580 Pflanzen (Botanik)
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Sorbus cordigastensis N. Mey. (Kordigast-Mehlbeere) ist eine Rote-Liste-Art aus dem Komplex hybridogener Sippen von Sorbus aria und S. torminalis, die endemisch am Kordigast, einem Zeugenberg des Oberen Jura in der Weismainalb (Naturraum „Nördliche Fränkische Alb“) vorkommt. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die Verbreitung und Größe der Population sowie den Zustand ihrer Verjüngung zu erfassen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden sämtliche im Gebiet vorkommenden Individuen mit einer Wuchshöhe über 1,3 m punktgenau kartiert. In drei etwa 0,35–0,4 ha großen Waldbeständen wurden mittels Stichprobenverfahren die Anzahl und Wuchshöhe der Jungpflanzen sowie das Ausmaß der Wildschäden ermittelt. Sorbus cordigastensis ist mit etwa einem größeren (> 1,3 m hoch) Individuum pro Hektar im untersuchten Gebiet selten, kommt aber lokal und insbesondere an Waldrändern gehäuft vor. In Beständen mit fruktifizierenden Altbäumen verjüngt sich die Art gut. In den drei untersuchten Waldbeständen konnten, bezogen auf einen Hektar Fläche, im Durchschnitt etwa 1500 Jungpflanzen mit einer Wuchshöhe < 1,3 m nachgewiesen werden. Der Großteil davon ist weniger als 30 cm hoch, Jungpflanzen über 90 cm Höhe fehlen jedoch. Eine der Ursachen dafür sind starke Wildschäden. Bei zwei Drittel aller Jungpflanzen ist der Leittrieb ein- oder mehrmals verbissen. Verschiedene Beobachtungen weisen darauf hin, dass darüber hinaus Lichtmangel in den relativ dichten Beständen die dauerhafte Etablierung der Verjüngung beeinträchtigt. Die Population der Kordigast-Mehlbeere ist derzeit an ihrem Naturstandort noch relativ groß und gut zur Reproduktion fähig. Da sich ihre Verjüngung aber nicht ausreichend etablieren kann, ist der Bestand auf längere Sicht vom Aussterben bedroht. Schutzmaßnahmen müssen darauf abzielen, die Bedingungen für das Aufwachsen der Verjüngung durch Verringerung der Wildschäden und Auflichtung der Bestände zu verbessern.
Wrack burial reduces germination and establishment of the invasive cordgrass Spartina densiflora
(2014)
Germination and emergence of halophytes may decrease significantly by seed burial in dead plant material, or wrack, which is common and abundant in tidal marshes. The effects of plant debris (wrack) burial on seed germination and seedling establishment of Spartina densiflora, an invasive cordgrass, were studied under greenhouse conditions and compared with field observations. Five wrack burial depths were applied: control without wrack, 1 cm (1235 ± 92 g DW wrack m-2), 2 cm (3266 ± 13 g DW m-2), 4 cm (4213 ± 277 g DW m-2), and 8 cm (6138 ± 227 g DW m-2). Sediment pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential and temperature were recorded. Quiescence increased with wrack load up to ~20% at 8 cm deep. Germination decreased with wrack load from 96% to 14%, which could be related with anoxic conditions under the debris since sediment redox potential was as low as -83 ± 7 mV at 8 cm. Germination percentage increased and quiescent and dormant percentages decreased at higher daily sediment temperatures and with higher daily temperature fluctuations, conditions that were recorded without or under low loads of wrack. Spartina densiflora did not show primary dormancy, but its seeds entered into a non-deep physiological dormancy below 1 cm deep in plant debris. The establishment of S. densiflora seedlings was also greatly reduced by wrack burial since only 6 seedlings (11 ± 5 % of germinated seeds) emerged above plant debris from 1 cm and all seedlings died from deeper than 1 cm. S. densiflora seedling development was also reduced by wrack burial. The inverse relationship between germination and emergence of S. densiflora with wrack burial recorded in our study is useful to predict its invasion dynamics and to plan the management of invaded marshes.
Medicinal plants represent a big reservoir for discovering new drugs against all kinds of diseases including inflammation. In spite the large number of promising anti-inflammatory plant extracts and isolated components, research on medicinal plants proves to be very difficult. Based on that background this review aims to provide a summarized insight into the hitherto known pharmacologically active concentrations, bioavailability, and clinical efficacy of boswellic acids, curcumin, quercetin and resveratrol. These examples have in common that the achieved plasma concentrations were found to be often far below the determined IC50 values in vitro. On the other hand demonstrated therapeutic effects suggest a necessity of rethinking our pharmacokinetic understanding. In this light this review discusses the value of plasma levels as pharmacokinetic surrogates in comparison to the more informative value of tissue concentrations. Furthermore the need for new methodological approaches is addressed like the application of combinatorial approaches for identifying and pharmacokinetic investigations of active multi-components. Also the physiological relevance of exemplary in vitro assays and absorption studies in cell-line based models is discussed. All these topics should be ideally considered to avoid inaccurate predictions for the efficacy of herbal components in vivo and to unlock the “black box” of herbal mixtures.
Anhand eines Datensatzes von 1.708 Vegetationsaufnahmen aus 154 bayerischen Naturwaldreservaten wurde die realisierte ökologische Nische von 25 Baumarten hinsichtlich Lichtbedarf bzw. Schattentoleranz untersucht. Für jede Baumart wurde die Stetigkeit des Vorkommens in Baumschicht und Verjüngung berechnet. Für jede Aufnahme wurde die dem Bestandesunterwuchs zur Verfügung stehende Lichtmenge durch Berechnung des mittleren ungewichteten Licht-Zeigerwertes (mL) aller vorkommenden Arten (ohne Baumschicht) auf einer Relativskala geschätzt. Für jede 0,5-Einheiten-Stufe von mL wurde die Präferenz jeder Baumart, getrennt nach Baum- (> 5m) und Verjüngungsschicht (< 5m), als Differenz zwischen relativer Häufigkeit der jeweiligen Art und der relativen Häufigkeit aller Aufnahmen in der mL-Stufe im gesamten Datensatz berechnet. Die Präferenzprofile von Baumschicht und Verjüngungsschicht bildeten die Grundlage einer numerischen Klassifikation von 6 lichtökologischen Nischen typen. Diese Typen werden hinsichtlich ihrer Bindung an bestimmte Entwicklungsphasen und Strukturen der natürlichen Walddynamik diskutiert, mit geläufigen Einteilungen der Baumarten verglichen und im Hinblick auf eine Prognose des Verhaltens unter sich ändernden Umweltbedingungen ausgewertet. – Während sich Edellaubbäume des Tilio-Acerion in den Reservaten sehr ähnlich wie Fagus und Abies verhalten, bilden die Baumarten der Eichenmischwälder eine lichtökologische Gruppe mit rückläufiger Verjüngungstendenz. Unter den übrigen Halbschattbaumarten hebt sich eine Gruppe heraus, welche sich in geschlossenen Beständen vorausverjüngt und nach Störung in die Baumschicht vordringt. Pionierbaumarten bleiben in Naturwaldreservaten weitestgehend auf Sonderstandorte, wo ihre Verjüngung viel Licht vorfindet, beschränkt.
Anhand eines Datensatzes von 1.708 Vegetationsaufnahmen aus 154 bayerischen Naturwaldreservaten wurde die realisierte ökologische Nische von 25 Baumarten hinsichtlich Lichtbedarf bzw. Schattentoleranz untersucht. Für jede Baumart wurde die Stetigkeit des Vorkommens in Baumschicht und Verjüngung berechnet. Für jede Aufnahme wurde die dem Bestandesunterwuchs zur Verfügung stehende Lichtmenge durch Berechnung des mittleren ungewichteten Licht-Zeigerwertes (mL) aller vorkommenden Arten (ohne Baumschicht) auf einer Relativskala geschätzt. Für jede 0,5-Einheiten-Stufe von mL wurde die Präferenz jeder Baumart, getrennt nach Baum- (> 5m) und Verjüngungsschicht (< 5m), als Differenz zwischen relativer Häufigkeit der jeweiligen Art und der relativen Häufigkeit aller Aufnahmen in der mL-Stufe im gesamten Datensatz berechnet. Die Präferenzprofile von Baumschicht und Verjüngungsschicht bildeten die Grundlage einer numerischen Klassifikation von 6 lichtökologischen Nischentypen. Diese Typen werden hinsichtlich ihrer Bindung an bestimmte Entwicklungsphasen und Strukturen der natürlichen Walddynamik diskutiert, mit geläufigen Einteilungen der Baumarten verglichen und im Hinblick auf eine Prognose des Verhaltens unter sich ändernden Umweltbedingungen ausgewertet. - Während sich Edellaubbäume des Tilio-Acerion in den Reservaten sehr ähnlich wie Fagus und Abies verhalten, bilden die Baumarten der Eichenmischwälder eine lichtökologische Gruppe mit rückläufiger Verjüngungstendenz. Unter den übrigen Halbschattbaumarten hebt sich eine Gruppe heraus, welche sich in geschlossenen Beständen vorausverjüngt und nach Störung in die Baumschicht vordringt. Pionierbaumarten bleiben in Naturwaldreservaten weitestgehend auf Sonderstandorte, wo ihre Verjüngung viel Licht vorfindet, beschränkt.
Seed dispersal is a key ecosystem function for plant regeneration, as it involves the movement of seeds away from the parental plants to particular habitats where they can germinate and transition to seedlings and ultimately adult plants. Seed dispersal is shaped by a diversity of abiotic and biotic factors, particularly by associations between plants and climate and between plants and other species. Due to the ongoing loss of biodiversity and changing global conditions, such interactions are prone to change and pose a severe threat to plant regeneration. One way to address this challenge is to study associations between plant traits and abiotic and biotic factors to understand the potential impacts of global change on plant regeneration. Plant communities have long been analyzed through the lens of vegetative traits, mainly ignoring how other traits interact and respond to the environment. For instance, while associations between vegetative traits (e.g., specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content) and climate are well studied, there are few case studies of reproductive traits in relation to trait-environment associations in the context of global change.
Thus, the overarching aim of this dissertation is to explore how trait-environment associations, with a special focus on reproductive traits, can improve our understanding of the effect that global change may have on seed dispersal, and ultimately on plant regeneration. To this end, my research focuses on studying associations between plant traits and abiotic and biotic factors along an elevational gradient in both forests and deforested areas of tropical mountains. This dissertation addresses three principal research objectives.
