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kurz und kn@pp news : Nr. 46 (2019)

Fachkundiger Okulist oder ignoranter Scharlatan? : die Marketingstrategien des Augenarztes John Taylor (1703-1770) (2019)

Anna Gehri

Mit selbstbewusster Haltung wendet sich der gutaussehende John Taylor in seinem Porträt von William L. Denune und Richard Cooper dem Betrachter zu. Dass der englische Arzt ein gepriesener Okulist und versierter Mann von Welt war, wird in dem Kupferstich zum einen mittels der Inschriften des Sockels unter seinem Porträt betont, die ihn als den Augenarzt des Königs von Großbritannien und als Mitglied mehrerer medizinischer Universitäten betiteln, zum anderen durch die Zurschaustellung seiner wissenschaftlichen Abhandlungen. Sein Biograph George Coats, selbst ein englischer Augenarzt, beschreibt ihn als einen klugen und eleganten Mann, ausgestattet mit einer charismatischen Ausstrahlung, welche jenen imponierte, die außerstande waren, die prahlerische Oberfläche zu durchschauen, unter der s ich ein verlogener, unverfrorener Quacksalber verbarg. Die meisten von Taylors Zeitgenossen kritisierten seine wissenschaftlichen Schriften und Praktiken und er selbst gestand einmal, dass Hunderte von Patienten an den Folgen seiner Operationen erblindeten. Wie konnte es dazu kommen, dass dieser offensichtliche Scharlatan zum Hofokulisten von König George II. ernannt wurde und prominente Persönlichkeiten wie Edward Gibbon sowie Johann Sebastian Bach behandelte? ...

Mistletoe-based drugs work in synergy with radio-chemotherapy in the treatment of glioma in vitro and in vivo in glioblastoma bearing mice (2019)

Sonja Schötterl Jennifer T. Miemietz Elena Ilin Naita M. Wirsik Ingrid Ehrlich Andrea Gall Stephan Huber Hans Lentzen Michel Guy André Mittelbronn Ulrike Naumann

Background. Extracts from Viscum album L. (VE) are used in the complementary cancer therapy in Europe for decades. VE contain several compounds like the mistletoe lectins (MLs) 1-3 and viscotoxins and also several minor ingredients. Since mistletoe lectin 1 (ML-1) has been described as the main component of VE harboring antitumor activity, purified native or recombinant ML-1 has been recently used in clinical trials. MLs stimulate the immune system, induce cytotoxicity, are able to modify the expression of cancer-associated genes, and influence the proliferation and motility of tumor cells. Objective. In this study our goal was to determine anticancer effects of the VE ISCADOR Qu, of recombinant ML-1 (Aviscumine), and of native ML-1 in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and highly malignant brain tumor in adults. Additionally we were interested whether these drugs, used in combination with a temozolomide-(TMZ)-based radio-chemotherapy, provide synergistic effects. Methods. Cell culture assays, ex vivo murine hippocampal brain slice cultures, human GBM cryosections, and a xenograft orthotopic glioblastoma mouse model were used. Results. In cells, the expression of the ML receptor CD75s, which is also expressed in GBM specimen, but not in normal brain, correlates with the drug-induced cytotoxicity. In GBM cells, the drugs induce cell death in a concentration-dependent manner and reduce cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. The cell cycle arrest was paralleled by modifications in the expression of cell cycle regulating genes. ML containing drugs, if combined with glioma standard therapy, provide synergistic and additive anticancer effects. Despite not reaching statistical significance, a single intratumoral application of Aviscumine prolonged the median survival of GBM mice longer than tumor irradiation. Moreover, intratumorally applied Aviscumine prolonged the survival of GBM-bearing mice if used in combination with irradiation and TMZ for further 6.5 days compared to the radio-chemotherapy. Conclusion. Our results suggest that an adjuvant treatment of glioma patients with ML-containing drugs might be beneficial.

Traductores e intérpretes en la Hispanoamérica colonial y sus crónicas (2016)

José Luis Egío García

La editorial John Benjamins Publishing Company dedica un volumen de su estimulante colección Benjamins Translation Library (BTL) a la importancia de la traducción para la formación del Imperio Español en América y a la forma instrumental en la que las crónicas de Indias fueron traducidas y difundidas en la Europa de la Modernidad Temprana y se siguen traduciendo hoy en día. ...

