model (1)
- Chiral magnetic effect (1)
- Chiral perturbation theory (1)
- Chirale Symmetrie (1)
- Chironomidae (1)
- Chironomus piger (1)
- Chiton (1)
- Chiwondo Beds (1)
- Chlorierte Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Chloroform (1)
- Chlorophyll Fluorescence (1)
- Chlorophyll Formation (1)
- Chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- Chlorophyll-a (1)
- Chlorosis (1)
- Chocó rainforest (1)
- Choice experiments (1)
- Choice under Risk (1)
- Choice-confirmation bias (1)
- Cholecystectomy (1)
- Cholesky decomposition (1)
- Cholesterin Biosyntheseweg (1)
- Cholesterol (1)
- Cholinergic (1)
- Chondral Lesion (1)
- Chondrocyte (1)
- Chondrocyte signalling (1)
- Chondrule formation (1)
- Chopper (1)
- Choquet (1)
- Chorion (1)
- Chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase (1)
- Chris Armstrong (1)
- Chritianity (1)
- Chrna7 knockout (1)
- Chromatin and Epigenetics (1)
- Chromatin conformation (1)
- Chromatography (1)
- Chromium (1)
- Chromodomains (1)
- Chromoendoscopy (1)
- Chromones (1)
- Chromosomal deletion (1)
- Chromosomal translocations (1)
- Chromosome number (1)
- Chromosomes and gene expression (1)
- Chronic Hepatitis C (1)
- Chronic ankle instability (1)
- Chronic care model (1)
- Chronic conditions (1)
- Chronic disease [MeSH] (1)
- Chronic diseases (1)
- Chronic health condition (1)
- Chronic heart failure (1)
- Chronic hepatitis C virus (1)
- Chronic illness (1)
- Chronic infection (1)
- Chronic intestinal failure (1)
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1)
- Chronic medical conditions (1)
- Chronic obstructive airway disease (1)
- Chronic pain (1)
- Chronic pancreatitis (1)
- Chronic periodontiti (1)
- Chronification (1)
- Chronology (1)
- Chronology of disease (1)
- Chrysomya chani (1)
- Chrysomya megacephala (1)
- Chrysops (1)
- Church (1)
- Church Courts (1)
- Cicer arietinum (1)
- Cigarettes (1)
- Cima da Conegliano (1)
- Cimbrian (1)
- Cine (1)
- Cinnarizine (1)
- Cinryze® (1)
- Circadian (1)
- Circadian rhythms and sleep (1)
- Circuit (1)
- Circular accelerators (1)
- Circular dichroism (1)
- Circular economy (1)
- Circulating MiRNA (1)
- Circulating miRNA (1)
- Circulation (1)
- Circumplex Scales of Intergroup Goals (1)
- Cirugía (1)
- Citation (1)
- Citation Network Analysis (1)
- Citationrate (1)
- Cities (1)
- Citizen Participation (1)
- Ciudadanía (1)
- Civil Society (1)
- Civil and political rights (1)
- Civil liberties (1)
- Civil society (1)
- Cladium mariscus (1)
- Cladocera (1)
- Claims on land (1)
- Classroom Management (1)
- Claudin 5 (1)
- Clavien–Dindo classification (1)
- Cleanliness level (1)
- Cleft palate (1)
- Clement Méric (1)
- Click chemistry (1)
- Climate Behavior (1)
- Climate Policies (1)
- Climate Protection (1)
- Climate System, Climate Models, Information theory (1)
- Climate change adaptation (1)
- Climate change economics (1)
- Climate data (1)
- Climate finance (1)
- Climate forcing (1)
- Climate inequity (1)
- Climate justice (1)
- Climate-change impacts (1)
- Climatic conditions (1)
- Climatic habitat suitability (1)
- Clincial pharmacology (1)
- CliniMACS (1)
- Clinical (1)
- Clinical Skills (1)
- Clinical competence (1)
- Clinical effectiveness (1)
- Clinical efficacy (1)
- Clinical frailty scale (1)
- Clinical groups (1)
- Clinical management (1)
- Clinical neuropsychology (1)
- Clinical outcome (1)
- Clinical pathway (1)
- Clinical pathways (1)
- Clinical pharmacology (1)
- Clinical phenotype (1)
- Clinical practice guidelines (1)
- Clinical psychometry (1)
- Clinical relevant dissolution specification (1)
- Clinical skills (1)
- Clinical variation (1)
- Clinician-administered PTSD Scale PTSD (1)
- Clinton (1)
- Clip (1)
- Cln3 (1)
- Clonidine (1)
- Closed World Assumption (CWA) (1)
- Closed-end fund (1)
- Closed-end fund discount (1)
- Closed-end funds (1)
- Closely related fungal species (1)
- Clostridioides difficile (1)
- Clostridium (1)
- Cloud Computing (1)
- Cloud properties (1)
- ClpB (1)
- Clumped isotopes (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Cluster randomization (1)
- Clustering coefficients (1)
- Co-Creation (1)
- Co-culture (1)
- Co-morbidity (1)
- Co-production (1)
- Co-speciation (1)
- Co2(CO)8 (1)
- CoCo Bond (1)
- CoCo bonds (1)
- CoCos (1)
- CoVaR (1)
- Coaching Systems (1)
- Coagulation (1)
- Coagulopathy management (1)
- Coalescence (1)
- Coalitions (1)
- Coamoeba (1)
- Coase Theorem (1)
- Cochlea (1)
- Cochleaimplantation (1)
- Cochlear Implant (1)
- Code as Law (1)
- Code-based regulation (1)
- Coding Scheme (1)
- Codon models (1)
- Codon-optimization (1)
- Coefficient correction (1)
- Coenzyme Analogue (1)
- Coenzyme Binding (1)
- Coeval folding and boudinage (1)
- Coexistence (1)
- Cofactors (biochemistry) (1)
- Cofilin (1)
- Cognitive Abilities (1)
- Cognitive Interviews (1)
- Cognitive Load (1)
- Cognitive Maps (1)
- Cognitive Spatial Distortions (1)
- Cognitive ageing (1)
- Cognitive behavioural therapy (1)
- Cognitive dysfunction (1)
- Cognitive enhancers of exposure therapy (1)
- Cognitive lock-in (1)
- Cognitive neurology (1)
- Cognitive processing therapy (1)
- Cognitive training (1)
- Cognitive-motor interference (1)
- Coherent Infomax (1)
- Coherent infomax (1)
- Coin tossing (1)
- Coincidence measurement (1)
- Cointegration (1)
- Colchicum (1)
- Cold hardiness (1)
- Cold nuclear matter effects (1)
- Cold pain (1)
- Cold tolerance (1)
- Colitis assoziate colorectal cancer (1)
- Collaboration (1)
- Collaboration network (1)
- Collaboration types (1)
- Collagen Maps (1)
- Collagen antibody-induced arthritis (1)
- Collagen hemostat (1)
- Collagen type I (1)
- Collagen type III (1)
- Collagen-based biomaterial (1)
- Collateral Constraint (1)
- Collateral constraints (1)
- Collateral policy (1)
- Collective Action (1)
- Collective Action Problems (1)
- Collective Expulsion (1)
- Collective Flow, (1)
- Collective Memory (1)
- Collective Redress Recommendation (1)
- Collective cell migration (1)
- Collective flow (1)
- Collective human behavior (1)
- Collective quadrupole excitations (1)
- Collective resilience factor (1)
- College dropout risk (1)
- College premium (1)
- College wage premium (1)
- Collembola (1)
- Collision processes (1)
- Colocation (1)
- Cologne (1)
- Colombia (1)
- Colombian Andes (1)
- Colon cancer (1)
- Colon capsule endoscopy (1)
- Colonic neoplasms (1)
- Colonisation (1)
- Colony development (1)
- Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (1)
- Color Glass Condensate (1)
- Color screening (1)
- Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Colorimetric blood loss estimation (1)
- Combat 18 (1)
- Combined immune checkpoint blockade (1)
- Combined surgical therapy (1)
- Combo® DTS (1)
- Combustion (1)
- Commercial pesticide preparations (1)
- Commercial real estate (1)
- Commerzbank (1)
- Commitment (1)
- Common Agricultural Policy (1)
- Common Morality (1)
- Common humanity (1)
- Common ragweed (1)
- Communicable diseases (1)
- Communication center (1)
- Communication-through-coherence (CTC) (1)
- Communist Party of China (1)
- Community barcoding (1)
- Community dynamics (1)
- Comovements (1)
- Compact astrophysical objects (1)
- Compact binary stars (1)
- Compact objects (1)
- Companion-type robots (1)
- Company founders (1)
- Comparative (1)
- Comparative Accounting (1)
- Comparative Capitalism (1)
- Comparative Genomics (1)
- Comparative Political Economy (1)
- Comparative effectiveness research (1)
- Comparative politics (1)
- Comparative study (1)
- Comparators (1)
- Comparison with QCD (1)
- Compartmental modeling (1)
- Compartmentalization (1)
- Compassionate writing exercises (1)
- Competencies (1)
- Competition in Order Flow (1)
- Competition policy (1)
- Compilation (1)
- Complement cascade (1)
- Complement system (1)
- Complementary medicine (1)
- Complementary mobility services (1)
- Complementation rate (1)
- Complete heart block (1)
- Complete response (1)
- Completed suicide (1)
- Complex Financial Instruments (1)
- Complex Formation (1)
- Complex decongestive therapy (1)
- Complex elbow fractures (1)
- Complex hernia (1)
- Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (1)
- Complex problem solving (1)
- Complexe WAP (1)
- Complexin 1 (1)
- Complexin-1 (1)
- Complicated stage (1)
- Complication (1)
- Compositional bias (1)
- Comprehensive Assessment (1)
- Comprehensive cancer centers (1)
- Comprehensive complication index (1)
- Compressed Baryonic Matter (1)
- Compression stocking (1)
- Compton scattering (1)
- Computation (1)
- Computational Biology (1)
- Computational Data Analysis (1)
- Computational Humanities (1)
- Computational Methods (1)
- Computational Physics (1)
- Computational biology (1)
- Computational geometry (1)
- Computational modeling (1)
- Computational modelling (1)
- Computational sRNA analysis (1)
- Computed axial tomography (1)
- Computed tomography imaging (1)
- Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) (1)
- Computed tomography, X-ray (1)
- Computer Science (1)
- Computer simulation (1)
- Computer tomography (1)
- Computer vision (1)
- Computer-Assisted (1)
- Computer-aided drug design (1)
- Computer-based assessment (1)
- Computer-unterstützte (1)
- Computers (1)
- Computersimulation (1)
- Computerspiel (1)
- Comunicación (1)
- Comunicação (1)
- Con man (1)
- Concentration (1)
- Concept of person (1)
- Concordance (1)
- Concrete (1)
- Concurrent CNS diseases (1)
- Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (1)
- Condensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics (1)
- Condition number (1)
- Conditional Forecasts (1)
- Conditional Pooling (1)
- Conditional gene trap (1)
- Conditional intensity (1)
- Conditional response (1)
- Conduct problems (1)
- Conduit function (1)
- Cone-beam computed tomography (1)
- Confinement (1)
- Confirmatory Bias (1)
- Conflict-driven memory enhancements (1)
- Conflicts (1)
- Confocal endomicroscopy (1)
- Conformational Dynamics (1)
- Conformational State (1)
- Conformational change (1)
- Conformational transitions (1)
- Conformational trapping (1)
- Confucianism legal system (1)
- Congenital (1)
- Congenital CMVinfection (1)
- Congenital anomalies (1)
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (1)
- Congenital duodenal obstruction (1)
- Congenital ocular motor apraxia (1)
- Congenitally blind (1)
- Coniosporium corticale (1)
- Conjoint Analysis (1)
- Connected Components (1)
- Conometric connection (1)
- Conscious perception (1)
- Consciousness of value (1)
- Consensus document (1)
- Consensus methods (1)
- Consensus statement (1)
- Conservation biogeography (1)
- Conservation science (1)
- Conservative (1)
- Conservative treatment (1)
- Consistency (1)
- Consistency of interest (1)
- Consortia (1)
- Constipation (1)
- Constitución del sujeto (1)
- Constituent moments (1)
- Constituent power (1)
- Constituição do sujeito (1)
- Constitution of India (1)
- Constitution of the subject (1)
- Constitutional Court (1)
- Constitutional Reform (1)
- Constitutionalism (1)
- Constitutions (1)
- Constrained posture (1)
- Constriction (1)
- Construct validity (1)
- Construction procurement (1)
- Consulting (1)
- Consumer Credit (1)
- Consumer Protection (1)
- Consumer confidence (1)
- Consumer credit (1)
- Consumer demand (1)
- Consummations of Legislation (1)
- Consumption hump (1)
- Consumption intensity (1)
- Consumption-investment Problems (1)
- Consumption-portfolio choice (1)
- Contact microradiography (1)
- Contact network (1)
- Contact precautions (1)
- Contagion Period (1)
- Container Trade (1)
- Containment (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Content analysis (1)
- Content and language integrated learning (1)
- Contestability (1)
- Context-sensitivity (1)
- Contingent Convertible Bonds (1)
- Contingent Convertible Capital (1)
- Contingent Negative Variation, CNV (1)
- Continual deep learning (1)
- Continuous Integration (1)
- Continuous Performance Test, CPT (1)
- Continuous Process Verification (1)
- Continuous renal replacement therapy (1)
- Continuous wave (1)
- Contra malos divites et usurarios (1)
- Contracaecum (1)
- Contract terms (1)
- Contractarian Model of Corporate Law (1)
- Contractile function (1)
- Contraction method (1)
- Contrast agent (1)
- Contrast-Enhancing Lesions (1)
- Contrast-enhanced (1)
- Contrast-medium, injection rate, iodine concentration, hepatic malignancy, multiphasic CT (1)
- Contrastive analysis (1)
- Contrastive linguistics (1)
- Control (1)
- Controlled freezing/thawing (1)
- Convection (1)
- Conventional Chemotherapeutic (1)
- Conventional T cell selection (1)
- Conventional and unconventional ubiquitination (1)
- Conventional dendritic cells (1)
- Conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (1)
- Convexity (1)
- Convolution quadrature (1)
- Convolutional (1)
- Convolutional Neural Networks (1)
- Cooperation (1)
- Coordination Of Control Modes (1)
- Coordination Risk (1)
- Coordinative Bonding (1)
- Coping capacity (1)
- Copper decoration (1)
- Copula (1)
- Copy number (1)
- Copy number variation (1)
- Corals (1)
- Cord blood transplantation (1)
- Core effectors (1)
- Core marking (1)
- Core needle biopsy (1)
- Core-component reuse (1)
- Cornea (1)
- Corneal tomography (1)
- Corneometrie (1)
- Corona Bonds (1)
- Corona pandemic (1)
- Corona virus (1)
- Corona-Pandemie (1)
- Coronaries (1)
- Coronary CT (1)
- Coronary Heart Disease (1)
- Coronary Plaque Burden (1)
- Coronary artery disease (CAD) (1)
- Coronary calcification (1)
- Coronary intervention (1)
- Coronaviruses (1)
- Corporate Announcements (1)
- Corporate Distress (1)
- Corporate Financing (1)
- Corporate Groups (1)
- Corporate Investment (1)
- Corporate Name Change (1)
- Corporate Quantitative Easing (1)
- Corporate concentration (1)
- Corporate deposits (1)
- Corporate financing (1)
- Corporate quantitative easing (1)
- Correctness (1)
- Correlated risk (1)
- Correlated risks (1)
- Correlated systems (1)
- Correlations (1)
- Correlative electron and light microscopy (1)
- Cortical circuit (1)
- Cortical column (1)
- Cortical degeneration (1)
- Cortical thickness (1)
- Cortisol secretion (1)
- Corucia zebrata (1)
- Corynebacterium glutamicum (1)
- Coscinodiscus concinnus (1)
- Cost And Quality Management (1)
- Cost estimation (1)
- Cost of Capital (1)
- Cost-effectiveness analysis (1)
- Cotton Genesis (1)
- Couch tracking (1)
- Coulombdissoziation (1)
- Coulombspaltung (1)
- Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (1)
- Counter-mapping (1)
- Counterparty Credit Limits (1)
- Counterterrorism (1)
- Course (1)
- Courts of Law (1)
- Covariance matrix (1)
- Covid (1)
- Covid-19 Pandemic (1)
- Covid-19-Crisis (1)
- Covid19-nmr (1)
- CoxVa (1)
- Coxsackievirus B3 (1)
- Cp (1)
- Cpk (1)
- Craniomaxillofacial injuries (1)
- Cratonic lithosphere (1)
- Cre-lox system (1)
- Creation (1)
- Creative Commons (1)
- Creative destruction (1)
- Credentialing (1)
- Credibility of Inflation Targets (1)
- Credit Default Swap (CDS) (1)
- Credit Default Swaps (1)
- Credit Rating Agencies (1)
- Credit Ratings (1)
- Credit Risk Transfer (1)
- Credit default swap (CDS) (1)
- Credit lines (1)
- Credit rating agencies (1)
- Credit supply (1)
- Creditor Protection (1)
- Creditor Rights (1)
- Cretaceous warming (1)
- Criminal Theory (1)
- Criminal law exceptionalism (1)
- Crises Forecasting (1)
- Crisis Management (1)
- Crisis contracts (1)
- Crispr/Cas (1)
- Criterio A (1)
- Criterion A (1)
- Critical Legal Studies (1)
- Critical Online Reasoning Assessment (1)
- Critical Theory of Society (1)
- Critical bleeding (1)
- Critical care and emergency medicine (1)
- Critical cartography (1)
- Critical haematocrit (1)
- Critical indices (1)
- Critical mass (1)
- Critical pathway (1)
- Critical phenomena (1)
- Critical point (1)
- Critical size (1)
- Croatian (1)
- Crocodylus acutus (1)
- Cross section measurements (1)
- Cross sections (1)
- Cross-Predictability (1)
- Cross-Section of Returns (1)
- Cross-border mobility (1)
- Cross-contamination (1)
- Cross-cultural Comparability (1)
- Cross-cutting topics (1)
- Cross-dialectal Diversity (1)
- Cross-frequency coupling (1)
- Cross-linking (1)
- Cross-section of expected returns (1)
- Cross-sectional (1)
- Cross-sectional study (1)
- Crosscorrelation (1)
- Crossmodal (1)
- Crowdsourcing (1)
- Cryo-EM (1)
- Cryo-concentration (1)
- Cryo-electron Tomography (1)
- Cryoablation (1)
- Cryoballoon (1)
- Cryptic Subtexts (1)
- Cryptic diversity (1)
- Cryptic species (1)
- Crypto-Assets (1)
- Cryptococcus (1)
- Cryptostroma corticale (1)
- Crystal and Molecular Structure (1)
- Crystallography (1)
- Crystals (1)
- CspA (1)
- Cuban literature in Paris (1)
- Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) (1)
- Cue-P3 (1)
- Cuidado em saúde (1)
- Cuidado en salud (1)
- Culex pipiens (1)
- Culex pipiens biotypes pipiens/molestus (1)
- Culicidae (1)
- Cultivation (1)
- Cultural Economics (1)
- Cultural Finance (1)
- Cultural Influences on Economic Behavior (1)
- Cultural Norms (1)
- Cultural Rights (1)
- Cultural capital (1)
- Cultural diversity of law (1)
- Cultural ecology (1)
- Cultural evolution (1)
- Cultural neuroscience (1)
- Cultural translation (1)
- Cultural trauma (1)
- Culture positive (1)
- Culturomics (1)
- Cumate (1)
- Cumulating survey data (1)
- Cumulative abnormal return (1)
- Cumulative dose (1)
- Cuneiform (1)
- Curcumin (1)
- Curcumin micelles (1)
- Curcuminoid concentrations (1)
- Curcumis sativus (1)
- Cure (1)
- Current-curent interaction (1)
- Curse of dimensionality (1)
- Curvature measure (1)
- Curvilinear dose response (1)
- Custom-made mouthguard (1)
- Customer Acquisition (1)
- Customer Management (1)
- Customer Referral Programs (1)
- Customer Value (1)
- Customer data sharing (1)
- Customer focus (1)
- Cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- CuveWaters (1)
- Cy5.5 (1)
- Cyanoacrylate (1)
- Cyanobacterium (1)
- CyberKnife (1)
- Cybersicherhheit (1)
- Cybertaxonomy (1)
- Cycle Portfolio Choice (1)
- Cycle class (1)
- Cycle streets (1)
- Cyclic GMP (1)
- Cyclic Organosulfides (1)
- Cyclical Income Risk (1)
- Cyclin T1 (1)
- Cycling attitudes (1)
- Cycling infrastructure (1)
- Cycling network (1)
- Cyclization (1)
- Cyclopenten (1)
- Cyclophosphamide (1)
- Cyclosporin A (1)
- Cyp46a1 (1)
- Cyprinidae (1)
- Cystatin C (1)
- Cysteine‐Rich Domain (CRD) (1)
- Cytochrom c (1)
- Cytochrom-bc1-Komplex (1)
- Cytochrome P450 enzymes (1)
- Cytochrome bc1 complex (1)
- Cytochrome c Oxidase (1)
- Cytokine (1)
- Cytokines Induction (1)
- Cytological techniques (1)
- Cytologie (1)
- Cytology (1)
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (1)
- Cytoplasm (1)
- Cytoplasmic staining (1)
- Cytoreductive nephrectomy (1)
- Cytostatic Agents (1)
- Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell (1)
- Cytotoxicity (1)
- Czech Republic (1)
- Czochralski method (1)
- C‐reactive protein (1)
- C— H interactions (1)
- C— HCl contacts (1)
- C—H...π interactions (1)
- C—H⋯Br and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (1)
- C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds (1)
- C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (1)
- C—H⋯π interactions (1)
- C−H···F (1)
- D meson (1)
- D(iscourse)-Linking (1)
- D-Galacturonicacid (1)
- D-amino acid oxidase (1)
- D-dimer (1)
- D-xylose fermentation (1)
- D-xylose isomerase (1)
- D. Kahneman (1)
- D. magna (1)
- D. melanogaster (1)
- D0 and D+ mesons (1)
- D2-autoreceptor (1)
- DA (1)
- DAMP (1)
- DAMPs (1)
- DBH genotype (1)
- DBR (1)
- DBS (1)
- DBT (1)
- DBT-PTS (1)
- DBT-PTSD (1)
- DBTTSD (1)
- DC-NK cell interaction (1)
- DCCS (1)
- DCK (1)
- DCM (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors Shade Adaptation (1)
- DDA (1)
- DDDPlus (1)
- DDIT4 (1)
- DEAD-Box Helicase (1)
- DECT (1)
- DEE (1)
- DEER (1)
- DEER or PELDOR (1)
- DEPDC5 (1)
- DFNB9 (1)
- DFT+MBD calculations (1)
- DFWM (1)
- DHA (1)
- DHS surveys (1)
- DILI database case quality (1)
- DIPSHIFT (1)
- DIRAS2 (1)
- DKK1 (1)
- DKTK-ROG (1)
- DLBCL (1)
- DLD (1)
- DLPFC (1)
- DMA (1)
- DMARDs (synthetic) (1)
- DME (1)
- DMXAA (1)
- DNA Adducts (1)
- DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (1)
- DNA Damage (1)
- DNA G-quadruplex (1)
- DNA conjugate (1)
- DNA double-strand break repair (1)
- DNA integrity (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA nanopores (1)
- DNA nanostructures (1)
- DNA pulldown (1)
- DNA recognition (1)
- DNA replication (1)
- DNA sequence analysis (1)
- DNA sequencing (1)
- DNA-LNA mixmers (1)
- DNA-PK (1)
- DNA-Specific Labelling (1)
- DNA-based identification (1)
- DNA-based taxonomy (1)
- DNA-binding proteins (1)
- DNA-binding region (1)
- DNA-ligand complexes (1)
- DNA-protein crosslinks (1)
- DNA-protein-interactions (1)
- DNA/LNA mixmers (1)
- DNN Robustness (1)
- DNP (1)
- DNP in solids (1)
- DOK1 (1)
- DP-structure (1)
- DPPIV (1)
- DR5 (1)
- DSA (1)
- DSAEK (1)
- DSGE Model (1)
- DSGE Modell (1)
- DSGE modelling (1)
- DSM-5 (1)
- DSM5 (1)
- DSS /AOM (1)
- DST (1)
- DTHR (1)
- DUBs (1)
- DUF35 (1)
- DVI (1)
- DW Hamiltonian canonical transformation (1)
- DWI (1)
- DYT1 (1)
- Dabigatran (1)
- Dabiq (1)
- Daboia russelii (1)
- Daily diary (1)
- Daily flight activity (1)
- Daily travel (1)
- Dalit community (1)
- Dalitz decay (1)
- Damage-released alarm cue (1)
- Dancer (1)
- Dang Hyang Astapaka (1)
- Dang Hyang Nirartha (1)
- Dangerous Climate Change (1)
- Danube (1)
- Dark energy (1)
- Dark fermentation (1)
- Dark matter (1)
- Dark photon (1)
- Dark sector (1)
- Dark sides of criminal laws (1)
- Dark triad (1)
- Darmstadt (1)
- Darunavir (1)
- Das Kapital (1)
- Data Acquisition (1)
- Data Analysis (1)
- Data Analytics (1)
- Data Protection Directive (1)
- Data Standard (1)
- Data access (1)
- Data acquisition (1)
- Data exploration (1)
- Data loss prevention (1)
- Data management (1)
- Data mining (1)
- Data monitoring (1)
- Data portability (1)
- Data preprocessing (1)
- Data reduction (1)
- Data security (1)
- Data sharing (1)
- Data standard (1)
- Data standards (1)
- Data structure detection (1)
- Data validation (1)
- Database (1)
- Database linking (1)
- Dataflow Computing (1)
- Dataset bias (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Datenarchivierung (1)
- Datenaustausch (1)
- Datenintegration (1)
- Datenqualität (1)
- Datong coalfield (1)
- Daubert criteria (1)
- David Hilbert (1)
- David Sciulli (1)
- David technique (1)
- Ddialectic behavioural therapy (1)
- De Donder-Weyl Hamiltonian formulation (1)
- De novo assembly (1)
- De-Novo-Synthese (1)
- De-isolation (1)
- Dead space (1)
- Death Sentence (1)
- Debatten (1)
- Debt Securities (1)
- Debt-equity swap (1)
- Debt-nature swap (1)
- Decision Confidence (1)
- Decision impact (1)
- Decision support (1)
- Decision under risk (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Decolonization (1)
- Decomposition methods (1)
- Deconfinement (1)
- Decontamination (1)
- Deductive logic (1)
- Deductive reasoning (1)
- Deduktives Schlussfolgern (1)
- Deep neural network (1)
- Deep sea (1)
- Deep time (1)
- Deep vein thrombosis (1)
- Deep-sea ecosystems (1)
- Default (1)
- Default-mode network (1)
- Defect (1)
- Defibrillation (1)
- Deficient Inhibition (1)
- Deficit spending (1)
- Deformation (1)
- Deformation oblique layer (1)
