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Accumulating evidence indicates that increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to the development of exaggerated pain hypersensitivity during persistent pain. In the present study, we investigated the antinociceptive efficacy of the antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We show that systemic administration of a combination of vitamins C and E inhibited the early behavioral responses to formalin injection and the neuropathic pain behavior after peripheral nerve injury, but not the inflammatory pain behavior induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant. In contrast, vitamin C or vitamin E given alone failed to affect the nociceptive behavior in all tested models. The attenuated neuropathic pain behavior induced by the vitamin C and E combination was paralleled by a reduced p38 phosphorylation in the spinal cord and in dorsal root ganglia, and was also observed after intrathecal injection of the vitamins. Moreover, the vitamin C and E combination ameliorated the allodynia induced by an intrathecally delivered ROS donor. Our results suggest that administration of vitamins C and E in combination may exert synergistic antinociceptive effects, and further indicate that ROS essentially contribute to nociceptive processing in special pain states.
In 1947, 20 species of Staphylinidae were reported from the Cayman Islands as a result of an Oxford University expedition there in 1938 which made extensive use of a light trap. The list is here expanded to 62 species based on collections by R. R. Askew, G. E. Ball, E. A. Dilbert, B. K. Dozier, E. J. Gerberg, P. J. Fitzgerald, M. C. Thomas, and R. H. Turnbow since 1970, all of whom also used light traps except for a collection or two by flight intercept trap.
Nine new species of Hyperaspis from various South American localities are described, illustrated, and compared with previously described taxa. New taxa are: Hyperaspis luciae, H. corcovado, H. divaricata, H. humboldti, H. mimica, H. praecipua, H. unimaculosa, H. drechseli, and H. esmeraldas. Hyperaspis pectoralis Crotch is recognized as a valid species of Hyperaspis and integrated into the existing classification.
Based on collections by the author made in September 2001, Conocephalum salebrosum, Hydrogonium ehrenbergii, Breutelia chrysocoma and Campylopus pilifer var. brevirameus are reported as new to the Azores. Seven species are reported as new to Sâo Miguel. Various notes and keys are provided for several taxa.
An additional 137 species and two tribes are added to the cerambycid fauna of Bolivia while 12 species are deleted. This brings the total number of species known from Bolivia to 1,561. Comments and statistics regarding the growth of knowledge on the Bolivian Cerambycid fauna and species endemicity are included.
Parasites of the nematode genus Anisakis are associated with aquatic organisms. They can be found in a variety of marine hosts including whales, crustaceans, fish and cephalopods and are known to be the cause of the zoonotic disease anisakiasis, a painful inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract caused by the accidental consumptions of infectious larvae raw or semi-raw fishery products. Since the demand on fish as dietary protein source and the export rates of seafood products in general is rapidly increasing worldwide, the knowledge about the distribution of potential foodborne human pathogens in seafood is of major significance for human health. Studies have provided evidence that a few Anisakis species can cause clinical symptoms in humans. The aim of our study was to interpolate the species range for every described Anisakis species on the basis of the existing occurrence data. We used sequence data of 373 Anisakis larvae from 30 different hosts worldwide and previously published molecular data (n = 584) from 53 field-specific publications to model the species range of Anisakis spp., using a interpolation method that combines aspects of the alpha hull interpolation algorithm as well as the conditional interpolation approach. The results of our approach strongly indicate the existence of species-specific distribution patterns of Anisakis spp. within different climate zones and oceans that are in principle congruent with those of their respective final hosts. Our results support preceding studies that propose anisakid nematodes as useful biological indicators for their final host distribution and abundance as they closely follow the trophic relationships among their successive hosts. The modeling might although be helpful for predicting the likelihood of infection in order to reduce the risk of anisakiasis cases in a given area.
Six p53 wild-type cancer cell lines from infrequently p53-mutated entities (neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and melanoma) were continuously exposed to increasing concentrations of the murine double minute 2 inhibitor nutlin-3, resulting in the emergence of nutlin-3-resistant, p53-mutated sublines displaying a multi-drug resistance phenotype. Only 2 out of 28 sublines adapted to various cytotoxic drugs harboured p53 mutations. Nutlin-3-adapted UKF-NB-3 cells (UKF-NB-3rNutlin10 μM, harbouring a G245C mutation) were also radiation resistant. Analysis of UKF-NB-3 and UKF-NB-3rNutlin10 μM cells by RNA interference experiments and lentiviral transduction of wild-type p53 into p53-mutated UKF-NB-3rNutlin10 μM cells revealed that the loss of p53 function contributes to the multi-drug resistance of UKF-NB-3rNutlin10 μM cells. Bioinformatics PANTHER pathway analysis based on microarray measurements of mRNA abundance indicated a substantial overlap in the signalling pathways differentially regulated between UKF-NB-3rNutlin10 μM and UKF-NB-3 and between UKF-NB-3 and its cisplatin-, doxorubicin-, or vincristine-resistant sublines. Repeated nutlin-3 adaptation of neuroblastoma cells resulted in sublines harbouring various p53 mutations with high frequency. A p53 wild-type single cell-derived UKF-NB-3 clone was adapted to nutlin-3 in independent experiments. Eight out of ten resulting sublines were p53-mutated harbouring six different p53 mutations. This indicates that nutlin-3 induces de novo p53 mutations not initially present in the original cell population. Therefore, nutlin-3-treated cancer patients should be carefully monitored for the emergence of p53-mutated, multi-drug-resistant cells.