First, I investigate the extent to which reproductive (seed and fruit traits) and vegetative traits (leaf traits) are related to abiotic and biotic factors for communities of fleshy-fruited plants in the Ecuadorian Andes. I used multivariate analyses to test associations between four (a)biotic factors and seven reproductive traits and five vegetative traits measured on 18 and 33 fleshy fruited plant species respectively. My analyses demonstrate that climate and soil conditions are strongly associated with the distribution of both reproductive and vegetative traits in tropical tree communities. The production of “costly” vs. “cheap” seeds, fruits and leaves, i.e., the production of few rewarding fruits and acquisitive leaves versus the production of many less-rewarding fruits and conservative leaves, is primarily limited by temperature, whereas the size of plant organs is more related to variation in precipitation and soil conditions. My findings suggest that associations between reproductive and vegetative traits and the abiotic environment follow similar principles in tropical tree communities.
Second, I assess how climate and microhabitat conditions affect the prevalence of endozoochorous plant species in the seed rain of tropical montane forests in southern Ecuador. I analyzed seed rain data for an entire year from 162 traps located across an elevational gradient spanning of 2000 m. I documented the microhabitat conditions (leaf area index and soil moisture next to each seed trap) at small spatial scale as well as the climatic conditions (mean annual temperature and rainfall in each plot) at large spatial scale. After a one-year of sampling, I counted 331,838 seeds of 323 species/morphospecies. My analyses demonstrate that the prevalence of endozoochorous plant species in the seed rain increases with temperature across elevations and with leaf area index within elevations. These results show that the prevalence of endozoochory is shaped by the interplay of both abiotic and biotic factors at large and small spatial scales.
Third, I examine the potential of seed rain to restore deforested tropical areas along an elevational gradient in southern Ecuador. For this chapter, I collected seed rain using 324 seed traps installed in 18 1-ha plots in forests (nine forest plots) and in pastures (nine deforested plots) along an elevational gradient of 2000 m. After a sampling period of three months, I collected a total of 123,039 seeds of 255 species/morphospecies from both forests and pastures along the elevational gradient. I did not find a consistent decrease in the amount and richness of seed rain between forests and pastures, but I detected a systematic change in the type of dispersed seeds, as heavier seeds and a higher proportion of endozoochorous species were found in forests compared to pastures at all elevations. This finding suggests that deforestation acts as a strong filter selecting seed traits that are vital for plant regeneration.
Understanding the role that trait-environment associations play in how plant communities regenerate today could serve as a basis for predicting changes in regeneration processes of plant communities under changing global conditions in the near future. Here, I show how informative the measurement of reproductive traits and trait environment associations are in facilitating the conservation of forest habitats and the restoration of deforested areas in the context of global change.
Zwischen dem Nordrand der Mittelgebirge und den nordwestdeutschen Altmoränengebieten liegt eine bis 30 km breite Lößzone, die als altbesiedeltes Gebiet eine stark ausgeräumte Kulturlandschaft darstellt. Die Restflächen der Wälder betragen nur noch 5%, zeigen aber eine breite Amplitude verschiedener Waldgesellschaften. In den eigentlichen Lößbereichen wachsen vor allem Eichen-Hainbuchenwälder verschiedener Ausprägung von sehr artenarmen bis zu artenreichen Beständen. Sie gehören zum Stellario-Carpinetum Oberd. 1957, das sich in 2 Subass.-Gruppen mit 4 Subassoziationen und mehrere Varianten gliedern lässt. Einige Wälder nasser Standorte lassen sich dem Alno-Ulmion zuordnen.
Rare species have long exerted a particular fascination for many botanists. The reasons for this are discussed, as are the justifications for the scientific study of rare and threatened species. A high proportion of the threatened species currently on the Schedules of threatened species in New South Wales were first collected by the earliest botanical explorers. Possible reasons for their success in finding rare species are speculated upon.
Legislative requirements for the identification of threatened species have arisen under the Biodiversity Convention, and the particular regime established by the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 is described. Features of the plants currently included on the New South Wales Schedules are discussed and the question as to whether they are affected by a variety of recording biases is examined. The consequences of listing for the long term conservation of threatened species are explored.
Australian subtropical rainforests and plant populations have become increasingly fragmented since European settlement. Managing relict populations and remnants within the landscape matrix is dependent upon our understanding of plant reproductive biology. The incidence of autogamous self-compatibility and dioecy was investigated in subtropical rainforests, near Taree, in the Manning Valley (northern New South Wales). The proportion of dioecious species in rainforests of the region is high (~17%), but varies among sites. The potential for hermaphroditic species to self-pollinate was examined by bagging inflorescences in the field. Of the > 30 species (in 14 families) studied, nine species exhibited high levels of selfcompatibility. These were predominantly pioneer and edge species, but other pioneer species were self-incompatible. Different behaviour occurred within families. Twenty species (in 13 families) regenerated from basal coppice or root suckers following bushfire. The significance of knowledge of reproductive biology for management is discussed.
Classifying and mapping landscapes are tools to simplify complex systems into the discreet subsets widely used in landscape management. In 1999, the Queensland Government adopted a Regional Ecosystems approach as a state-wide landscape classification scheme. For the Cape York Peninsula bioregion in north-eastern Australia, Regional Ecosystems (RE) were initially recognised based on a pre-existing vegetation map and classification for the bioregion. The classification had been developed using expert-techniques based on extensive field plot data. Here, we use numerical analyses to classify the field plot data and identify savanna plant communities associated with two widespread landform groups in the bioregion (the old loamy and sandy plains (land zone 5) and the hills and lowlands on igneous rocks (land zone 12). Communities were identified at the plant association level, using species importance values calculated from foliage cover and vegetation height at each plot. We developed a descriptive-framework for each community using statistically based characterising species and biophysical attributes. We recognise 57 communities compared with 110 that had been previously identified using expert-techniques. This classification is used to recommend refined Regional Ecosystems under the government’s regulations. The descriptive-framework supported consistent descriptions of communities and assignment of new sites to the classification. We conclude that incorporating quantitative methods in classifying and describing plant communities will improve the robustness and defensibility of Regional Ecosystems and their use in landscape management across Queensland.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden vor allem zwei Themenkomplexe dargestellt: einerseits die Wachstums- und Ausbreitungsstrategie von Polygonum cuspidatum, andererseits seine Vergesellschaftung sowie die phänologische Entwicklung auf gemähten und nicht gemähten Flächen. Besonders konnten die Auswirkungen der Mahd auf den Japanknöterich berücksichtigt werden.
Generative Ausbreitungsstrategie: Eine Kartierung von karpellaten und staminaten Pflanzen im Schwarzwald und der Freiburger Bucht zeigt, daß die karpellaten Pflanzen bei weitem überwiegen; bei einer Fortpflanzung über Samen müssten aber staminate und karpellate Pflanzen etwa im gleichen Verhältnis vorhanden sein. Zudem werden im Freiland nur äußerst selten Keimpflanzen gefunden. Keimexperimente ergaben, daß die Samen von Polygonum cuspidatum unter Gewächshausbedingungen gut keimfähig sind. Aus diesen Ergebnissen folgt, daß eine generative Fortpflanzung und Ausbreitung von Polygonum cuspidatum im Untersuchungsgebiet von untergeordneter Bedeutung ist.
Wachstumsstrategie und vegetative Ausbreitung: Bei der morphologischen Analyse der Rhizome unterscheiden wir drei Typen von Rhizomen: Ausläufer-Rhizome, die dem radialen Wachstum der Polykormone dienen, ältere Rhizome und verdickte Basalteile zur Reservestoffspeicherung. Auf 3 Versuchsflächen wurden die ober- und unterirdischen Teile von Polygonum cuspidatum-Pflanzen abgeerntet. Die Bestimmung der Biomasse ergab Spitzenwerte der Produktion von 25 kg Frischgewicht pro qm. Der Verteilerschlüssel der Assimilate zeigt, daß die Rhizome ca. 2/3, die oberirdischen Pflanzenteile nur ca. 1/3 der Pflanzenbiomasse ausmachen. Bei der vegetativen Ausbreitung lassen sich 2 Strategien unterscheiden: (a.) Die "Unterwanderung" angrenzender Flächen durch Ausläufer; die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit der Ausläufer liegt hierbei in der Größenordnung von 50 cm pro Jahr. (b.) Die Etablierung neuer Polykormone an von der Mutterpflanze entfernten Orten durch Verschleppung von abgebrochenen Rhizomstücken. Diese können schon ab einer Länge von 1 - 1,5 cm austreiben, sofern sie mindestens einen Knoten besitzen.
Syntaxonomisch können die pflanzensoziologischen Aufnahmen folgenden Gesellschaften zugeordnet werden: Polygonum cuspidatum-Glechometalia-Gesellschaft (nicht gemäht); Polygonum cuspidatum-Glechometalia-Gesellschaft, Arrhenatherum-Form (gemäht); Polygonum cuspidatum-Artemisienea-Gesellschaft (gemäht); und Polygonum cuspidatum-Arrhenatheretalia-Gesellschaft (gemäht).
Eine Mahd des Japanknöterichs über mehrere Jahre hinweg, ist positiv zu bewerten: Einerseits zeigen die phänologischen und pflanzensoziologischen Untersuchungen, daß aus Polygonum cuspidatum-Dominanzbeständen wieder artenreiche Flächen entstehen. Andererseits ist eine starke Abnahme der Masse an Speicherorganen die Folge, welche langfristig auf eine Dezimierung des Knöterichs hoffen lässt.
Als Nachtrag zu "Neophytischs Kultur- und Anbaupflanzen als Kulturflüchtlinge des Rheinlandes" (Adolphi 1995) werden Neufunde und andere neue Beobachtungen mitgeteilt. Zu den bemerkenswerten Erstfunden gehören Malus toringo, Mirabilis jalapa, Morus nigra, Pistia stratiotes, Solidaga x erskinii, Spartium junceum und der Gattungsbastard x Mahoberberis.
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in root nodules of grain legumes such as chickpea is a highly complex process that drastically affects the gene expression patterns of both the prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic interacting cells. A successfully established symbiotic relationship requires mutual signaling mechanisms and a continuous adaptation of the metabolism of the involved cells to varying environmental conditions. Although some of these processes are well understood today many of the molecular mechanisms underlying SNF, especially in chickpea, remain unclear. Here, we reannotated our previously published transcriptome data generated by deepSuperSAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) to the recently published draft genome of chickpea to assess the root- and nodule-specific transcriptomes of the eukaryotic host cells. The identified gene expression patterns comprise up to 71 significantly differentially expressed genes and the expression of twenty of these was validated by quantitative real-time PCR with the tissues from five independent biological replicates. Many of the differentially expressed transcripts were found to encode proteins implicated in sugar metabolism, antioxidant defense as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses of the host cells, and some of them were already known to contribute to SNF in other legumes. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study represent candidates that can be used for further characterization of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying SNF in chickpea.