- Degenerate Linear Part (1)
- Degrader design (1)
- Dehydration (medicine) (1)
- Dehydrogenase (1)
- Dehydrogenases (1)
- Deictic and iconic gestures (1)
- Delaunay Interpolation (1)
- Delaunay-Triangulierung (1)
- Delaware Incorporation (1)
- Delay of gratification (1)
- Delayed Cerebral Ischemia (1)
- Delayed Light Emission (1)
- Delayed union (1)
- Delegated Search (1)
- Deletion mutation (1)
- Delivery mode (1)
- Delivery quality assurance (1)
- Delphi Survey (1)
- Delphi consensus (1)
- Delphic forward guidance (1)
- Delta resonance (1)
- Demand estimation (1)
- Demersal fish (1)
- Democracy and government (1)
- Democracy, the Internet, Net, Disintermediation, Election (1)
- Democratic Backsliding (1)
- Democratic Legitimacy (1)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (1)
- Democratic State of Law (1)
- Democratization (1)
- Demographic change (1)
- Demokratie <Motiv> (1)
- Demolition emissions (1)
- Demonstrationen (1)
- Demos (1)
- Demuškin groups (1)
- Dendritic Cells (1)
- Dendritic cells (1)
- Dendritic spines (1)
- Dendrobatidae (1)
- Denervation (1)
- Dengue fever (1)
- Dense matter (1)
- Dense nuclear matter (1)
- Density Functional Theory (1)
- Density equalizing (1)
- Density functional theory (1)
- Density-driven flow (1)
- Dental Tissues (1)
- Dental air (1)
- Dental casts (1)
- Dental education (1)
- Dental phobia (1)
- Dental practice (1)
- Dental training (1)
- Dentin (1)
- Dentists (1)
- Deontic Artifacts (1)
- Dependence (1)
- Depositional age model (1)
- Depreciation (1)
- Depression stigma (1)
- Der Muselmann (1)
- Deradicalisation (1)
- Deradicalization of Islamic Education (1)
- Deradikalisasi Pendidikan Islam (1)
- Deradikalisierung (1)
- Derivate (1)
- Dermal fat (1)
- Dermatitis (1)
- Dermatomyositis (1)
- Dermatopharmakokinetik (1)
- Dermis (1)
- Desalegn (1)
- Design Evaluation (1)
- Design Strategy (1)
Institute
- Medizin (5161)
- Physik (3169)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (1666)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (1656)
- Biowissenschaften (1417)
- Informatik (1262)
- Center for Financial Studies (CFS) (1141)
- Sustainable Architecture for Finance in Europe (SAFE) (1070)
- Biochemie und Chemie (858)
- House of Finance (HoF) (706)
Occurrence and sources of 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (TMDD) in the aquatic environment
(2011)
The aim of the present study was to identify the sources of 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (TMDD) into the aquatic environment and to investigate its occurrence in rivers and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Therefore, TMDD was analyzed in 441 wastewater samples from influents and effluents of 27 municipal WWTPs, in 6 sludge samples, in 52 wastewater samples from 3 sewage systems of municipal WWTPs, in 489 surface samples from 24 rivers, in 9 wastewater samples of 3 paper-recycling industries and in 65 groundwater samples. TMDD was also analyzed in household paper products, in 23 samples of toilet
papers, in 5 types of paper towels and in 12 types of paper tissues. The samples were collected between 2007 and 2011. The water samples were extracted with solid phase extraction (SPE) and the household paper samples with Soxhlet extraction. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for quantification purposes. Between November 2007 and January 2008, TMDD was detected in the river Rhine at Worms with permanent high concentrations (up to 1330 ng/L). The results showed that TMDD is uniformly distributed across the river at Worms. An increase of the mean TMDD concentration from approximately 500 ng/L to 1000 ng/L was registered in January 2008. Due to the minor fluctuations of the TMDD concentration during the sampling period it is expected that the input of TMDD into the river is continuous. Therefore, TMDD might rather originate from effluents of municipal WWTPs than from temporal sources. The mean TMDD load based on the analysis of 147 water samples collected in the River Rhine was 62.8 kg/d which is equivalent to 23 t/a suggesting that TMDD must be used and/or produced in high quantities in order to be found in those high concentrations. To determine if TMDD is discharged by effluents of municipal WWTPs into the rivers, 24 hours influent and effluent samples of four municipal WWTPs in the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main metropolitan region were collected during November 2008 and February 2010 and analyzed for TMDD. The TMDD influent concentrations varied between 134 ng/L and 5846 ng/L and the effluent concentrations between <LOQ (limit of quantitation) and 3539 ng/L. The TMDD elimination rates in the four WWTPs varied between 33% and 68%. The results showed that effluents of municipal WWTPs are an important source of TMDD in the aquatic environment because TMDD is not completely removed from the sewage during the wastewater treatment. Weekly and daily variations of the TMDD concentration in the influents of two municipal WWTPs indicated that both private households and indirect industrial dischargers contribute to the introduction of TMDD into the municipal sewage systems. A more detailed study of the TMDD elimination rate in the different wastewater treatment stages was carried out in the WWTP Niederrad/Griesheim in Frankfurt am Main. The results showed that the removal of TMDD is mainly carried out during the aerobic biological treatments, where the elimination rate was 46%. In contrast, during the anoxic treatment the removal efficiency was only 1.4% and during the mechanical treatment the elimination rate was 19%. To determine the sources of TMDD in the sewage, household paper products (paper tissues, toilet papers and paper towels) were analyzed for TMDD using Soxhlet extraction. TMDD was detected in 83% of the samples (n=40). The highest mean TMDD concentrations were found in recycled toilet paper (0.20 μg/g) and in paper towels (0.11 μg/g). In paper tissues and non-recycled toilet paper the mean TMDD concentrations were lower 0.080 μg/g and 0.025 μg/g respectively. According to these results the high TMDD influent concentrations found previously in municipal WWTPs (mean 1.20 μg/L) cannot be explained due to migration of TMDD from the household paper products into the sewage. Thus indirect industrial dischargers are the cause of the high influent TMDD concentrations. Effluents of municipal WWTPs with different indirect industrial dischargers (textile-, metal processing-, food processing-, electroplating-, paper-recycling- and printing ink factories) were analyzed. The highest mean TMDD concentrations were found in the effluents of municipal WWTPs that have paper-recycling (71.3 μg/L) and printing ink factories (138 μg/L) as indirect industrial dischargers. These results were confirmed by analyzing process wastewater of three paper-recycling factories located in Germany. High TMDD concentrations were detected and fluctuated between 1.83 μg/L and 113 μg/L. TMDD was also analyzed in the wastewater of a non-recycling-paper factory but its concentration was much lower (0.066 μg/L) indicating that TMDD is introduced into the processing water during the papermaking process due to the use of waste paper. Analyses of wastewater samples from different parts of the sewage pipes of a municipal WWTP in Hesse, which receives the wastewater from a printing ink factory, were carried out. The TMDD concentration in the wastewater sample from the sewage pipe of the printing ink factory was much higher (3,300 μg/L) than the TMDD concentration detected in the other wastewater samples from the sewage system (0.030 μg/L – 0.89 g/L). These results confirm the printing ink production as one of the principal sources of TMDD in the sewage. Analysis of surface water samples of the River Modau downstream from the effluent of the WWTP Nieder-Ramstadt showed TMDD concentrations of up to 28.0 μg/L. These high TMDD concentrations might be caused by the indirect wastewater discharges of a paint factory connected to the municipal sewage system. These results indicate that TMDD is introduced into the municipal WWTPs principally by indirect industrial dischargers and they are mainly paint and printing ink factories. The paper-recycling factories also represent an important source of TMDD in municipal WWTPs but indirectly. According to statements given by the representatives of two paper recycling factories neither TMDD or any other TMDD containing product is used or added during the papermaking process. Therefore, TMDD is washed out from the printing inks of the coloured waste paper and concentrated in the process wastewater in the closed water circuits of paper-recycling factories reaching rivers and municipal WWTPs. The occurrence and distribution of TMDD in surface waters in Germany was also studied. The results showed that TMDD is widely distributed across different rivers systems in the federal states of Hesse, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Bavaria, Baden-Wuerttemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate. In Hesse, TMDD was detected in the some of main rivers with mean concentrations of 812 ng/L (Schwarzbach, Hessian Ried), 374 ng/L (Kinzig), 393 ng/L (Main, at Frankfurt), 539 ng/L (Werra), 326 ng/L (Fulda), 151 ng/L (Emsbach) and 161 ng/L (Nidda). In small rivers (creeks) the mean TMDD concentrations varied between <LOQ (Diemel, Urselbach) and 1890 ng/L (Darmbach). The results showed that the TMDD concentrations in creeks are highly influenced by both effluents of WWTPs and by the distance between the sampling point and the nearest WWTP. Surface samples from sampling locations downstream from WWTPs dischargers showed higher TMDD concentrations (mean 518 ng/L) than sampling locations upstream from WWTPs dischargers (mean 35.1 ng/L). The behavior of TMDD during bank filtration was investigated at two locations, at a water utility company at the Lower River Rhine (urban area) and at the Oderbruch polder (rural area). The results indicated that TMDD is removed from the surface water by bank filtration at both sampling locations. The removal process is probably carried out in the first meters of the aquifer (hyporheic zone) by biodegradation processes, since TMDD does not tend to be absorbed by sediments and it was not found in the groundwater of monitoring wells. In groundwater samples from the Hessian Ried (n=23) TMDD was found only in five samples and the highest TMDD concentration was 135 ng/L. According to these results, TMDD does not represent a concern for drinking water in Germany, since it does not reach the groundwater with high concentrations and it has a low toxicity potential. The input of TMDD into the North Sea was estimated to be 60.7 t/a by considering the mean transported loads of TMDD by the River Rhine at Wesel (58.3 t/a) and Meuse in the Netherlands (2.40 t/a). The estimated discharge of TMDD by German municipal WWTPs (8.19 t/a) and paper-recycling factories (9.24 t/a) into rivers seems to be too low considering that the mean TMDD load in the River Rhine downstream from Wesel is 58.3 t/a. However, due to the high density of population and industries at the Lower Rhine it is expected that more relevant sources of TMDD are located along the Rhine River increasing the transported load. According to the results of this PhD project TMDD is a non-ionic surfactant contained in products, which are applied on surfaces (printing inks and paints) and has the potential to reach the aquatic environment. Therefore, TMDD should fulfill the requirement of a biodegradability of 80% established by the “Law on the Environmental Impact of Detergents and Cleaning Products” in Germany. However, due to the partial elimination rates of TMDD obtained in municipal WWTPs (between 33% and 68%) and to the absence of information about the execution of the biodegradation test on TMDD, it is unknown if TMDD is in accordance with this law. Otherwise, its use as surfactant in such products is questionable.
Menschliche Aktivitäten beeinflussen beinahe alle Bereiche des Lebens auf der Erde (MEA 2005a; UNEP 2007). Die Zerstörung und Veränderung natürlicher Lebensräume sind als Hauptursache für den weltweiten Biodiversitätsverlust identifiziert (Harrison and Bruna 1999; Dale et al. 2000; Foley et al. 2005; MEA 2005a). Zusammen mit dem Klimawandel wird die Landnutzungsveränderung daher als einflussreichster Aspekt anthropogen verursachten globalen Wandels betrachtet (MEA 2005a). Landnutzungsveränderung schließt sowohl die Umwandlung natürlicher Habitate in Agrarland oder Siedlungen als auch die Landnutzungsintensivierung in bereits kultivierten Landschaften mit ein. Diese Veränderungen haben weitreichende Konsequenzen für die Artenvielfalt und resultieren häufig in dem Verlust von Arten mit zunehmender Intensität der Landnutzung (Scholes and Biggs 2005).
Biodiversität und Ökosysteme stellen viele verschiedene Funktionen zur Verfügung, wie z. B. die Sauerstoffproduktion, die Reinigung von Wasser und die Bestäubung von Nutzpflanzen.
Einige dieser Funktionen sind hilfreich, andere wichtig und wieder andere notwendig für das menschliche Wohlergehen (MEA 2005b; UNEP 2007). Mittlerweile sind Ökosystemfunktionen und die vielen Nutzen, die sie erbringen, zu einem zentralen Thema der interdisziplinären Forschung von Sozialwissenschaften und Naturwissenschaften geworden (Barkmann et al. 2008 und darin enthaltene Referenzen). Dadurch bedingt ist es zu einiger Verwirrung bezüglich der verwendeten Begriffe der "Ökosystemfunktion" (engl. "ecosystem function") und dem der "Ökosystemdienstleistung" (engl. "ecosystem service") gekommen (deGroot et al. 2002). Da der Fokus meiner Arbeit auf grundlegenden Funktionen von Ökosystemen liegt, verwende ich im Folgenden den Begriff der Ökosystemfunktion.
Für viele Ökosystemfunktionen ist noch sehr unzureichend bekannt, wie diese von externen Störungen beeinflusst werden (Kremen and Ostfeld 2005; Balvanera et al. 2006). Ökosystemfunktionen werden selten von nur einer einzigen Art aufrechterhalten, sondern meist von einer ganzen Reihe unterschiedlicher taxonomischer Gruppen – alle mit ihren ganz eigenen Ansprüchen. Diese Arten, wie auch deren intra- und interspezifischen Interaktionen, können durchaus nterschiedlich auf die gleiche Störungsquelle oder Störungsintensität reagieren. Dies kann Vorhersagen zum Verhalten von Ökosystemfunktionen extrem erschweren. ...
We provide a mathematical framework to model continuous time trading in limit order markets of a small investor whose transactions have no impact on order book dynamics. The investor can continuously place market and limit orders. A market order is executed immediately at the best currently available price, whereas a limit order is stored until it is executed at its limit price or canceled. The limit orders can be chosen from a continuum of limit prices.
In this framework we show how elementary strategies (hold limit orders with only finitely many different limit prices and rebalance at most finitely often) can be extended in a suitable
way to general continuous time strategies containing orders with infinitely many different limit prices. The general limit buy order strategies are predictable processes with values in the set of nonincreasing demand functions (not necessarily left- or right-continuous in the price variable). It turns out that this family of strategies is closed and any element can be approximated by a sequence of elementary strategies.
Furthermore, we study Merton’s portfolio optimization problem in a specific instance of this framework. Assuming that the risky asset evolves according to a geometric Brownian
motion, a proportional bid-ask spread, and Poisson execution times for the limit orders of the small investor, we show that the optimal strategy consists in using market orders to keep the
proportion of wealth invested in the risky asset within certain boundaries, similar to the result for proportional transaction costs, while within these boundaries limit orders are used to profit from the bid-ask spread.
Ende der 70ger Jahre, fünf Jahre nach der Einführung des ersten kommerziellen, medizinischen Computertomographen wurde die Tomographie am Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory zum ersten Mal für die Diagnose von Teilchenstrahlen angewendet. Bei der Tomographie wird aus eindimensionalen Projektionen, sogenannten Profilen, welche in möglichst vielen Winkeln um ein Objekt herum aufgenommen werden, ein zweidimensionales Abbild der Dichteverteilung (Slice oder Scheibe) approximiert. Dies ist möglich durch das bereits 1917 von Johann Radon eingeführte Fourier-Scheiben-Theorem. In der Theorie kann die zwei-dimensionale Dichteverteilung exakt ermittelt werden, wenn Projektionen mit einer unendlich feinen Auflösung über unendlich viele Winkel um ein Objekt herum in die Rekonstruktion einbezogen werden. Durch die Rekonstruktion vieler Scheiben kann ein drei-dimensionales Abbild der Dichteverteilung in einem Objekt, in diesem Fall einem Ionenstrahl, berechnet werden, sofern dieses nicht optisch dicht ist.
Die Profile in der nicht-invasiven Strahldiagnose entstehen durch CCD-Kameraaufnahmen von strahlinduzierter Fluoreszenz, welche durch den Einlass von Restgas hervorgerufen wird. Es sind aber auch Profile, welche aus anderen Methoden gewonnen werden (z.B. Gittermessungen) denkbar. An Orten mit hoher Energie ist jedoch eine nicht-invasive Form der Profilaufnahme sowohl für die Qualität des Strahls, wie auch den Schutz der Messgeräte unabdingbar.
In den letzten 40 Jahren wurden im Bereich der Strahltomographie viele wichtige Fortschritte erzielt:
1. Anfangs standen nur sehr wenige Profile zur Verfügung, so dass die Methode der gefilterten Rückprojektion(FBP), welche sich direkt aus dem Fourier-Scheiben-Theorem ableitet und welches auch in der Medizin verwendet wird, nicht angewendet werden kann. Um dieses Problem zu lösen wurden iterative Methoden wie die Algebraische Rekonstruktion (ART) und die Methode der Maximalen Entropie (MEM) für die Strahltomographie erschlossen, so dass auch mit sehr geringer Profilanzahl eine Rücktransformation möglich wurde.
2. Neben der Ortsraumtomographie wurde die Phasenraumtomografie entwickelt, so dass mittlerweile eine Rekonstruktion des sechs-dimensionalen Phasenraumes möglich ist, mit welchem ein Ionenstrahl in seiner Gesamtheit beschrieben werden kann.
3. Die Projektionen wurden lange Zeit durch Aufnahmen von mehreren festen Anschlüssen aus gewonnen (Multi-Port-Technik). Auf diese Weise ist die Anzahl der möglichen Projektionen sehr begrenzt. So entwickelte man später eine Methode welche den Strahl mit Hilfe von Quadrupolen dreht (Quad-Scan-Technik), so dass auf diese Weise von einem Anschluss aus viele Projektionen gemessen werden konnten, so dass sogar die FBP angewendet werden konnte.
4. Die meisten Bestrebungen zielten darauf ab, die Tomographie für eine nicht-invasive Emittanzmessmethode zu nutzen, welches bis heute aufgrund der großen und noch immer zunehmenden Energien in modernen Beschleunigern ein wichtiges Problem ist. Um die Tomographie zur Emittanzmessung zu verwenden, führt man eine Rekonstruktion des Phasenraumes durch. Das Problem ist, dass hierfür das a priori Wissen über die Strahltransportmatrix in die Tomographie mit einfließt, die berechnete Strahltransportmatrix
jedoch nicht mit dem tatsächlichen Strahltransport übereinstimmt, da dieser bei hohen Energien durch auftretende Raumladung nicht-linear verändert wird. Hierzu wurden gute Fortschritte in der Abschätzung der tatsächlichen Transportmatrix gemacht um die Phasenraumtomographie trotzdem mit hinreichend gutem Ergebnis durchführen zu können.
Trotz all dieser Fortschritte und Entwicklungen ist die Tomographie bis heute keine weitverbreitete Methode in der Strahldiagnose. Der Grund ist, dass das Einrichten einer Tomografie eine komplexe Abfolge etlicher Entscheidungen und weitgestreutes Wissen aus vielen unterschiedlichen Bereichen erfordert, dieser nicht zu unterschätzende Mehraufwand jedoch auch durch einen signifikanten Nutzen gerechtfertigt sein muss. Der große Nutzen der Tomographie für die Strahldiagnose und Untersuchung der Strahldynamik ist bis heute allerdings weitgehend unerkannt und weiterhin reduziert auf die Entwicklung einer nicht-invasiven Methode für die Emittanzbestimmung. Ein zweites Hindernis stellte bisher auch die Diskrepanz zwischen Genauigkeit und Platzaufwand dar (hohe Genauigkeit durch viele Projektionen mit Quad-Scan-Technik auf mehreren Metern oder niedrige Genauigkeit durch wenig Projektionen mit Multi-Port-Technik auf weniger als einem Meter). Die Tomografie kann großen Nutzen leisten für die Online-Überwachung wichtiger Maschineneparameter im Strahlbetrieb (Monitoring) als auch für detaillierte Analysen zur Strahldynamik (Modellierung) weit über die Implementierung einer nicht-invasiven Emittanzmessmethode hinaus.
Um dies zu gewährleisten Bedarf es Zweierlei. Zum einen muss die Diskrepanz zwischen Genauigkeit und Platzaufwand aufgehoben werden. Hierzu wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine rotierbare Vakuumkammer entwickelt die nach dem Vorbild medizinischer Tomographen in mehr als 5000 Winkelschritten um den Strahl herum fahren kann, dabei ein Vakuum von mindestens 10-7mbar aufrecht erhält und einen Platzbedarf von weniger als 400 mm in der Strahlstrecke einnimmt. Zum anderen muss die Implementierung der Tomografie durch eine Angabe von schematischen Schritten und Entscheidungen vereinfacht werden. Eine Strahltomographie muss immer auf ihren jeweiligen Zweck hin implementiert werden, da Einzelelemente der Tomografie wie beispielsweise Messvorrichtung und dadurch die Profilanzahl, zu verwendender Tomographiealgorithmus, zu bestimmende Parameter sich je nach Einsatz unterscheiden können. Jedoch können die dazu nötigen Entscheidungen in ein Schema eingeordnet werden, welches die Implementierung der Tomographie vereinfacht und beschleunigt. Hierzu wurde in dieser Arbeit eine Diagnosepipeline und ein Entscheidungsschema eingeführt, sowie die Implementierung nach diesem Schema am Beispiel einer Strahltomographie für die Frankfurter Neutronenquelle (FRANZ) demonstriert und die entsprechenden Fragen und Entscheidungen diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, wie sich aus den Messdaten über die Aufbereitung der Daten durch die Tomografie die erforderlichen Standardstrahlparameter für ein Monitoring gewinnen lassen. Zusätzlich wird ein Ebenen-Modell eingeführt, über welches nicht-Standardparameter oder neu modellierte Strahlparameter für detaillierte Analysen der Strahldynamik über die Standardparameter hinaus entwickelt werden können. Diese Arbeit soll ein grundlegendes Konzept für die routinemäßige Implementierung der Tomographie in der Strahldiagnose zur Verfügung stellen. Für die Verwendung zum Monitoring im Strahlbetrieb muss die Bestimmung von Standardparametern noch wesentlich im Zeitaufwand verbessert werden. Die Verwendung der Phasenraumtomographie benötigt noch eine Idee um den arcustangensförmigen Verlauf der berechneten Phasenraumrotationswinkel mit der Forderung der FBP nach äquidistanten Projektionswinkeln verträglicher zu machen.