In der Zeitschrift Studia Germanistica werden Forschungsergebnisse zu aktuellen Themen auf dem Gebiet der germanistischen Linguistik, Literaturwissenschaft und DaF-Didaktik publiziert, die den Stand der Forschung in Tschechien sowie im Ausland dokumentieren. Bestandteile der Zeitschrift sind kulturwissenschaftliche Studien und Rezensionen.
In der Zeitschrift Studia Germanistica werden Forschungsergebnisse zu aktuellen Themen auf dem Gebiet der germanistischen Linguistik, Literaturwissenschaft und DaF-Didaktik publiziert, die den Stand der Forschung in Tschechien sowie im Ausland dokumentieren. Bestandteile der Zeitschrift sind kulturwissenschaftliche Studien und Rezensionen.
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam is a multicultural province within a multicultural state. Hence, its political leaders not only face the need to integrate ethnic and cultural diversity into a regional framework, but also have to define Aceh’s role within the Indonesian nation. During its violent past which was characterized by exploitation and military oppression, there were good reasons to emphasize sameness over diversity and to build up the consciousness of a unified Acehnese identity. From both an emic and an etic perspective, it is today widely accepted that there is such a thing as a homogeneous Acehnese culture which is rooted in a glorious, though troublesome, history of repression and rebellion and shaped by a strong Islamic piety. Even if it is true that Acehnese history has created a strong regional identity, it must not be forgotten that people living in this area belong to various ethnic and cultural groups and that they represent a rich variety of different cultures rather than simply a single homogeneous culture. As a matter of fact, the practises and discourses of Islam here also vary depending on the cultural background of the people. As elsewhere in Indonesia and beyond, world religions have to adapt to local customs, have to be appropriated by the local people, and have to be indigenized. This is the reason why adat still continues to play a role in every local context, even if it has been treated with suspicion in many parts of Indonesia since the Dutch colonial administration began using it as a counterforce against Islam in order to implement their divide-and-rule strategy. With this article, I wish to shed some light on the complexities of Acehnese culture, as it encompasses numerous very distinct local cultures and this reflects on the general significance of culture for the construction and reconstruction of post-tsunami Aceh.
Vortrag im Rahmen des Symposiums der Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main in Kooperation mit der Frankfurter Buchmesse 2011 "Economy and Acceptance of Open Access Strategies", am 14.10.2011.
We analyze the implications of the governance structure in academic faculties for their recruitment decisions when competing for new researchers. The value to individual members through social interaction within the faculty depends on the average status of their fellow members. In recruitment decisions, incumbent members trade off the effect of entry on average faculty status against alternative uses of the recruitment budget if no entry takes place. We show that the best candidates join the best faculties but that they receive lower wages than some lesser ranking candidates. We also study the allocation of surplus created by the entry of a new faculty member and show that faculties with symmetric status distributions maximize their joint surplus under majority voting.
The spider fauna active on the bark of trees in forests on eight sites in different regions in Germany was investigated. Trunk eclectors at about 2-4 meters height on living trees were used in different regions of Germany (SW Bavaria, Hesse, Brandenburg) between 1990 and 2003. In Hesse eclectors were also used on dead beech trees (standing and lying). In this study data, mainly from beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies), from May to October are compared – whole year samples (including winter) are only available from Hesse. A total of 334 spider species were recorded with these bark traps, i.e. about one third of the spider species known from Germany. On average, each of the eight regions yielded 140.5 (± 26.2) species, each single tree 40.5 (± 12.2) species and 502 (±452) adult spiders per season (i.e. May to Oct.). The 20 most abundant species are listed and characterised in detail. Six of the 20 species were not known to be abundant on bark, three prefer conifers and three beech/broadleaf. Even in winter (December-March) there was a remarkably high activity on the trunks. However, only a few species occur exclusively or mainly in winter. Finally, the rarity of some bark spider species is discussed and details (all known records in Germany, phenology) of four of them are presented (Clubiona leucaspis, Gongylidiellum edentatum, Kratochviliella bicapitata, Oreonetides quadridentatus). The diversity and importance of the spider fauna on bark in Central Europe is still underestimated.
On behalf of myself and my colleagues Professor Dr. Klaus Günther and Professor Dr. Lorenz Schulz, it is my great pleasure to welcome you to the 25th World Congress of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (IVR) in Frankfurt am Main. ...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder frequent at old age characterized by atrophy of the nigrostriatal projection. Overexpression and A53T-mutation of the presynaptic, vesicle-associated chaperone alpha-synuclein are known to cause early-onset autosomal dominant PD. We previously generated mice with transgenic overexpression of human A53T-alpha-synuclein (A53T-SNCA) in dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons as a model of early PD. To elucidate the early and late effects of A53T-alpha-synuclein on the proteome of dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum, we now investigated expression profiles of young and old mice using two-dimensional fluorescence difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry. In total, 15 proteins were upregulated and 2 downregulated. Mice before the onset of motor anomalies showed an upregulation of the spot containing 14-3-3 proteins, in particular the epsilon isoform, as well as altered levels of chaperones, vesicle trafficking and bioenergetics proteins. In old mice, the persistent upregulation of 14-3-3 proteins was aggravated by an increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) suggesting astrogliosis due to initial neurodegeneration. Independent immunoblots corroborated GFAP upregulation and 14-3-3 upregulation for the epsilon isoform, and also detected significant eta and gamma changes. Only for 14-3-3 epsilon a corresponding mRNA increase was observed in midbrain, suggesting it is transcribed in dopaminergic perikarya and accumulates as protein in presynapses, together with A53T-SNCA. 14-3-3 proteins associate with alpha-synuclein in vitro and in pathognomonic Lewy bodies of PD brains. They act as chaperones in signaling, dopamine synthesis and stress response. Thus, their early dysregulation probably reflects a response to alpha-synuclein toxicity.
Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00702-011-0717-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Vinculada à tradição da Escola de Frankfurt (Horkheimer, Adorno, Habermas), a teoria de reconhecimento (Honneth) tem grande repercussão nas ciências sociais, pois propõe um novo tipo de fundamentação ética com vistas ao projeto de uma sociedade solidária e justa. Na pedagogia, porém,sua recepção é ainda modesta. O ensaio objetiva mudar a situação, querendo mostrar a importância da contribuição de Honneth para a práxis educativa. Primeiro, são apresentados alguns tópicos centrais da teoria. Depois, os conflitos entre as diretrizes ético-morais no trabalho profissional servem de exemplo para mostrar como a teoria de reconhecimento recorda aos pedagogos a necessidade de refletirem sobre o processo pedagógico como campo de experiência essencialmente social para os envolvidos.
In 2005 a team of Bulgarian zoologists started a project aiming to study the invertebrates inhabiting the deeper soil stratum (euedaphon) and the Superficial Underground Compartment (SUC) in Bulgaria. In the course of a four-year sampling, a total of 52 species of spiders were caught from 19 collecting sites and 9 geographical regions. They belong to the following families: Scytodidae (1), Segestriidae (1), Dysderidae (8), Nesticidae (1), Anapidae (1), Theridiidae (1), Linyphiidae (20), Agelenidae (3), Cybaeidae (1), Dictynidae (2), Amaurobiidae (2), Liocranidae (3), Corinnidae (1), Zodariidae (1), Gnaphosidae (5), and Salticidae (1). The family Anapidae, with the species Zangherella relicta (Kratochvíl, 1935) is recorded from three sites in the Pirin and Slavyanka mountains, and this represents the first record of the family, genus and species in Bulgaria. In spite of the active investigations of the epigean and cave spiders in these regions over the years Z. relicta was not found and it seems it occurs only in deeper subterranean habitats and nowhere else. Comparative study of almost topotypic specimens of Z. relicta from Montenegro with those collected from Bulgaria showed no variation in the shape of palp and female vulvae. Until the true identity of Z. apuliae (Caporiacco, 1949) from Italy is revealed, it remains unclear whether Z. relicta and Z. apuliae are conspecific, as it remains unclear whether the older records of Z. apuliae from the Balkan Peninsula refer to this species or to Z. relicta. Pelecopsis mengei (Simon, 1884) (Linyphiidae) and Scotolathys simplex Simon, 1884 (Dictynidae) are also reported from Bulgaria for the first time, the latter being also new to FYR of Macedonia. A faunistic overview of the spiders found in these underground environments is made, along with remarks on the distribution and ecology of some rare and interesting species. The presence of cave-dwelling and superficial spiders in the sampled sites indicates that SUC and euedaphon are inhabited by different ecotypes, e.g. litter-(tanathostromic), soil-(edaphic) and cave-(troglobitic) which at some places co-occur.
The monotypic aesaline genus Lucanobium Howden and Lawrence (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) was previously known only from Venezuela. A second species is here described as new from French Guiana, extending the range of the genus approximately 1800 km to the southeast. The generic description of Lucanobium is updated with respect to the discovery of a second species.
A revision of the genus Gymnetina Casey, 1915 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini)
(2011)
The genus Gymnetina Casey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini) is redescribed and revised. Three new species and one new subspecies are described: G. borealis Warner and Ratcliffe, G. grossepunctata Ratcliffe and Warner, G. howdeni Warner and Ratcliffe, and G. cretacea sundbergi Warner and Ratcliffe. Gymnetina salicis (Bates), new status, is removed from synonymy with G. cretacea (LeConte), and G. alboscripta (Janson) is transferred from Gymnetis MacLeay to Gymnetina becoming Gymnetina alboscripta (Janson), new combination. Redescriptions of previously known species, a key for identification, and illustrations of the six species are provided. A brief biogeographical analysis suggests that ancestral taxa dispersed northwards from Guatemala and Mexico to the southwestern United States.
The alticine genera Hemiphrynus Horn 1889 and Phrynocepha Baly 1861 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are reviewed and their status clarified. Both genera and all previously known species are redescribed. Four new species of Hemiphrynus are described: H. barri, H. corrugatus, H. smithi, and H. sydneyae. Six new species of Phrynocepha are described: P. australis, P. kendrae, P. marciae, P. natalieae, P. pseudocapitata, and P. pueblae. The following new combination is proposed: Hemiphrynus elongatus (Jacoby 1884) transferred from Phrynocepha. Hemiphrynus sulcatipennis Jacoby 1891 and H. tenuicornis Jacoby 1891 are reinstated in Hemiphrynus, incertae sedis. Hemiphrynus elongatus is recorded from New Mexico, a new record for the United States. Lectotypes are here designated for the following species: H. elongatus, H. intermedius (Jacoby 1884), H. sulcatipennis, H. tenuicornis, P. capitata Jacoby 1884, P. deyrollei Baly 1876, and P. pulchella Baly 1861. A key to differentiate the two genera and keys to the species in both genera are provided. Host records are given for a few species of both Hemiphrynus and Phrynocepha. Distribution maps are presented for all species.