Two botanical pesticides, Neem Azal-T/S (NA) and Quassia amara, one biopesticide, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (Bta) and one combination of Bta + NA were tested against 2nd and 4th instar larvae of the noctuids Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) on field beans under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The maximum mortality of 58 and 27 % was obtained in Bta + NA treatments in case of 2nd and 4th instar larvae of H. armigera under laboratory conditions followed by Bta (50 and 14 %) and NA (34 and 7 %) alone treatments. Under greenhouse conditions a mortality of 69 and 26 % was observed in case of Bta + NA treatments in 2nd and 4th instar larvae of H. armigera followed by Bta (67 and 20 %) and NA (56 and 10 %) alone. The mortality of H. armigera larvae was higher under greenhouse conditions. There was a significant difference in the mortality between 2nd and 4th instar larvae both under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The mortality of H. armigera was higher in 2nd instar than in the 4th instar larvae in all treatments. Similar results were obtained in case of S. exigua both under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The results indicate that Bta and NA have the potential to the control of H. armigera and S. exigua either independently or in combination, when used at the right stage of the field populations. The uassia-extracts tested did not show a high efficacy against larvae of H. armigera and S. exigua.
A systematic, literature-based compilation of bryophytes of Réunion Island has been made, with the additional examination of herbarium specimens. The list of 148 genera and 404 species and infraspecific taxa of mosses and 87 genera and 241 species and infraspecific taxa of hepatics and hornworts are here reported, including four mosses reported as new to Réunion.
Die floristische Untersuchung epiphytischer Moose auf Stämmen der Baumfarne Cyathea arborea und Dicksonia sellowiana belegt eine große Artenvielfalt von Laub- und Lebermoosen. Von insgesamt 142 Arten wurden 20 in mehr als 10 % der Aufnahmen nachgewiesen; 77 Arten kamen nur 1 bis 3 mal vor. Es wurden fünf neue Assoziationen in zwei neuen Ordnungen beschrieben: Die Assoziationen der Ordnung Hymenodontetalia aeruginosae (Syrrhopodetum proliferi, Porotricho-Syrrhopodetum incompleti und Orthostichello-Syrrhopodetum parasitici) kommen fast ausschließlich auf Cyathea arborea vor. Sie bevorzugen luftfeuchte Habitate in Küstenregenwäldern, Nebelwäldern und in Feuchtwäldern landeinwärts der Küstengebirge. Das Campylopodetum extincti und das Campylopodetum occulti aus der neuen Ordnung Syrrhopodetetalia gaudichaudii bevorzugen Dicksonia sellowiana als Phorophyt. Daher trifft man diese Assoziationen hauptsächlich auf dem Planalto der südlichen Staaten Brasiliens an, wo Araukarienwald vorherrschend ist. In beiden Ordnungen sind die beherrschenden Wuchsformen Filze und Decken (meist Lebermoose). Die charakteristischen Elemente der Hymenodetetalia aeruginosae waren die Kurzrasen und vom Substrat abstehende Lebensformen (Bäumchen, Wedel, Schweif). Für die Ordnung Syrrhopodetetalia gaudichaudii sind dagegen die Kurzrasen-Polster-Mischform und Hochrasen typisch, die sich v.a. aus Camyplopus- und Syrrhopodon-Arten zusammensetzen.
Zur Unterscheidung von Dipsacus pilosus L. und Dipsacus strigosus WILLDENOW ex ROEMER et SCHULTES
(2007)
Dipsacus strigosus WILLDENOW ex ROEMER et SCHULTES 1818 ist nach WISSKIRCHEN & HAEUPLER (1998) in Deutschland ein zumindest regional fest eingebürgerter Neophyt. Allerdings ist die Sippe in der Vergangenheit immer wieder mit der indigenen Dipsacus pilosus L. 1753 verwechselt worden und aus diesem Grunde wohl als bestimmungskritisch anzusehen, obwohl die Verschlüsselung in ROTHMALER, Band 4, seit der 9. Auflage (2002) eine eindeutige Bestimmung ermöglicht. In die verbreiteten Bestimmungswerke wurde Dipsacus strigosus erst im letzten Jahrzehnt aufgenommen. Die Sippe ist in den neueren Auflagen von SCHMEIL (2000), OBERDORFER (2001) und ROTHMALER (2002) verschlüsselt und in HAEUPLER & MUER (2000) abgebildet, fehlt aber noch in ROTHMALER, BAND 2 (1996).
Field and herbarium studies of the lichen family Cladoniaceae in the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco and Sergipe, Northeast Brazil, yielded 22 species, many of them being new reports for the region. The phenolic compounds identified in each species are reported. Cladonia clathrata Ahti & Xavier Filho, Cladonia polita Ahti, Cladonia polyscypha Ahti & Xavier Filho, and Cladonia rugicaulis Ahti are described as new. C. clathrata, C. rhodoleuca Vainio, C. rugicaulis, C. salzmannii Nyl., and C. subminiata Stenroos appear to represent an element confined to northeastern Brazil.
The present study is a compilation of moss flora of Western Himalayas (India). This compilation listed 745 species of mosses, belonging to 19 orders; 55 families and 230 genera. Out of these 17 species have been reported endemic from Western Himalayas. 196 species have been synonymized and status of 86 species is still doubtful i.e. unresolved name. At present out of 745 only 463 species are validly known from this mountain range of India
In the present study the level of S, Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn, Pb and Cr was estimated in samples of the common thalloid liverwort Plagiochasma rupestre (G. Frost) Stephani, from Ranthambhore National park, Rajasthan (India). High metallic load was observed both in substrate as well as in plant tissue at locations adjacent to higher vehicular load, during winter the metallic content is highest, followed by summer and monsoon season. Elemental concentration in substrate for Plagiochasma rupestre was in the order of Zn> S> Pb> Cu> Cd> Cr, while in plant tissue it showed S> Zn> Pb> Cu> Cd> Cr, which is indicative of air borne trace elemental load. Quantitative analysis of these elements in vegetative thalli of Plagiochasma rupestre and the substrate showed an increase in metallic content during winter, which reveals the significance of this liverwort as a biological sink of mineral elements present in the soil and air and may provide an important tool in estimation of both aerial pollution and mineral enrichment in soil.
The present contribution is an enumerated account of mosses of Munsyari (Pithoragarh), Western Himalayas. The study revealed the presence 8 orders, 20 families, 32 genera and 44 species in the area. Moss species viz. Anoectangium walkeri Broth., Actinothuidium hookeri (Mitt.) Broth. Stereophyllum ligulatum Jaeg., Anomodon minor (Hedw.) Fŭrnr., Hageniells assamica Dixon, Schoenobryum cocavifolia (Griff.) Gang., Entodon luteonitens Ren. et Card. and Physcomitrium pulchellum (Grif.) Mitt. are reported for the first time from Munsiyari hills as well as western Himalayas as welcome additions to the bryoflora of Uttarakhand (Western Himalaya).
Similipal Biosphere Reserve is a part of biotic province of Chhotanagpur Plateau. It has a representative ecosystem under Mahanadian biogeographic region. Its biodiversity is an assemblage representation of Western Ghats and North-East India. Regarding bryophytes this area was rather unexplored and the current investigation shows the occurrence of 33 taxa of bryophytes in this biosphere reserve and its neighboring areas. Each species has been enumerated with its ecological and distributional details.
Since the existence of Nilgiri hills, bryophyte- the miniatures of plant kingdom play an important and crucial role in the stabilization of Blue Mountains ecology. Unlike Himalayas, the landslides were rare in the area, but with the time and changing global environment it had become a common sight. Significantly ever increasing population and vehicular traffic is the prime reason for them, to cater the need, roads are periodically broadened by cutting road sides destroying the habitat as also the inhabiting species. Bryophytes, are efficient soil binders that regulate the soil moisture and provide substrate for future plant succession. The habitat loss and nudeness of substratum gives impetus to rapid soil erosion that further enhances the problem of their very survival. The present communication provides significance of these avascular cryptogams in environmental assessment, ecological balance and their role in decreasing the pore pressure to check land slides.
In succession of terrestrial ecosystem, bryophytes, algae and lichens constitute the primary components. Not only phylogenetically but also physically they are related to each other, as they are also found in close association and intermixed with each other on same substratum. A chlorophycean alga Ulothrix zonata (Weber & Mohr) Kützing has been found growing as an epiphyte on moss Macromitrium sulcatum (Hook.) Brid.. The association is peculiar as the algal filaments form a close net over the surface of moss leaves and axis.
Bryoflora of Munsyari and Dharchula Tehsil of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, Western Himalayas, India
(2012)
Uttarakhand state of India comprises unique topographical conditions and hence is rich in bryophytes. In present work two Tehsils-Munsyari and Dharchula of Pithoragarh have been explored extensively to assess the bryophytic wealth of this district. A preliminary checklist has been prepared which revealed the occurrence of 51 taxa of bryophytes from this district.
India is among of the 12 mega biodiversity countries in the world. The huge area and the range of phyto-climatic conditions met within its eight bio-geographical zones contribute to the great diversity of the Indian flora. These bio-geographical zones have diverse topographical variations and climatic conditions. The present work deals with the bryo-diversity of western part of the country which is greatly neglected due to its comparatively harsh environmental conditions by the bryologists. It is an attempt to provide a comprehensive account of the bryophyte wealth of the region by stepwise exploration and it has initiated with Ranthambhore National Park.
The present contribution revealed the occurrence of Hypnum plumaeforme Wilson belonging to family Hypnaceae (Bryopsida) for the first time in Munsiyari region of Uttarakhand state, which is a new addition to the bryoflora of Western Himalayas. Earlier this species was known only from eastern Himalayas (Nepal).
Scanning electron microscope analyses of sporoderm of 7 species of 3 genera of Marchantiales are presented in this study. In the studied species, sporoderm exhibit a broad range of morphology and have taxonomic specificity. The structurally rigid sporoderms have specific sculpturing and characteristic patterning. Peculiar architectures are found in different taxa, which revealed that and stable architectures may be present within an order. Sporoderms usually have specific surface markings which are often one of the best parameters to identify any species.
The aqueous extract of Dumortiera hirsuta (Swaegr.) Nees, a bryophyte, was found to be effective against seven postharvest phytopathogens tested. The fungitoxicity of the extract was measured by percent spore germination inhibition and percent radial growth inhibition using poisoned food technique. The inhibition of spore germination by the Dumortiera extract was within the range of 400 to 550 ppm. In poisoned food technique, out of seven postharvest phytopathogenic fungi tested six were completely inhibited by the Dumortiera extract with concentration range of 550 to 600 ppm. The mode of action of extract (350 ppm) was examined in the case of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. Distinct morphological changes were observed in treated hyphae in comparison to control . The treatment clearly showed anomalies in the hyphae; cell wall of became flaccid, cytoplasm started leaving the cell wall and became granulated.