The calculus CHF models Concurrent Haskell extended by concurrent, implicit futures. It is a process calculus with concurrent threads, monadic concurrent evaluation, and includes a pure functional lambda-calculus which comprises data constructors, case-expressions, letrec-expressions, and Haskell’s seq. Futures can be implemented in Concurrent Haskell using the primitive unsafeInterleaveIO, which is available in most implementations of Haskell. Our main result is conservativity of CHF, that is, all equivalences of pure functional expressions are also valid in CHF. This implies that compiler optimizations and transformations from pure Haskell remain valid in Concurrent Haskell even if it is extended by futures. We also show that this is no longer valid if Concurrent Haskell is extended by the arbitrary use of unsafeInterleaveIO.
We show how Sestoft’s abstract machine for lazy evaluation of purely functional programs can be extended to evaluate expressions of the calculus CHF – a process calculus that models Concurrent Haskell extended by imperative and implicit futures. The abstract machine is modularly constructed by first adding monadic IO-actions to the machine and then in a second step we add concurrency. Our main result is that the abstract machine coincides with the original operational semantics of CHF, w.r.t. may- and should-convergence.
Lipid-laden alveolar macrophages and pH monitoring have been used in the diagnosis of chronic aspiration in children with gastroesophageal reflux (GER). This study was conducted to prove a correlation between the detection of alimentary pulmonary fat phagocytosis and an increasing amount of proximal gastroesophageal reflux. It was assumed that proximal gastroesophageal reflux better correlates with aspiration than distal GER. Patients from 6 months to 16 years with unexplained recurrent wheezy bronchitis and bronchial hyperreactivity, or recurrent pneumonia with chronic cough underwent 24-hour double-channel pH monitoring and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Aspiration of gastric content was determined by counting lipid laden alveolar macrophages from BAL specimens. There were no correlations between any pH-monitoring parameters and counts of lipid-laden macrophages in the whole study population, even when restricting analysis to those with abnormal reflux index expressing clinically significant GER. Quantifying lipid-laden alveolar macrophages from BAL in children with gastroesophageal-related respiratory disorders does not have an acceptable specificity to prove chronic aspiration as an underlying etiology. Therefore, research for other markers of pulmonary aspiration is needed.
During the last years, chemopreventive activity of NSAIDs against a great variety of tumors was highly investigated. COX-2 seemingly plays a major part in tumorigensis and tumor development, underlined by several studies in animals and humans. At first, NSAIDs were thought to accomplish chemoprevention by inhibition of COX-2 as their so far known mode of action comprises unselective inhbition of COX-enzymes. However, further studies revealed COX-independent mechanisms. Sulindac is known as a well established drug used to treat inflammation and pain exerting the most prominent chemopreventive action, mainly in colorectal cancer or FAP and can be classified into the group of NSAIDs inhibting both COX-isoformes. As interference with the AA metabolism is evident, it was speculated whether Ssi has targets other than COX-enzymes providing evidence and explanation of its beneficial side effect profile and its ability to reduce tumor growth. 5-LO is another master enzyme in the AA cascade which produces inflammatory lipid mediators (LTs) upon stimulation in inflamed tissues. The present work should answer the question if Ssi targets the 5-LO pathway and should examine the molecular mechanisms behind Ssi-mediated 5-LO inhibiton. As COX-2 is upregulated during carcinogenesis and is inhibited by Ssi, further investigations should show regulatory effects of Ssi on 5-LO gene expression in MM6-cells and whether Sp1 as a common transcriptional factor is involved in such a regulation. As the use of NO-NSAIDs seem to be a promising strategy concerning their chemopreventive and gastroprotective effects compared to the parent NSAIDs, a possible interaction with the 5-LO pathway as a second, potent target should additionally be elucidated. In the first section it was demonstrated that the pharmacologically active metabolite of sulindac, Ssi, targets 5-LO. Ssi inhibited 5-LO in ionophore A23187- and LPS/fMLP-stimulated human PMNL (IC50 ≈ 8 -10 μM). Importantly, Ssi efficiently suppressed 5-LO in human whole blood at clinically relevant plasma levels (IC50 = 18.7 μM). Ssi was 5-LO-selective as no inhibition of related lipoxygenases (12-LO, 15-LO) was observed. The sulindac prodrug and the other metabolite, sulindac sulfone, failed to inhibit 5-LO. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that Ssi directly suppresses 5-LO with an IC50 of 20 μM. Together, these findings may provide a novel molecular basis to explain the COX-independent pharmacological effects of sulindac under therapy. In the second part of the work dealing with the analysis of Ssi’s inhibitory mechanism on 5-LO it was presented that Ssi shows a lack of potency in cellular systems where membrane constituents are existent. The addition of microsomal fractions of PMNLto crude 5-LO enzyme were able to recover enzyme activity to ~ 100 %. Selectively 5-LO activity stimulating lipids like PC, participating in 5-LO membrane interactions within the regulatory C2-like domain of 5-LO, counteracted the Ssimediated inhibition on 5-LO-wt in a concentration-dependent manner. Lastly, a protein mutant lacking three trp resudies essential for linking the enzyme to nuclear membranes and deploying catalytic activity was not influenced by Ssi and shows enzyme activity in a cell-free assay. Ssi displays the first 5-LO inhibitor on the market interacting with the C2-like domain of the enzyme and therfore can stand for a novel lead structure of 5-LO inhibitors. An influence on 5-LO gene expression by Ssi could be detected in differentiated MM6-cells, described in the results chapter 3 (4.3). Ssi downregulated the 5-LO mRNA level after 72 hrs of incubation in differentiated MM6-cells to ~ 20 % of output control at concentrations of 10 μM. Concomitantly, mRNA levels of Sp1 were suppressed. Reporter gene studies revealed Sp1 most probably as a regulating agent involved in the Ssi-mediated 5-LO mRNA downregulation as co-transfection of increasing amounts of Sp1 could abrogate the effect. A ChIP assay could identify Sp1 as a critical transcriptional factor as Sp1 binding to the 5-LO promoter decreased in presence of Ssi. Lastly, three NO-NSADIs (NO-sulindac, NOnaproxen, NO-aspirin) were tested for the ability of 5-LO product inhibition. In intact PMNL, all compounds showed effective inhibition of 5-LO activity and NO-sulindac was most potent with an IC50 value of ~ 3 μM. NO-ASA inhibited 5-LO with IC50 values of ~ 30 μM and showed a non-competitive mode of action in cell-based assays. On human recombinant 5-LO all compounds again showed inhibitory potency whereas NO-sulindac again suppressed LT biosynthesis with an IC50 vaue comparable to intact cellular systems. Unfortunately, all inhibitors showed a loss of potency when tested for inhibition of 5-LO product synthesis in human whole blood as higher concentrations up to 100 μM were needed to reach at least 55 % enzyme inhibition. However, this strategy of 5-LO inhibition seems promising and needs further experimental approaches to gain more insight into the mechanism of 5-LO inhibition by NONSAIDs.
5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the first two steps in leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis. In a two step reaction the enzyme oxygenates arachidonic acid (AA) to form the highly unstable epoxide leukotriene A4 (LTA4) in dehydrating a hydroperoxide intermediate (20). LTA4 can then be further metabolized by two terminal synthases yielding either the potent chemoattractant leukotriene B4 (LTB4) or the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs). 5-LO enzyme expression is primarily found in mature leukocytes (22) where it can either reside in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus associated with euchromatin (29). Its enzymatic activity is embedded in a complicated network in intact cells regulating LT synthesis by various factors dependent on the cell type and nature of stimulus. Factors such as the amount of free AA released by phospholipase A2 enzymes, levels of enzymes involved, catalytic activity per enzyme molecule and availability of different small molecules influence 5-LO activity (36).
The 5-LO derived LTs are lipid mediators which were shown to primarily mediate inflammatory and allergic reactions and their role in the pathogenesis of asthma is well defined. CysLTs are among the most potent bronchoconstrictors yet studied in man and play an important role in airway remodeling. LTB4 has no bronchoconstrictory effects in healthy and asthmatic humans but displays potent chemoattractant properties on neutrophils and increases leukocyte adhesion to the vessel wall endothelium (22). Therefore, LTB4 enhances the capacity of macrophages and neutrophils to ingest and kill microbes. In concert with LTB4, histamine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) CysLTs are thought to maintain the tone of the human airways (82).
Besides their well studied role in asthma, 5-LO derived LTs have also been implicated to play a role in cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In contrast to healthy tissues, LT pathway enzymes and receptors were found to be abundantly expressed in cancer tissues, atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, heart and carotid artery (86). Pharmacological inhibition of 5-LO potently suppressed tumour cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and triggering cell death via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway (92, 93). In several studies LTs were found to exhibit cardiovascular actions by promotion of plasma leakage in postcapillary venules, coronary artery vasoconstriction and impaired ventricular contraction leading to reduced coronary blood flow and cardiac output (24). Unfortunately, the precise molecular mechanisms through which LTs influence carcinogenesis and cardiovascular diseases are still incompletely understood.
In contrast, an increasing number of studies questions the correlation between 5-LO and cancer (95-97) since extreme LT concentrations were applied to induce proliferative effects in the majority of the publications. A few studies exist which show susceptibility towards 5-LO products in physiological concentrations or achieve anti-proliferation by applying low concentrations of 5-LO inhibitors (98) ...
The aim of this study is a better understanding of radiation processes in regional climate models (RCMs) in order to quantify their impact and to reduce possible errors. A first important task in finding an answer to this question was to examine the accuracy of the components of the radiation budget in regional climate simulations. To this end, the simulated radiation budgets of two regional climate simulations for Europe were compared with a satellite-based reference. In the simulations with the RCM COSMO-CLM there were some serious under- and overestimations of short- and long-wave net radiation in Europe. However, taking into account the differences in the reference datasets, the results of the COSMO-CLM were quite satisfactory.
Using statistical methods, the influence of potential sources of uncertainties was estimated. Uncertainties in the cloud cover and surface albedo had a significant impact on uncertainties in short-wave net radiation, the explained variance of uncertainties in cloud cover was two to three times higher than that of uncertainties in surface albedo. Uncertainties in the cloud cover resulted in significant errors in the net long-wave radiation. However, the influence of uncertainties in soil temperature on errors in the long-wave radiation budget was low or even negligible. These results were confirmed in a comparison with simulations of the REMO and ALADIN regional climate models. It is reasonable to expect that a better parameterization of relatively simple parameters such as cloud cover and surface albedo is a means of significantly improving the simulation of radiation budget components in the COSMO-CLM.
An important question for the application of RCMs is to examine whether the results of radiation uncertainties and their impact factors are comparable if the model is applied in a region that is not the one for which it was originally created. Comparisons of the simulated radiation budgets of different RCMs for West Africa showed that problems in the simulation of short- and long-wave radiation fluxes were a widespread problem. Most of the tested models showed some considerable under- or overestimation of the short- and long-wave radiation fluxes.
Similar to Europe uncertainties in cloud cover were also in the simulations for Africa a significant factor affecting uncertainties in the simulated radiation fluxes. However, for the African simulations uncertainties in the parameterization of surface albedo were much more important than in Europe. On average, overland uncertainties in the cloud cover and surface albedo were of similar importance. Uncertainties in soil temperature simulations were of higher importance in Africa, and reached overland similar values of the mean explained variance (R2 ≈ 0.2) such as uncertainties in the cloud cover. This indicates a geographical dependence of the model error. This study confirmed the assumption that an improved parameterization of relatively simple parameters such as the surface albedo in RCMs leads to a significant improvement in the modeled radiation budget, particularly in Africa.
The influence of errors in the simulated radiation budget components on the simulation of climate processes, such as the West-African monsoon (WAM), was investigated in a next step. The evaluation of ERA-Interim and ECHAM5 driven COSMO-CLM simulations for Africa showed that the main features of the WAM were well reproduced by the model, but there were only slight improvements compared to the driving data. The index of convective activity in the model simulations was much too high and precipitation was underestimated in large parts of tropical Africa. The partly considerable differences between the ERA-Interim and ECHAM5 driven simulations demonstrated the sensitivity of the RCM to the boundary conditions and in particular to the sea surface temperature. An excessive northwards shift of the monsoon in the model was influenced by the land-sea temperature gradient and the strength of the Saharan heat low. Consequently, a part of the error was due to the driving data and the model itself produced another part.
By modifying the parameterization of the bare soil albedo the errors in the radiation budget and 2 m temperature in the Sahara region were significantly reduced. Similarly, the overesti-mation of precipitation and convection has been reduced in the Sahel. The effect of this modifi-cation on the examined WAM area was low. This confirmed that especially in desert regions, errors in the surface albedo were a driving factor for errors in the radiation budget. However, there are other important factors not yet sufficiently understood that have a strong influence on the quality of the simulation of the WAM.
The analysis of the actual state, the quantification of error sources and the highlighting of connections made it possible to find means to reduce uncertainties in the simulated radiation in RCMs and to have a better understanding of radiation processes. However, the magnitude of the errors found, the number of possible influencing factors, and the complexity of interactions, indicate that there is still a need for further research in this area.
Background and Purpose: Targeted drugs have augmented the cancer treatment armamentarium. Based on the molecular specificity, it was initially believed that these drugs had significantly less side effects. However, currently it is accepted that all of these agents have their specific side effects. Based on the given multimodal approach, special emphasis has to be placed on putative interactions of conventional cytostatic drugs, targeted agents and other modalities. The interaction of targeted drugs with radiation harbours special risks, since the awareness for interactions and even synergistic toxicities is lacking. At present, only limited is data available regarding combinations of targeted drugs and radiotherapy. This review gives an overview on the current knowledge on such combined treatments.
Material and methods: Using the following MESH headings and combinations of these terms pubmed database was searched: Radiotherapy AND cetuximab / trastuzumab / panitumumab / nimotuzumab, bevacizumab, sunitinib / sorafenib / lapatinib / gefitinib / erlotinib / sirolimus, thalidomide / lenalidomide as well as erythropoietin. For citation crosscheck the ISI web of science database was used employing the same search terms.
Results: Several classes of targeted substances may be distinguished: Small molecules including kinase inhibitors and specific inhibitors, antibodies, and anti-angiogenic agents. Combination of these agents with radiotherapy may lead to specific toxicities or negatively influence the efficacy of RT. Though there is only little information on the interaction of molecular targeted radiation and radiotherapy in clinical settings, several critical incidents are reported.
Conclusions: The addition of molecular targeted drugs to conventional radiotherapy outside of approved regimens or clinical trials warrants a careful consideration especially when used in conjunction in hypo-fractionated regimens. Clinical trials are urgently needed in order to address the open question in regard to efficacy, early and late toxicity.
In situ measurements of ice crystal size distributions in tropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) clouds were performed during the SCOUT-AMMA campaign over West Africa in August 2006. The cloud properties were measured with a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP-100) and a Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP) operated aboard the Russian high altitude research aircraft M-55 Geophysica with the mission base in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. A total of 117 ice particle size distributions were obtained from the measurements in the vicinity of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). Two to four modal lognormal size distributions were fitted to the average size distributions for different potential temperature bins. The measurements showed proportionately more large ice particles compared to former measurements above maritime regions. With the help of trace gas measurements of NO, NOy, CO2, CO, and O3 and satellite images, clouds in young and aged MCS outflow were identified. These events were observed at altitudes of 11.0 km to 14.2 km corresponding to potential temperature levels of 346 K to 356 K. In a young outflow from a developing MCS ice crystal number concentrations of up to (8.3 ± 1.6) cm−3 and rimed ice particles with maximum dimensions exceeding 1.5 mm were found. A maximum ice water content of 0.05 g m−3 was observed and an effective radius of about 90 μm. In contrast the aged outflow events were more diluted and showed a maximum number concentration of 0.03 cm−3, an ice water content of 2.3 × 10−4 g m−3, an effective radius of about 18 μm, while the largest particles had a maximum dimension of 61 μm.
Close to the tropopause subvisual cirrus were encountered four times at altitudes of 15 km to 16.4 km. The mean ice particle number concentration of these encounters was 0.01 cm−3 with maximum particle sizes of 130 μm, and the mean ice water content was about 1.4 × 10−4 g m−3. All known in situ measurements of subvisual tropopause cirrus are compared and an exponential fit on the size distributions is established for modelling purposes.
A comparison of aerosol to ice crystal number concentrations, in order to obtain an estimate on how many ice particles may result from activation of the present aerosol, yielded low ratios for the subvisual cirrus cases of roughly one cloud particle per 30 000 aerosol particles, while for the MCS outflow cases this resulted in a high ratio of one cloud particle per 300 aerosol particles.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) bacterial resistance to antibiotic drug therapy is emerging as a major public health problem around the world. Infectious diseases seriously threaten the health and economy of all countries. Hence, the preservation of the effectiveness of antibiotics is a world wide priority. The key to preserving the power of antibiotics lies in maintaining their diversity. Many microorganisms are capable of producing these bioactive products, the so called antibiotics. Specifically in microorganisms, polyketide synthases (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPS) produce these natural bioactive compounds. Besides being used as antibiotics these non-ribosomal peptides and polyketides display an even broader spectrum of biological activities, e.g. as antivirals, immunosuppressants or in antitumor therapy. The wide functional spectrum of the peptides and ketides is due to their structural diversity. Mostly they are cyclic or branched cyclic compounds, containing non-proteinogenic amino acids, small heterocyclic rings and other unusual modifications such as epimerization, methylation, N‐formylation or heterocyclization. It is has been shown that these modifications are important for biological activity, but little is known about their biosynthetic origin.
PKS and NRPS are multidomain protein assembly lines which function by sequentially elongating a growing polyketide or peptide chain by incorporating acyl units or amino acids, respectively. The growing product is attached via a thioester linkage to the 4’-phosphopantetheine (4’-Ppant) arm of a holo acyl carrier protein (ACP) in PKSs or holo peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) in NRPSs and is passed from one module to another along the chain of reaction centers. The modular arrangement makes PKS and NRPS systems an interesting target for protein engineering. More than 200 novel polyketide compounds have already been created by module swapping, gene deletion or other specific manipulations. Unfortunately, however, engineered PKS often fail to produce significant amounts of the desired products. Structural studies may faciliate yield improvement from engineered systems by providing a more complete understanding of the interface between the different domains. While some information about domain-domain interactions, involving the most common enzymatic modules, ketosynthase and acyltransferase, is starting to emerge, little is known about the interaction of ACP domains with other modifying enzymes such as methyltransferases, epimerases or halogenases.
To further improve the understanding of domain-domain interactions this work focuses on the curacin A assembly line. Curacin A, which exhibits anti-mitotic activity, is from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. This outstanding natural product contains a cyclopropane ring, a thiazoline ring, an internal cis double bond and a terminal alkene. The biosynthesis of curacin A is performed by a 2.2 Mega Dalton (MDa) hybrid PKS-NRPS cluster. A 10-enzyme assembly catalyzes the formation of the cyclopropane moiety as the first building block of the final product. Interestingly, for these enzymes the substrate is presented by an unusual cluster of three consecutive ACPs (ACPI,II,III). Little is known about the function of multiple ACPs which are supposed to increase the overall flux for enhanced production of secondary metabolites.
The first task in this work was to elucidate the structural effect of the triplet ACP repetition by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The initial data show that the excised ACPI, ACPII or ACPIII proteins resulted in [15N, 1H]-TROSY spectra with strong chemical shift perturbations (CSPs), suggesting an effect on the structure. The triplet ACP domains display a high sequence identity (93- 100%) making structural investigation using usual NMR techniques due to high peak overlap impossible. To enable the investigation of the triplet ACP in its native composition we developed a powerful method, the three fragment ligation. Segmental labeling allows incorporating isotopes into one single domain in its multidomain context. As a result we could prepare the triplet ACP with only one domain isotopically labeled and therefore assign the full length protein. In this way our method paved the way to study the structural effects of the triplet ACP repetition. We could show unexpectedly, that, despite the fact that the triplet repeat of CurA ACPI,II,III has a synergistic effect in the biosynthesis of CurA, the domains are structurally independent.
In the second part of this work, we studied the structure of the isolated ACPI domain. Our results show that the CurA ACPI undergoes no major conformational changes upon activation via phosphopantetheinylation and therefore contradicts the conformational switching model which has been proposed for PCPs. Further we report the NMR solution structures of holo-ACPI and 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-ACPI. Data obtained from filtered nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) experiments indicate that the substrate HMG is not sequestered but presented on the ACP surface.
In the third part of this work we focussed on the protein-protein interactions of the isolated ACPI with its cognate interaction partners. We were especially interested in the interaction with the halogenase (Cur Hal), the first enzyme within the curacin A sub-cluster, acting on the initial hydroxyl-methyl-glutaryl (HMG) attached to ACPI. Primarily we studied the interaction using NMR titration and fluorescence anisotropy measurements. Surprisingly no complex between ACPI and Cur Hal could be detected. The combination of an activity assay using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectroscopy and mutational analysis revealed several amino acids of ACPI that strongly decrease the activity of CurA Hal. Mapping these mutations according to their effect on the Cur Hal activity onto the structure of HMG-ACPI displays that these amino acids surround the substrate and form a consecutive surface. These results suggest that this surface is important for Cur Hal recognition and selectivity. Our research presented herein is an excellent example for protein-protein interactions in PKS systems underlying a specific recognition process.
Proceedings of 4th International Workshop "Critical Point and Onset of Deconfinement", July 9-13, 2007, Darmstadt, Germany: The multiplicity fluctuations of hadrons are studied within the statistical hadron-resonance gas model in the large volume limit. The role of quantum statistics and resonance decay effects are discussed. The microscopic correlator method is used to enforce conservation of three charges - baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness - in the canonical ensemble. In addition, in the micro-canonical ensemble energy conservation is included. An analytical method is used to account for resonance decays. The multiplicity distributions and the scaled variances for negatively and positively charged hadrons are calculated for the sets of thermodynamical parameters along the chemical freeze-out line of central Pb+Pb (Au+Au) collisions from SIS to LHC energies. Predictions obtained within different statistical ensembles are compared with the preliminary NA49 experimental results on central Pb+Pb collisions in the SPS energy range. The measured fluctuations are significantly narrower than the Poisson ones and clearly favor expectations for the micro-canonical ensemble. Thus, this is a first observation of the recently predicted suppression of the multiplicity fluctuations in relativistic gases in the thermodynamical limit due to conservation laws.
Bioapatite in mammalian teeth is readily preserved in continental sediments and represents a very important archive for reconstructions of environment and climate evolution. This project provides a comprehensive data base of major, minor and trace element and isotope tracers for tooth apatite using a variety of microanalytical techniques. The aim is to identify specific sedimentary environments and to improve our understanding on the interaction between internal metabolic processes during tooth formation and external nutritional control and secondary alteration effects. Here, we use the electron microprobe to determine the major and minor element contents of fossil and modern molar enamel, cement and dentin from Hippopotamids. Most of the studied specimens are from different ecosystems in Eastern Africa, representing modern and fossil lacustrine (Lake Kikorongo, Lake Albert, and Lake Malawi) and modern fluvial environments of the Nile River system. Secondary alteration effects - in particular FeO, MnO, SO3 and F concentrations – are 2 to 10 times higher in fossil than in modern enamel; the secondary enrichment of these components in fossil dentin and cement is even higher. In modern and fossil enamel, along sections perpendicular to the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ) or along cervix-apex profiles, P2O5 and CaO contents and the CaO/P2O5 ratios are very constant (StdDev ∼1%). Linear regression analysis reveals tight control of the MgO (R2∼0.6), Na2O and Cl variation (for both R2>0.84) along EDJ-outer enamel rim profiles, despite large concentration variations (40% to 300%) across the enamel. These minor elements show well defined distribution patterns in enamel, similar in all specimens regardless of their age and origin, as the concentration of MgO and Na2O decrease from the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ) towards the outer rim, whereas Cl displays the opposite trend. Fossil enamel from Hippopotamids which lived in the saline Lake Kikorongo have a much higher MgO/Na2O ratio (∼1.11) than those from the Neogene fossils of Lake Albert (MgO/Na2O∼0.4), which was a large fresh water lake like those in the western Branch of the East African Rift System today. Similarly, the MgO/Na2O ratio in modern enamel from the White Nile River (∼0.36), which has a Precambrian catchment of dominantly granites and gneisses and passes through several saline zones, is higher than that from the Blue Nile River, whose catchment is the Neogene volcanic Ethiopian Highland (MgO/Na2O∼0.22). Thus, particularly MgO/Na2O might be a sensitive fingerprint for environments where river and lake water have suffered strong evaporation. Enamel formation in mammals takes place at successive mineralization fronts within a confined chamber where ion and molecule transport is controlled by the surrounding enamel organ. During the secretion and maturation phases the epithelium generates different fluid composition, which in principle, should determine the final composition of enamel apatite. This is supported by co-linear relationships between MgO, Cl and Na2O which can be interpreted as binary mixing lines. However, if maturation starts after secretion is completed, the observed element distribution can only be explained by equilibration of existing and addition of new apatite during maturation. It appears the initial enamel crystallites precipitating during secretion and the newly formed bioapatite crystals during maturation equilibrate with a continuously evolving fluid. During crystallization of bioapatite the enamel fluid becomes continuously depleted in MgO and Na2O, but enriched in Cl which results in the formation of MgO, and Na2O-rich, but Cl-poor bioapatite near the EDJ and MgO- and Na2O-poor, but Cl-rich bioapatite at the outer enamel rim. The linkage between lake and river water compositions, bioavailability of elements for plants, animal nutrition and tooth formation is complex and multifaceted. The quality and limits of the MgO/Na2O and other proxies have to be established with systematic investigations relating chemical distribution patterns to sedimentary environment and to growth structures developing as secretion and maturation proceed during tooth formation.