The miniaturization of electronics is reaching its limits. Structures necessary to build integrated circuits from semiconductors are shrinking and could reach the size of only a few atoms within the next few years. It will be at the latest at this point in time that the physics of nanostructures gains importance in our every day life. This thesis deals with the physics of quantum impurity models. All models of this class exhibit an identical structure: the simple and small impurity only has few degrees of freedom. It can be built out of a small number of atoms or a single molecule, for example. In the simplest case it can be described by a single spin degree of freedom, in many quantum impurity models, it can be treated exactly. The complexity of the description arises from its coupling to a large number of fermionic or bosonic degrees of freedom (large meaning that we have to deal with particle numbers of the order of 10^{23}). An exact treatment thus remains impossible. At the same time, physical effects which arise in quantum impurity systems often cannot be described within a perturbative theory, since multiple energy scales may play an important role. One example for such an effect is the Kondo effect, where the free magnetic moment of the impurity is screened by a "cloud" of fermionic particles of the quantum bath.
The Kondo effect is only one example for the rich physics stemming from correlation effects in many body systems. Quantum impurity models, and the oftentimes related Kondo effect, have regained the attention of experimental and theoretical physicists since the advent of quantum dots, which are sometimes also referred to as as artificial atoms. Quantum dots offer a unprecedented control and tunability of many system parameters. Hence, they constitute a nice "playground" for fundamental research, while being promising candidates for building blocks of future technological devices as well.
Recently Loss' and DiVincenzo's p roposal of a quantum computing scheme based on spins in quantum dots, increased the efforts of experimentalists to coherently manipulate and read out the spins of quantum dots one by one. In this context two topics are of paramount importance for future quantum information processing: since decoherence times have to be large enough to allow for good error correction schemes, understanding the loss of phase coherence in quantum impurity systems is a prerequisite for quantum computation in these systems. Nonequilibrium phenomena in quantum impurity systems also have to be understood, before one may gain control of manipulating quantum bits.
As a first step towards more complicated nonequilibrium situations, the reaction of a system to a quantum quench, i.e. a sudden change of external fields or other parameters of the system can be investigated. We give an introduction to a powerful numerical method used in this field of research, the numerical renormalization group method, and apply this method and its recent enhancements to various quantum impurity systems.
The main part of this thesis may be structured in the following way:
- Ferromagnetic Kondo Model,
- Spin-Dynamics in the Anisotropic Kondo and the Spin-Boson Model,
- Two Ising-coupled Spins in a Bosonic Bath,
- Decoherence in an Aharanov-Bohm Interferometer.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable disorder of complex and heterogeneous aetiology. It is primarily characterized by altered cognitive ability including impaired language and communication skills and fundamental deficits in social reciprocity. Despite some notable successes in neuropsychiatric genetics, overall, the high heritability of ASD (~90%) remains poorly explained by common genetic risk variants. However, recent studies suggest that rare genomic variation, in particular copy number variation, may account for a significant proportion of the genetic basis of ASD. We present a large scale analysis to identify candidate genes which may contain low-frequency recessive variation contributing to ASD while taking into account the potential contribution of population differences to the genetic heterogeneity of ASD. Our strategy, homozygous haplotype (HH) mapping, aims to detect homozygous segments of identical haplotype structure that are shared at a higher frequency amongst ASD patients compared to parental controls. The analysis was performed on 1,402 Autism Genome Project trios genotyped for 1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We identified 25 known and 1,218 novel ASD candidate genes in the discovery analysis including CADM2, ABHD14A, CHRFAM7A, GRIK2, GRM3, EPHA3, FGF10, KCND2, PDZK1, IMMP2L and FOXP2. Furthermore, 10 of the previously reported ASD genes and 300 of the novel candidates identified in the discovery analysis were replicated in an independent sample of 1,182 trios. Our results demonstrate that regions of HH are significantly enriched for previously reported ASD candidate genes and the observed association is independent of gene size (odds ratio 2.10). Our findings highlight the applicability of HH mapping in complex disorders such as ASD and offer an alternative approach to the analysis of genome-wide association data.
This article shows that there exist two particular linear orders such that first-order logic with these two linear orders has the same expressive power as first-order logic with the Bit-predicate FO(Bit). As a corollary we obtain that there also exists a built-in permutation such that first-order logic with a linear order and this permutation is as expressive as FO(Bit).
Seit einigen Jahrzehnten ist Lysozym eines der am meisten erforschten Proteine in der Literatur und wird hauptsächlich als Modell Protein zur Aufklärung der Faltungs- und Entfaltungsprozesse genutzt. Da die Frage nach Fehlfaltung und deren Verknüpfung mit neurodegenerativen Krankheiten bis zum heutigen Tag nicht vollständig geklärt ist, besteht hier ein großer Spielraum für weitere Forschungsansätze. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden daher zwei Modellsysteme verwendet, Hühereiweiß-Lysozym und menschliches Lysozym, jeweils in ihrem nicht-nativen ungefalteten Zustand. Diese ungefalteten Ensembles wurden mit Hilfe NMR spektroskopischer Methoden untersucht und ergaben sehr detaillierte, zum Teil auch überraschende neue Einblicke in Struktur und Dynamik der beiden Proteine und liefern somit wichtige Erkenntnisse zu Faltungs- und Aggregationsprozessen. ...
