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U ovome se radu opisuju glagoli negativnoga transfera kao zaseban sintaktičko-semantički razred u hrvatskome jeziku. Glagoli negativnoga transfera, primjerice glagol uzeti, kodiraju transfer nekoga predmeta između dviju osoba na obratan način od prototipnih dvoprijelaznih glagola poput dati. Naglasak se u opisu stavlja na povezanost semantičkih obilježja pojedinih glagola s njihovim sintaktičkim izrazom. Pokazuje se da odabir sintaktičkoga izraza kod glagola negativnoga transfera uvelike ovisi o tome implicira li radnja glagola neku šteta ili ne. Posebno važno mjesto u radu dano je opisu u hrvatskome inače slabo proučavanoga dativa štete. Opisana je njegova uloga u izražavanju implikacije štete, a njegova su glavna obilježja zatim povezana s većopisanim obilježjima drugih značenja dativa.
U radu su prikazani refleksi praslavenskih naglasnih tipova imenica a-deklinacije u mjesnom govoru Dolnje i Gorenje Mraševo, koji pripada skupini dolenjskih narječja slovenskoga jezika. Opisan je i naglasni sustav navedenoga govora s naglaskom na nizu oblika u kojima se pojavljuje postpraslavenski novi cirkumfleks. Povijesnojezična analiza naglasnih tipova imenica a-deklinacije donosi neke važne spoznaje za naglasni sustav slovenskoga jezika. U govoru dolazi do analognoga podudaranja samoglasnika praslavenskoga naglasnog tipa a, s imenicama praslavenskoga naglasnog tipa b i to refleksa imenica s praslavenskim dugim samoglasnikom u jedinom/zadnjem slogu osnove, što je posljedica prenošenja naglaska na dužinu. Novost predstavlja analogija u instrumentalu množine. Kod nekih je imenica praslavenskoga naglasnog tipa c očuvano povlačenje cirkumfleksa na dužinu uz proklitike (mr. na glàːvo, na nùːge). Došlo je također i do podudaranja imenica praslavenskoga naglasnog tipa b, koje imaju u jedinom/zadnjem slogu osnove praslavenski kratki samoglasnik ili poluglas, s imenicama praslavenskoga naglasnog tipa c, koje imaju u jedinom/zadnjem slogu osnove praslavenski kratki samoglasnik ili poluglas.
U radu se donose rezultati istraživanja provedenoga na korpusu reklamnih tekstova te radijskih i televizijskih spotova prikupljenom od 2009. do 2013. godine. U središtu zanimanja su rječotvorbeni postupci kojima se reklamne poruke oblikuju. Analizom je utvrđeno da se radi stvaranja efekta začudnosti u primatelja poruke primjenjuju netipični tvorbeni postupci kao što su grafoderivacija i stapanje. S obzirom na njihovo mjesto u leksičkome sustavu, takve su tvorenice poseban tip prigodnica, tzv. reklamni okazionalizmi.
Neurological diseases associated with neuronal death are also accompanied by axonal denervation of connected brain regions. In these areas, denervation leads to a decrease in afferent drive, which may in turn trigger active central nervous system (CNS) circuitry rearrangement. This rewiring process is important therapeutically, since it can partially recover functions and can be further enhanced using modern rehabilitation strategies. Nevertheless, the cellular mechanisms of brain rewiring are not fully understood. We recently reported a mechanism by which neurons remodel their local connectivity under conditions of network-perturbance: hippocampal pyramidal cells can extend spine head protrusions (SHPs), which reach out toward neighboring terminals and form new synapses. Since this form of activity-dependent rewiring is observed only on some spines, we investigated the required conditions. We speculated, that the actin-associated protein synaptopodin, which is involved in several synaptic plasticity mechanisms, could play a role in the formation and/or stabilization of SHPs. Using hippocampal slice cultures, we found that ~70 % of spines with protrusions in CA1 pyramidal neurons contained synaptopodin. Analysis of synaptopodin-deficient neurons revealed that synaptopodin is required for the stability but not the formation of SHPs. The effects of synaptopodin could be linked to its role in Ca(2+) homeostasis, since spines with protrusions often contained ryanodine receptors and synaptopodin. Furthermore, disrupting Ca(2+) signaling shortened protrusion lifetime. By transgenically reintroducing synaptopodin on a synaptopodin-deficient background, SHP stability could be rescued. Overall, we show that synaptopodin increases the stability of SHPs, and could potentially modulate the rewiring of microcircuitries by making synaptic reorganization more efficient.