Globally, tropical forest soils represent the second largest source of N2O and NO. However, there is still considerable uncertainty on the spatial variability and soil properties controlling N trace gas emission. To investigate how soil properties affect N2O and NO emission, we carried out an incubation experiment with soils from 31 locations in the Nyungwe tropical mountain forest in southwestern Rwanda. All soils were incubated at three different moisture levels (50, 70 and 90% water filled pore space (WFPS)) at 17 °C. Nitrous oxide emission varied between 4.5 and 400 μg N m−2 h−1, while NO emission varied from 6.6 to 265 μg N m−2 h−1. Mean N2O emission at different moisture levels was 46.5 ± 11.1 (50% WFPS), 71.7 ± 11.5 (70% WFPS) and 98.8 ± 16.4 (90% WFPS) μg N m−2 h−1, while mean NO emission was 69.3 ± 9.3 (50% WFPS), 47.1 ± 5.8 (70% WFPS) and 36.1 ± 4.2 (90% WFPS) μg N m−2 h−1. The latter suggests that climate (i.e. dry vs. wet season) controls N2O and NO emissions. Positive correlations with soil carbon and nitrogen indicate a biological control over N2O and NO production. But interestingly N2O and NO emissions also showed a negative correlation (only N2O) with soil pH and a positive correlation with free iron. The latter suggest that chemo-denitrification might, at least for N2O, be an important production pathway. In conclusion improved understanding and process based modeling of N trace gas emission from tropical forests will not only benefit from better spatial explicit trace gas emission and basic soil property monitoring, but also by differentiating between biological and chemical pathways for N trace gas formation.
Background: Due to constantly rising air pollution levels as well as an increasing awareness of the hazardousness of air pollutants, new laws and rules have recently been passed. Although there has been a large amount of research on this topic, bibliometric data is still to be collected. Thus this study provides a scientometric approach to the material published on this subject so far.
Methods: For this purpose, data retrieved from the "Web of Science" provided by the Thomson Scientific Institute was analyzed and visualized both with density-equalizing methods and classic data-processing methods such as tables and charts.
Results: For the time span between 1955 and 2006, 26,253 items were listed and related to the topic of air pollution, published by 124 countries in 24 different languages. General citation activity has been constantly increasing since the beginning of the examined period. However, beginning with the year 1991, citation levels have been rising exponentially each year, reaching 39,220 citations in the year 2006. The United States, the UK and Germany were the three most productive countries in the area, with English and German ranked first and second in publishing languages, followed by French. An article published by Dockery, Pope, Xu et al. was both the most cited in total numbers and in average citation rate. J. Schwartz was able to claim the highest total number of citations on his publications, while D.W. Dockery has the highest citation rate per publication. As to the subject areas the items are assigned with, the most item were published in Environmental Sciences, followed by Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences and Public, Environmental & Occupational Health. Nine out of the ten publishing journals with more than 300 entries dealt with environmental interests and one dealt with epidemiology.
Conclusions: Using the method of density-equalizing mapping and further common data processing procedures, it can be concluded that scientific work concerning air pollution and related topics enjoys unbrokenly growing scientific interest. This can be observed both in publication numbers and in citation activity.
Background: Leishmaniasis is a chronic disease that is found in various countries of the world. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of leishmaniasis on the world's research output. The present study assessed benchmarking of research output for the period between 1957 and 2006. Using large database analyses, research in the field of leishmaniasis was evaluated. Furthermore, cooperation between different countries was identified.
Results: The number of publications increased with time. Most publications came from Western countries such as the US, UK or Germany. Interestingly, countries like Brazil and India had a high research output. We found a substantial amount of cooperation between countries.
Conclusion: Although leishmaniasis is of limited geographic distribution it attracts a wide research interest. The central hub of research cooperation is the USA.
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major contributor to indoor air pollution. Since decades it is well documented that ETS can be harmful to human health and cause premature death and disease. In comparison to the huge research on toxicological substances of ETS, less attention was paid on the concentration of indoor ETS-dependent particulate matter (PM). Especially, investigation that focuses on different tobacco products and their concentration of deeply into the airways depositing PM-fractions (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) must be stated. The tobacco smoke particles and indoor air quality study (ToPIQS) will approach this issue by device supported generation of indoor ETS and simultaneously measurements of PM concentration by laser aerosol spectrometry. Primarily, the ToPIQ study will conduct a field research with focus on PM concentration of different tobacco products and within various microenvironments. It is planned to extend the analysis to basic research on influencing factors of ETS-dependent PM concentration.
Calibration of TCCON column-averaged CO₂: the first aircraft campaign over European TCCON sites
(2011)
The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) is a ground-based network of Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) sites around the globe, where the column abundances of CO2, CH4, N2O, CO and O2 are measured. CO2 is constrained with a precision better than 0.25% (1-σ). To achieve a similarly high accuracy, calibration to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards is required. This paper introduces the first aircraft calibration campaign of five European TCCON sites and a mobile FTS instrument. A series of WMO standards in-situ profiles were obtained over European TCCON sites via aircraft and compared with retrievals of CO2 column amounts from the TCCON instruments. The results of the campaign show that the FTS measurements are consistently biased 1.1% ± 0.2% low with respect to WMO standards, in agreement with previous TCCON calibration campaigns. The standard a priori profile for the TCCON FTS retrievals is shown to not add a bias. The same calibration factor is generated using aircraft profiles as a priori and with the TCCON standard a priori. With a calibration to WMO standards, the highly precise TCCON CO2 measurements of total column concentrations provide a suitable database for the calibration and validation of nadir-viewing satellites
Background: Current prognostic gene signatures for breast cancer mainly reflect proliferation status and have limited value in triple-negative (TNBC) cancers. The identification of prognostic signatures from TNBC cohorts was limited in the past due to small sample sizes.
Methodology/Principal Findings: We assembled all currently publically available TNBC gene expression datasets generated on Affymetrix gene chips. Inter-laboratory variation was minimized by filtering methods for both samples and genes. Supervised analysis was performed to identify prognostic signatures from 394 cases which were subsequently tested on an independent validation cohort (n = 261 cases).
Conclusions/Significance: Using two distinct false discovery rate thresholds, 25% and <3.5%, a larger (n = 264 probesets) and a smaller (n = 26 probesets) prognostic gene sets were identified and used as prognostic predictors. Most of these genes were positively associated with poor prognosis and correlated to metagenes for inflammation and angiogenesis. No correlation to other previously published prognostic signatures (recurrence score, genomic grade index, 70-gene signature, wound response signature, 7-gene immune response module, stroma derived prognostic predictor, and a medullary like signature) was observed. In multivariate analyses in the validation cohort the two signatures showed hazard ratios of 4.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.71–9.48; P = 0.001) and 4.08 (95% CI 1.79–9.28; P = 0.001), respectively. The 10-year event-free survival was 70% for the good risk and 20% for the high risk group. The 26-gene signatures had modest predictive value (AUC = 0.588) to predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, however, the combination of a B-cell metagene with the prognostic signatures increased its response predictive value. We identified a 264-gene prognostic signature for TNBC which is unrelated to previously known prognostic signatures.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2α) is a signaling adaptor protein that regulates downstream signaling of many receptor tyrosine kinases. During signal transduction, FRS2 can be both tyrosine and threonine phosphorylated and forms signaling complexes with other adaptor proteins and tyrosine phosphatases. We have here identified flotillin-1 and the cbl-associated protein/ponsin (CAP) as novel interaction partners of FRS2. Flotillin-1 binds to the phosphotyrosine binding domain (PTB) of FRS2 and competes for the binding with the fibroblast growth factor receptor. Flotillin-1 knockdown results in increased Tyr phosphorylation of FRS2, in line with the inhibition of ERK activity in the absence of flotillin-1. CAP directly interacts with FRS2 by means of its sorbin homology (SoHo) domain, which has previously been shown to interact with flotillin-1. In addition, the third SH3 domain in CAP binds to FRS2. Due to the overlapping binding domains, CAP and flotillin-1 appear to compete for the binding to FRS2. Thus, our results reveal a novel signaling network containing FRS2, CAP and flotillin-1, whose successive interactions are most likely required to regulate receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, especially the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway.
The development of insecticides requires valid risk assessment procedures to avoid causing harm to beneficial insects and especially to pollinators such as the honeybee Apis mellifera. In addition to testing according to current guidelines designed to detect bee mortality, tests are needed to determine possible sublethal effects interfering with the animal's vitality and behavioral performance. Several methods have been used to detect sublethal effects of different insecticides under laboratory conditions using olfactory conditioning. Furthermore, studies have been conducted on the influence insecticides have on foraging activity and homing ability which require time-consuming visual observation. We tested an experimental design using the radiofrequency identification (RFID) method to monitor the influence of sublethal doses of insecticides on individual honeybee foragers on an automated basis. With electronic readers positioned at the hive entrance and at an artificial food source, we obtained quantifiable data on honeybee foraging behavior. This enabled us to efficiently retrieve detailed information on flight parameters. We compared several groups of bees, fed simultaneously with different dosages of a tested substance. With this experimental approach we monitored the acute effects of sublethal doses of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid (0.15–6 ng/bee) and clothianidin (0.05–2 ng/bee) under field-like circumstances. At field-relevant doses for nectar and pollen no adverse effects were observed for either substance. Both substances led to a significant reduction of foraging activity and to longer foraging flights at doses of ≥0.5 ng/bee (clothianidin) and ≥1.5 ng/bee (imidacloprid) during the first three hours after treatment. This study demonstrates that the RFID-method is an effective way to record short-term alterations in foraging activity after insecticides have been administered once, orally, to individual bees. We contribute further information on the understanding of how honeybees are affected by sublethal doses of insecticides.
Calibration of TCCON column-averaged CO₂: the first aircraft campaign over European TCCON sites
(2011)
The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) is a ground-based network of Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) sites around the globe, where the column abundances of CO2, CH4, N2O, CO and O2 are measured. CO2 is constrained with a precision better than 0.25 %. To achieve a similarly high accuracy, calibration to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards is required. This paper introduces the first aircraft calibration campaign of five European TCCON sites and a mobile FTS instrument. A series of WMO standards in-situ profiles were obtained over European TCCON sites via aircraft and compared with retrievals of CO2 column amounts from the TCCON instruments. The results of the campaign show that the FTS measurements are consistently biased 1.0 % ± 0.2 % low with respect to WMO standards, in agreement with previous TCCON calibration campaigns. The standard a priori profile for the TCCON FTS retrievals is shown to not add a bias. The same calibration factor is generated using aircraft profiles as a priori and with the TCCON standard a priori. With a calibration to WMO standards, the highly precise TCCON CO2 measurements of total column concentrations provide a suitable database for the calibration and validation of nadir-viewing satellites.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der zeitstetigen Portfoliooptimierung sowie mit Themen aus dem Bereich des Kreditrisikos. Das Ziel der Portfoliooptimierung ist es, zu einem gegebenen Anfangskapital die bestmöglichen Konsum- und Investmentstrategien zu finden. In dieser Arbeit wird dabei vor allem der Einfluss von Einkommen auf diese Entscheidungen untersucht. Da einerseits jedoch der zukünftige Einkommensstrom vom Zufall bestimmt ist und es andererseits keine Finanzprodukte gibt, die diesen replizieren können, stellt die Einbindung von Einkommen in die Portfoliooptimierung ein großes Problem dar. Es führt dazu, dass die Annahmen eines vollständigen Marktes nicht weiter gelten, so dass die Standardmethoden zur Lösung nicht angewendet werden können. Diese Arbeit analysiert mehrere Ausprägungen dieses Problems und geht auf verschiedene Verfahren zur Lösung ein. Weiterhin untersucht diese Studie den Einfluss des Kreditrisikos einer Firma auf die jeweilige Firmenrendite. Dabei wird vor allem auf eine Anomalie, die bereits umfassend in der Literatur diskutiert wurde, Bezug genommen. Diese Anomalie besagt, dass Firmen mit hohen Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeiten geringere Renditen erwirtschaften als Firmen mit kleineren Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeiten. Eine weitere Frage, die in den Bereich des Kreditrisikos fällt, ist die Frage, inwieweit Modelle dazu in der Lage sind, strukturierte Produkte zu bewerten und abzusichern. Diese Arbeit versucht Antworten darauf zu geben.
The objective of this work is twofold. First, we explore the performance of the density functional theory (DFT) when it is applied to solids with strong electronic correlations, such as transition metal compounds. Along this direction, particular effort is put into the refinement and development of parameterization techniques for deriving effective models on a basis of DFT calculations. Second, within the framework of the DFT, we address a number of questions related to the physics of Mott insulators, such as magnetic frustration and electron-phonon coupling (Cs2CuCl4 and Cs2CuBr4), high-temperature superconductivity (BSCCO) and doping of Mott insulators (TiOCl). In the frustrated antiferromagnets Cs2CuCl4 and Cs2CuBr4, we investigate the interplay between strong electronic correlations and magnetism on one hand and electron-lattice coupling on the other as well as the effect of this interplay on the microscopic model parameters. Another object of our investigations is the oxygen-doped cuprate superconductor BSCCO, where nano-scale electronic inhomogeneities have been observed in scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments. By means of DFT and many-body calculations, we analyze the connection between the structural and electronic inhomogeneities and the superconducting properties of BSCCO. We use the DFT and molecular dynamic simulations to explain the microscopic origin of the persisting under doping Mott insulating state in the layered compound TiOCl.
Regulation of dissimilatory sulfur oxidation in the purple sulfur bacterium Allochromatium vinosum
(2011)
In the purple sulfur bacterium Allochromatium vinosum, thiosulfate oxidation is strictly dependent on the presence of three periplasmic Sox proteins encoded by the soxBXAK and soxYZ genes. It is also well documented that proteins encoded in the dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsr) operon, dsrABEFHCMKLJOPNRS, are essential for the oxidation of sulfur that is stored intracellularly as an obligatory intermediate during the oxidation of thiosulfate and sulfide. Until recently, detailed knowledge about the regulation of the sox genes was not available. We started to fill this gap and show that these genes are expressed on a low constitutive level in A. vinosum in the absence of reduced sulfur compounds. Thiosulfate and possibly sulfide lead to an induction of sox gene transcription. Additional translational regulation was not apparent. Regulation of soxXAK is probably performed by a two-component system consisting of a multi-sensor histidine kinase and a regulator with proposed di-guanylate cyclase activity. Previous work already provided some information about regulation of the dsr genes encoding the second important sulfur-oxidizing enzyme system in the purple sulfur bacterium. The expression of most dsr genes was found to be at a low basal level in the absence of reduced sulfur compounds and enhanced in the presence of sulfide. In the present work, we focused on the role of DsrS, a protein encoded by the last gene of the dsr locus in A. vinosum. Transcriptional and translational gene fusion experiments suggest a participation of DsrS in the post-transcriptional control of the dsr operon. Characterization of an A. vinosum ΔdsrS mutant showed that the monomeric cytoplasmic 41.1-kDa protein DsrS is important though not essential for the oxidation of sulfur stored in the intracellular sulfur globules.
Forest fragmentation and selective logging are two main drivers of global environmental change and modify biodiversity and environmental conditions in many tropical forests. The consequences of these changes for the functioning of tropical forest ecosystems have rarely been explored in a comprehensive approach. In a Kenyan rainforest, we studied six animal-mediated ecosystem processes and recorded species richness and community composition of all animal taxa involved in these processes. We used linear models and a formal meta-analysis to test whether forest fragmentation and selective logging affected ecosystem processes and biodiversity and used structural equation models to disentangle direct from biodiversity-related indirect effects of human disturbance on multiple ecosystem processes. Fragmentation increased decomposition and reduced antbird predation, while selective logging consistently increased pollination, seed dispersal and army-ant raiding. Fragmentation modified species richness or community composition of five taxa, whereas selective logging did not affect any component of biodiversity. Changes in the abundance of functionally important species were related to lower predation by antbirds and higher decomposition rates in small forest fragments. The positive effects of selective logging on bee pollination, bird seed dispersal and army-ant raiding were direct, i.e. not related to changes in biodiversity, and were probably due to behavioural changes of these highly mobile animal taxa. We conclude that animal-mediated ecosystem processes respond in distinct ways to different types of human disturbance in Kakamega Forest. Our findings suggest that forest fragmentation affects ecosystem processes indirectly by changes in biodiversity, whereas selective logging influences processes directly by modifying local environmental conditions and resource distributions. The positive to neutral effects of selective logging on ecosystem processes show that the functionality of tropical forests can be maintained in moderately disturbed forest fragments. Conservation concepts for tropical forests should thus include not only remaining pristine forests but also functionally viable forest remnants.
Members of the genus Xenorhabdus are entomopathogenic bacteria that associate with nematodes. The nematode-bacteria pair infects and kills insects, with both partners contributing to insect pathogenesis and the bacteria providing nutrition to the nematode from available insect-derived nutrients. The nematode provides the bacteria with protection from predators, access to nutrients, and a mechanism of dispersal. Members of the bacterial genus Photorhabdus also associate with nematodes to kill insects, and both genera of bacteria provide similar services to their different nematode hosts through unique physiological and metabolic mechanisms. We posited that these differences would be reflected in their respective genomes. To test this, we sequenced to completion the genomes of Xenorhabdus nematophila ATCC 19061 and Xenorhabdus bovienii SS-2004. As expected, both Xenorhabdus genomes encode many anti-insecticidal compounds, commensurate with their entomopathogenic lifestyle. Despite the similarities in lifestyle between Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria, a comparative analysis of the Xenorhabdus, Photorhabdus luminescens, and P. asymbiotica genomes suggests genomic divergence. These findings indicate that evolutionary changes shaped by symbiotic interactions can follow different routes to achieve similar end points.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important cool season food legume, cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The goal of this study was to develop novel molecular markers such as microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-end sequences (BESs) and diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers, and to construct a high-density genetic map based on recombinant inbred line (RIL) population ICC 4958 (C. arietinum)×PI 489777 (C. reticulatum). A BAC-library comprising 55,680 clones was constructed and 46,270 BESs were generated. Mining of these BESs provided 6,845 SSRs, and primer pairs were designed for 1,344 SSRs. In parallel, DArT arrays with ca. 15,000 clones were developed, and 5,397 clones were found polymorphic among 94 genotypes tested. Screening of newly developed BES-SSR markers and DArT arrays on the parental genotypes of the RIL mapping population showed polymorphism with 253 BES-SSR markers and 675 DArT markers. Segregation data obtained for these polymorphic markers and 494 markers data compiled from published reports or collaborators were used for constructing the genetic map. As a result, a comprehensive genetic map comprising 1,291 markers on eight linkage groups (LGs) spanning a total of 845.56 cM distance was developed (http://cmap.icrisat.ac.in/cmap/sm/cp/thudi/). The number of markers per linkage group ranged from 68 (LG 8) to 218 (LG 3) with an average inter-marker distance of 0.65 cM. While the developed resource of molecular markers will be useful for genetic diversity, genetic mapping and molecular breeding applications, the comprehensive genetic map with integrated BES-SSR markers will facilitate its anchoring to the physical map (under construction) to accelerate map-based cloning of genes in chickpea and comparative genome evolution studies in legumes.
In an ongoing clinical phase I/II study, 16 pediatric patients suffering from high risk leukemia/tumors received highly purified donor natural killer (NK) cell immunotherapy (NK-DLI) at day (+3) +40 and +100 post haploidentical stem cell transplantation. However, literature about the influence of NK-DLI on recipient's immune system is scarce. Here we present concomitant results of a noninvasive in vivo monitoring approach of recipient's peripheral blood (PB) cells after transfer of either unstimulated (NK-DLI(unstim)) or IL-2 (1000 U/ml, 9–14 days) activated NK cells (NK-DLI(IL-2 stim)) along with their ex vivo secreted cytokine/chemokines. We performed phenotypical and functional characterizations of the NK-DLIs, detailed flow cytometric analyses of various PB cells and comprehensive cytokine/chemokine arrays before and after NK-DLI. Patients of both groups were comparable with regard to remission status, immune reconstitution, donor chimerism, KIR mismatching, stem cell and NK-DLI dose. Only after NK-DLI(IL-2 stim) was a rapid, almost complete loss of CD56(bright)CD16(dim/−) immune regulatory and CD56(dim)CD16(+) cytotoxic NK cells, monocytes, dendritic cells and eosinophils from PB circulation seen 10 min after infusion, while neutrophils significantly increased. The reduction of NK cells was due to both, a decrease in patients' own CD69(−) NCR(low)CD62L(+) NK cells as well as to a diminishing of the transferred cells from the NK-DLI(IL-2 stim) with the CD56(bright)CD16(+/−)CD69(+)NCR(high)CD62L(−) phenotype. All cell counts recovered within the next 24 h. Transfer of NK-DLI(IL-2 stim) translated into significantly increased levels of various cytokines/chemokines (i.e. IFN-γ, IL-6, MIP-1β) in patients' PB. Those remained stable for at least 1 h, presumably leading to endothelial activation, leukocyte adhesion and/or extravasation. In contrast, NK-DLI(unstim) did not cause any of the observed effects. In conclusion, we assume that the adoptive transfer of NK-DLI(IL-2 stim) under the influence of ex vivo and in vivo secreted cytokines/chemokines may promote NK cell trafficking and therefore might enhance efficacy of immunotherapy.
Temporal information processing in short- and long-term memory of patients with schizophrenia
(2011)
Cognitive deficits of patients with schizophrenia have been largely recognized as core symptoms of the disorder. One neglected factor that contributes to these deficits is the comprehension of time. In the present study, we assessed temporal information processing and manipulation from short- and long-term memory in 34 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 34 matched healthy controls. On the short-term memory temporal-order reconstruction task, an incidental or intentional learning strategy was deployed. Patients showed worse overall performance than healthy controls. The intentional learning strategy led to dissociable performance improvement in both groups. Whereas healthy controls improved on a performance measure (serial organization), patients improved on an error measure (inappropriate semantic clustering) when using the intentional instead of the incidental learning strategy. On the long-term memory script-generation task, routine and non-routine events of everyday activities (e.g., buying groceries) had to be generated in either chronological or inverted temporal order. Patients were slower than controls at generating events in the chronological routine condition only. They also committed more sequencing and boundary errors in the inverted conditions. The number of irrelevant events was higher in patients in the chronological, non-routine condition. These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia imprecisely access temporal information from short- and long-term memory. In short-term memory, processing of temporal information led to a reduction in errors rather than, as was the case in healthy controls, to an improvement in temporal-order recall. When accessing temporal information from long-term memory, patients were slower and committed more sequencing, boundary, and intrusion errors. Together, these results suggest that time information can be accessed and processed only imprecisely by patients who provide evidence for impaired time comprehension. This could contribute to symptomatic cognitive deficits and strategic inefficiency in schizophrenia.
Background: Oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) with warfarin is the standard of stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Approximately 30% of patients with cardioembolic strokes are on OAT at the time of symptom onset. We investigated whether warfarin exacerbates the risk of thrombolysis-associated hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in a mouse model of ischemic stroke.
Methods: 62 C57BL/6 mice were used for this study. To achieve effective anticoagulation, warfarin was administered orally. We performed right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 3 h and assessed functional deficit and HT blood volume after 24 h.
Results: In non-anticoagulated mice, treatment with rt-PA (10 mg/kg i.v.) after 3 h MCAO led to a 5-fold higher degree of HT compared to vehicle-treated controls (4.0±0.5 µl vs. 0.8±0.1, p<0.001). Mice on warfarin revealed larger amounts of HT after rt-PA treatment in comparison to non-anticoagulated mice (9.2±3.2 µl vs. 2.8±1.0, p<0.05). The rapid reversal of anticoagulation by means of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC, 100 IU/kg) at the end of the 3 h MCAO period, but prior to rt-PA administration, neutralized the exacerbated risk of HT as compared to sham-treated controls (3.8±0.7 µl vs. 15.0±3.8, p<0.001).
Conclusion: In view of the vastly increased risk of HT, it seems to be justified to withhold tPA therapy in effectively anticoagulated patients with acute ischemic stroke. The rapid reversal of anticoagulation with PCC prior to tPA application reduces the risk attributed to warfarin pretreatment and may constitute an interesting therapeutic option.