Acute severe anaphylaxis in Nepali patients with neurotoxic snakebite envenoming treated with the vins polyvalent antivenom (2019)

Sanjib Kumar Sharma Emilie Alirol Anup Ghimire Suman Shrestha Rupesh Jha Surya B. Parajuli Deekshya Shrestha Surya Jyoti Shrestha Amir Bista David A. Warrell Ulrich Kuch François Chappuis Walter Robert John Taylor

Diagnosing and treating acute severe and recurrent antivenom-related anaphylaxis (ARA) is challenging and reported experience is limited. Herein, we describe our experience of severe ARA in patients with neurotoxic snakebite envenoming in Nepal. Patients were enrolled in a randomised, double-blind trial of high vs. low dose antivenom, given by intravenous (IV) push, followed by infusion. Training in ARA management emphasised stopping antivenom and giving intramuscular (IM) adrenaline, IV hydrocortisone, and IV chlorphenamine at the first sign/s of ARA. Later, IV adrenaline infusion (IVAI) was introduced for patients with antecedent ARA requiring additional antivenom infusions. Preantivenom subcutaneous adrenaline (SCAd) was introduced in the second study year (2012). Of 155 envenomed patients who received ≥ 1 antivenom dose, 13 (8.4%), three children (aged 5−11 years) and 10 adults (18−52 years), developed clinical features consistent with severe ARA, including six with overlapping signs of severe envenoming. Four and nine patients received low and high dose antivenom, respectively, and six had received SCAd. Principal signs of severe ARA were dyspnoea alone (n=5 patients), dyspnoea with wheezing (n=3), hypotension (n=3), shock (n=3), restlessness (n=3), respiratory/cardiorespiratory arrest (n=7), and early (n=1) and late laryngeal oedema (n=1); rash was associated with severe ARA in 10 patients. Four patients were given IVAI. Of the 8 (5.1%) deaths, three occurred in transit to hospital. Severe ARA was common and recurrent and had overlapping signs with severe neurotoxic envenoming. Optimising the management of ARA at different healthy system levels needs more research. This trial is registered with NCT01284855.

Adenomyosis and myomata : risks, problems, and complications in diagnosis and therapy of adenomyosis and myomata (2018)

Rudy Leon de Wilde Markus Wallwiener Attilio Di Spiezio Sardo Vasilios Tanos Sven Becker

The goal of this special issue is to address research concerning risks and problems related to the diagnosis and therapy of adenomyosis and myomata. During the last years, there have been several controversies in the scientific community regarding these topics. The original papers gathered in this special issue highlight and inform the readers about the innovations made in this field. ...

Apparent diffusion coefficient of diffusion-weighted imaging in evaluation of cervical intervertebral disc degeneration : an observational study with 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (2018)

Pinjie Chen Chunlei Wu Minghua Huang Guangjian Jin Qinglei Shi Zhihua Han Chun Chen

Aims. To investigate the correlation between the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and cervical intervertebral disc degeneration in adult symptomatic patients. Methods. A total of 52 symptomatic and 40 healthy volunteers were included. DWI and routine MRI examinations were performed to their cervical spines. The cervical discs (from C2-C3 to C6-C7) were graded according to the Pfirrmann grading system, and ADC values of the nucleus pulposus (NP) were measured. Differences of the ADC values between different genders and anatomic levels were analyzed; the correlation between the ADC value and the Pfirrmann grade was investigated. The cut-off ADC values of each Pfirrmann grade were calculated. Results. The mean ADC value of the NP decreased with increasing Pfirrmann grade (I–V) upon both patients and asymptotic volunteers. The ADC value decreased descendingly from C2-C3 to C5-C6 (P<0.05) and then increased at C6-C7 (P<0.05). Additionally, the comparison of the ADC values between different genders achieved statistical significance at each anatomical level (P<0.05), except at C6-C7 (P<0.05). Significant negative correlations between the ADC value and either age or Pfirrmann grade were observed. Conclusions. Our preliminary findings suggest that the ADC value obtained by DWI can provide a reliable indicator to evaluate the cervical disc degeneration.