A new gymnophthalmid lizard of the genus Anadia Gray, 1845 is described from the summit of Abakapá-tepui, Bolívar State, Venezuela, between 2200-2242 m elevation. The new species, Anadia mcdiarmidi sp. nov., is endemic to the Chimantá Massif and seemingly also occurs on Amurí-tepui and Murei-tepui. The new taxon is mainly distinguished from all known congeners by the following combination of characters: body fairly robust, dorsal scales small and quadrangular, middorsal scales 53-57, suboculars large, subequal in size, with sometimes one scale slightly protruding downward between 4th and 5th supralabial, nasal entire, without sub-nostril groove, body uniform beige or greyish to bluish brown in life, devoid of any conspicuous pattern in males, venter immaculate golden grey in life, femoral pores 9-10 on each side in males, preanal pores absent, hemipenis globose, weakly bilobed, bordered by numerous fl ounces (>20) bearing comblike rows of minute weakly mineralized spinules. The presence of a species of Anadia, a primarily Andean genus, on the top of tepuis is of considerable interest to the understanding of the Pantepui biogeography.
Neoma, a new genus of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Prioninae: Macrotomini) is described for Mallodonopsis corrosus Bates, 1879, compared to related genera (Aplagiognathus Thomson, 1861; Archodontes Lameere, 1903; and Mallodonopsis Thomson, 1861), and its tribal position discussed. A lectotype for Mallodonopsis corrosus is here designated with the species redescribed and figured.
A second genus and species of Nearctic keroplatid fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea: Keroplatidae: Macrocerinae) attributed to the tribe Robsonomyiini is described: Calusamyia hribari Coher, n. gen., n. sp.. The relationship of this fly from the Florida Keys with Asian genera and species and the single Nearctic described form of the robsonomyiines is briefly discussed.
This paper presents an analysis of the recent tropospheric molecular hydrogen (H2) budget with a particular focus on soil uptake and European surface emissions. A variational inversion scheme is combined with observations from the RAMCES and EUROHYDROS atmospheric networks, which include continuous measurements performed between mid-2006 and mid-2009. Net H2 surface flux, then deposition velocity and surface emissions and finally, deposition velocity, biomass burning, anthropogenic and N2 fixation-related emissions were simultaneously inverted in several scenarios. These scenarios have focused on the sensibility of the soil uptake value to different spatio-temporal distributions. The range of variations of these diverse inversion sets generate an estimate of the uncertainty for each term of the H2 budget. The net H2 flux per region (High Northern Hemisphere, Tropics and High Southern Hemisphere) varies between −8 and +8 Tg yr−1. The best inversion in terms of fit to the observations combines updated prior surface emissions and a soil deposition velocity map that is based on bottom-up and top-down estimations. Our estimate of global H2 soil uptake is −59±9 Tg yr−1. Forty per cent of this uptake is located in the High Northern Hemisphere and 55% is located in the Tropics. In terms of surface emissions, seasonality is mainly driven by biomass burning emissions. The inferred European anthropogenic emissions are consistent with independent H2 emissions estimated using a H2/CO mass ratio of 0.034 and CO emissions within the range of their respective uncertainties. Additional constraints, such as isotopic measurements would be needed to infer a more robust partition of H2 sources and sinks.
The anaerobic acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii employs a novel type of Na+-motive anaerobic respiration, caffeate respiration. However, this respiration is at the thermodynamic limit of energy conservation, and even worse, in the first step, caffeate is activated by caffeyl-CoA synthetase, which hydrolyzes ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate. Here, we have addressed whether or not the energy stored in the anhydride bond of pyrophosphate is conserved by A. woodii. Inverted membrane vesicles of A. woodii have a membrane-bound pyrophosphatase that catalyzes pyrophosphate hydrolysis at a rate of 70–120 milliunits/mg of protein. Pyrophosphatase activity was dependent on the divalent cation Mg2+. In addition, activity was strictly dependent on Na+ with a Km of 1.1 mm. Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate was accompanied by 22Na+ transport into the lumen of the inverted membrane vesicles. Inhibitor studies revealed that 22Na+ transport was primary and electrogenic. Next to the Na+-motive ferredoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase (Fno or Rnf), the Na+-pyrophosphatase is the second primary Na+-translocating enzyme in A. woodii.
DEAD-box proteins are enzymes endowed with nucleic acid-dependent ATPase, RNA translocase and unwinding activities. The human DEAD-box protein DDX3 has been shown to play important roles in tumor proliferation and viral infections. In particular, DDX3 has been identified as an essential cofactor for HIV-1 replication. Here we characterized a set of DDX3 mutants biochemically with respect to nucleic acid binding, ATPase and helicase activity. In particular, we addressed the functional role of a unique insertion between motifs I and Ia of DDX3 and provide evidence for its implication in nucleic acid binding and HIV-1 replication. We show that human DDX3 lacking this domain binds HIV-1 RNA with lower affinity. Furthermore, a specific peptide ligand for this insertion selected by phage display interferes with HIV-1 replication after transduction into HelaP4 cells. Besides broadening our understanding of the structure-function relationships of this important protein, our results identify a specific domain of DDX3 which may be suited as target for antiviral drugs designed to inhibit cellular cofactors for HIV-1 replication.