Recent work has demonstrated that the formation of platelet neutrophil complexes (PNCs) affects inflammatory tissue injury. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is crucially involved into the control of PNC formation and myocardial reperfusion injury. Given the clinical importance of hepatic IR injury we pursued the role of VASP during hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion. We report here that VASP−/− animals demonstrate reduced hepatic IR injury compared to wildtype (WT) controls. This correlated with serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferase and the presence of PNCs within ischemic hepatic tissue and could be confirmed using repression of VASP through siRNA. In studies employing bone marrow chimeric mice we identified hematopoietic VASP to be of crucial importance for the extent of hepatic injury. Phosphorylation of VASP on Ser153 through Prostaglandin E1 or on Ser235 through atrial natriuretic peptide resulted in a significant reduction of hepatic IR injury. This was associated with a reduced presence of PNCs in ischemic hepatic tissue. Taken together, these studies identified VASP and VASP phosphorylation as crucial target for future hepatoprotective strategies.
Accumulating evidence indicates that increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to the development of exaggerated pain hypersensitivity during persistent pain. In the present study, we investigated the antinociceptive efficacy of the antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We show that systemic administration of a combination of vitamins C and E inhibited the early behavioral responses to formalin injection and the neuropathic pain behavior after peripheral nerve injury, but not the inflammatory pain behavior induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant. In contrast, vitamin C or vitamin E given alone failed to affect the nociceptive behavior in all tested models. The attenuated neuropathic pain behavior induced by the vitamin C and E combination was paralleled by a reduced p38 phosphorylation in the spinal cord and in dorsal root ganglia, and was also observed after intrathecal injection of the vitamins. Moreover, the vitamin C and E combination ameliorated the allodynia induced by an intrathecally delivered ROS donor. Our results suggest that administration of vitamins C and E in combination may exert synergistic antinociceptive effects, and further indicate that ROS essentially contribute to nociceptive processing in special pain states.
Parasites of the nematode genus Anisakis are associated with aquatic organisms. They can be found in a variety of marine hosts including whales, crustaceans, fish and cephalopods and are known to be the cause of the zoonotic disease anisakiasis, a painful inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract caused by the accidental consumptions of infectious larvae raw or semi-raw fishery products. Since the demand on fish as dietary protein source and the export rates of seafood products in general is rapidly increasing worldwide, the knowledge about the distribution of potential foodborne human pathogens in seafood is of major significance for human health. Studies have provided evidence that a few Anisakis species can cause clinical symptoms in humans. The aim of our study was to interpolate the species range for every described Anisakis species on the basis of the existing occurrence data. We used sequence data of 373 Anisakis larvae from 30 different hosts worldwide and previously published molecular data (n = 584) from 53 field-specific publications to model the species range of Anisakis spp., using a interpolation method that combines aspects of the alpha hull interpolation algorithm as well as the conditional interpolation approach. The results of our approach strongly indicate the existence of species-specific distribution patterns of Anisakis spp. within different climate zones and oceans that are in principle congruent with those of their respective final hosts. Our results support preceding studies that propose anisakid nematodes as useful biological indicators for their final host distribution and abundance as they closely follow the trophic relationships among their successive hosts. The modeling might although be helpful for predicting the likelihood of infection in order to reduce the risk of anisakiasis cases in a given area.
Acanthocephalans are attractive candidates as model organisms for studying the ecology and co-evolutionary history of parasitic life cycles in the marine ecosystem. Adding to earlier molecular analyses of this taxon, a total of 36 acanthocephalans belonging to the classes Archiacanthocephala (3 species), Eoacanthocephala (3 species), Palaeacanthocephala (29 species), Polyacanthocephala (1 species) and Rotifera as outgroup (3 species) were analyzed by using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses of nuclear 18S rDNA sequence. This data set included three re-collected and six newly collected taxa, Bolbosoma vasculosum from Lepturacanthus savala, Filisoma rizalinum from Scatophagus argus, Rhadinorhynchus pristis from Gempylus serpens, R. lintoni from Selar crumenophthalmus, Serrasentis sagittifer from Johnius coitor, and Southwellina hispida from Epinephelus coioides, representing 5 new host and 3 new locality records. The resulting trees suggest a paraphyletic arrangement of the Echinorhynchida and Polymorphida inside the Palaeacanthocephala. This questions the placement of the genera Serrasentis and Gorgorhynchoides within the Echinorhynchida and not the Polymorphida, necessitating further insights into the systematic position of these taxa based on morphology.
Recent phylogenomic studies have failed to conclusively resolve certain branches of the placental mammalian tree, despite the evolutionary analysis of genomic data from 32 species. Previous analyses of single genes and retroposon insertion data yielded support for different phylogenetic scenarios for the most basal divergences. The results indicated that some mammalian divergences were best interpreted not as a single bifurcating tree, but as an evolutionary network. In these studies the relationships among some orders of the super-clade Laurasiatheria were poorly supported, albeit not studied in detail. Therefore, 4775 protein-coding genes (6,196,263 nucleotides) were collected and aligned in order to analyze the evolution of this clade. Additionally, over 200,000 introns were screened in silico, resulting in 32 phylogenetically informative long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) insertion events.
The present study shows that the genome evolution of Laurasiatheria may best be understood as an evolutionary network. Thus, contrary to the common expectation to resolve major evolutionary events as a bifurcating tree, genome analyses unveil complex speciation processes even in deep mammalian divergences. We exemplify this on a subset of 1159 suitable genes that have individual histories, most likely due to incomplete lineage sorting or introgression, processes that can make the genealogy of mammalian genomes complex.
These unexpected results have major implications for the understanding of evolution in general, because the evolution of even some higher level taxa such as mammalian orders may sometimes not be interpreted as a simple bifurcating pattern.
Background: Fishes show an amazing diversity in hearing abilities, inner ear structures, and otolith morphology. Inner ear morphology, however, has not yet been investigated in detail in any member of the diverse order Cyprinodontiformes. We, therefore, studied the inner ear of the cyprinodontiform freshwater fish Poecilia mexicana by analyzing the position of otoliths in situ, investigating the 3D structure of sensory epithelia, and examining the orientation patterns of ciliary bundles of the sensory hair cells, while combining μ-CT analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and immunocytochemical methods. P. mexicana occurs in different ecotypes, enabling us to study the intra-specific variability (on a qualitative basis) of fish from regular surface streams, and the Cueva del Azufre, a sulfidic cave in southern Mexico.
Results: The inner ear of Poecilia mexicana displays a combination of several remarkable features. The utricle is connected rostrally instead of dorso-rostrally to the saccule, and the macula sacculi, therefore, is very close to the utricle. Moreover, the macula sacculi possesses dorsal and ventral bulges. The two studied ecotypes of P. mexicana showed variation mainly in the shape and curvature of the macula lagenae, in the curvature of the macula sacculi, and in the thickness of the otolithic membrane.
Conclusions: Our study for the first time provides detailed insights into the auditory periphery of a cyprinodontiform inner ear and thus serves a basis—especially with regard to the application of 3D techniques—for further research on structure-function relationships of inner ears within the species-rich order Cyprinodontiformes. We suggest that other poeciliid taxa, or even other non-poeciliid cyprinodontiforms, may display similar inner ear morphologies as described here.
The duration of use is usually significantly longer for marine vessels than for roadside vehicles. Therefore, these vessels are often powered by relatively old engines which may propagate air pollution. Also, the quality of fuel used for marine vessels is usually not comparable to the quality of fuels used in the automotive sector and therefore, port areas may exhibit a high degree of air pollution. In contrast to the multitude of studies that addressed outdoor air pollution due to road traffic, only little is known about ship-related air pollution. Therefore the present article aims to summarize recent studies that address air pollution, i.e. particulate matter exposure, due to marine vessels. It can be stated that the data in this area of research is still largely limited. Especially, knowledge on the different air pollutions in different sea areas is needed.
Background: Drowning is a constant global problem which claims proximately half a million victims worldwide each year, whereas the number of near-drowning victims is considerably higher. Public health strategies to reduce the burden of death are still limited. While research activities in the subject drowning grow constantly, yet there is no scientometric evaluation of the existing literature at the present time.
Methods: The current study uses classical bibliometric tools and visualizing techniques such as density equalizing mapping to analyse and evaluate the scientific research in the field of drowning. The interpretation of the achieved results is also implemented in the context of the data collection of the WHO.
Results: All studies related to drowning and listed in the ISI-Web of Science database since 1900 were identified using the search term "drowning". Implementing bibliometric methods, a constant increase in quantitative markers such as number of publications per state, publication language or collaborations as well as qualitative markers such as citations were observed for research in the field of drowning. The combination with density equalizing mapping exposed different global patterns for research productivity and the total number of drowning deaths and drowning rates respectively. Chart techniques were used to illustrate bi- and multilateral research cooperation.
Conclusions: The present study provides the first scientometric approach that visualizes research activity on the subject of drowning. It can be assumed that the scientific approach to this topic will achieve even greater dimensions because of its continuing actuality.
Background: Closely related lineages of livebearing fishes have independently adapted to two extreme environmental factors: toxic hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and perpetual darkness. Previous work has demonstrated in adult specimens that fish from these extreme habitats convergently evolved drastically increased head and offspring size, while cave fish are further characterized by reduced pigmentation and eye size. Here, we traced the development of these (and other) divergent traits in embryos of Poecilia mexicana from benign surface habitats (“surface mollies”) and a sulphidic cave (“cave mollies”), as well as in embryos of the sister taxon, Poecilia sulphuraria from a sulphidic surface spring (“sulphur mollies”). We asked at which points during development changes in the timing of the involved processes (i.e., heterochrony) would be detectible.
Methods and Results: Data were extracted from digital photographs taken of representative embryos for each stage of development and each type of molly. Embryo mass decreased in convergent fashion, but we found patterns of embryonic fat content and ovum/embryo diameter to be divergent among all three types of mollies. The intensity of yellow colouration of the yolk (a proxy for carotenoid content) was significantly lower in cave mollies throughout development. Moreover, while relative head size decreased through development in surface mollies, it increased in both types of extremophile mollies, and eye growth was arrested in mid-stage embryos of cave mollies but not in surface or sulphur mollies.
Conclusion: Our results clearly demonstrate that even among sister taxa convergence in phenotypic traits is not always achieved by the same processes during embryo development. Furthermore, teleost development is crucially dependent on sufficient carotenoid stores in the yolk, and so we discuss how the apparent ability of cave mollies to overcome this carotenoid-dependency may represent another potential mechanism explaining the lack of gene flow between surface and cave mollies.
Background and Objective: The slow delayed rectifier current (IKs) is important for cardiac action potential termination. The underlying channel is composed of Kv7.1 α-subunits and KCNE1 β-subunits. While most evidence suggests a role of KCNE1 transmembrane domain and C-terminus for the interaction, the N-terminal KCNE1 polymorphism 38G is associated with reduced IKs and atrial fibrillation (a human arrhythmia). Structure-function relationship of the KCNE1 N-terminus for IKs modulation is poorly understood and was subject of this study.
Methods: We studied N-terminal KCNE1 constructs disrupting structurally important positively charged amino-acids (arginines) at positions 32, 33, 36 as well as KCNE1 constructs that modify position 38 including an N-terminal truncation mutation. Experimental procedures included molecular cloning, patch-clamp recording, protein biochemistry, real-time-PCR and confocal microscopy.
Results: All KCNE1 constructs physically interacted with Kv7.1. IKs resulting from co-expression of Kv7.1 with non-atrial fibrillation ‘38S’ was greater than with any other construct. Ionic currents resulting from co-transfection of a KCNE1 mutant with arginine substitutions (‘38G-3xA’) were comparable to currents evoked from cells transfected with an N-terminally truncated KCNE1-construct (‘Δ1-38’). Western-blots from plasma-membrane preparations and confocal images consistently showed a greater amount of Kv7.1 protein at the plasma-membrane in cells co-transfected with the non-atrial fibrillation KCNE1-38S than with any other construct.
Conclusions: The results of our study indicate that N-terminal arginines in positions 32, 33, 36 of KCNE1 are important for reconstitution of IKs. Furthermore, our results hint towards a role of these N-terminal amino-acids in membrane representation of the delayed rectifier channel complex.
Background: MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is up-regulated in tumor tissue of patients with malignant diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Elevated concentrations of miR-21 have also been found in sera or plasma from patients with malignancies, rendering it an interesting candidate as serum/plasma marker for malignancies. Here we correlated serum miR-21 levels with clinical parameters in patients with different stages of chronic hepatitis C virus infection (CHC) and CHC-associated HCC.
Methodology/Principal Findings: 62 CHC patients, 29 patients with CHC and HCC and 19 healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. RNA was extracted from the sera and miR-21 as well as miR-16 levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR; miR-21 levels (normalized by miR-16) were correlated with standard liver parameters, histological grading and staging of CHC. The data show that serum levels of miR-21 were elevated in patients with CHC compared to healthy controls (P<0.001); there was no difference between serum miR-21 in patients with CHC and CHC-associated HCC. Serum miR-21 levels correlated with histological activity index (HAI) in the liver (r = −0.494, P = 0.00002), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (r = −0.309, P = 0.007), aspartate aminotransferase (r = −0.495, P = 0.000007), bilirubin (r = −0.362, P = 0.002), international normalized ratio (r = −0.338, P = 0.034) and γ-glutamyltransferase (r = −0.244, P = 0.034). Multivariate analysis revealed that ALT and miR-21 serum levels were independently associated with HAI. At a cut-off dCT of 1.96, miR-21 discriminated between minimal and mild-severe necroinflammation (AUC = 0.758) with a sensitivity of 53.3% and a specificity of 95.2%.
Conclusions/Significance: The serum miR-21 level is a marker for necroinflammatory activity, but does not differ between patients with HCV and HCV-induced HCC.
Although climate is known to be one of the key factors determining animal species distributions amongst others, projections of global change impacts on their distributions often rely on bioclimatic envelope models. Vegetation structure and landscape configuration are also key determinants of distributions, but they are rarely considered in such assessments. We explore the consequences of using simulated vegetation structure and composition as well as its associated landscape configuration in models projecting global change effects on Iberian bird species distributions. Both present-day and future distributions were modelled for 168 bird species using two ensemble forecasting methods: Random Forests (RF) and Boosted Regression Trees (BRT). For each species, several models were created, differing in the predictor variables used (climate, vegetation, and landscape configuration). Discrimination ability of each model in the present-day was then tested with four commonly used evaluation methods (AUC, TSS, specificity and sensitivity). The different sets of predictor variables yielded similar spatial patterns for well-modelled species, but the future projections diverged for poorly-modelled species. Models using all predictor variables were not significantly better than models fitted with climate variables alone for ca. 50% of the cases. Moreover, models fitted with climate data were always better than models fitted with landscape configuration variables, and vegetation variables were found to correlate with bird species distributions in 26–40% of the cases with BRT, and in 1–18% of the cases with RF. We conclude that improvements from including vegetation and its landscape configuration variables in comparison with climate only variables might not always be as great as expected for future projections of Iberian bird species.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an established optical neuroimaging method for measuring functional hemodynamic responses to infer neural activation. However, the impact of individual anatomy on the sensitivity of fNIRS measuring hemodynamics within cortical gray matter is still unknown. By means of Monte Carlo simulations and structural MRI of 23 healthy subjects (mean age: (25.0 +- 2.8 years), we characterized the individual distribution of tissue-specific NIR-light absorption underneath 24 prefrontal fNIRS channels. We, thereby, investigated the impact of scalp-cortex distance (SCD), frontal sinus volume as well as sulcal morphology on gray matter volumes (V gray) traversed by NIR-light, i.e. anatomy-dependent fNIRS sensitivity. The NIR-light absorption between optodes was distributed describing a rotational ellipsoid with a mean penetration depth of (23.6 +- 0.7 mm) considering the deepest 5% of light. Of the detected photon packages scalp and bone absorbed (96.4 +- 9.7)% and absorbed (3,1 +- 1.8)% of the energy. The mean V gray volume (1.1 +- 0.4)cm 3 was negatively correlated (r = -.76) with the SCD and frontal sinus volume (r= -.57) and was reduced by in subjects with relatively large compared to small frontal sinus. Head circumference was significantly positively correlated with the mean SCD (r= .46) and the traversed frontal sinus volume (r= .43). Sulcal morphology had no significant impact on . Our findings suggest to consider individual SCD and frontal sinus volume as anatomical factors impacting fNIRS sensitivity. Head circumference may represent a practical measure to partly control for these sources of error variance.
Various optimality principles have been proposed to explain the characteristics of coordinated eye and head movements during visual orienting behavior. At the same time, researchers have suggested several neural models to underly the generation of saccades, but these do not include online learning as a mechanism of optimization. Here, we suggest an open-loop neural controller with a local adaptation mechanism that minimizes a proposed cost function. Simulations show that the characteristics of coordinated eye and head movements generated by this model match the experimental data in many aspects, including the relationship between amplitude, duration and peak velocity in head-restrained and the relative contribution of eye and head to the total gaze shift in head-free conditions. Our model is a first step towards bringing together an optimality principle and an incremental local learning mechanism into a unified control scheme for coordinated eye and head movements.
This paper considers the logic FOcard, i.e., first-order logic with cardinality predicates that can specify the size of a structure modulo some number. We study the expressive power of FOcard on the class of languages of ranked, finite, labelled trees with successor relations. Our first main result characterises the class of FOcard-definable tree languages in terms of algebraic closure properties of the tree languages. As it can be effectively checked whether the language of a given tree automaton satisfies these closure properties, we obtain a decidable characterisation of the class of regular tree languages definable in FOcard. Our second main result considers first-order logic with unary relations, successor relations, and two additional designated symbols < and + that must be interpreted as a linear order and its associated addition. Such a formula is called addition-invariant if, for each fixed interpretation of the unary relations and successor relations, its result is independent of the particular interpretation of < and +. We show that the FOcard-definable tree languages are exactly the regular tree languages definable in addition-invariant first-order logic. Our proof techniques involve tools from algebraic automata theory, reasoning with locality arguments, and the use of logical interpretations. We combine and extend methods developed by Benedikt and Segoufin (ACM ToCL, 2009) and Schweikardt and Segoufin (LICS, 2010).
Membrane proteins (MPs) constitute about 30% of the genome and are essential in many cellular processes. In particular structural characterisation of MPs is challenged by their hydrophobic nature resulting in expression difficulties and structural instability upon extraction from the membrane. Despite these challenges, progress in sample preparation and the techniques to solve MP structures has led to 281 unique MP structures as of January 2011. Through the combination of a cell-free expression system and selective labelling strategies, this thesis aimed to advance the structure determination of α-helical MPs by NMR spectroscopy and resulted in the structure determination of a seven-ransmembrane-helix protein. Results were obtained for the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) and proteorhodopsin (PR). The detergent-based cell-free expression mode proved most efficient for production of both targets, but optimisation of FLAP and PR followed different routes. The presence of a retinal cofactor in PR greatly facilitated the search for an appropriate hydrophobic environment. For structural studies, NMR spectra of FLAP indicated favourable properties of the lysolipid LPPG. In contrast, PR was stable and homogenous in the short-chain lipid diC7PC. As NMR spectra of α-helical MPs are generally characterised by broad lines and signal overlap, selective labelling strategies were essential in the assignment process of both targets. For the backbone assignment of FLAP the transmembrane segment-enhanced (TMS) labelling was developed, employing the six amino acids AFGILV. These residues cluster predominantly in transmembrane helices and form long stretches allowing a large extent of backbone assignment. Besides that, the combinatorial labelling enables identification of unique pairs in the sequence based on a mixture of 15N and 1-13C-labelled amino acids. To find the optimal labelling pattern for a given primary structure, the UPLABEL algorithm has been made available and successfully applied in the backbone assignment of PR. Both selective labelling approaches greatly benefitted from the use of a cell-free expression system to reduce isotope scrambling. Additionally, the de novo structure of PR was determined with an average backbone rmsd of 1.2 Å based on TALOS-derived backbone torsion angles, intrahelical hydrogen bond restraints and distance restraints from the NOE and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE). A major bottleneck in the NMR structure determination of MPs concerns the number of long-range distances which are often limited. In PR, side chain assignment was enabled by stereo-array isotope labelling as well as selective labelling which provided 33 long-range NOEs. These NOEs stabilised the symmetry of the seven helix bundle. With a total number of 1031, the majority of long-range distances were derived from PREs. The structure of PR reveals differences to its homologues such as the absence of an anti-parallel β-sheet between helices B and C and allows conclusions towards the mechanism of colour tuning.
The role of small leucine-rich proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, in podocytopathy and albuminuria
(2011)
Biglycan is a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and is involved in the assembly of extracellular matrix components. In macrophages soluble biglycan acts as an endogenous ligand of the innate immunity receptors TLR2 and TLR4. Data addressing the role of biglycan in renal pathology are surprisingly limited. In a normal kidney, biglycan is expressed mainly in the tubulointerstitium; however, in the course of various renal diseases its expression may be altered. The biological role and mechanisms of biglycan action in the pathology of renal diseases, especially those affecting glomeruli, remain poorly understood.
Albuminuria is the first detectable clinical abnormality in diabetic nephropathy. In this study we detected increased biglycan mRNA expression in glomeruli of renal biopsies of patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy, with predominant localization in podocytes. This novel finding raised the question about the role and mechanisms of biglycan action in diabetic podocyte injury and whether the mechanisms of biglycan signaling causing podocyte injury and albuminuria could be extrapolated to other glomerular diseases.
To investigate the role of biglycan in the cause of diabetic podocyte injury and albuminuria we used the murine model of STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy and wild type (Bgn+/0) and biglycan deficient (Bgn-/0) mice. We observed that biglycan was expressed on mRNA and protein levels in podocytes of diabetic Bgn+/0 mice and that diabetic Bgn+/0 mice also had significantly higher albuminuria compared to non-diabetic mice 6 and 12 weeks after disease induction. Biglycan deficiency was shown to be an important factor in albuminuria development. Namely, we observed that diabetic Bgn-/0 mice had significantly lower levels of urinary albumin compared to diabetic Bgn+/0 mice. We showed that less severe podocyte loss in the urine of diabetic Bgn-/0 mice was associated with significantly higher nephrin and podocin glomerular expression compared to diabetic Bgn+/0 mice. Our data suggested that biglycan deficiency was protective against podocyte loss into urine and might be beneficial against development of albuminuria in diabetes.
Biglycan contributed to podocyte actin rearrangement due to increased phosphorylation of Rac1 in vitro. Furthermore, biglycan induced caspase-3 activity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus enhancing apoptosis in cultured podocytes. Biglycan-induced ROS generation was TLR2/TLR4-dependent. Overexpression of soluble biglycan in wild type mice induced albuminuria under normal conditions and significantly increased albuminuria under pathological conditions (murine model of LPS-induced albuminuria). Inhibition of Rac1 activity in vivo decreased the albuminuria induced by biglycan overexpression. In patients with glomerular diseases, biglycan was detected in urine and was associated with nephrin appearance in the urine of these patients and with increased albuminuria. Collectively, our results elucidate a novel mechanism for biglycan-induced TLR2- and TLR4-dependent, Rac1- and ROS-mediated podocytopathy leading to podocyturia, albuminuria development and progression of glomerular diseases. Interfering with biglycan actions and blocking its signaling via TLR2 and TLR4 might be a potential therapeutic strategy against these diseases. To achieve this goal, the specific mechanisms for binding of biglycan to TLR2 and TLR4 must be elucidated and effective ways of preventing this binding must be developed. Nevertheless, biglycan remains the “danger signal” that activates innate immune receptors in non-immune cells and triggers the deleterious mechanisms leading to aggravation of renal injury.
Soil biogenic NO emissions (SNOx) play important direct and indirect roles in chemical processes of the troposphere. The most widely applied algorithm to calculate SNOx in global models was published 15 years ago by Yienger and Levy (1995), was based on very few measurements. Since then numerous new measurements have been published, which we used to build up a atabase of field measurements conducted world wide covering the period from 1978 to 2009, including 108 publications with 560 measurements.
Recently, several satellite based top-down approaches, which recalculated the different sources of NOx (fossil fuel, biomass burning, soil and lightning), have shown an underestimation of SNOx by the algorithm of Yienger and Levy (1995). Nevertheless, to our knowledge no general improvements of this algorithm have yet been published.
Here we present major improvements to the algorithm, which should help to optimize the representation of SNOx in atmospheric-chemistry global climate models, without modifying the underlying principal or mathematical equations. The changes include: 1) Using a new up to date land cover map, with twice the number of land cover classes, and using annually varying fertilizer application rates; 2) Adopting the fraction of SNOx induced by fertilizer application based on our database; 3) Switching from soil water column to volumetric soil moisture, to distinguish between the wet and dry state; 4) Tuning the emission factors to reproduce the measured emissions in our database and calculate the emissions based on their mean value. These steps lead us to increased global yearly SNOx, and our total SNOx source ends up being close to one of the top-down approaches. In some geographical regions the new results agree better with the top-down approach, but there are also distinct differences in other regions. This suggests that a ombination of both top-down and bottom-up approaches could be combined in a future attempt to provide an even better calculation of SNOx.