Parson’s valley is an area explored for the first time in Indian Bryology; it is situated in Nilgiri hills (Western Ghats). The region is very conducive for the growth of liverworts and it is evident by the present study of recent collections from this area in which 27 taxa (under 12 genera and 5 families) of liverworts have been recorded, of which few are new to Nilgiri hills as well as south India.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia causes agricultural losses and severe health problems. Whether the species also has a negative influence on plant species richness and the composition of the vegetation is a matter of ongoing debate. The question whether common ragweed impacts biodiversity or not is of great importance as this impact may be an additional motive for the prevention of import and control. It would also have an influence as to which administrative sector is competent and responsible for these measures. In Germany, for example, where the species is not yet wide spread, the Federal Nature Protection Act provides a legal framework the management of invasive alien species. Only if ragweed would have proven negative effects on other species, communities, or habitats, could this be applied in the fight against the species.
Ach du dicke Trespe!
(2007)
Die dicke Trespe gehört zu den bedrohten Pflanzenarten Baden-Württembergs, für die das Land in besonderer Verantwortung steht. Ziel des Faltblattes ist, Landwirte und Öffentlichkeit gleichermaßen über Gefährdungsursachen und Maßnahmen zum Schutz dieser in ganz Mitteleuropa äußerst selten gewordenen Süßgrasart zu informieren.
Species’ functional traits set the blueprint for pair-wise interactions in ecological networks. Yet, it is unknown to what extent the functional diversity of plant and animal communities controls network assembly along environmental gradients in real-world ecosystems. Here we address this question with a unique dataset of mutualistic bird–fruit, bird–flower and insect–flower interaction networks and associated functional traits of 200 plant and 282 animal species sampled along broad climate and land-use gradients on Mt. Kilimanjaro. We show that plant functional diversity is mainly limited by precipitation, while animal functional diversity is primarily limited by temperature. Furthermore, shifts in plant and animal functional diversity along the elevational gradient control the niche breadth and partitioning of the respective other trophic level. These findings reveal that climatic constraints on the functional diversity of either plants or animals determine the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down control in plant–animal interaction networks.
The Holomitrium-complex (consisting of Holomitrium, Eucamptodontopsis, and Schliephackea) is a group of closely related genera in the Dicranaceae characterized by five features: 1. a strong single costa, 2. well developed alar cells, 3. long, sheathing perichaetial leaves, 4. erect capsules, and 5. undivided peristome teeth. Holomitrium sinuosum is newly described. Dicranoloma brittonae is transferred to Eucamptodontopsis. Holomitrium standleyi is a synonym of H. arboreum. Breedlovea chiapensis is a synonym of Holomitrium pulchellum and the genus Breedlovea is placed into the synonymy of Holomitrium.
There are 26 species of Campylopus in Central America. They are divided into three groups on the basis of two characters: the presence or absence in the costa of a ventral layer of enlarged, hyaline cells and the presence or absence in the stem of an outer hylodermis. Dicranum costaricensis Bartr. is transferred to Campylopus as C. valerioi nom. nov. Campylopus hoffmanii and C. standleyi are recognized as distinct species. Six new synonyms are proposed: C. straminifolius = C. densicoma; C. costaricensis = C. surinamensis; C. roellii = C. tallulensis; C. donnellii = C. zygodonticarpus; C. tuerckheimii = C. zygodonticarpus; C. sargii = C. zygodonticarpus.
Crossomitrium is a genus of neotropical, essentially epiphyllous mosses. The genus consists of six species that are distributed in two sections: section Crossomitrium (C. acuminatum, C. patrisiae, and C. scabrisetum) and section Cormophila (C. epiphyllum, C. saprophilum, and C. sintenisii). Section Crossomitrium is characterized by 1. plants nearly always on leaves or twigs, 2. lateral leaves oblongacuminate and widest below the middle, 3. leaves when dry that arch from an erect base downward to the substrate and, 4. the presence of specialized brood branches that are closely adnate to the substrate and have tightly imbricate leaves. Section Cormophila is characterized by 1. plants growing on rocks and tree trunks as well as on leaves, 2. lateral leaves oval to obovate, acute to apiculate and widest above the middle, 3. leaves when dry flattened to the substrate and, 4. the presence of erect, specialized brood branches that have leaves spreading on all sides. Crossomitrium is placed in the Hookeriaceae (sensu Whittemore & Allen, 1989) on the basis of its branched stems, ecostate leaves, straight, unbranched rhizoids that are tightly clustered just posterior to the leaf bases, 2-celled axillary hairs and weakly pigmented stem cortex. Within the Hookeriaceae Crossomitrium is considered close to the genus Lepidopilum by virtue of 1. its peristome which is hydrocastique and has a high basal membrane, 2. the spinose setae of C.acuminatum and C. scabrisetum, 3. the irregular subdivision of its stomatal guard cells (including the presence of stomates at the base of raised pustules), 4. leaves doubly serrulate by the projecting ends of contiguous marginal cells, 6. absence of a stem central strand. It differs from Lepidopilum in its 1. symmetric, ecostate leaves, 2. calyptra fimbriate by downward projecting, multicellular hairs that arise from the margins of the calyptra, 3. collenchymatous exothecial cells, 4. the presence of broodbodies on specialized brood branches as well as in clusters just below the junction of the leaf with the stem.
The genus Squamidium, a group of mosses with a tropical to subtropical American-African distribution, consists of two sections and seven species (prior to this study 27 species were recognized): sect. Squamidium (S. leucotrichum, S. livens, S. isocladum, S. nigricans, S. brasiliense) and sect. Macrosquamidium (S. macrocarpum and S. diversicoma). Twenty-four names are treated as syn. nov., three are provisionally excluded pending an examination of their types, and one new combination is made: Orthostichopsis pilotrichelloides (Sehnem) Allen & Crosby. Section Squamidium ist characterized by immersed capsules, stolon leaves with entire margins, and a relatively high basal membrane. Section Macrosquamidium is characterized by exserted capsules, stolon leaves with sharply recurved marginal teeth, and a relatively low basal membrane. The genus is retained in the Meteoriaceae. Within the Meteoriaceae Squamidium, is most closely related to Zelotmeteorium from which it differs only by its lack of squarrose-recurved leaves and its more well-developed alar cells. Squamidium, which in the absence of sporophytes has been confused consistently with Orthostichopsis, is separated from that genus on the basis of its lack of pseudoparaphyllia, weaker costae, lack of a distinct region of reddish cells across the leaf base, and strongly decurrent alar cells.
Die 2. Ausgabe der "Flora des Reg.-Bez. Osnabrück und der benachbarten Gebiete" von Karl Koch, die im Jahre 1958 erschien, gibt einen Überblick über das Vorkommen der Orchideen im Osnabrücker Raum. Allerdings deutet schon manche Anmerkung des Verfassers bei einzelnen Arten darauf hin, daß viele Fundorte der Kultur zum Opfer gefallen sind. Die folgenden Ausführungen sollen einen Einblick in die seit 1952 beobachteten Orchideenbestände des Lengericher Gebietes geben.
Fluctuations of the water level at the edges of temporary water bodies provide favourable living conditions for annual plant communities of the phytosociological class Isoëto-Nanojuncetea. Such communities of periodically flooded ponds within the agricultural landscape of NE Germany are particularly rich in rare plant species of that class. During the past decades drainage, fertilisation and herbicides in the surrounding arable fields have led to a severe decline in diversity of these species. To develop efficient conservation strategies it is essential to understand the factors driving the species composition. Therefore, we studied how varying water regimes, soil properties and agricultural practices affect the diversity and species composition of these temporary ponds. The study was carried out in seven ponds on a conventionally managed farm in NE Brandenburg. At each of these wetlands mixed soil samples were taken to determine the pH, total nitrogen and phosphorus concentration. The plant species were recorded in 177 plots, each covering 1 x 1 m2. For each plot, the water level was recorded in April, July and August 2013, respectively, resulting in five "water level regimes". Total species number and percentages of Isoëto-Nanojuncetea species were determined per plot, to evaluate water level effects on the vegetation. In addition, mean Ellenberg indicator values for light, moisture and nutrients were calculated to assess the environmental conditions.
One of the most important events in human history occurred during the Early Pleistocene: the dispersal of early hominins out of Africa and into Europe and Asia. In Western Europe, the earliest evidences of the genus Homo have been found in the Baza Basin, at the sites of Orce in the SE of the Iberian Peninsula. These sites contain fossils and lithic industry dated approximately as 1.4–1.3 Ma.While hominin remains and artifacts at Orce, as well as the accompanying fauna, have been extensively studied, the properties and evolution of the Early Pleistocene vegetation in the basin remain unknown. The general effect of climate change on the expansion of early hominins from Africa into Eurasia still remains unclear. It is not known if the Early Pleistocene climate changes and the development of glacials periods led to the extirpation of European communities, or if those communities were able to endure and persist through such adverse climatic periods. This open question highlights the need for climate and environmental analyses for the time before, during and after the first presence of Homo in Europe. This PhD thesis contributes to that need by the presentation of the first long pollen record of the Baza Basin, where the oldest hominin sites in Western Europe are found.
Los fósiles atribuidos a briófitos son escasos, principalmente en rocas paleozoicas a pesar de ser registrados desde el Silúrico. Para la División Bryophyta, los fósiles correspondientes a la Clase Bryopsida comienzan a ser encontrados a partir del Carbonífero, aunque son bastante escasos. Registros más abundantes son conocidos para el Pérmico en rocas de las cuencas de Petchora, Kuznetsk y en la Plataforma Rusa, así como en la Antártica, en la Cuenca del Karoo (África del Sur) e India. Especímenes de gametófitos con esporofitos pleurocárpicos del género Dwykea fueron colectados en los niveles inferiores del Subgrupo Itararé, próximos a la ciudad de Campinas, Estado de S. Paulo. Estos fósiles corresponden al primer registro para el periodo Carbonífero de gametofitos femeninos fértiles. La microflora asociada a los fósiles de Dwykea permite establecer correlaciones con la Palinozona Ahrensisporites cristatus de edad westfaliana. Además los niveles donde fueron colectados los ejemplares de Dwykea corresponden a sedimentos proglaciales, que son interpretados como una vegetación de tundra que habitaba en el margen noreste de la Cuenca del Paraná, durante el Westfaliano.