In the title compound, C15H14N2O4, (I), the molecule lies on a twofold rotation axis which passes through the central C atom of the aliphatic chain, giving one half-molecule per asymmetric unit. The structure is a monoclinic polymorph of the triclinic structure previously reported [Brito, Vallejos, Bolte & López-Rodríguez (2010). Acta Cryst. E66, o792], (II). The most obvious difference between them is the O/C/C/C—O/C/C/C torsion angle [58.2 (7)° in (I) and 173.4 (3)/70.2 (3)° in (II) for GG and TG conformations, respectively]. Another important difference is observed in the dihedral angle between the planes of the aromatic rings [86.49 (7)° for (I) and 76.4 (3)° for (II)]. The crystal structure features a weak pi–pi interaction [centroid–centroid distance = 4.1397 (10)Å]; this latter kind of interaction is not evident in the triclinic polymorph.
Recently, new soil data maps were developed, which include vertical soil properties like soil type. Implementing those into a multilayer Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) scheme, discontinuities in the water content occur at the interface between dissimilar soils. Therefore, care must be taken in solving the Richards equation for calculating vertical soil water fluxes. We solve a modified form of the mixed (soil water and soil matric potential based) Richards equation by subtracting the equilibrium state of soil matrix potential ψE from the hydraulic potential ψh. The sensitivity of the modified equation is tested under idealized conditions. The paper will show that the modified equation can handle with discontinuities in soil water content at the interface of layered soils.
We propose a model of the dynamics of organizational communication. Our model specifies the mechanics by which communication impact is fed back to communication inputs and closes the gap between sender and receiver of messages. We draw on language critique, a branch of language philosophy, and derive joint linguistic actions of interlocutors to explain the emergence and adaptation of communication on the group level. The model is framed by Te'eni's cognitive-affective model of organizational communication.
Este texto tem por objetivo recontextualizar uma das teorias literárias mais produtivas surgidas na segunda metade do século XX, na medida em que ela interagiu com conceitos filosóficos amadurecidos na mesma época. Em particular, pretendemos discutir o modo como a Estética da Recepção, desenvolvida ao longo dos anos 1960 e 1970, na Universidade de Konstanz, pôde e ainda pode proporcionar iluminações à literatura quando associada aos estudos de Jürgen Habermas junto à Escola de Frankfurt, também ao longo daquelas décadas e das seguintes.
A história da imagem perdida
(2011)
Recent phylogenomic studies have failed to conclusively resolve certain branches of the placental mammalian tree, despite the evolutionary analysis of genomic data from 32 species. Previous analyses of single genes and retroposon insertion data yielded support for different phylogenetic scenarios for the most basal divergences. The results indicated that some mammalian divergences were best interpreted not as a single bifurcating tree, but as an evolutionary network. In these studies the relationships among some orders of the super-clade Laurasiatheria were poorly supported, albeit not studied in detail. Therefore, 4775 protein-coding genes (6,196,263 nucleotides) were collected and aligned in order to analyze the evolution of this clade. Additionally, over 200,000 introns were screened in silico, resulting in 32 phylogenetically informative long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) insertion events.
The present study shows that the genome evolution of Laurasiatheria may best be understood as an evolutionary network. Thus, contrary to the common expectation to resolve major evolutionary events as a bifurcating tree, genome analyses unveil complex speciation processes even in deep mammalian divergences. We exemplify this on a subset of 1159 suitable genes that have individual histories, most likely due to incomplete lineage sorting or introgression, processes that can make the genealogy of mammalian genomes complex.
These unexpected results have major implications for the understanding of evolution in general, because the evolution of even some higher level taxa such as mammalian orders may sometimes not be interpreted as a simple bifurcating pattern.
This paper presents new data, characteristic features, standard body measurements and illustrations of the rare European linyphiid spider Glyphesis taoplesius Wunderlich, 1969; which is recorded here for the first time in Slovakia. The species was found with high abundance in pitfall traps exposed in a floodplain forest near a water reservoir in the lowland Podunajská rovina.
RcsF, a proposed auxiliary regulator of the regulation of capsule synthesis (rcs) phosphorelay system, is a key element for understanding the RcsC-D-A/B signaling cascade, which is responsible for the regulation of more than 100 genes and is involved in cell division, motility, biofilm formation, and virulence. The RcsC-D-A/B system is one of the most complex bacterial signal transduction pathways, consisting of several membrane-bound and soluble proteins. RcsF is a lipoprotein attached to the outer membrane and plays an important role in activating the RcsC-d-A/B pathway. The exact mechanism of activation of the rcs phosphorelay by RcsF, however, remains unknown. We have analyzed the sequence of RcsF and identified three structural elements: 1) an N-terminal membrane-anchored helix (residues 3-13), 2) a loop (residues 14-48), and 3) a C-terminal folded domain (residues 49-134). We have determined the structure of this C-terminal domain and started to investigate its interaction with potential partners. Important features of its structure are two disulfide bridges between Cys-74 and Cys-118 and between Cys-109 and Cys-124. To evaluate the importance of this RcsF disulfide bridge network in vivo, we have examined the ability of the full-length protein and of specific Cys mutants to initiate the rcs signaling cascade. The results indicate that the Cys-74/Cys-118 and the Cys-109/Cys-124 residues correlate pairwise with the activity of RcsF. Interaction studies showed a weak interaction with an RNA hairpin. However, no interaction could be detected with reagents that are believed to activate the rcs phosphorelay, such as lysozyme, glucose, or Zn(2+) ions.