Biogenic NO emissions from soils (SNOx) play important direct and indirect roles in tropospheric chemistry. The most widely applied algorithm to calculate SNOx in global models was published 15 years ago by Yienger and Levy (1995), and was based on very few measurements. Since then, numerous new measurements have been published, which we used to build up a compilation of world wide field measurements covering the period from 1978 to 2010. Recently, several satellite-based top-down approaches, which recalculated the different sources of NOx (fossil fuel, biomass burning, soil and lightning), have shown an underestimation of SNOx by the algorithm of Yienger and Levy (1995). Nevertheless, to our knowledge no general improvements of this algorithm, besides suggested scalings of the total source magnitude, have yet been published. Here we present major improvements to the algorithm, which should help to optimize the representation of SNOx in atmospheric-chemistry global climate models, without modifying the underlying principals or mathematical equations. The changes include: (1) using a new landcover map, with twice the number of landcover classes, and using annually varying fertilizer application rates; (2) adopting a fraction of 1.0 % for the applied fertilizer lost as NO, based on our compilation of measurements; (3) using the volumetric soil moisture to distinguish between the wet and dry states; and (4) adjusting the emission factors to reproduce the measured emissions in our compilation (based on either their geometric or arithmetic mean values). These steps lead to increased global annual SNOx, and our total above canopy SNOx source of 8.6 Tg yr−1 (using the geometric mean) ends up being close to one of the satellite-based top-down approaches (8.9 Tg yr−1). The above canopy SNOx source using the arithmetic mean is 27.6 Tg yr−1, which is higher than all previous estimates, but compares better with a regional top-down study in eastern China. This suggests that both top-down and bottom-up approaches will be needed in future attempts to provide a better calculation of SNOx.
Which factors determine whether a stimulus is consciously perceived or unconsciously processed? Here, I investigate how previous experience on two different time scales – long term experience over the course of several days, and short term experience based on the previous trial – impact conscious perception. Regarding long term experience, I investigate how perceptual learning does not only change the capacity to process stimuli, but also the capacity to consciously perceive them. To this end, subjects are trained extensively to discriminate between masked stimuli, and concurrently rate their subjective experience. Both the ability to discriminate the stimuli as well as subjective awareness of the stimuli increase as a function of training. However, these two effects are not simple byproducts of each other. On the contrary, they display different time courses, with above chance discrimination performance emerging before subjective experience; importantly, the two learning effects also rely on different circuits in the brain: Moving the stimuli outside the trained receptive field size abolishes the learning effects on discrimination ability, but preserves the learning effects on subjective awareness.
This indicates that the receptive fields serving subjective experience are larger than the ones serving objective performance, and that the channels through which they receive their information are arranged in parallel. Regarding short term experience, I investigate how memory based predictions arising from information acquired on the trial before affect visibility and the neural correlates of consciousness. To this end, I vary stimulus evidence as well as predictability and acquire electroencephalographic data.
A comparison of the neural processes distinguishing consciously perceived from unperceived trials with and without predictions reveals that predictions speed up processing, thus shifting the neural correlates forward in time. Thus, the neural correlates of consciousness display a previously unappreciated flexibility in time and do not arise invariably late as had been predicted by some theorists.
Admittedly, however, previous experience does not always stabilize perception. Instead, previous experience can have the reverse effect: Seeing the opposite of what was there, as in so-called repulsive aftereffects. Here, I investigate what determines the direction of previous experience using multistable stimuli. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, I find that a widespread network of frontal, parietal, and ventral occipital brain areas is involved in perceptual stabilization, whereas the reverse effect is only evident in extrastriate cortex. This areal separation possibly endows the brain with the flexibility to switch between exploiting already available information and emphasizing the new.
Taken together, my data show that conscious perception and its neuronal correlates display a remarkable degree of flexibility and plasticity, which should be taken into account in future theories of consciousness.
Residual circulation trajectories and transit times into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere
(2011)
Transport into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere (LMS) can be divided into a slow part (time-scale of several months to years) associated with the global-scale stratospheric residual circulation and a fast part (time-scale of days to a few months) associated with (mostly quasi-horizontal) mixing (i.e. two-way irreversible transport, including extratropical stratosphere-troposphere exchange). The stratospheric residual circulation may be considered to consist of two branches: a deep branch more strongly associated with planetary waves breaking in the middle to upper stratosphere, and a shallow branch associated with synoptic and planetary scale waves breaking in the subtropical lower stratosphere. In this study the contribution due to the stratospheric residual circulation alone to transport into the LMS is quantified using residual circulation trajectories, i.e. trajectories driven by the (time-dependent) residual mean meridional and vertical velocities. This contribution represents the advective part of the overall transport into the LMS and can be viewed as providing a background onto which the effect of mixing has to be added. Residual mean velocities are obtained from a comprehensive chemistry-climate model as well as from reanalysis data. Transit times of air traveling from the tropical tropopause to the LMS along the residual circulation streamfunction are evaluated and compared to recent mean age of air estimates. A time-scale separation with much smaller transit times into the mid-latitudinal LMS than into polar LMS is found that is indicative of a separation of the shallow from the deep branch of the residual circulation. This separation between the shallow and the deep circulation branch is further manifested in a distinction in the aspect ratio of the vertical to meridional extent of the trajectories, the integrated mass flux along the residual circulation trajectories, as well as the stratospheric entry latitude of the trajectories. The residual transit time distribution reproduces qualitatively the observed seasonal cycle of youngest air in the extratropical LMS in fall and oldest air in spring.
Residual circulation trajectories and transit times into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere
(2010)
Transport into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere (LMS) can be divided into a slow part (time-scale of several months to years) associated with the global-scale stratospheric residual circulation and a fast part (time-scale of days to a few months) associated with (mostly quasi-horizontal) mixing (i.e. two-way irreversible transport, including stratosphere-troposphere exchange). The stratospheric residual circulation can be considered to consist of two branches: a deep branch more strongly associated with planetary waves breaking in the middle to upper stratosphere, and a shallow branch more strongly associated with synoptic-scale waves breaking in the subtropical lower stratosphere. In this study the contribution due to the stratospheric residual circulation alone to transport into the LMS is quantified using residual circulation trajectories, i.e. trajectories driven by the (time-dependent) residual mean meridional and vertical velocities. This contribution represents the advective part of the overall transport into the LMS and can be viewed as providing a background onto which the effect of mixing has to be added. Residual mean velocities are obtained from a comprehensive chemistry-climate model as well as from reanalysis data. Transit times of air traveling from the tropical tropopause to the LMS along the residual circulation streamfunction are evaluated and compared to recent mean age of air estimates. A clear time-scale separation with much smaller transit times into the mid-latitudinal LMS than into polar LMS is found that is indicative of a clear separation of the shallow from the deep branch of the residual circulation. This separation between the shallow and the deep circulation branch is further manifested in a clear distinction in the aspect ratio of the vertical to meridional extent of the trajectories as well as the integrated mass flux along the residual circulation trajectories. The residual transit time distribution reproduces qualitatively the observed seasonal cycle of youngest air in the extratropical LMS in fall and oldest air in spring.
A complete, well-preserved record of the Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE-2) was recovered from Demerara Rise in the southern North Atlantic Ocean (ODP site 1260). Across this interval, we determined changes in the stable carbon isotopic composition of sulfur-bound phytane (δ13Cphytane, a biomarker for photosynthetic algae. The δ13Cphytane record shows a positive excursion at the onset of the OAE-2 interval, with an unusually large amplitude (~7 ‰) compared to existing C/T proto-North Atlantic δ13Cphytane records (3–6 ‰). Overall, the amplitude of the excursion of δ13Cphytane decreases with latitude. Using reconstructed sea surface temperature (SST) gradients for the proto-North Atlantic, we investigated environmental factors influencing the latitudinal δ13Cphytane gradient. The observed gradient is best explained by high productivity at DSDP Site 367 and Tarfaya basin before OAE-2, which changed in overall high productivity throughout the proto-North Atlantic during OAE-2. During OAE-2, productivity at site 1260 and 603B was thus more comparable to the mid-latitude sites. Using these constraints as well as the SST and δ13Cphytane-records from Site 1260, we subsequently reconstructed pCO2 levels across the OAE-2 interval. Accordingly, pCO2 decreased from ca. 1750 to 900 ppm during OAE-2, consistent with enhanced organic matter burial resulting in lowering pCO2. Whereas the onset of OAE-2 coincided with increased pCO2, in line with a volcanic trigger for this event, the observed cooling within OAE-2 probably resulted from CO2 sequestration in black shales outcompeting CO2 input into the atmosphere. Together these results show that the ice-free Cretaceous world was sensitive to changes in pCO2 related to perturbations of the global carbon cycle.
Bioapatite in mammalian teeth is readily preserved in continental sediments and represents a very important archive for reconstructions of environment and climate evolution. This project intends to provide a detailed data base of major, minor and trace element and isotope tracers for tooth apatite using a variety of microanalytical techniques. The aim is to identify specific sedimentary environments and to improve our understanding on the interaction between internal metabolic processes during tooth formation and external nutritional control and secondary alteration effects. Here, we use the electron microprobe, to determine the major and minor element contents of fossil and modern molar enamel, cement and dentin from hippopotamids. Most of the studied specimens are from different ecosystems in Eastern Africa, representing modern and fossil lakustrine (Lake Kikorongo, Lake Albert, and Lake Malawi) and modern fluvial environments of the Nile River system.
Secondary alteration effects in particular FeO, MnO, SO3 and F concentrations, which are 2 to 10 times higher in fossil than in modern enamel; secondary enrichments in fossil dentin and cement are even higher. In modern and fossil enamel, along sections perpendicular to the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ) or along cervix-apex profiles, P2O5 and CaO contents and the CaO/P2O5 ratios are very constant (StdDev ~1 %). Linear regression analysis reveals very tight control of the MgO (R2∼0.6), Na2O and Cl variation (for both R2>0.84) along EDJ-outer enamel rim profiles, despite large concentration variations (40 % to 300 %) across the enamel. These minor elements show well defined distribution patterns in enamel, similar in all specimens regardless of their age and origin, as the concentration of MgO and Na2O decrease from the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ) towards the outer rim, whereas Cl displays the opposite variation.
Fossil enamel from hippopotamids which lived in the saline Lake Kikorongo have a much higher MgO/Na2O ratio (∼1.11) than those from the Neogene fossils of Lake Albert (MgO/Na2O∼0.4), which was a large fresh water lake like those in the western Branch of the East African Rift System today. Similarly, the MgO/Na2O ratio in modern enamel from the White Nile River (∼0.36), which has a Precambrian catchment of dominantly granite and gneisses and passes through several saline zones, is higher than that from the Blue Nile River, whose catchment is the Neogene volcanic Ethiopian Highland (MgO/Na2O∼0.22). Thus, particularly MgO/Na2O might be a sensitive fingerprint for environments where river and lake water have suffered strong evaporation.
Enamel formation in mammals takes place at successive mineralization fronts within a confined chamber where ion and molecule transport is controlled by the surrounding enamel organ. During the secretion and maturation phases the epithelium generates different fluid composition, which in principle, should determine the final composition of enamel apatite. This is supported by co-linear relationships between MgO, Cl and Na2O which can be interpreted as binary mixing lines. However, if maturation starts after secretion is completed the observed element distribution can only be explained by recrystallization of existing and addition of new apatite during maturation. Perhaps the initial enamel crystallites precipitating during secretion and the newly formed bioapatite crystals during maturation equilibrate with a continuously evolving fluid. During crystallization of bioapatite the enamel fluid becomes continuously depleted in MgO and Na2O, but enriched in Cl which results in the formation of MgO, and Na2O-rich, but Cl-poor bioapatite near the EDJ and MgO- and Na2O-poor, but Cl-rich bioapatite at the outer enamel rim.
The linkage between lake and river water composition, bioavailability of elements for plants, animal nutrition and tooth formation is complex and multifaceted. The quality and limits of the MgO/Na2O and other proxies have to be established with systematic investigations relating chemical distribution patterns to sedimentary environment and to growth structures developing as secretion and maturation proceed during tooth formation.
Ubiquitin is a highly conserved protein involved in several cellular processes like protein degradation, endocytosis, signal transduction and DNA repair. The discovery of ubiquitin-like proteins (UBL) and ubiquitin-like domains (ULD) increases the number of regulation pathways where the property of the ubiquitin-fold is profitable.
Autophagy is the catabolic pathway used in cells to deliver cytosolic components and dysfunctional organelles to the lysosome for degradation. MAP1LC3 proteins are ubiquitin-like proteins involved in one hand for the expansion of the autophagosome, which sequesters cytosolic substrates. In the other hand, these proteins (LC3- and GABARAP- subfamilies) bind to autophagic receptors linked to polyubiquitinated proteins aggregates. For this project, the 3D structure of the GABARAPL-1/NBR1-LIR complex was determined and confirmed that GABARAPL-1 belongs to the MAP1LC3 proteins family, structurally characterized by an ubiquitin-fold, consisting of a central beta-sheet formed by four beta-strands and two alpha-helices on one side of the beta-sheet, preceded N terminally by two alpha-helices, resulting in the formation of two hydrophobic pockets, hp1 and hp2. The autophagic receptor NBR1 interacts with GABARAPL-1 through the hp1 and hp2 with its LIR motif taking an extended beta conformation upon binding, forming an intermolecular beta-sheet with the second beta-strand of GABARAPL 1. This LC3- interacting region (LIR) consists of an Theta XX Gamma sequence preceded by acidic amino acids, with Theta and Gamma represented by any aromatic and hydrophobic residues, respectively. Interaction studies of the LIR domains of p62, Nix and NBR1 with different members of the MAP1LC3 proteins family indicate that the presence of a tryptophan in the LIR motif increases the binding affinity. Substitution to other aromatic amino acids or increasing the number of negatively charged residues at the N-terminus of the LIR motif, however, has little effect on the binding affinity due to enthalpy-entropy compensation, suggesting that effector proteins can interact with a wide variety of different sequences with similar and moderate binding affinities.
Additionally to be present in proteins dealing with protein folding and degradation, ubiquitin-like domain were found protein involved in the regulation of signal transduction like TBK1, a serine/threonine kinase responsible for induction of immune response. In this second project, based on the NMR chemical shifts of the TBK1 domain contained between amino acids 302 and 383, secondary structure prediction programs (TALOS and CSI) confirmed the presence of an Ubiquitin-like domain in TBK1 by identifying one alpha-helix and four beta-strands sequentially aligned like following beta-beta-alpha-beta-beta. This alignment corresponds perfectly with the secondary structure elements of Ubiquitin and proved that TBK1_ULD belongs to the UBL protein superfamily. The similarity to ubiquitin was even bigger by the presence in addition of a small beta-strand and a short helix, which are observed as the beta 5-strand and a 310-helix in Ubiquitin, respectively. The first attempts on the 3D structure determination confirmed the Ub-fold but due to the lack of assignment in TBK1_ULD, only a structure based on ubiquitin as a model was determined. Interaction studies of TBK1_ULD with the IAD-SRR domain of IRF3 showed that both side of the molecule seems involved and that the TBK1/IRF3 interaction is more complex than a one to one binding process. Unfortunately, the instability of TBK1_ULD associated to the difficulty in the purification of IAD-SRR did not allow to further study this interaction more precisely.
Finally, to overcome the difficulty encountered in NMR experiments because of low expression and/or poor solubility, an expression vector using the intrinsic property of ubiquitin was designed. Fused to proteins or peptides targets, this construct produced proteins and peptides in a larger amount than with traditional expression vectors and also with a less cost than chemical synthesis for pure labeled peptides for NMR structural studies. The presence of a hexa histidine tag was useful for the isolation and the purification of the constructs. The existence of a TEV cleavage site was created to keep the possibility of releasing the ubiquitin moiety from the expressed protein or peptide. Moreover, the ubiquitin-tag could also still be attached to the protein/peptide of interest when biophysical methods like NMR, ITC or CD spectroscopy are applied, providing the same results than for the protein/peptide moiety alone.
Tubular carbonate concretions of up to 1 m in length and perpendicular to bedding, occur abundantly in the Upper Pliensbachian (upper Amaltheus margaritatus Zone, Gibbosus Subzone) in outcrops (Fontaneilles section) in the vicinity of Rivière-sûr-Tarn, southern France. Stable isotope analyses of these concretions show negative δ13C values that decrease from the rim to the center from −18.8‰ to −25.7‰ (V-PDB), but normal marine δ18O values (−1.8‰). Carbon isotope analyses of Late Pliensbachian bulk carbonate (matrix) samples from the Fontaneilles section show clearly decreasing C-isotope values across the A. margaritatus Zone, from +1‰ to −3‰ (V-PDB). Isotope analyses of coeval belemnite rostra do not document such a negative C-isotope trend with values remaining stable around +2‰ (V-PDB). Computer tomographic (CT) scanning of the tubular concretions show multiple canals that are lined or filled entirely with pyrite. Previously, the formation of these concretions with one, two, or more central tubes, has been ascribed to the activity of an enigmatic organism, possibly with annelid or arthropod affinities, known as Tisoa siphonalis. Our results suggest tisoan structures are abiogenic. Based on our geochemical analyses and sedimentological observations we suggest that these concretions formed as a combination of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction within the sediment. Fluids rich in methane and/or hydrocarbons likely altered local bulk rock carbon isotope records, but did not affect the global carbon cycle. Interestingly, Tisoa siphonalis has been described from many locations in the Grands Causses Basin in southern France, and from northern France and Luxemburg, always occurring at the same stratigraphic level. Upper Pliensbachian authigenic carbonates thus possibly cover an area of many thousand square kilometers. Greatly reduced sedimentation rates are needed to explain the stabilization of the sulfate-methane transition zone in the sedimentary column in order for the tubular concretions to form. Late Pliensbachian cooling, reducing run-off, and/or the influx of colder water and more vigorous circulation could be responsible for a halt in sedimentation. At the same time (thermogenic) methane may have destabilized during a major phase of Late Pliensbachian sea level fall. As such Tisoa siphonalis is more than a geological curiosity, and its further study could prove pivotal in understanding Early Jurassic paleoenvironmental change.
Floodplains play an important role in the terrestrial water cycle and are very important for biodiversity. Therefore, an improved representation of the dynamics of floodplain water flows and storage in global hydrological and land surface models is required. To support model validation, we combined monthly time series of satellite-derived inundation areas (Papa et al., 2010) with data on irrigated rice areas (Portmann et al., 2010). In this way, we obtained global-scale time series of naturally inundated areas (NIA), with monthly values of inundation extent during 1993–2004 and a spatial resolution of 0.5°. For most grid cells (0.5°×0.5°), the mean annual maximum of NIA agrees well with the static open water extent of the Global Lakes and Wetlands database (GLWD) (Lehner and Döll, 2004), but in 16% of the cells NIA is larger than GLWD. In some regions, like Northwestern Europe, NIA clearly overestimates inundated areas, probably because of confounding very wet soils with inundated areas. In other areas, such as South Asia, it is likely that NIA can help to enhance GLWD. NIA data will be very useful for developing and validating a floodplain modeling algorithm for the global hydrological model WGHM. For example, we found that monthly NIAs correlate with observed river discharges.
Agriculture of crops provides more than 85% of the energy in human diet, while also securing income of more than 2.6 billion people. To investigate past, present and future changes in the domain of food security, water resources and water use, nutrient cycles, and land management it is required to know the agricultural land use, in particular which crop grows where and when. The current global land use or land cover data sets are based on remote sensing and agricultural census statistics. In general, these only contain one or very few classes of agricultural land use. When crop-specific areas are given, no distinction of irrigated and rainfed areas is made, whereas it is necessary to distinguish rainfed and irrigated crops, because crop productivity and water use differ significantly between them.
To support global-scale assessments that are sensitive to agricultural land use, the global data set of Monthly Irrigated and Rainfed Crop Areas around the year 2000 (MIRCA2000) was developed by the author. With a spatial resolution of 5 arc-minutes (approximately 9.2 km at the equator), MIRCA2000 provides for the first time, spatially explicit irrigated and rainfed crop areas separately for each of the 26 crop classes for each month of the year, and includes multi-cropping. The data set covers all major food crops as well as cotton, while the remaining crops are grouped into three categories (perennial, annual and fodder grasses). Also for the first time, crop calendars on national or sub-national level were consistently linked to annual values of harvested area at the 5 arc-minutes grid cell level, such that monthly growing areas could be computed that are representative for the time period 1998 to 2002.
The downscaling algorithm maximizes the consistency to the grid-based input data of cropland extent [Ramankutty et al., 2008], crop-specific total annual harvested area [Monfreda et al., 2008], and area equipped for irrigation [Siebert et al., 2007]. In addition to the methodology, this dissertation describes differences to other datasets and standard scaling methods, as well as some applications. For quality assessment independent datasets and newly developed quality parameters are used, and scale effects are discussed.
Supplementary Appendices document crop calendars for irrigated and rainfed crops for each of the 402 spatial units (Appendix I), data sources of harvested area and of cropping periods for irrigated crops, country by country (Appendix K), as well as data quality parameters (Appendix L, including spreadsheet files).
Introduction: Researchers experience increasing pressures to connect with bodies that finance their projects. In this climate, critical scholars face many obstacles as they seek to navigate the treacherous waters of securing external funds. To debate these challenges, the ACME Editorial Collective organized a panel for the 2009 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Las Vegas. This intervention represents a follow-up discussion and collective writing process among some of the panelists and members of the audience who attended the panel.
Below, we examine the neoliberalization of the current funding systems, discuss the implications for research practice, and make suggestions for critical engagement and transformation. Our suggestions, however, will not be easy to implement, as we can infer from the experience of the radical scholars of the post-1968 generation whose ascension into the upper echelons of North American and European university systems was also associated with the neoliberalization of the funding systems. This intervention represents a modest contribution in the tradition of critical research practice of creating the possibilities for progressive change.
Droplets produced in a cloud condensation nuclei chamber (CCNC) as a function of supersaturation have been separated from unactivated aerosol particles using counterflow virtual impaction. Residual material after droplets were evaporated was chemically analyzed with an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and the Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) instrument. Experiments were initially conducted to verify activation conditions for monodisperse ammonium sulfate particles and to determine the resulting droplet size distribution as a function of supersaturation. Based on the observed droplet size, the counterflow virtual impactor cut-size was set to differentiate droplets from unactivated interstitial particles. Validation experiments were then performed to verify that only droplets with sufficient size passed through the counterflow virtual impactor for subsequent analysis. A two-component external mixture of monodisperse particles was also exposed to a supersaturation which would activate one of the types (hygroscopic salts) but not the other (polystyrene latex spheres or adipic acid). The mass spectrum observed after separation indicated only the former, validating separation of droplets from unactivated particles. Results from ambient measurements using this technique and AMS analysis were inconclusive, showing little chemical differentiation between ambient aerosol and activated droplet residuals, largely due to low signal levels. When employing as single particle mass spectrometer for compositional analysis, however, we observed enhancement of sulfate in droplet residuals.
Droplets produced in a cloud condensation nucleus chamber as a function of supersaturation have been separated from unactivated aerosol particles using counterflow virtual impaction. Residual material after droplets were evaporated was chemically analyzed with an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer and the Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry instrument. Experiments were initially conducted to verify activation conditions for monodisperse ammonium sulfate particles and to determine the resulting droplet size distribution as a function of supersaturation. Based on the observed droplet size, the counterflow virtual impactor cut-size was set to differentiate droplets from unactivated interstitial particles. Validation experiments were then performed to verify that only droplets with sufficient size passed through the counterflow virtual impactor for subsequent analysis. A two-component external mixture of monodisperse particles was also exposed to a supersaturation which would activate one of the types (ammonium sulfate) but not the other (polystyrene latex spheres). The mass spectrum observed after separation indicated only the former, validating separation of droplets from unactivated particles. Results from atmospheric measurements using this technique indicate that aerosol particles often activate predominantly as a function of particle size. Chemical composition is not irrelevant, however, and we observed enhancement of sulfate in droplet residuals using single particle analysis.
The performance of an ion source based on corona discharge has been studied. This source is used for the detection of gaseous sulfuric acid by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) through the reaction of NO−3 ions with H2SO4. The ion source is operated under atmospheric pressure and its design is similar to the one of a radioactive (americium-241) ion source which has been used previously. The results show that the detection limit for the corona ion source is sufficiently good for most applications. For an integration time of 1 min it is ~6×104 molecule cm−3 of H2SO4. In addition, only a small cross-sensitivity to SO2 has been observed for concentrations as high as 1 ppmv in the sample gas. This low sensitivity to SO2 is achieved even without the addition of an OH scavenger. When comparing the new corona ion source with the americium ion source for the same provided H2SO4 concentration, both ion sources yield almost identical values. These features make the corona ion source investigated here favorable over the more commonly used radioactive ion sources for most applications where H2SO4 is measured by CIMS.