Panicum riparium wurde 2002 als neoindigene Art aus Deutschland neu beschrieben. Die Merkmale der Art werden kritisch untersucht und mit denen von P. capillare verglichen. Eine Karte zeigt erstmals die bislang bekannte Verbreitung von P. riparium in Europa. Es wurden historische Herbarbelege gefunden, die bis in das 18. Jahrhundert zurückreichen. Ein Merkmalsvergleich bestätigt die weitgehende Übereinstimmung mit amerikanischen Pflanzen. Eine taxonomische Klärung der amerikanischen Sippen des P.-capillare-Aggregats lässt keine Zweifel: die Merkmale des P. riparium sind weitgehend identisch mit denen des P. barbipulvinatum NASH. P. riparium ist somit in die Synonymie dieser Art zu stellen.
The investigation is aimed at re-cultivation in the area of the Krušné Hory (Krušné Mountains) in the Czech Republic. In this area, mainly in the town of Most region, there are many coal mines. The re-cultivation by inundation has been used since 1998. In this paper, the toxicity of the Bílina River profile is evaluated and the possible influence of water and sediment quality on biological revival is assessed. Three types of samples were tested - water from the river profile, black mud with oil products odour and sand from the stream center line. These samples were tested by standard acute toxicity tests on green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda strain Greifswald 15, seeds of Sinapis alba and small crustaceans Daphnia magna strain Straus. The acute toxicity bioassays on Daphnia magna did not exhibit any signs of toxicity and it was recommended to use chronic tests on this organism. Also, no inhibitory effects on the growth of Sinapis alba roots were found. A high growth inhibition of the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda was found. In the culture of Scenedesmus quadricauda teratological formations occured.
Reproduction in bryophytes is by asexual as well as sexual means. Asexual reproduction is a significant adaptation to special environments and occurs by a large variety of methods. During the last few decades, many of the bryophytes, particularly the dioecious ones are reported to have registered a decline in their fertile populations. There is, therefore, a need to understand the reasons for their disappearance.
Buchbesprechungen
(2012)
Im Naturschutzgebiet „Kühkopf-Knoblochsaue“ in der hessischen Rheinaue wurden 2013 121 dreijährige Pflanzen der Wilden Weinrebe in zwei Bereichen der Kühkopfaue angepflanzt. Für diese Anpflanzung standen 65 Genotypen zur Verfügung. 2014 überlebten 86 % der Pflanzen, 79 % wurden als „gut“ oder „durchschnittlich“ bonitiert.
Andropogon virginicus is an invasive weed that seriously threatens agricultural production and economics worldwide. In this research, dried aerial parts of A. virginicus were extracted, applying Soxhlet and liquid-liquid phase methods to acquire the total crude (T-Anvi), hexane (H-Anvi), ethyl acetate (E-Anvi), butanol (B-Anvi), and water (W-Anvi) extracts, respectively. In which, T-Anvi contains the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (24.80 mg gallic acid and 37.40 mg rutin equivalents per g dry weight, respectively). Via anti-radical (ABTS and DPPH), and reducing power assays, E-Anvi exhibits the most potent activities (IC50 = 13.96, 43.59 and 124.11 µg/mL, respectively), stronger than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a standard antioxidant, while the lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect of E-Anvi (LPI = 90.85% at the concentration of 500 µg/mL) is close to BHT. E-Anvi shows the most substantial inhibition (IC50 = 2.58 mg/mL) on tyrosinase. Notably, α-amylase is significantly suppressed by H-Anvi (IC50 = 0.72 mg/mL), over twice stronger than the positive control, palmitic acid. In the cytotoxic assay, E-Anvi is the strongest extract inhibiting K562 cells (IC50 = 112.01 µg/mL). Meanwhile, T-Anvi shows the highest prevention on Meg-01 expansion (IC50 = 91.40 µg/mL). Dominant compounds detected in E-Anvi by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) are identified as flavonoids. However, among four major compounds identified in H-Anvi by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), palmitic acid and phytol are the most abundant compounds with peak areas of 27.97% and 16.42%, respectively. In essence, this is the first report describing that A. virginicus is a potential natural source of antioxidants, tyrosinase and α-amylase inhibitors, and anti-chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) agents which may be useful in future therapeutics as promising alternative medicines.
Tuexenia erscheint jährlich in einem Band, der möglichst im Frühjahr fertiggestellt sein soll. Autoren erhalten von jeder Arbeit gemeinsam 30 Sonderdrucke kostenlos; weitere können gegen Rechnung bezogen werden.
Manuskripte sollten möglichst früh, spätestens bis Ende September des Vorjahres in zwei Exemplaren eingereicht werden. Später eintreffende Manuskripte werden nur akzeptiert, wenn sie vorher rechtzeitig mit Angabe des Umfanges angemeldet sind und noch Platz zur Verfügung steht.
Jedes Manuskript wird von zwei Gutachtern beurteilt, die über Annahme, eventuelle Korrekturen und Verbesserungen oder Ablehnung entscheiden. Bei zu hohem Eingang angenommener Manuskripte entscheidet für die Aufnahme das Datum der ersten Einreichung.
Tuexenia erscheint jährlich in einem Band, der möglichst im Frühjahr fertiggestellt sein soll. Autoren erhalten von jeder Arbeit gemeinsam 50 Sonderdrucke kostenlos; weitere können gegen Rechnung bezogen werden.
Manuskripte sollten möglichst früh, spätestens bis Ende September des Vorjahres in zwei Exemplaren eingereicht werden. Später eintreffende Manuskripte werden nur akzeptiert, wenn sie vorher rechtzeitig mit Angabe des Umfanges angemeldet sind und noch Platz zur Verfügung steht.
Jedes Manuskript wird von zwei Gutachtern beurteilt, die über Annahme, eventuelle Korrekturen und Verbesserungen oder Ablehnung entscheiden. Bei zu hohem Eingang angenommener Manuskripte entscheidet für die Aufnahme das Datum der ersten Einreichung.
Tuexenia erscheint jährlich in einem Band, der möglichst im Frühjahr fertiggestellt sein soll. Autoren erhalten von jeder Arbeit gemeinsam 30 Sonderdrucke und eine PDF-Datei kostenlos; weitere Sonderdrucke können gegen Rechnung bezogen werden.
Manuskripte sollten möglichst früh, spätestens bis Ende September des Vorjahres in zwei Exemplaren eingereicht werden. Später eintreffende Manuskripte werden nur akzeptiert, wenn sie vorher rechtzeitig mit Angabe des Umfanges angemeldet sind und noch Platz zur Verfügung steht.
Tuexenia erscheint jährlich in einem Band, der möglichst im Frühjahr fertiggestellt sein soll. Autoren erhalten von jeder Arbeit gemeinsam 50 Sonderdrucke kostenlos; weitere können gegen Rechnung bezogen werden.
Manuskripte sollten möglichst früh, spätestens bis Ende September des Vorjahres in zwei Exemplaren eingereicht werden. Später eintreffende Manuskripte werden nur akzeptiert, wenn sie vorher mit Angabe des Umfanges angemeldet sind und noch Platz zur Verfügung steht.
Jedes Manuskript wird von zwei Gutachtern beurteilt, die über Annahme, eventuelle Korrekturen und Verbesserungen oder Ablehnung entscheiden. Bei zu hohem Eingang angenommener Manuskripte entscheidet für die Aufnahme das Datum der ersten Einreichung.
Tuexenia publiziert vorwiegend deutschsprachige Original- und Übersichtsarbeiten über floristische, populationsbiologische und vegetationskundliche Untersuchungen, ihre theoretischen Grundlagen und Anwendungen in der Praxis. In Sonderfällen sind auf Anfrage auch Arbeiten in Englisch möglich. Die Arbeiten sollen aus Mitteleuropa stammen oder bei Themen aus anderen Gebieten Bezug zu Mitteleuropa aufweisen.
Tuexenia erscheint jährlich in einem Band, der möglichst im Frühjahr fertiggestellt sein soll. Autoren erhalten von jeder Arbeit 50 Sonderdrucke kostenlos; weitere können gegen Rechnung bezogen werden.
Auf Kalkäckern nördlich von Hamm wurde in der Umgebung des Kurricker Berges und der Dorfbauerschaft Henneberg in den Jahren 1969 und 1991 die hier wachsende Ackerunkrautvegetaion untersucht. Als einzige Ackerunkrautgesellschaft kam 1969 in beiden Gebieten das Kickxietum spuriae vor. Im Zeitraum von 1961-1991 erfolgte ein starker Rückgang an Ackerunkräutern, vor allem an diagnostisch wichtigen Arten. Der Hauptgrund für diese Entwicklung ist die starke Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft. In den Zeiträumen von 1950-1970 und 1990-1994 erfolgten im Bereich des Kurricker Berges unabhängig von der Erfassung der Ackerunkrautvegetation mehrere Bestandsaufnahmen der auf den Äckern und den angrenzenden Kalk-Halbtrockenrasen lebenden Schneckenarten. Dabei ist für die Jahre 1990-1994 gegenüber dem Zeitraum 1950-1970 ein deutlicher Artenrückgang festzustellen. Er beruht ebenfalls auf der Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft, aber auch auf Änderungen der Landschaftsstruktur. Angesichts der noch heute in beiden Untersuchungsgebieten häufig vorkommenden kennzeichnenden Arten Kickxia spuria und K. elatine wird zum Schutz und zur Erhaltung der Kickxietum spuriae ein Ackerrandstreifenprogramm und als Maßnahme für das Überleben der Schneckenfauna im Bereich des Kurricker Berges eine Änderung der Gehölzstrukturen und die Umwandlung der besonders schlecht für eine landwirtschaftliche Nutzung geeigneten Ackerflächen in ein Mesobrometum vorgeschlagen.
Drei verschiedene Standorte (Düsseldorf Innenstadt, Düsseldorf-Benrath, Rheinufer in Monheim) wurden auf ihre unterschiedliche Artenvielfalt an epiphytischen Moosen hin untersucht. Jeder Standort verkörpert ganz eigene ökologische Zwänge, die sich nachweislich auf die Diversität auswirken. So traten in der Innenstadt vorwiegend Nitrophyten auf, während am Rheinufer hauptsächlich Moose wachsen, die direkten Wasserkontakt über längere Zeit tolerieren.