A Dirty Game
(2011)
Mayor Foti is accused of killing his predecessor by a veteran journalist whom he desperately wants dead. He hires assassins to kill the journalist only for the assassins to kill his own son instead. As a consummate embezzler of public funds, Mayor Foti is determined to be filthy rich and above the law. He sends his other son to Germany to assist with siphoning abroad of stolen money. For how long will Mayor Foti have the last laugh? Heavy drinking and a cardiac arrest are waiting round the corner. Whom for? Here indeed is a dirty game!
The emergence of Capitalism is said to always lead to extreme changes in the structure of a society. This view implies that Capitalism is a universal and unique concept that needs an explicit institutional framework and should not discriminate between a German or US Capitalism. In contrast, this work argues that the ‘ideal type’ of Capitalism in a Weberian sense does not exist. It will be demonstrated that Capitalism is not a concept that shapes a uniform institutional framework within every society, constructing a specific economic system. Rather, depending on the institutional environment - family structures in particular - different forms of Capitalism arise. To exemplify this, the networking (Guanxi) Capitalism of contemporary China will be presented, where social institutions known from the past were reinforced for successful development. It will be argued that especially the change, destruction and creation of family and kinship structures are key factors that determined the further development and success of the Chinese economy and the type of Capitalism arising there. In contrast to Weber, it will be argued that Capitalism not necessarily leads to a process of destruction of traditional structures and to large-scale enterprises under rational, bureaucratic management, without leaving space for socio-cultural structures like family businesses. The flexible global production increasingly favours small business production over larger corporations. Small Chinese family firms are able to respond to rapidly changing market conditions and motivate maximum efforts for modest pay. The structure of the Chinese family proved to be very persistent over time and to be able to accommodate diverse economic and political environments while maintaining its core identity. This implies that Chinese Capitalism may be an entirely new economic system, based on Guanxi and the family.
A CW RFQ prototype
(2011)
A short RFQ prototype was built for RF-tests of high power RFQ structures. We will study thermal effects and determine critical points of the design. HF-simulations with CST Microwave Studio and measurements were done. The cw-tests with 20 kW/m RF-power and simulations of thermal effects with ALGOR were finished successfully. The optimization of some details of the HF design is on focus now. First results and the status of the project will be presented.
The Frankfurt Neutron Source at the Stern-Gerlach-Zentrum is driven by a 2 MeV proton linac consisting of a 4-rod-radio-frequency-quadrupol (RFQ) and an 8 gap IH-DTL structure. RFQ and IH cavity will be powered by only one radio frequency (RF) amplifier to reduce costs. The RF-amplifier of the RFQ-IH combination is coupled into the RFQ. Internal inductive coupling along the axis connects the RFQ with the IH cavity ensuring the required power transition as well as a fixed phase relation between the two structures. The main acceleration of 120 keV up to 2.03 MeV will be reached by the RFQ-IH combination with 175 MHz and at a total length of 2.3 m. The losses in the RFQ-IH combination are about 200 kW.
In this paper we analyze the semantics of a higher-order functional language with concurrent threads, monadic IO and synchronizing variables as in Concurrent Haskell. To assure declarativeness of concurrent programming we extend the language by implicit, monadic, and concurrent futures. As semantic model we introduce and analyze the process calculus CHF, which represents a typed core language of Concurrent Haskell extended by concurrent futures. Evaluation in CHF is defined by a small-step reduction relation. Using contextual equivalence based on may- and should-convergence as program equivalence, we show that various transformations preserve program equivalence. We establish a context lemma easing those correctness proofs. An important result is that call-by-need and call-by-name evaluation are equivalent in CHF, since they induce the same program equivalence. Finally we show that the monad laws hold in CHF under mild restrictions on Haskell’s seq-operator, which for instance justifies the use of the do-notation.
Introduction: Encouraged by the change in licensing regulations the practical professional skills in Germany received a higher priority and are taught in medical schools therefore increasingly. This created the need to standardize the process more and more. On the initiative of the German skills labs the German Medical Association Committee for practical skills was established and developed a competency-based catalogue of learning objectives, whose origin and structure is described here.
Goal of the catalogue is to define the practical skills in undergraduate medical education and to give the medical schools a rational planning basis for the necessary resources to teach them.
Methods: Building on already existing German catalogues of learning objectives a multi-iterative process of condensation was performed, which corresponds to the development of S1 guidelines, in order to get a broad professional and political support.
Results: 289 different practical learning goals were identified and assigned to twelve different organ systems with three overlapping areas to other fields of expertise and one area of across organ system skills. They were three depths and three different chronological dimensions assigned and the objectives were matched with the Swiss and the Austrian equivalent.
Discussion: This consensus statement may provide the German faculties with a basis for planning the teaching of practical skills and is an important step towards a national standard of medical learning objectives.
Looking ahead: The consensus statement may have a formative effect on the medical schools to teach practical skills and plan the resources accordingly.