The performance of an ion source based on corona discharge has been studied. This source is used for the detection of gaseous sulfuric acid by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) through the reaction of NO3– ions with H2SO4. The ion source is operated under atmospheric pressure and its design is similar to the one of a radioactive (Americium 241) ion source which has been used previously. Our results show that the detection limit for the corona ion source is sufficiently good for most applications. For an integration time of one minute it is ~6 × 104 molecules of H2SO4 per cm3. In addition, only a small cross-sensitivity to SO2 has been observed for concentrations as high as 1 ppmv in the sample gas. This low sensitivity to SO2 is achieved even without the addition of an OH scavenger. When comparing the new corona ion source with the americium ion source for the same provided H2SO4 concentration, both ion sources yield almost identical values. These features make the corona ion source investigated here favorable over the more commonly used radioactive ion sources for most applications where H2SO4 is measured by CIMS.
Critical perspectives have become more visible in German human geography. Drawing on an analysis of the debate around the German reader "Kulturgeographie" published in 2003, we suggest that this case provides new insights into the "geography of critical geography". We briefly discuss the history of critical geography in Germany, leading to a comparison of the conditions of critical geography around 1980 and in recent years. The focus is on two factors in the changed role of critical perspectives in German geography: (1) the growing internationalisation of German geography, which opened new avenues and allowed new approaches to enter the discipline; and (2) the high citation indices of "critical" journals, which leads to an enhanced reputation and a high significance of international critical geography in the German discipline. However, we draw an ambiguous conclusion: the increased role of critical approaches in German geography is linked to a growing neoliberalisation of academia and a decline of critical approaches in other disciplines.
Critical perspectives have become more visible in German human geography. Drawing on an analysis of the debate around the German reader “Kulturgeographie” published in 2003, we suggest that this case provides new insights into the “geography of critical geography”. We briefly discuss the history of left geography in Germany, leading to a comparison of the conditions of left geography around 1980 and in recent years. The focus is on two factors in the changed role of critical perspectives in German geography: (1) the growing internationalisation of German geography, which opened new avenues and allowed new approaches to enter the discipline; and (2) the high citation indices of “critical” journals, which leads to an enhanced reputation and a high significance of international critical geography in the German discipline. However, we draw an ambiguous conclusion: the increased role of critical approaches in German geography is linked to a growing neoliberalisation of academia and a decline of critical approaches in other disciplines.
The KADoNiS (Karlsruhe Astrophysical Database of Nucleosynthesis in Stars) project is an online
database (www.kadonis.org) for cross sections relevant to the s-process and the p-process.
The first version was an updated sequel to the previous Bao et al. [1] compilations from 1987
and 2000 for (n; g) cross sections relevant to Big Bang and s-process nucleosynthesis. The first
update, KADoNiS v0.2, was published in 2006 [2]. It contained mainly Maxwellian averaged
(n; g) cross sections relevant to the s-process, and some experimental charged particle induced
reaction relevant to the p-process. After that a second update was presented in 2009 [3].
Recently, we started to collect and review all existing experimental data relevant for p-process
nucleosynthesis and to provide a user-friendly database based on the KADoNiS framework. The
p-process part of the KADoNiS database is currently being extended and will include all available
experimental data from (p; g), (p;n), (p;a), (a,g), (a;n) and (a; p) reactions in or close to the
respective Gamow window.
It has been estimated that about 1% of live births carry severe congenital heart defects and 20-30% among them have valve malformations. Despite its medical importance the underlying cause of many valvular diseases remains undiscovered. Thus, it is important to identify genes that play a crucial role in cardiac valve formation and maturation.
A temporal RNA expression analysis of heart development suggested that the extracellular matrix protein Nephronectin might be a novel regulator of valve development and/or trabeculation. Nephronectin is transiently expressed during rat heart development at the time of heart valve morphogenesis and trabeculation. Moreover, the extracellular matrix is known to be crucial for organogenesis. It is a complex, dynamic and critical component that regulates cell behavior by modulating the activity, bioavailability, or presentation of growth factors to cell surface receptors.
In order to verify the hypothesis that Nephronectin is a novel regulator of valve formation and/or trabeculation the zebrafish was chosen as model system. Females are able to spawn at intervals of 5 days laying hundreds of eggs in each clutch. Development progresses rapidly with precursors to all major organs appearing within 36 hours post fertilization. Zebrafish embryos develop externally, are translucent and continue to grow for several days despite developing severely malformed, non functional hearts. In addition, gene expression can be easily modulated. During the present study it has been shown that Nephronectin expression is correlated to valve development and trabeculation. Morpholinomediated knockdown of Nephronectin in zebrafish caused failure of valve formation and trabeculation resulting in > 85% lethality at 7 days post fertilization.
Cardiac valve formation is initiated at the junction of atrium and ventricle and is characterized by extracellular matrix deposition and endocardial cell differentiation. In accordance with the above-described phenotype the earliest observed abnormality in Nephronectin morphants was an extended tube like structure at the atrio-ventricular boundary. In addition, the expression of myocardial genes involved in cardiac valve formation (cspg2, fibulin1, tbx2b, bmp4) was expanded and endocardial cells along the extended tube like structure exhibited characteristics of atrio-ventricular cells (has2, notch1b and Alcam expression, cuboidal cell shape). Inhibition of has2 in Nephronectin morphants rescued the endocardial but not the myocardial expansion. In contrast, diminishment of BMP signaling in npnt morphants resulted in reduced ectopic expression of myocardial and endocardial atrio-ventricular markers. Taken together, these results identify Nephronectin as a novel upstream regulator of BMP4-HAS2 signaling playing a crucial role in atrio-ventricular canal differentiation.
Editorial Prodigal Italy Greece Spain? Events 01
DB Prize 2011: Award Ceremony in honor of Kenneth Rogoff 02
DB Prize 2011: CFS Symposium in honor of Kenneth Rogoff 03
Is the Euro Zone on its Way to Fiscal Union? 04
CFS Visitors Program - Pistaferri 05
Krugman’s Perspective on the Crisis 06
IMF Post-Annual Meetings Policy Discussion 07
International Conference on Payout Policy – Foundations and Trends 08
MONFISPOL – Final conference 09
CFS - EIEF Conference on Household Finance
This thesis combines behavioral and cognitive approaches regarding the Web for analyzing users' behavior and supposed interests.
The work is placed in a new field of research called Web Science, which includes, but is not restricted to, the analysis of the World Wide Web. The term Web Science is affected by Tim Berners-Lee et al., who invited the researchers to "create a science of the web" [BLHH+06a]. The thesis is structured in two parts, reflecting the intersection of disciplines that is required for Web Science.
The first part is related to computer science and information systems. This part defines the Gugubarra concepts and algorithms for web user profiling and builds upon the results by Mushtaq et al. [MWTZ04]. This profiling aims at understanding the behavior and supposed interests of users. Based on these concepts, a framework was implemented to support the needs of web site owners. The core technologies used are Java, Spring, Hibernate, and content management systems. The design principles, architecture, implementation, and tests of the prototype are reported.
The second part is directly related to behavioral economics and is connected to the areas of economics, mathematics, and psychology. This part contributes to behavior models, as was claimed by Tim Berners-Lee et al.: "Though individual users may or may not be rational, it has long been noted that en masse people behave as utility maximisers. In that case, understanding the incentives that are available to web users should provide methods for generating models of behaviour..."[BLHH+06b]. The focus here is on studies that investigate the user's choice of online information services in a multi-attribute context. The introduced research framework takes into account background and local context effects and builds upon theoretical foundations by Tversky and Kahneman [TK86]. The findings provide useful insights to behavioral scientists and to practitioners on how to use framing strategies to alter the user's choice.
A Bayesian framework to estimate diversification rates and their variation through time and space
(2011)
Background: Patterns of species diversity are the result of speciation and extinction processes, and molecular phylogenetic data can provide valuable information to derive their variability through time and across clades. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods offer a promising framework to incorporate phylogenetic uncertainty when estimating rates of diversification.
Results: We introduce a new approach to estimate diversification rates in a Bayesian framework over a distribution of trees under various constant and variable rate birth-death and pure-birth models, and test it on simulated phylogenies. Furthermore, speciation and extinction rates and their posterior credibility intervals can be estimated while accounting for non-random taxon sampling. The framework is particularly suitable for hypothesis testing using Bayes factors, as we demonstrate analyzing dated phylogenies of Chondrostoma (Cyprinids) and Lupinus (Fabaceae). In addition, we develop a model that extends the rate estimation to a meta-analysis framework in which different data sets are combined in a single analysis to detect general temporal and spatial trends in diversification.
Conclusions: Our approach provides a flexible framework for the estimation of diversification parameters and hypothesis testing while simultaneously accounting for uncertainties in the divergence times and incomplete taxon sampling.
Vortrag im Rahmen des Symposiums der Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main in Kooperation mit der Frankfurter Buchmesse 2011 "Economy and Acceptance of Open Access Strategies", am 14.10.2011.
Vortrag im Rahmen des Symposiums der Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main in Kooperation mit der Frankfurter Buchmesse 2011 "Economy and Acceptance of Open Access Strategies", am 14.10.2011.
Vortrag im Rahmen des Symposiums der Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main in Kooperation mit der Frankfurter Buchmesse 2011 "Economy and Acceptance of Open Access Strategies", am 14.10.2011.
Background: Intraosseous (IO) access represents a reliable alternative to intravenous vascular access and is explicitly recommended in the current guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council when intravenous access is difficult or impossible. We therefore aimed to study the efficacy of the intraosseous needle driver EZ-IO(R) in the prehospital setting.
Methods: During a 24-month period, all cases of prehospital IO access using the EZ-IO(R) needle driver within three operational areas of emergency medical services were prospectively recorded by a standardized questionnaire that needed to be filled out by the rescuer immediately after the mission and sent to the primary investigator. We determined the rate of successful insertion of the IO needle, the time required, immediate procedure-related complications, the level of previous experience with IO access, and operator's subjective satisfaction with the device.
Results: 77 IO needle insertions were performed in 69 adults and five infants and children by emergency physicians (n=72 applications) and paramedics (n=5 applications). Needle placement was successful at the first attempt in all but 2 adults (one patient with unrecognized total knee arthroplasty, one case of needle obstruction after placement). The majority of users (92%) were relative novices with less than five previous IO needle placements. Of 22 responsive patients, 18 reported pain upon fluid administration via the needle. The rescuers' subjective rating regarding handling of the device and ease of needle insertion, as described by means of an analogue scale (0 = entirely unsatisfied, 10 = most satisfied), provided a median score of 10 (range 1-10).
Conclusions: The EZ-IO(R) needle driver was an efficient alternative to establish immediate out-of-hospital vascular access. However, significant pain upon intramedullary infusion was observed in the majority of responsive patients.
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma during sepsis-induced lymphopenia
(2011)
Sepsis is one of the most common diseases on intensive care units all over the world and accounts there for the highest mortality rate. One of the hallmarks of sepsis is an accelerated T-cell apoptosis, resulting in a compromised immune state with the inability to eradicate pathogens. This promotes organ damage or even organ failure. A multiple organ dysfunction evolves, which often ends up in septic shock and death. Recently, it was shown that severe T-cell depletion correlates with sepsis mortality. When inhibiting T-cell apoptosis, an increased mouse survival was observed in experimental sepsis. ...
The Project European Privacy Open Space (PrivacyOS) aims at bringing together industry, SMEs, Government, Academia and Civil Society to foster development and deployment of privacy infrastructures for Europe. The general objectives of PrivacyOS are to create a longterm collaboration in the thematic network and establish collective interfaces with other EU projects. Participants exchange research and best practices, as well as develop strategies and joint projects following four core policy goals: Awareness-rising, enabling privacy on the Web, fostering privacy-friendly Identity Management, and stipulating research.
...
This report focuses on the 3rd PrivacyOS conference, which was held in Vienna, October 26th and 27th 2009, co-located with the Austrian Big Brother Awards. 50 participants attended the conference and devised the agenda with 21 presentations in two parallel tracks. The topics of the presentations discussed included, amongst others: data protection awareness, data protection in healthcare, data protection in the Web 2.0, privacy-related technologies such as EnCoRe, TOR or Microformats as well as regulatory, cultural and sociological implications of data protection. Also at the 3rd PrivacyOS conference the software product “KiwiSecurity” was awarded the EuroPriSe Seal (European Privacy Seal, www.european-privacy-seal.eu). EuroPriSe is an initiative of the data protection authority Unabhängiges Landeszentrum für Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein (ULD), Germany. It has been started as a European Project under the eTEN programme.
Background: Taxonomy or biological systematics is the basic scientific discipline of biology, postulating hypotheses of identity and relationships, on which all other natural sciences dealing with organisms relies. However, the scientific contributions of taxonomists have been largely neglected when using species names in scientific publications by not citing the authority on which they are based.
Discussion: Consequences of this neglect is reduced recognition of the importance of taxonomy, which in turn results in diminished funding, lower interest from journals in publishing taxonomic research, and a reduced number of young scientists entering the field. This has lead to the so-called taxonomic impediment at a time when biodiversity studies are of critical importance.
Here we emphasize a practical and obvious solution to this dilemma. We propose that whenever a species name is used, the author(s) of the species hypothesis be included and the original literature source cited, including taxonomic revisions and identification literature - nothing more than what is done for every other hypothesis or assumption included in a scientific publication. In addition, we postulate that journals primarily publishing taxonomic studies should be indexed in ISISM.
Summary: The proposal outlined above would make visible the true contribution of taxonomists within the scientific community, and would provide a more accurate assessment for funding agencies impact and importance of taxonomy, and help in the recruitment of young scientists into the field, thus helping to alleviate the taxonomic impediment. In addition, it would also make much of the biological literature more robust by reducing or alleviating taxonomic uncertainty.
Keywords: Taxonomy crisis; taxonomic impediment; impact factor; original species description; citation index; systematics
We recently reported that expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, are significantly changed in the brains and cerebral spinal cerebral fluid (CSF) with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, we also found that, in an Alzheimer's mouse model, genetic deletion of TNF receptor (TNFR1) reduces amyloid plaques and amyloid beta peptides (Abeta) production through beta-secretase (BACE1) regulation. TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM-17) does not only cleave pro- TNF-alpha but also TNF receptors, however, whether the TACE activity was changed in the CSF was not clear. In this study, we examined TACE in the CSF in 32 AD patients and 27 age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Interestingly, we found that TACE activity was significantly elevated in the CSF from AD patients compared with HCs. Furthermore, we also assayed the CSF levels of TACE cleaved soluble forms of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in the same patients. We found that AD patients had higher levels of both TACE cleaved soluble TNFR1 (sTNFR1) and TNFR2 (sTNFR2) in the CSF compared with aged- and gender-matched healthy controls. Levels of sTNFR1 correlated strongly with the levels of sTNFR2 (rs = 0.567-0.663, p < 0.01). The levels of both sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 significantly correlated with the TACE activity (rs = 0.491-0.557, p < 0.05). To examine if changes in TACE activity and in levels of cleaved soluble TNFRs are an early event in the course of Alzheimer's disease, we measured these molecules in the CSF from 47 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) which is considered as a preclinical stage of AD. Unexpectedly, we found significantly higher levels of TACE activity and soluble TNFR in the MCI group. These results suggest that TACE activity and soluble TNF receptors may be potential diagnostic candidate biomarkers in AD and MCI.
Die vorliegende Arbeit diskutiert Auffassungen über Authentizität und Nationale Identität in Julian Barnes’ England, England und Brian Moore’s The Great Victorian Collection. Julian Barnes und Brian Moore bearbeiten postmoderne Themen in ihrer Auseinandersetzung mit Realität und Authentizität. Brian Moore diskutiert die Möglichkeit der Ununterscheidbarkeit zwischen Original und Replika, Julian Barnes verdeutlicht die Konsequenzen eines Nationalgefühls, das sich auf die Vorstellung einer verklärten Vergangenheit stützt anstatt sich den Problemen der Gegenwart zu stellen.
Die postmoderne Diskussion hinterfragt Theorien der Moderne. In der Moderne entwickelten sich Nationalstaaten zur grundlegenden politischen Struktur, die eine für den aufkommenden Kapitalismus unabdingbare Einheit und Gleichheit ermöglichte. Die postmoderne Kritik unterstreicht, dass diese Ordnung nicht natürlich ist, sondern auf ein tatsächliches Chaos von Fragmenten aufgezwungen wurde. Theorien der Postmoderne betonen die Uneinigkeit und Künstlichkeit von Nationalstaaten. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass ein Nationalstaat aus vielen verschiedenen und sogar untereinander gegensätzlichen Gruppierungen besteht. Die einheitliche Identifikation der Bürger mit einem Nationalstaat basiert auf der Vorstellung einer andauernden, geteilten Geschichte, und einer Betonung von Gemeinsamkeiten und vermeintlichen Unterschieden gegenüber Anderen. Diese Vorstellung von Einigkeit und Gemeinsamkeit wird in der Postmoderne als Konstrukt enthüllt.
In ähnlicher Weise betonen postmoderne Theorien die Konstruiertheit der Vorstellung eines einheitlichen, wahren Selbst. Das Selbst wird empfunden als eine Ansammlung von zahlreichen, untereinander teilweise widerstreitenden, Teilen.
Die Entwicklung der Industrialisierung im Kapitalismus der Moderne führte zur Auflösung bestehender lokaler Strukturen, und somit zu einer Entwurzelung der Individuen. Am Ende des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts verlangt der Konsumkapitalismus von den Menschen Mobilität und Wandelbarkeit. In dieser Phase der Globalisierung verlieren Nationalstaaten an Bedeutung. Persönliche Qualitäten wie Charakterstärke und Authentizität geraten in den Hintergrund, während die Fähigkeit zur Verstellung und ein hohes Maß an Flexibilität geachtet werden und Erfolg versprechen.
Diese Entwicklung bringt ein Gefühl des Verlustes mit sich, ein Gefühl von Heimatlosigkeit, Wurzellosigkeit, und Uneinigkeit mit sich selbst.
Die postmoderne nostalgische Sehnsucht nach einer idealisierten Vergangenheit basiert auf diesem Gefühl des Verlustes einer ehemaligen Einigkeit.
Die Besucher von Themenparks und heritage sites sehnen sich nach dem Erlebnis einer glorifizierten Vergangenheit, wobei die Authentizität der dargestellten Geschichte zweitrangig ist.
Julian Barnes und Brian Moore beschreiben die Errichtung und den Erfolg von Themenparks. Ungeachtet der Künstlichkeit der dargebotenen Shows und so mancher Ausstellungsstücke genießen postmoderne Besucher von Themenparks deren Hyperrealität, die ein Gefühl von Ganzheit und Einheit vermittelt.
Das erste Kapitel der Arbeit stellt zunächst die Gedankenwelt der Postmoderne dar. Die postmoderne Welt am Ende des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts verlangt Mobilität, Anpassung, und Verstellung. Hierin gründet das Gefühl der Nostalgie nach Ganzheit und Zugehörigkeit, welches im zweiten Kapitel untersucht wird. Das dritte Kapitel ist der Struktur des Nationalstaates gewidmet, die in einem komplexen Zusammenspiel von Politik, Geschichte, und den Bedürfnissen der Gegenwart eine Möglichkeit der Identifikation darstellt, welche Ganzheit und Zugehörigkeit verspricht. Das vierte Kapitel zeigt, dass die Identifikation mit einem Nationalstaat auf der Vorstellung einer gemeinsamen Geschichte basiert, wie sie in Museen und heritage sites bewahrt und bestimmt wird, und wie sie durch die Ausübung – oder Einführung – von Traditionen gelebt wird.
Das fünfte Kapitel diskutiert den Zusammenhang zwischen Authentizität und Erschaffung, und zeigt, dass die Grenzen fließend sind, da seit jeher Traditionen und Gepflogenheiten zugunsten der Bedürfnisse der Gegenwart abgewandelt wurden. Julian Barnes und Brian Moore demonstrieren, dass in der Tourismusindustrie Authentizität an Wert verloren hat, da postmoderne Reisende, die an Simulationen gewöhnt sind, sich mit leichter erreichbaren Nachbildungen begnügen. Abschließend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Vorstellung einer ehemaligen Vollkommenheit und Heimat in der Vergangenheit der Auseinandersetzung mit den Bedürfnissen der Gegenwart im Wege steht. Dies äußert sich letztlich politisch, wie das gegenwärtig vorherrschende Misstrauen gegenüber supranationalen Strukturen wie der Europäischen Union zeigt.
To unravel the short-term climate variability during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, which represents a close analogue to the Holocene with regard to orbital boundary conditions, we performed microfacies and time series analyses on a ~3200-yr-long record of annually laminated Holsteinian lake sediments from Dethlingen, northern Germany. These biogenic varves comprise two sub-layers: A light layer, which is controlled by spring/summer diatom blooms, and a dark layer consisting mainly of amorphous organic matter and fragmented diatom frustules deposited during autumn/winter. Time series analyses were performed on the thickness of the light and dark layers. Signals exceeding the 95 % and 99 % confidence levels occur at periods that are near-identical to those known from modern instrumental data and Holocene palaeoclimatic records. Spectral peaks at periods of 90, 25, and 10.5 yr are likely associated with the 88-, 22- and 11-yr solar cycles, respectively. This variability is mainly expressed in the light layer spectra, suggesting solar influence on the palaeoproductivity of the lake. Significant signals at periods between 3 and 5 yr and at ~6 yr are strongest expressed in the dark layer spectra and may reflect an influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during autumn/winter. Our results suggest that solar forcing and ENSO/NAO-like variability influenced central European climate during MIS 11 similar to the present interglacial, thus demonstrating the comparability of the two interglacial periods at sub-decadal to decadal timescales.
This dissertation consists of three essays, which study the implication of financial frictions in business cycles and monetary policy making. The first essay develops a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to study how the instability of the banking sector can amplify and propagate business cycles. Model simulations show that in an economic down turn, in addition to credit demand contraction induced by low firm net worth, low bank capital
position can create strong credit supply contraction, and have a quantitatively significant effect on business cycle dynamics. The second essay studies the optimal Taylor-type monetary policy rules based on the model developed in the first chapter and find that with interest rate smoothing, 'leaning against the wind' can significantly dampen the procyclicality of financial distortions, and increase the welfare of the economy. The third chapter examines the role of households frugality in a financial crisis and finds that higher savings by more frugal households provide an important cushion for the fall in private investment funding.