Sulla scorta di 135 rilievi per lo piu inediti, eseguiti negli orizzonti collinare e submontano delle Prealpi calcaree italiane tra il Lago Maggiore e quelle di Garda, vien proposto un inquadramento fitosociologico a livello di alleanza dei boschi misti di latifoglie a prevalenza di Ostrya carpinifolia, denominado provvisoriamente come segue le rispettive associazioni presunte: Asperulo taurinae-Tilietum Ellenb. et Klötzli 1972 (Tilion); Symphyto tuberosi-Ostryetum prov. (Cephalanthero-Fagion); Carpino betuli-Ostryetum Ellenb. et Klötzli 1972 (Carpinion); Fraxino orni-Ostryetum Ellenb. et Klötzli 1972 (Quercion pubescenti-petraeae).
In einem als Naturwaldreservat ausgewiesenen, relativ naturnahen Rotbuchenwald (Galio odorati-Fagetum) mit kontinuierlicher Waldgeschichte in den Stemweder Bergen (Nordwest-Deutschland) wurde die Vegetation und das Diasporenpotential des Bodens von 135-170jährigen Waldbereichen und von Sukzessionsflächen (ungeräumte Windwurfflächen) vergleichend untersucht. Die Vegetation der Waldflächen weist das typische Arteninventar eines Galio odorati-Fagetum Sougnez et Thill 1959 auf. Die Windwurfflächen zeigen in den schattigen Bereichen eine Artengemeinschaft, die sich dem Galio aparine-Impatientetum noli-tangere Tüxen 1975 zuordnen läßt, an sonnigen Standorten hat sich eine Urtica-Rubus-Flur entwickelt. Der Boden sowohl der Wald- als auch der Sukzessionsflächen erweist sich als sehr diasporenreich. Quantitativ dominiert aufgrund sehr großer Diasporenmengen der Flatterbinse (Juncus effusus) die soziologische Gruppe der Schlagflurarten (Epilobietea angustifolii] bzw. Schlagflurbegleiter. Qualitativ (Artenzahl) überwiegen die Waldarten. Tendenziell ist der Großteil der Arten, die in der Vegetation auftreten auch im Diasporenvorrat vorhanden, oft in Korrelation mit ihrer Artmächtigkeit. Das Diasporenreservoir der Sukzessionsflächen ist gegenüber dem der Waldbereiche größer, im Wald überwiegt die vegetative Ausbreitung und Vermehrung. Eine zweimalige Bodenprobennahme (Frühjahr und Herbst) konnte Hinweise auf den Strategietyp geben, den einige Arten verfolgen. Einige sich fakultativ generativ ausbreitende Arten (z. B. Stachys sylvatica, Milium effusum, Rubus ssp.) bilden persistente Diasporenbanken in Abhängigkeit ihres Standorts. Persistente Diasporenbanken von Waldarten zeichnen sich durch ihre relativ geringe Diasporenmenge und durch vergleichsweise große Diasporen aus. Die Diasporenuntersuchungen in der untersuchten Waldgesellschaft ermöglichen eine Bewertung des Bestandes auf seine Naturnähe und geben Einblick in dessen Nutzungsgeschichte. Der Vergleich zwischen räumlich benachbarten Wald- und Sukzessionsflächen weist auf eine geringe primäre Bedeutung des Diasporenpotentials des Bodens bei der Vegetationsentwicklung auf ungeräumten Windwürfen direkt nach der Störung (Sturm) hin. Gefährdete Arten, deren Etablierung in der Vegetation durch Managementmaßnahmen der Diasporenuntersuchung aufgrunf der punktuellen Probennahme nur einen Ausschnitt der gesamten Naturwaldzelle zeigen.
Book Reviews
(1999)
M. P. Marcelli & T. Ahti (eds.) 1998. Recollecting Edvard August Vainio. CETESB, Sao Paulo, 188 pp (A5). Price US$ 30.00 + postage US$ 14.00 = US$ 44.00.
M. P. Marcelli & M. R. D. Seaward (eds.) 1998. Lichenology in Latin America - history, current knowledge and application. CETESB, Sao Paulo, 179 pp (A4). Price US$ 40.00 + postage US$ 14.00 = US$ 54.00.
Several lichen species are reported from the first time from New Guinea, based on material collected by the author in 1995. The following new taxa are described: Crustospathula cartilaginea gen. et spec. nov., Pseudopyrenula serusiauxii spec. nov. and Trypethelium galligenum spec. nov. Psoroma papuana Aptroot & Diederich nom. nov. is proposed as new name for Psoroma pannarioides Aptroot & Diederich.
The Pantanal is a wetland biome in the interior of Brazil. It is known for its rich macrofauna. Botanically, it is relatively species poor, although the marshes have trees and shrubs throughout and there are occasional forested, even somewhat rocky hills. Lichens have received only scant attention so far, but the area is not very species rich (Canêz et al. 2020). We visited the Pantanal several times and collected in different areas. Here we describe four new species, one of which is locally the most common macrolichen, which was found on places elsewhere in the state and in the bordering state of Mato Grosso as well.
Nine species of Graphidaceae are described as new to science from South and Central Brazil, in 7 different genera: Acanthothecis normuralis, A. psoromica, Acanthotrema minus, Aggregatorygma submuriforme, Allographa medioinspersa, Diorygma isidiolichexanthonicum, Fissurina excavatisorediosa, Graphis norsorediata, and Graphis tricolor.
An annotated checklist of the lichens of Hong Kong, based on all available literature reports and specimens, including those recently collected by the authors, is presented. In total, 261 species are reported, of which 176 are new records for Hong Kong, 132 of which are new for China, 43 are new for East Asia, and 27 are new for Asia. The lichen vegetation is mainly tropical, as is shown by the distribution patterns of the identified species: 53 species are cosmopolitan, 40 northern temperate, 122 pantropical, 17 paleotropical and 29 endemic to tropical East Asia. With regard to substrata, 129 species are corticolous, 148 saxicolous, 17 foliicolous and 19 terricolous. Four species are newly described: Anisomeridium conorostratum Aptroot, A. hydei Aptroot, Caloplaca pulicarioides Aptroot and Placidiopsis poronioides Aptroot. The flora is rather poor in species; for example, no Caliciales have been found. In the past, the numbers of species of several groups such as the Graphidaceae, Heterodermia and Xanthoparmelia have been overestimated, whereas few pyrenocarps have been reported. The flora of wet granitic outcrops is surprisingly well developed in Hong Kong. Although not a single Peltula species was reported before, six species were identified, including one that was previously only known from Africa. In addition, several other cyanophilic genera are present, such as Euopsis, Psorotichia, Pyrenopsis and, most unexpectedly, Vestergrenopsis, each with one species. A comparison between old and recent records shows that many Lobarion species are now extinct. The drastic decline of species of the Lobarion vegetation indicates that air pollution and other habitat disturbances, mainly deforestation, to which these species are very sensitive, are seriously threatening the lichen biodiversity of Hong Kong.
Based on recent records, 89 lichen species are reported as new to Brazil. For the genera Ancistrosporella, Jamesiella, Lambiella, Paulia, Polyblastia, Porocyphus, and Trimmatothele, it is the first time they are reported from Brazil. Many more, in total 523 species, are newly reported from individual states.
Eleven species of lichens are described as new from the Serra do Bodoquena in Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil): Alyxoria cyanea, Astrothelium ochraceum, Chiodecton xanthonosorediatum, Gyalecta perithecioidea, Gyalecta uniseptata, Pyrenula rubroacutispora, Ramonia xylophila, Synarthonia xanthosarcographoides, Trypethelium aureornatum, Trypethelium endoflavum, and Trypethelium xanthostiolornatum. Around 400 further species are reported, of which 27 are first records for Brazil and 265 are first records for the state.
Four new Astrothelium species and a Mazaediothecium from Várzea areas in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
(2020)
Five species of lichens are described as new from Várzea areas in Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil): Astrothelium fernandae, A. pseudodermatodes, A. septoconicum, A. xanthopseudocyphellatum, and Mazaediothecium serendipiticum, the latter being deviating from all other species in its order by the at least morphologically chlorococcoid photobiont. Further, we found 226 identifiable species in the Várzea reserve near Jateí and 47 on a farm near Naviraí. Of these, 15 are new records for Brazil and a further 88 are first reports from the state.
Six species of lichens are described as new from Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil): Astrothelium aureoirregulare Aptroot & Gumboski, Bogoriella xantholateralis Aptroot, Lecanora umbilicatimmersa Aptroot & Spielmann, Lepra lichexanthonorstictica Aptroot, Megalaria flavosorediata Aptroot and Vainionora sorediata Aptroot. Moreover, 28 further species are reported which are first records for Brazil; and a further 166 are first records for Santa Catarina and 104 for Rio Grande do Sul.
Im Rahmen einer umfassenden geländeökologischen Bestandsaufnahme der gefährdeten Farnpflanzen in Deutschland wurden die aktuellen Vorkommen der Flachbärlappe in Nordrhein-Westfalen untersucht. Ermittelt wurden standortökologische (Meereshöhe, Exposition, relativer Lichtgenuß sowie pH-Wert und Stickstoffgehalt des Bodens) und populationsökologische Parameter (besiedelte Fläche, Anzahl der Zähleinheiten [Sproßbüschel], Vitalität und Fertilität) sowie die Vergesellschaftung der Arten. Umfangreiches Herbarmaterial wurde ausgewertet, um die historische Verbreitung darstellen und die aktuelle Gefährdungssituation besser beurteilen zu können. Während bei L. issleri die Anzahl der Vorkommen unverändert geblieben und bei L. alpinum sogar eine Zunahme eingetreten ist, zeigen die übrigen Arten (L. complanatum, L. zeilleri und L. tristachyum) unterschiedlich starke Rückgangstendenzen, die bei einer Neubewertung der Einstufung in der Roten Liste berücksichtigt werden sollten. Möglichkeiten zum Schutz dieser konkurrenzschwachen Arten, die aktuell fast ausschließlich an anthropogen entstandenen Sekundärstandorten vorkommen, werden diskutiert und konkrete Maßnahmen hierfür vorgeschlagen.
La Florula del Monte Baro, sino dalle prime volte che io ebbi occasione di visitare il suo campo, parvomi così ricca da meritare un catalogo speciale. Nè in seguito da tale parere valse a distogliermi il considorare che le suo specie piu notevoli, da gran tempo, in parte già erano state indicate dal Comolli (1), dal Parlatore (2), dall'Artaria (3); imperciocchè le indicazioni di questi autori, mentre costitniscono altrettante preziose contribuzioni alla conoscenza della Florula di quel monte, come è naturale, non possono darne che una rappresentazione affatto insufficiente.
Il catalogo da me divisato è ora compiuto e più non mi rimane che di presentario ai giovani amici dell'amabile scienza, ciò che mi induco a fare con la speram:a che valga a facilitare la determinazione delle specie di quella località, così meritevole di essere scelta a meta eli botaniche escursioni.