In a recent article of major importance (2013), Tijmen Pronk has treated the accentuation of l-participles of the type neslъ in western South Slavic. Pronk points out correctly that Dybo’s law did not shift the accent onto final jers, e.g. in *kòņь, *bòbъ, and that the short vowel was preserved in Slovak osem < *òsmь, oheň < *ògņь, mohol < *mòglъ. Contrary to what Pronk claims, Slovene nę́sǝlis the phonetic reflex of *néslъ < *neslъ̀, Slovak niesol. The Slovene doublets (v)ǫ̑gǝl < *ǫ̀glь and (v)ózǝl < *ǫ̀zlъ suggest an earlier paradigm with vǫ̑- < ǫ̑- in the nom.sg. form and ó- < *ǫ̀- in the oblique cases. The vowel of ógǝnj < *ògņь also stems from the oblique cases. The expected neo-circumflex in the nom.sg. form is actually attested in rę̑bǝr < *rèbrь beside rę́bǝr with the reflex of Stang’s law from the oblique cases. There is no reason to assume that the accent was not retracted at an early stage in *neslъ̀, nor is there any reason to assume that Dybo’s law shifted the accent to the final jer in *dòbrъ and *sèdmь, as Pronk claims.
Although it is a generally acknowledged fact that Neo-Latin consists of a set of linguistic varieties, there is a short supply of research into its linguistic diversification, especially in non-literary texts. One of the characteristical text classes within Neo-Latin tradition are canonical visitations, a special type of ecclesiastical administrative texts, produced extensively after the Council of Trent in all parts of Europe that had Roman Catholic hierarchical structures. The present paper analyses the language of three canonical visitations written in 18th century Diocese of Senj and Modruš (Krbava) and tries to recognise linguistic peculiarities that could prove to be distinguishing properties for canonical visitations and similar texts.
Introduction: Neuronal death and subsequent denervation of target areas are hallmarks of many neurological disorders. Denervated neurons lose part of their dendritic tree, and are considered "atrophic", i.e. pathologically altered and damaged. The functional consequences of this phenomenon are poorly understood.
Results: Using computational modelling of 3D-reconstructed granule cells we show that denervation-induced dendritic atrophy also subserves homeostatic functions: By shortening their dendritic tree, granule cells compensate for the loss of inputs by a precise adjustment of excitability. As a consequence, surviving afferents are able to activate the cells, thereby allowing information to flow again through the denervated area. In addition, action potentials backpropagating from the soma to the synapses are enhanced specifically in reorganized portions of the dendritic arbor, resulting in their increased synaptic plasticity. These two observations generalize to any given dendritic tree undergoing structural changes.
Conclusions: Structural homeostatic plasticity, i.e. homeostatic dendritic remodeling, is operating in long-term denervated neurons to achieve functional homeostasis.
U uvodu rada diferenciraju se morfološka (i „pravomorfološka”) i pravopisna norma, pri čemu se govori i o svojevrsnome paradoksu pravopisne norme. Metodom komparativne i kontrastivne analize u središnjem se dijelu rada raščlanjuju neki relevantni morfološki aspekti koji sudjeluju u definiranju pravopisnih načela i pravopisnih pravila. Cilj je rada osvješćivanje teorijsko-metodoloških aspekata kojima se naznačuju vidovi svojevrsna preklapanja morfologije i pravopisa, i to kroz prizmu hrvatske pravopisne norme, ali i norme nekih slavenskih jezika. U skladu s tim u zaključku se progovara o povezanosti pravopisne norme s morfološkom normom, odnosno kako posebnosti morfološke norme postaju pitanje pravopisne norme.