Owing to long-term similarities with regard to orbital climate forcing (i.e., low eccentricity and a dampened influence of precession), Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 represents one of the closest astronomical analogues for present and future climate. Hence, insights into the climate variability of MIS 11 can contribute to a better understanding of the climatic evolution of the present (Holocene) interglacial as it would occur without human interference. In order to elucidate the natural climate variability during MIS 11, this study examines predominantly annually laminated lake sediments of Holsteinian age from Dethlingen, northern Germany. The Holsteinian interglacial is widely accepted to be the terrestrial equivalent of MIS 11c in central Europe and can be biostratigraphically correlated with the Hoxnian, Mazovian and Praclaux interglacials on the British Isles, in Poland and in France, respectively. These correlations yield the potential to cross-check the results from individual sites on a regional scale. This study is based on a multi-proxy approach including palynological, micropaleontological, sedimentological, geochemical and time series analyses within a wellconstrained chronological framework that has been established through varve counting and regional bio-stratigraphic correlations with other annually laminated archives of Holsteinian age. In particular, the here-presented study aims at (i) fingerprinting the long-term (centennial- to millennial-scale) and short-term (sub-decadal- to decadal-scale) climate variability during the Holsteinian interglacial, (ii) deciphering the nature, tempo and trigger mechanisms of abrupt climate change under interglacial boundary conditions, and (iii) assessing its impact on terrestrial ecosystems. With regard to long-term climate variability, the vegetation succession at Dethlingen as inferred from pollen data provides insights into the mesocratic to telocratic forest phases of a glacial-interglacial cycle spanning ~11500 (± 1000) years of the 15-16-ka-long Holsteinian interglacial. The development of temperate mixed forests suggests a general prevalence of mild climatic conditions during the Holsteinian. The older parts of the interglacial are characterised by the strong presence of boreal tree taxa (e.g., Picea), whereas the younger parts of the interglacial are marked by the expansion of sub-Atlantic to Atlantic forest elements (e.g., Abies, Buxus, Ilex, Quercus) and the decline of boreal tree taxa. This vegetation succession suggests a general warming trend and decreasing seasonality over the course of the Holsteinian interglacial. Based on the maximum pollen abundances of indicator tree taxa (e.g., Buxus and Quercus), peak warmth was reached during the later stages of the interglacial; it was accompanied by high humidity. The forest succession of the Holsteinian interglacial was punctuated by abrupt and gradual changes in the abundances of temperate plant taxa. These vegetation changes indicate considerable intra-interglacial climate variability. In particular, two marked declines of temperate taxa leading to the transient development of boreal and sub-boreal forests were triggered by centennial-scale climate oscillations, here termed Older and Younger Holsteinian Oscillations (OHO and YHO). These oscillations occurred ~6000 and ~9000 years after the onset of the interglacial pioneer forestation in central Europe, respectively. To assess the impact of abrupt climate change on terrestrial ecosystems during the Holsteinian and to investigate the underlying driving mechanisms, the intervals spanning the OHO and the YHO at Dethlingen were subjected to decadal-scale palynological and sedimentological analyses. Based on these data, the OHO comprises a 90-year-long decline of temperate taxa associated with expansion of Pinus and non-arboreal pollen, and a subsequent 130-year-long recovery of temperate taxa marked by the pioneer expansion of Betula and Alnus. Owing to its highly characteristic imprint on vegetation dynamics, the OHO can be identified in pollen records from the central European lowlands north of 50º latitude, from the British Isles to Poland. A close inspection of individual pollen records from that region reveals the prevalence of colder winters during the OHO, with a gradient of decreasing temperature and moisture availability, and increased continentality towards eastern Europe. This climate pattern points to a weakened influence of the westerlies and/or stronger influence of the Siberian High connected to the OHO. The vegetation dynamics during the YHO are characterised by a decline of temperate taxa (particularly of Carpinus) and the expansion of pioneer trees (mainly Betula). In contrast to the OHO, frost-sensitive taxa (e.g., Ilex, Buxus and Hedera) continued to thrive. This suggests that mean winter temperatures remained relatively high (>0 ºC) during the YHO pointing to a decrease of summer warmth related to the climatic deterioration. The YHO, which has a duration on the order of 300 years, is centered within a long-term (~1500-year) decline and subsequent, millennial-scale recovery of temperate taxa. Because the impact of the OHO and the YHO on the vegetation at Dethlingen was markedly different, both short-term climate oscillations may have been caused by different trigger mechanisms. For the OHO, the inferred regional-scale winter cooling over central Europe lasting for several decades points to a decrease in ocean heat transport, most likely related to a transient slowdown in North Atlantic Deep Water formation. This view is supported by the strong resemblance of the OHO to the 8.2 ka event of the Holocene with regard to the duration, imprint on terrestrial ecosystems, spatial pattern of the climatic impact, timing within the respective interglacial, and prevailing interglacial boundary conditions. In contrast, the presence of frost-sensitive taxa during the YHO appears to exclude a reduction in oceanic heat transport as postulated for the OHO. Instead, the long-lasting, gradual changes in the abundances of temperate taxa suggest a connection to orbital forcing, with the triggering mechanism causing the centennial-scale vegetation setback itself remaining unclear. The characteristics of short-term climate variability were investigated based on microfacies and time series analyses of a ~3200-year-long, annually laminated window of the Dethlingen record. The annual laminations at Dethlingen comprise biogenic varves consisting of two discrete sub-layers. The light layers, which are controlled by the intensity of diatoms blooms during spring/summer, reflect changes in the productivity of the Dethlingen palaeolake. In contrast, the dark layers, which consist predominantly of amorphous organic matter and fragmented diatom frustules, represent sediment deposition during autumn/winter. Spectral analyses of the thicknesses of the light and dark layers have revealed several peaks exceeding the 95% and 99% confidence levels that are near-identical to those known from modern instrumental data and Holocene records. Decadal-scale signals at periods of 90, 25, and 10.5 years are likely associated with the 88-, 22- and 11-year solar cycles; hence, solar activity appears to have been a forcing agent in productivity changes of the Dethlingen palaeolake. Sub-decadal-scale signals at periods between 3 and 5 years and ~6 years may reflect an influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on varve formation during winter.
To unravel the short-term climate variability during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, which represents a close analogue to the Holocene with regard to orbital boundary conditions, we performed microfacies and time series analyses on a ~3200-yr-long record of annually laminated Holsteinian lake sediments from Dethlingen, northern Germany. These biogenic varves comprise two sub-layers: a light sub-layer, which is controlled by spring/summer diatom blooms, and a dark sub-layer consisting mainly of amorphous organic matter and fragmented diatom frustules deposited during autumn/winter. Time series analyses were performed on the thickness of the light and dark sub-layers. Signals exceeding the 95% and 99% confidence levels occur at periods that are near-identical to those known from modern instrumental data and Holocene palaeoclimatic records. Spectral peaks at periods of 90, 25, and 10.5 yr are likely associated with the 88-, 22- and 11-yr solar cycles, respectively. This variability is mainly expressed in the light sub-layer spectra, suggesting solar influence on the palaeoproductivity of the lake. Significant signals at periods between 3 and 5 yr and at ∼6 yr are strongest expressed in the dark sub-layer spectra and may reflect an influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during autumn/winter. Our results suggest that solar forcing and ENSO/NAO-like variability influenced central European climate during MIS 11 similarly to the present interglacial, thus demonstrating the comparability of the two interglacial periods at sub-decadal to decadal timescales.
Background: We assessed the hemodynamic performance of various prostheses and the clinical outcomes after aortic valve replacement, in different age groups.
Methods: One-hundred-and-twenty patients with isolated aortic valve stenosis were included in this prospective randomized randomised trial and allocated in three age-groups to receive either pulmonary autograft (PA, n = 20) or mechanical prosthesis (MP, Edwards Mira n = 20) in group 1 (age < 55 years), either stentless bioprosthesis (CE Prima Plus n = 20) or MP (Edwards Mira n = 20) in group 2 (age 55-75 years) and either stentless (CE Prima Plus n = 20) or stented bioprosthesis (CE Perimount n = 20) in group 3 (age > 75). Clinical outcomes and hemodynamic performance were evaluated at discharge, six months and one year.
Results: In group 1, patients with PA had significantly lower mean gradients than the MP (2.6 vs. 10.9 mmHg, p = 0.0005) with comparable left ventricular mass regression (LVMR). Morbidity included 1 stroke in the PA population and 1 gastrointestinal bleeding in the MP subgroup. In group 2, mean gradients did not differ significantly between both populations (7.0 vs. 8.9 mmHg, p = 0.81). The rate of LVMR and EF were comparable at 12 months; each group with one mortality. Morbidity included 1 stroke and 1 gastrointestinal bleeding in the stentless and 3 bleeding complications in the MP group. In group 3, mean gradients did not differ significantly (7.8 vs 6.5 mmHg, p = 0.06). Postoperative EF and LVMR were comparable. There were 3 deaths in the stented group and no mortality in the stentless group. Morbidity included 1 endocarditis and 1 stroke in the stentless compared to 1 endocarditis, 1 stroke and one pulmonary embolism in the stented group.
Conclusions: Clinical outcomes justify valve replacement with either valve substitute in the respective age groups. The PA hemodynamically outperformed the MPs. Stentless valves however, did not demonstrate significantly superior hemodynamics or outcomes in comparison to stented bioprosthesis or MPs.
Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing branch of science, which is focused on the study of phenomena at the nanometer scale, in particular related to the possibilities of matter manipulation. One of the main goals of nanotechnology is the development of controlled, reproducible, and industrially transposable nanostructured materials.
The conventional technique of thin-film growth by deposition of atoms, small atomic clusters and molecules on surfaces is the general method, which is often used in nanotechnology for production of new materials. Recent experiments show, that patterns with different morphology can be formed in the course of nanoparticles deposition process on a surface. In this context, predicting of the final architecture of the growing materials is a fundamental problem worth studying.
Another factor, which plays an important role in industrial applications of new materials, is the question of post-growth stability of deposited structures. The understanding of the post-growth relaxation processes would give a possibility to estimate the lifetime of the deposited material depending on the conditions at which the material was fabricated. Controllable post-growth manipulations with the architecture of deposited structures opens new path for engineering of nanostructured materials.
The task of this thesis is to advance understanding mechanisms of formation and post-growth evolution of nanostructured materials fabricated by atomic clusters deposition on a surface. In order to achieve this goal the following main problems were addressed:
1. The properties of isolated clusters can significantly differ from those of analogous clusters occurring on a solid surface. The difference is caused by the interaction between the cluster and the solid. Therefore, the understanding of structural and dynamical properties of an atomic cluster on a surface is a topic of intense interest from the scientific and technological point of view. In the thesis, stability, energy, and geometry of an atomic cluster on a solid surface were studied using a liquid drop approach which takes into account the cluster-solid interaction. Geometries of the deposited clusters are compared with those of isolated clusters and the differences are discussed.
2. The formation scenarios of patterns on a surface in the course of the process of cluster deposition depend strongly on the dynamics of deposited clusters. Therefore, an important step towards predicting pattern morphology is to study dynamics of a single cluster on a surface. The process of cluster diffusion on a surface was modeled with the use of classical molecular dynamics technique, and the diffusion coefficients for the silver nanoclusters were obtained from the analysis of trajectories of the clusters. The dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the system’s temperature and cluster-surface interaction was established. The results of the calculations are compared with the available experimental results for the diffusion coefficient of silver clusters on graphite surface.
3. The methods of classical molecular dynamics cannot be used for modeling the self-assembly processes of atomic clusters on a surface, because these processes occur on the minutes timescale, what would require an unachievable computer resource for the simulation. Based on the results of molecular dynamics simulations for a single cluster on a surface a Monte-Carlo based approach has been developed to describe the dynamics of the self-assembly of nanoparticles on a surface. This method accounts for the free particle diffusion on a surface, aggregation into islands and detachment from these islands. The developed method is allowed to study pattern formation of structures up to thousands nm, as well as the stability of these structures. Developed method was implemented in MBN Explorer computer package.
4. The process of the pattern formation on a surface was modeled for several different scenarios. Based on the analysis of results of simulations was suggested a criterion, which can be used to distinguish between different patterns formed on a surface, for example: between fractals or compact islands.This criteria can be used to predict the final morphology of a growing structure.
5. The post-growth evolution of patterns on a surface was also analyzed. In particular, attention in the thesis is payed to a systematical theoretical analysis of the post-growth processes occurring in nanofractals on a surface. The time evolution of fractal morphology in the course of the post-growth relaxation was analyzed, the results of these calculations were compared with experimental data available for the post-growth relaxation of silver cluster fractals on graphite substrate.
All the aforementioned problems are discussed in details in the thesis.
Blood vessel formation is a well orchestrated process where multiple components including different cells types, growth factors as well as extracellular matrix proteins act in synergistic and highly regulated manner to support the growth of new blood vessels. During embryonic development this process is marked as vasculogenesis and entails the differentiation of mesodermal cells into angioblasts and their subsequent fusion into a primitive vascular plexus. Angiogenesis, in contrast, describes the formation of new vessels from the pre-existing vasculature and it occurs in the embryo during remodeling of the primitive plexus into a mature vascular network. Furthermore, in the adult, angiogenic processes play a role in various physiological and pathological conditions. Angiogenesis is governed by a set of factors and molecular mechanisms whose identification has been a major focus of cardiovascular research for the past several decades. Most recently, Epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7) has been described as a novel molecular player in this context. This secreted protein is produced by endothelial cells and has been implicated in vessel development. Studies performed in zebrafish revealed an important role for EGFL7 in lumen formation during vasculogenesis although the underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated yet. In contrast, the investigation of EGFL7’s functions during angiogenic sprouting has faced several challenges and the role of EGFL7 in angiogenesis remained elusive. The purpose of this thesis was to identify the functions of EGFL7 during angiogenic mode of vessel formation in a systematic fashion using numerous in vitro as well as in vivo approaches.
Previously it has been suggested that EGFL7 might associate with the extracellular matrix from where it could exert its effects. Indeed, we could show that EGFL7 accumulates on the outer surface of endothelial cells in vivo by demonstrating its co-localization with collagen IV, a major constituent of the basal lamina. Furthermore, after its secretion to the extracellular matrix (ECM), EGFL7 seemed to interact with some components of the extracellular matrix including fibronectin and vitronectin, but not collagens and laminin.
A major group of receptors that mediate the interaction between the cells and the ECM are integrin receptors. Our co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that EGFL7 associated with integrin αvβ3 which is highly expressed in endothelial cells and known to be important for vessel growth. Importantly, this EGFL7-αvβ3 integrin interaction was dependent on Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif present within the second EGF-like domain of EGFL7 protein. Adhesion assays performed with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) revealed that EGFL7 promoted endothelial cell adhesion compared to BSA used as a negative control, however, adhesion seemed to be less efficient as compared to bona fide ECM proteins such as fibronectin and vitronectin. In addition, cultivation of endothelial cells on EGFL7 was characterized by the absence of mature focal adhesions and stress fibers, but was paralleled by increased phosphorylation of kinases typical for integrin activation signaling cascade such as FAK, Src and Akt. This led us to the hypothesis that EGFL7 creates an environment that supports a motile phenotype of endothelial cells by serving as a modulator of existing interactions between the cells and the surrounding matrix. Indeed, EGFL7 increased random migration of HUVEC on fibronectin in an αvβ3 integrin dependent manner as shown using a live cell imaging platform. Most importantly, this was paralleled by a decrease in endothelial cell adhesion to fibronectin which is consistent with previous reports on secreted proteins that support a medium strength of adhesion and such promote cellular migration. To assess the overall effect of EGFL7 on the process of blood formation several in vitro and in vivo approaches were employed. First, the addition of EGFL7 to Matrigel injected subcutaneously into mice significantly increased the invasion of endothelial cells into the plugs. Second, a spheroid-based sprouting assay in three-dimensional collagen matrix clearly demonstrated the ability of EGFL7 to support angiogenic sprouting in an integrin dependent manner. This is consistent with the observed effects of EGFL7 on endothelial cell migration. Third, using in vivo assays such as the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay as well as a zebrafish model system we were able to validate the importance of the EGFL7-integrin interaction for the process of angiogenesis in vivo. Taken together, I identified some of the major cellular functions EGFL7 modulates during angiogenesis. In addition, with integrin αvβ3 I unraveled a novel interaction partner of EGFL7 that delivers a mechanistical explanation for EGFL7’s effects on blood vessel formation. Most importantly, data presented in this PhD thesis contribute substantially to the existing literature on EGFL7 unambiguously assigning a role for this protein in the process of angiogenesis.
Savannas are the most important timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) providing ecosystems in West Africa. They have been shaped by traditional human land-use (i.e. agriculture, grazing, and harvesting) for thousands of years. In the last decades, land-use has drastically changed due to the rapid population growth and the growing production of cash-crop in West Africa and this process is still continuing. The percentage of land intensively used for agriculture has increased, while the length of fallow periods has decreased. Such changes have enormous ecological, economic, and social consequences. In the context of land-use changes, there is an urgent need to better understand and evaluate the impact of land-use on savannas. Such an understanding provides insights on appropriate management activities that ensure the maintenance of savannas and guarantee the availability of savanna products for subsistence and commercial use of rural West African people.
The major objective of the present thesis was to study the impact of land-use on savanna vegetation and diversity as well as on populations of two important NTFP-providing tree species in a semi-arid area in West Africa. The study area was located in the south-eastern part of Burkina Faso and comprised the protected W National Park and its adjacent communal area.
In the first study (chapter 2), I investigated in cooperation with a colleague from Burkina Faso (Blandine Nacoulma) the impact of land-use on the savanna vegetation. We analyzed which environmental factors determine the occurrence of the vegetation types and investigated the effect of land-use on vegetation structure and the occurrence of life forms and highly valued tree species. Furthermore, we tested whether land-use has an impact on plant diversity pattern and if this impact differed between the vegetation types and layers (woody and herb layer). Vegetation relevés were performed and the vegetation and plant diversity of the protected W National Park were compared with those of its surrounding communal area. Our results reveal five vegetation types occurring in both areas. Elevation and physical soil characteristics and thus soil water availability for plants played the most important role for the occurrence of the vegetation types. The influence of land-use on plant diversity differed between the five vegetation types and the two layers. The impact was highest on the vegetation types with the most favorable soil conditions for cultivation and lowest on rocky habitats with poor soils. While the diversity of the woody layer was increased under human land-use, the diversity of the herb layer was diminished. Overall, as land-use effects were not only negative, our findings suggest that land-use does not automatically lead to a loss of plant species and to a degradation of savanna habitats. We conclude that both protected and communal areas are of great importance for the conservation of savanna vegetation and diversity. Our study highlights furthermore the importance of different management strategies for each vegetation type.
In the following two studies (chapter 3 and 4), the impact of land-use - and in particular of harvesting - on populations of Adansonia digitata L., the baobab tree, and Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr. was examined. These two tree species were chosen as they provide several NTFPs for the local population and as they show different levels of human protection and opposed life histories. Thus, they may react differently to land-use. Stands of the protected W National Park were compared with those of its surrounding communal area (in fallows, croplands, and villages). I applied dendrometric methods to study the population structures and combined it with rates and patterns of NTFP-harvesting (debarking and chopping/pruning). Furthermore, the impact of land-use and harvesting on the fruit production of A. digitata and on the sprouting ability of A. leiocarpa were studied. The inverse J-shaped size class distribution curve indicates that the stands of A. digitata were in a healthy state in the park, while the low number of smaller size classes in fallows, croplands, and villages may give evidence of an ageing population. However, a high number of seedlings were recorded in villages. The stands of A. leiocarpa were also in healthy states in the park and likewise in fallows. In contrast, the absence of saplings gives evidence of a declining population in croplands. Both species were strongly harvested by local people and harvesting was tree size-specific. Pruning in interaction with tree-size had a significant impact on fruit production of A. digitata. While smaller trees were more vulnerable to pruning, bigger trees benefited from slight-pruning. A. leiocarpa had a great ability to respond to chopping by sprouting. The sprouting ability increased even with higher chopping intensity. Results suggest that despite the intense harvesting and the land-use impact, populations of both species are still well preserved. While A. digitata can withstand the harvesting and land-use pressure by its longevity, extremely low adult mortality rates, and particularly due to positive human influences, A. leiocarpa is able to withstand the use pressure by its fast growing, high recruitment, and high sprouting ability. I conclude that a none protected tree species (A. leiocarpa) might not necessarily be at higher risk to the harvesting and land-use impact than a protected tree species (A. digitata) as the adverse impact of harvesting and land-use can be compensated by its specific life history.
Important additional information to such ecological findings can be provided by local people. Learning from traditional knowledge and management systems of local people will help to produce culturally and ecologically reasonable conservation and management strategies. Thus, I investigated local uses and management strategies of A. digitata and A. leiocarpa in the last two studies (chapter 5 and 6). Quantitative ethnobotanical surveys among the Gulimanceba people were conducted in the communal area in order to document uses of the different plant parts, harvesting modes, perceptions about the population status, and conservation status of both species. Hereby, differences in knowledge between gender, generations, and people from different villages were tested. Interviews reveal that both species are harvested for multipurpose and emphasize the high importance of both species for local people. Especially the leaves and fruits of A. digitata add valuable minerals and vitamins to the otherwise micronutrient-“poor” staple crops of the Gulimanceba people. In comparison with other studies in West Africa, it has turned out that people in this area could benefit even more from A. leiocarpa, e.g. for dyeing of clothes, for treatment of malaria and skin problems. Local knowledge did not differ between genders and generations, while it slightly differed between people from different villages. The lack of age differences suggests that the traditional knowledge about these two species is passed on from one generation to another. Differences between people from different villages might be explained by influences from the neighboring countries Niger and Benin. Current local harvesting modes and management strategies of both species resulted in sustainable use. However, ongoing land-use intensifications require adapted harvesting and management techniques to guarantee the persistence of these economically important species. These results provide, in combination with the ecological findings (chapter 3 and 4), appropriate management recommendations for A. digitata and A. leiocarpa that are reliable under currently practiced management strategies.
The chitinase-like protein YKL-40 was found to be increased in patients with severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), two disease conditions featuring neutrophilic infiltrates. Based on these studies and a previous report indicating that neutrophils secrete YKL-40, we hypothesized that YKL-40 plays a key role in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, a prototypic neutrophilic disease. The aim of this study was (i) to analyze YKL-40 levels in human and murine CF lung disease and (ii) to investigate whether YKL-40 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) modulate CF lung disease severity. YKL-40 protein levels were quantified in serum and sputum supernatants from CF patients and control individuals. Levels of the murine homologue BRP-39 were analyzed in airway fluids from CF-like βENaC-Tg mice. YKL-40SNPs were analyzed in CF patients. YKL-40 levels were increased in sputum supernatants and in serum from CF patients compared to healthy control individuals. Within CF patients, YKL-40 levels were higher in sputum than in serum. BRP-39 levels were increased in airways fluids from βENaC-Tg mice compared to wild-type littermates. In both CF patients and βENaC-Tg mice, YKL-40/BRP-39 airway levels correlated with the severity of pulmonary obstruction. Two YKL-40 SNPs (rs871799 and rs880633) were found to modulate age-adjusted lung function in CF patients. YKL-40/BRP-39 levelsare increased in human and murine CF airway fluids, correlate with pulmonary function and modulate CF lung disease severity genetically. These findings suggest YKL-40 as a potential biomarker in CF lung disease.
Background
Cytochrome-P450 (CYP450) epoxygenases metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) into four different biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers. Three of the EETs (i.e., 8,9-, 11,12- and 14,15-EET) are rapidly hydrolysed by the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Here, we investigated the role of sEH in nociceptive processing during peripheral inflammation.
Results
In dorsal root ganglia (DRG), we found that sEH is expressed in medium and large diameter neurofilament 200-positive neurons. Isolated DRG-neurons from sEH-/- mice showed higher EET and lower DHET levels. Upon AA stimulation, the largest changes in EET levels occurred in culture media, indicating both that cell associated EET concentrations quickly reach saturation and EET-hydrolyzing activity mostly effects extracellular EET signaling. In vivo, DRGs from sEH-deficient mice exhibited elevated 8,9-, 11,12- and 14,15-EET-levels. Interestingly, EET levels did not increase at the site of zymosan-induced inflammation. Cellular imaging experiments revealed direct calcium flux responses to 8,9-EET in a subpopulation of nociceptors. In addition, 8,9-EET sensitized AITC-induced calcium increases in DRG neurons and AITC-induced calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) release from sciatic nerve axons, indicating that 8,9-EET sensitizes TRPA1-expressing neurons, which are known to contribute to mechanical hyperalgesia. Supporting this, sEH-/- mice showed increased nociceptive responses to mechanical stimulation during zymosan-induced inflammation and 8,9-EET injection reduced mechanical thresholds in naive mice.
Conclusion
Our results show that the sEH can regulate mechanical hyperalgesia during inflammation by inactivating 8,9-EET, which sensitizes TRPA1-expressing nociceptors. Therefore we suggest that influencing the CYP450 pathway, which is actually highly considered to treat cardiovascular diseases, may cause pain side effects.
The present work comprises different projects within the scope of public health. In detail, they all aim at combating the high-burden diseases HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis more effectively. Since there was, and still is, no harmonization between the existing biowaiver guidelines, the biowaiver dissolution test conditions by WHO and FDA were compared against each other using drug products, which had already demonstrated BE to the comparator in vivo. Thereby it could be shown that the dissolution conditions proposed by the WHO are more appropriate for granting biowaivers than those of the FDA. Further, the applicability of the WHO dissolution test conditions was investigated using the APIs ethambutol, isoniazid and pyrazinamide (all BCS Class III) as model compounds. These investigations demonstrated that the concept of the biowaiver proved to work properly, i.e. leading to no false positive BE decision and an acceptable incidence of false negative BE decisions. In addition, four new biowaiver monographs were published addressing important APIs in the treatment of HIV/AIDS and malaria. Before these efforts, there were only a very few biowaiver monographs available for antiviral or antimalarial APIs, i.e. the database of biowaiver monographs has been clearly improved. The last part of the present work dealt with the extension of the biowaiver concept to related areas such as the WHO Prequalification of Medicines Programme. Investigations revealed that the biowaiver tools are generally eligible for prequalification of drug products containing ethambutol, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, or lamivudine to prove BE between an appropriate comparator and the test candidate. By contrast, some APIs are excluded from the biowaiver procedure. In conclusion, the implementation of the biowaiver tools for prequalification of biowaivable APIs is, along with BCS-based biowaiver approval of new generics, an important step towards making essential, high-quality drug products more cost-effective and, as a consequence, more accessible for a larger percentage of the population. In that way, the treatment conditions for those in need living in the developing countries can be improved enormously, so that those who are poor do not have to receive poor treatment. The quality standard of essential medicines will increase worldwide, thereby helping to combat the high-burden diseases better and, in turn, lead to an improvement of the global health status.