Camellia sinensis is one of the major crops grown in Taiwan and has been widely cultivated around the island. Tea leaves are prone to various fungal infections, and leaf spot is considered one of the major diseases in Taiwan tea fields. As part of a survey on fungal species causing leaf spots on tea leaves in Taiwan, 19 fungal strains morphologically similar to the genus Diaporthe were collected. ITS (internal transcribed spacer), tef1-α (translation elongation factor 1-α), tub2 (beta-tubulin), and cal (calmodulin) gene regions were used to construct phylogenetic trees and determine the evolutionary relationships among the collected strains. In total, six Diaporthe species, including one new species, Diaporthe hsinchuensis, were identified as linked with leaf spot of C. sinensis in Taiwan based on both phenotypic characters and phylogeny. These species were further characterized in terms of their pathogenicity, temperature, and pH requirements under laboratory conditions. Diaporthe tulliensis, D. passiflorae, and D. perseae were isolated from C. sinensis for the first time. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests revealed that, with wound inoculation, only D. hongkongensis was pathogenic on tea leaves. This investigation delivers the first assessment of Diaporthe taxa related to leaf spots on tea in Taiwan.
Native vegetation of the upper Murrumbidgee catchment in southeast NSW and the Australian Capital-Territory (ACT) was classified into 75 plant communities across 18 NSW Vegetation Classes within nine Structural-Formations. Plant communities were derived through numerical analysis of 4,106 field survey plots including 3,787-plots from 58 existing survey datasets and 319 new plots, which were sampled in under surveyed ecosystems. All plant-communities are described at a level appropriate for discrimination of threatened ecological communities and distinct-vegetation mapping units.
The classification describes plant communities in the context of the upper Murrumbidgee catchment and surrounding-landscapes of similar ecological character. It incorporates and, in some instances, refines identification of plant-communities described in previous classifications of alpine vegetation, forest ecosystems, woodlands and grasslands-across the Australian Alps and South Eastern Highlands within the upper Murrumbidgee catchment. Altitude,-precipitation, soil saturation, lithology, slope, aspect and landscape position were all important factors in guiding-plant community associations.
Nine Threatened Ecological Communities under Commonwealth, NSW and ACT legislation occur in the upper-Murrumbidgee catchment. This study has also identified five additional plant communities which are highly restricted-in distribution and may require active management or protection to ensure their survival.
Aeration in higher plants
(1979)
Die aus Südafrika stammende Zweireihige Wasserähre (Aponogeton distachyos; Alismatales, Aponogetonaceae) ist in mehreren Ländern Westeuropas eingebürgert. 2014 bis 2016 wurden insgesamt bis etwa einhundert Pflanzen an drei Fundorten im Saalekreis und im Kreis Nordsachsen im Grenzgebiet zwischen Sachsen-Anhalt und Sachsen nachgewiesen. Auch in Mitteldeutschland erwies sich die Pflanze als winterhart und wird zur Bepflanzung von Gartenteichen genutzt. Noch ist unsicher, ob sie sich hier dauerhaft etablieren kann, weil das Hauptvorkommen durch Verschilfung des Gewässers zu erlöschen droht.
This preliminary study investigated the interaction between ecological, environmental and genetic factors among two native vines, Cissus hypoglauca and Cissus sterculiifolia (family Vitaceae). Data from a number of fragmented populations within the Big Scrub and surrounding rainforest areas in northern NSW were used to investigate how closely related vines respond to habitat fragmentation. What has emerged is an account of two species occupying fairly distinct ecological niches, and consequently being differently affected by current environmental disturbances. Cissus hypoglauca appears to have greater ecological amplitude, including resilience to drier environmental conditions, while in the long term Cissus sterculiifolia is likely to be more extensively affected by rainforest degradation and fragmentation. Genetic analysis suggests that prior to extensive clearing the Big Scrub provided a continuum for gene flow across otherwise fairly disjunct rainforest areas. This pilot study illustrates how simple research can often support the development of long-term conservation and management strategies at the species and plant community level.
Fifteen species of mosses are reported as new to Costa Rica, five of those are new to Central America. These are: Paraleucobryum albicans (Schwaegr.) Loeske, Philonotis elongata (Dism.) Crum & Steere, Leskeodon cubensis (Mitt.) Thér., Hookeriopsis dimorpha (C.M.) Broth. and Isopterygium machrisianum (Crum) Irel.
Seed disperser preferences may mediate the impact of invasive, non-native plant species on their new ecological communities. Significant seed disperser preference for invasives over native species could facilitate the spread of the invasives while impeding native plant dispersal. Such competition for dispersers could negatively impact the fitness of some native plants. Here, we review published literature to identify circumstances under which preference for non-native fruits occurs. The importance of fruit attraction is underscored by several studies demonstrating that invasive, fleshy-fruited plant species are particularly attractive to regional frugivores. A small set of studies directly compare frugivore preference for native vs. invasive species, and we find that different designs and goals within such studies frequently yield contrasting results. When similar native and non-native plant species have been compared, frugivores have tended to show preference for the non-natives. This preference appears to stem from enhanced feeding efficiency or accessibility associated with the non-native fruits. On the other hand, studies examining preference within existing suites of co-occurring species, with no attempt to maximize fruit similarity, show mixed results, with frugivores in most cases acting opportunistically or preferring native species. A simple, exploratory meta-analysis finds significant preference for native species when these studies are examined as a group. We illustrate the contrasting findings typical of these two approaches with results from two smallscale aviary experiments we conducted to determine preference by frugivorous bird species in northern California. In these case studies, native birds preferred the native fruit species as long as it was dissimilar from non-native fruits, while non-native European starlings preferred non-native fruit. However, native birds showed slight, non-significant preference for non-native fruit species when such fruits were selected for their physical resemblance to the native fruit species. Based on our review and case studies, we propose that fruit characteristics of native plant communities could dictate how well a non-native, fleshy-fruited plant species competes for dispersers with natives. Native bird preferences may be largely influenced by regional native fruits, such that birds are attracted to the colors, morphology, and infructescence structures characteristic of preferred native fruits. Non-native fruits exhibiting similar traits are likely to encounter bird communities predisposed to consume them. If those non-natives offer greater fruit abundance, energy content, or accessibility, they may outcompete native plants for dispersers.
Entlang des Rhein-Main-Donau-Kanals zwischen Forchheim und Fürth wurden an drei unterschiedlich alten Ausbaustufen (1968/1970/1971) Vegetationstransekte aufgenommen. Die drei Kanalabschnitte verfügen über verschiedene geologische Ausgangssituationen (alluviale Talaufschüttung, Terrassensande der Regnitz, Schichten des oberen Keuper). Die bautechnischen Vorhaben erlauben eine Zusammenfassung mehrerer Transekte.
Durch den floristischen Vergleich der einzelnen Transekt-Quadrate kristallisieren sich sechs unterschiedliche Lebensräume heraus. Ihre Abfolge wiederholt sich in allen drei Bauabschnitten.
Der Substrateinfluss, die unterstützenden Begrünungsmaßnahmen (Gehölzpflanzung und Aussaat), die Nutzungsintensität und der Pflegeaufwand spiegeln sich in den Berechnungen der Gemeinschaftskoeffizienten wider. Das unterschiedliche anthropogene Eingreifen hat zu relativ klar abgegrenzten, durch Trennarten gekennzeichneten Einheiten geführt, die im einzelnen beschrieben werden.
Das Ergebnis dieser stichpunktartigen Erhebung dient als Grundlage für Rekultivierungsmaßnahmen, die standort-, nutzungs- und pflegeabhängigen Bedingungen Rechnung tragen.
The present study deals with the investigation of bryophytic flora of Mukteshwar (Uttarakhand). The present account deals with the study of 38 species belonging to 31 genera of 21 families. The mosses are represented by 21 species of 20 genera and 12 families, while Liverworts are represented by 15 species of 10 genera and 8 families. Hornworts consist of 1 genus and 2 species. The dominant families are Aytoniaceae, Marchantiaceae, Thuidiaceae and Pottiaceae. The dominant genera are Plagiochasma, Targionia, Marchantia, Plagiochila, Atrichum, Thuidium and Pogonatum. Macrothamnium stigmatophyllum has been identified as new to western Himalaya, while Thuidium philiberti Limpr. is new to Uttarakhand.
On the clay plains surrounding Lake Chad (West Africa: northern Sudanian and southern Sahelian zone), certain varieties of pearl millet (Sorghum bicolor), commonly referred to as Masakwa, are cultivated during the dry season. Recently fallowed Masakwa fields support a particular progression of pioneer vegetation. In the first year of fallow, the pioneer vegetation typically belongs to the class Echinochloetea colonae Wittig 2005 and can be classified as Hygrophiletum auriculatae sensu lato. Approximately half of the stands consist of the Hygrophiletum auriculatae Ataholo 2002 sensu stricto, whereas the other half is primarily composed of a Celosia argentea-Hibiscus trionum community. After two years of fallow, the vegetation is typically formed by the Sorghetum arundinacei Ataholo 2002, which, in a few cases, can also occur in the first fallow year.
Research on post-establishment evolution in nonnative plant populations has focused almost exclusively on testing the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis, which posits that the lack of specialized herbivores in the invaded range drives evolution in nonnative plant populations. Fifteen years of conflicting EICA test results suggest that selection pressures other than specialized herbivory are important in driving post-establishment evolution in invasive species. Alternative hypotheses, such as the Evolution of Reduced Competitive Ability (ERCA) hypothesis, have been proposed but have received little attention or testing. We argue that the lack of consensus across studies that test EICA may be due in part to the lack of consistent definitions and varying experimental design parameters, and that future research in this field would benefit from new methodological considerations. We examined previous work evaluating post-establishment evolution and evaluated the range of study systems and design parameters used in testing the EICA hypothesis. Our goal was to identify where different uses of ecological terms and different study parameters have hindered consensus and to suggest a path forward to move beyond EICA in post-establishment evolution studies. We incorporated these methods into a design framework that will increase data harmony across future studies and will facilitate examinations of any potential selection pressure driving evolution in the invaded range.
Japan and south eastern Australia have a large exotic flora in common, in spite of contrasting histories, physiographies and land-use patterns. There are some 187 common invading species and at least 71 of these are widespread in both locations. Some 15 widespread exotic invaders in Japan have not been recorded in Australia and a number of native Japanese plants that could be introduced as ornamentals and escape cultivation are noted. The incursion of most exotic species to Japan has been historically recent. The lack of quarantine for plants (apart from parasitic plants and plants infected with disease) coupled with large importations of wheat and soybeans from north America and contaminated grain and fodder for farm animals has led to an exponential rate of plant invasion in Japan. The apparent lack of impact of woody invading species in Japanese forests and forests margins may be due simply to the relatively short time invading species (some with long juvenile periods) have been naturalised.