Xuebijing injection combined with antibiotics for the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhosis : a meta-analysis (2018)

Dan Han Ran Wang Yang Yu Mingyu Sun Rolf Teschke Fernando Gomes Romeiro Andrea Mancuso Tingxue Song Zhong Peng Bing Han Xinmiao Zhou Wenchun Bao Qianqian Li Kexin Zheng Yingying Li Zhaohui Bai Xiaozhong Guo Xingshun Qi

Background and Aim. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is one of the most common complications of liver cirrhosis. Antibiotics are the main treatment regimen of SBP. Traditional Chinese medicine Xuebijing injection has been used in such patients. Our study aimed to overview the efficacy of Xuebijing injection combined with antibiotics for the treatment of SBP. Method. We searched the PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, and Wanfang databases. The search items included "Xuebijing", "peritonitis", "liver cirrhosis", and "random" to identify all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the study quality. The odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using a random-effect model. Heterogeneity was also calculated. Results. A total of 9 RCTs were included. The study quality was unsatisfied. The overall (OR = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.97–4.42, p<0.00001) and complete (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.57–3.04, p<0.00001) responses were significantly higher in the Xuebijing injection combined with antibiotics group than the antibiotics alone group. The incidence of cirrhosis related complications, including hepatic encephalopathy and hepatorenal syndrome, was lower in the Xuebijing injection combined with antibiotics group than the antibiotics alone group. No significant heterogeneity was observed among studies. Conclusion. Additional use of Xuebijing injection may improve the efficacy of antibiotics for the treatment of SBP in liver cirrhosis. However, due to a low level of current evidence, we did not establish any recommendation regarding the use of Xuebijing injection for the treatment of SBP.

QFT derivation of the decay law of an unstable particle with nonzero momentum (2018)

Francesco Giacosa

We present a quantum field theoretical derivation of the nondecay probability of an unstable particle with nonzero three-momentum p. To this end, we use the (fully resummed) propagator of the unstable particle, denoted as Sto obtain the energy probability distribution, called dpS(E), as the imaginary part of the propagator. The nondecay probability amplitude of the particle S with momentum p turns out to be, as usual, its Fourier transform: ... (mth is the lowest energy threshold in the rest frame of S and corresponds to the sum of masses of the decay products). Upon a variable transformation, one can rewrite it as ... [here, ... is the usual spectral function (or mass distribution) in the rest frame]. Hence, the latter expression, previously obtained by different approaches, is here confirmed in an independent and, most importantly, covariant QFT-based approach. Its consequences are not yet fully explored but appear to be quite surprising (such as the fact that the usual time-dilatation formula does not apply); thus its firm understanding and investigation can be a fruitful subject of future research.

Ridge preservation procedures after tooth extractions : a systematic review (2018)

Gabriella Balli Andreas Ioannou Charles A. Powell Nikola Angelov Georgios Romanos Nikolaos Soldatos

Background. The purpose of this systematic review was to accurately assess the procedural success of ridge preservation technique through the application of strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data Sources. A methodical search of PubMed of the US National Library of Medicine and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted for applicable articles. Only randomized controlled trials comparing ridge preservation treatment with a nongrafting control, ten-subject minimum sample size, and three or more months of follow-up were included in our study. Types of Studies Reviewed. In a screening between January 1980 and September 2017, articles meeting predetermined criteria were further examined in a qualitative data analysis. A thorough search of the databases provided 1876 articles. Of these records, 174 were assessed for eligibility through the systematic employment of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results. Two records were appropriate for further data analysis. One study used a mixture of a deproteinized cancellous bovine bone and porcine collagen fibers in a block form (DBB/CF), while the other study used leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). The use of DBB/CF reduced the magnitude of vertical bone resorption, yet the study showed high risk of bias. The use of L-PRF reduced the magnitude of both the horizontal and vertical crestal bone resorption; however, the low sample size created wide standard deviations between the test and control groups. Inherent weaknesses were present in both studies. Through methodical analysis of both records, the dissimilarities prevented the conduction of a meta-analysis. Implications of Key Findings. Within the limitations of this systematic review, L-PRF reduced the magnitude of vertical and horizontal bone resorption, which places L-PRF as a potential material of choice for ridge preservation procedures. Conclusions. Within the limitations and weaknesses of both studies, the use of DBB/CF prevented the vertical crestal bone resorption while the L-PRF prevented both the horizontal and vertical crestal bone resorption. More randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to eliminate all the confounding factors, which bias the outcome of ridge preservation techniques.

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