The Rutaceae is an important worldwide family. In Australia, members of the family have radiated across the landscape from rainforests, moist and dry eucalypt forests, heaths, alpine areas and deserts.
Some 71 native taxa (in 14 genera) of Rutaceae occur in the Sydney Region, representing some 3% of the native vascular plant flora of the region. Species richness is greatest in heaths, woodlands and dry forests on sandstone derived soils. A number of species occur in moist forest, while a few species occur in riparian forests, rainforests or forests on clay soils or soils derived from granite. The most species rich genera are Boronia and Zieria (both 18 species). Fifteen species in the region are rare or threatened at the state or national level, with a further 2 species poorly known and likely candidates as threatened species. There are 17 species endemic to the Sydney region, 11 of which are rare or threatened.
Most species flower in winter to spring with seeds released in October to December. There are two basic modes of dispersal in the family in the Sydney Region. Firstly, a few species, generally associated with rainforests, disperse seeds widely via fleshy fruits that are taken by birds and probably mammals. Secondly, most Rutaceae species have limited dispersal ability and have short range initial ballistic dispersal of seeds from fruits at maturity followed by secondary seed dispersal primarily by ants. In this latter group, seeds are generally dispersed less than a few metres. There is a high level of seed dormancy at seed release. Members of the Rutaceae are likely to have persistent soil seedbanks with germination linked to fire, except perhaps for species in rainforest or rainforest margins (where the nature of possible seedbanks is unknown). Heating of the soil during fire is one mechanism for breaking seed dormancy and allowing germination. Other mechanisms, i.e. smoke and the interaction of fire related germination cues may also be important. Fire is a widespread disturbance affecting vegetation in the Sydney Region. Within the Rutaceae in the Sydney region, a mixture of fire-sensitive and resprouting species occur, although details for many species are lacking. To maintain the floristic diversity in the family, effective management of such plant communities requires sufficient times between fires for seedlings to flower and replenish the soil seedbanks, as well as for juveniles of resprouting species to become fire-resistant.
The ecology of Rutaceae species remains poorly understood, a pattern typical across Australia, with a few notable exceptions. There have been no comprehensive demographic studies of members of the family in Sydney, and only limited attempts to examine aspects of the biology of the species in the family. In particular, the seed biology and ecology of the family and the impact of fire on species are poorly understood. This review poses a number of questions for research on members of the Rutaceae.
The grass Elymus multiflorus subsp. kingianus (family Poaceae) is considered to be endemic to Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands. We assessed the conservation status of the taxon on Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, and undertook targeted field surveys across three years and several seasons in suitable habitat, based on the single previously recorded location. We found the species occurrence on Lord Howe Island was highly restricted, with only a few plants found at 2 locations in close proximity. A number of exotic grasses pose a threat to the long-term conservation of the taxon, which was assessed as being eligible for listing as critically endangered under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.
Kinchega National Park reserves significant stands of Eucalyptus largiflorens open woodland on the Darling River floodplain, low open Maireana pyramidata shrubland and Casuarina pauper/Alectryon oleifolius open woodland on dune systems. We identify four key issues for the conservation of flora in Kinchega National Park, western NSW. These are:
1) There is an urgent need to initiate regeneration in a number of long-lived perennial trees and shrubs. Failure to do so will lead to local population declines and extinction in a number of species. Reduction in grazing impacts of rabbits and goats is needed. Some degree of rabbit control has been achieved over the last few years through a combination of the effects of the rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD) and an extensive rabbit control program for the reserve.
2) The need to initiate a water plan of management for the reserve to overcome the problem of changes in water flows, flood periodicity and flood magnitude that have occurred in response to water regulation activities on the Darling River.
3) Management of several threatened species and ecological communities on the reserve, in particular the nationally vulnerable species Acacia carneorum and Solanum karsense. Kinchega NP is the only conservation reserve containing populations of these species and these populations are significant for both species.
4) Management of weeds, in particular those with bird-dispersed fruits as these species have the potential to become severe problems on the park.
Other issues that are likely to be significant in the future are salinity impacts and the interaction between grazing pressure, regeneration and climate change.
The flora of the Lord Howe Island Group (31°30’S, 159°05’E) comprises a unique mix of elements of Australian, New Zealand and New Caledonian floras. It is significant for its high degree of endemism and for its structural and biological (leaves, flowers, fruit) role in supporting a diverse array of fauna. Conservation of this flora is dependant upon: reducing current habitat degradation (mostly the result of exotic weeds); minimising any future impacts, in particular the effects of climate change on the unique cloud forests of the southern mountains and the continued introduction and spread of weeds and the pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi.
We provide a description of the nature of the major threats to the flora and suggest an area-based scheme, focussed on the relative conservation significance of remaining vegetation, as a mechanism for developing priorities for threat mitigation activities. While a number of threat control works are in place, eg. weed control, some re-emphasis is needed. In addition, some new initiatives are required including: reducing the rate of introductions of new exotics; a system to remove potential environmental weeds from the settlement area; phytosanitary guidelines; pathogen quarantine measures; search and removal of environmental weeds from remote areas; and ex situ initiatives for plant species restricted to the cloud forests of the southern mountains.
Im Wesertal liegt knapp 2 km südlich von Höxter bei 51° 45' N und 9° 22' E in einer Erstreckung von wenig über einem halben Kilometer schrotschussförmig verteilt eine Gruppe von rundlichen Eintiefungen (Abb. l u. 2). Drei von ihnen waren in den meisten der letzten Jahre mit Wasser gefüllt. Seit 1974 sind sie vom flächigen Naturdenkmal "Grundlosen" eingeschlossen. Die Verordnung (Regierungsbezirk Detmold vom 17. 2. 1975, Nr. 7) enthält keine nähere Begründung. Die schon viele Jahre vorher vom Verf. betriebene Unterschutzstellung gewann erst Gestalt nach einer Tagungsexkursion des Westfälischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins und einer vom ersten Vorsitzenden, Herrn Dr. Runge, verfassten Resolution vom 26. 5. 1972 an den Bürgermeister von Höxter. In diesem Brief heißt es u. a.: „Die Tagungsteilnehmer haben bei ihrer Exkursion in der Weseraue mit Erstaunen den Reichtum der Grundlosen in pflanzensoziologischer, floristischer und tiergeographischer Hinsicht festgestellt. So wurden . . . das äußerst seltene Moorkreuzkraut (Senecio tubicaulis) und der Seefrosch (Rana ridibunda) entdeckt", der bisher in ganz Westfalen nur hier beobachtet wurde (vgl. RAUS 1977). Die Floristisch-Soziologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft führte auf ihrer Tagung 1976 ebenfalls eine Exkursion in dieses Gebiet. Angesichts der Bedrohung seiner Ökologie durch den nahen Kiesabbau wurden auf der Abschlussdiskussion eingehendere Untersuchungen zur Flora und Fauna, auch hinsichtlich ihrer Entstehung, beschlossen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag legen die beiden Verfasser die Ergebnisse ihrer Nachforschungen zur Entwicklung der Grundlosen und der Vegetation der engeren Umgebung in geschichtlicher und vorgeschichtlicher Zeit vor. Zur Mitarbeit konnte ein weiterer Autor gewonnen werden, der durch die absoluten Datierungen ein Zeitgerüst beisteuerte, das die Erkennung von Komplikationen möglich machte.
An extensive survey of the relevant literature of dry grassland communities described for the territory of Serbia allowed us to check the validity and legitimacy of the nomenclature of this vegetation. Nomenclature rules of the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature were strictly followed. The syntaxonomic affiliation of communities to higher syntaxa was assessed according to existing syntaxonomic schemes for Serbia and the position determined by the original source. Higher syntaxa followed the synsystem of the socalled “EuroVegChecklist”. We have highlighted problems and some disagreement with the existing classification of dry grassland communities in Europe. A total of 134 dry grassland communities have so far been registered for Serbia. This list of syntaxa may serve for further research of grassland vegetation and its appropriate positioning within a syntaxonomical scheme of Europe.
Dry grasslands are highly diverse vegetation types of great importance for livestock production in rural Balkan areas. We analysed a large data set of phytosociological relevés of dry grasslands (Festuco-Brometea and Festucetea vaginatae classes) in Serbia to produce the first overview of its classification, distribution, environmental conditions and biodiversity patterns. Phytocoenological relevés from relevant literature sources and our own investigations were stored in the Vegetation Database of Serbia (EU-RS-002) and the Balkan Dry Grassland Database (EU-00-013). After heterogeneity-constrained random resampling, the final dataset contained 1,897 relevés and 1,323 species. Species composition was classified hierarchically by the beta flexible method. We used species ecological indicator values for the estimation of the ecological conditions. Floristic and vegetation diversity and the conservation relevance of various dry grassland types, based on an assessment of endemic and protected species, were analysed. We identified 11 clusters, which were well characterised by their species composition and ecology. The first three clusters included loess and sand steppe grasslands mostly found in the Pannonian part of Serbia (Festucion rupicolae and Festucion vaginatae). The next three clusters consisted of Balkan ultramafic rocky grasslands of the order Halacsyetalia sendtneri, Balkan submediterranean mountain steppe grasslands on calcareous substrates, belonging to the order Astragalo-Potentilletalia and grasslands of the Balkan alliance Saturejion montanae on limestone. The third group of relevés comprised Balkan alliances of dry grasslands on deep soils, the Chrysopogono-Danthonion and sub-continental steppes of the alliance Festucion valesiacae in hilly areas of Serbia, mostly in the thermophilous oak zone. According to ordination analysis (DCA), the main floristic gradient was largely determined by temperature and moisture. The Festuco-Brometea class exhibited high floristic diversity (1,323 plant species) and very high conservation relevance in view of the large number of Balkan endemic species (204). A total of 233 species and subspecies protected by national legislation within the studied vegetation were recorded.
Die Halophytenvegetation des Pikrolimni-Sees (Höhenlage 47 m ü. Meer) wird phytosoziologisch beschrieben. Die sieben Pflanzengesellschaften (Crypsidetum aculeatae, Suaedetum maritimae, Camphorosmetum annuae, Plantaginetum coronopi, Limonio-Spergularietum, Elymetum elongati, Puccinellietum convolutae), die rings um den See erkannt wurden, sind sehr artenarm und werden in die eigenartige Salzvegetation des balkanischen Binnenlandes eingegliedert. Bodenanalysen (Bestimmung von pH, CaCO3, NaCl) geben eine allgemeine Bewertung der Bodeneigenschaften von fünf Gesellschaftssubstraten.