Background: Alterations in the DNA methylation pattern are a hallmark of leukemias and lymphomas. However, most epigenetic studies in hematologic neoplasms (HNs) have focused either on the analysis of few candidate genes or many genes and few HN entities, and comprehensive studies are required. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we report for the first time a microarray-based DNA methylation study of 767 genes in 367 HNs diagnosed with 16 of the most representative B-cell (n = 203), T-cell (n = 30), and myeloid (n = 134) neoplasias, as well as 37 samples from different cell types of the hematopoietic system. Using appropriate controls of B-, T-, or myeloid cellular origin, we identified a total of 220 genes hypermethylated in at least one HN entity. In general, promoter hypermethylation was more frequent in lymphoid malignancies than in myeloid malignancies, being germinal center mature B-cell lymphomas as well as B and T precursor lymphoid neoplasias those entities with highest frequency of gene-associated DNA hypermethylation. We also observed a significant correlation between the number of hypermethylated and hypomethylated genes in several mature B-cell neoplasias, but not in precursor B- and T-cell leukemias. Most of the genes becoming hypermethylated contained promoters with high CpG content, and a significant fraction of them are targets of the polycomb repressor complex. Interestingly, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemias show low levels of DNA hypermethylation and a comparatively large number of hypomethylated genes, many of them showing an increased gene expression. Conclusions/Significance: We have characterized the DNA methylation profile of a wide range of different HNs entities. As well as identifying genes showing aberrant DNA methylation in certain HN subtypes, we also detected six genes—DBC1, DIO3, FZD9, HS3ST2, MOS, and MYOD1—that were significantly hypermethylated in B-cell, T-cell, and myeloid malignancies. These might therefore play an important role in the development of different HNs.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been associated with sensory hypersensitivity. A recent study reported visual acuity (VA) in ASD in the region reported for birds of prey. The validity of the results was subsequently doubted. This study examined VA in 34 individuals with ASD, 16 with schizophrenia (SCH), and 26 typically developing (TYP). Participants with ASD did not show higher VA than those with SCH and TYP. There were no substantial correlations of VA with clinical severity in ASD or SCH. This study could not confirm the eagle-eyed acuity hypothesis of ASD, or find evidence for a connection of VA and clinical phenotypes. Research needs to further address the origins and circumstances associated with altered sensory or perceptual processing in ASD.
Introduction: Current prognostic gene expression profiles for breast cancer mainly reflect proliferation status and are most useful in ER-positive cancers. Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are clinically heterogeneous and prognostic markers and biology-based therapies are needed to better treat this disease.
Methods: We assembled Affymetrix gene expression data for 579 TNBC and performed unsupervised analysis to define metagenes that distinguish molecular subsets within TNBC. We used n = 394 cases for discovery and n = 185 cases for validation. Sixteen metagenes emerged that identified basal-like, apocrine and claudin-low molecular subtypes, or reflected various non-neoplastic cell populations, including immune cells, blood, adipocytes, stroma, angiogenesis and inflammation within the cancer. The expressions of these metagenes were correlated with survival and multivariate analysis was performed, including routine clinical and pathological variables.
Results: Seventy-three percent of TNBC displayed basal-like molecular subtype that correlated with high histological grade and younger age. Survival of basal-like TNBC was not different from non basal-like TNBC. High expression of immune cell metagenes was associated with good and high expression of inflammation and angiogenesis-related metagenes were associated with poor prognosis. A ratio of high B-cell and low IL-8 metagenes identified 32% of TNBC with good prognosis (hazard ratio (HR) 0.37, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.61; P < 0.001) and was the only significant predictor in multivariate analysis including routine clinicopathological variables.
Conclusions: We describe a ratio of high B-cell presence and low IL-8 activity as a powerful new prognostic marker for TNBC. Inhibition of the IL-8 pathway also represents an attractive novel therapeutic target for this disease.
A catalogue of aphidiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) associated with various aphids species occurring in India was compiled. The present catalogue with 125 species under 22 genera has been further reinforced with not only all the latest taxonomic changes but also host names, host plants, distribution in India etc.
The subject of this paper is a recent comic movie version of Dante's "Comedy": a 2007 puppet and toy theatre adaptation of the "Inferno" directed by Sean Meredith. It is certainly not the first time that Dante and his theatre of hell appear in this kind of environment. Mickey Mouse has followed Dante's footsteps and very recently a weird bunch of prehistoric animals went a similar path: in part three of the blockbuster "Ice Age" (2009), a new, lippy guide character named Buck uses several Dante quotes and the whole strange voyage can be described as a Dantesque descent into dinosaur hell. In the following pages Ronald de Rooy argues that Meredith's version of Dante's "Inferno" is not only funny and entertaining, but that it is also surprisingly innovative if we compare it to other literature and movies which project Dante's hell or parts of it onto the modern metropolis.
Does an increase in the cover/abundance of Callitris glaucophylla or Callitris endlicheri affect the number of species recorded in plots (species density) or do other factors such as altitude or logging, fire or grazing history have greater explanatory power? This was tested using survey data from 1351 plots from northern New South Wales. Altitude was found to have the greatest explanatory power in predicting the number of species per plot. Increasing cover/abundance of Callitris glaucophylla was found to be positively correlated with increasing species density. Fire was found to have a minor negative effect on species density in Callitris glaucophylla stands and grazing a small positive correlation in Callitris endlicheri stands.
A Bayesian framework to estimate diversification rates and their variation through time and space
(2011)
Background: Patterns of species diversity are the result of speciation and extinction processes, and molecular phylogenetic data can provide valuable information to derive their variability through time and across clades. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods offer a promising framework to incorporate phylogenetic uncertainty when estimating rates of diversification.
Results: We introduce a new approach to estimate diversification rates in a Bayesian framework over a distribution of trees under various constant and variable rate birth-death and pure-birth models, and test it on simulated phylogenies. Furthermore, speciation and extinction rates and their posterior credibility intervals can be estimated while accounting for non-random taxon sampling. The framework is particularly suitable for hypothesis testing using Bayes factors, as we demonstrate analyzing dated phylogenies of Chondrostoma (Cyprinids) and Lupinus (Fabaceae). In addition, we develop a model that extends the rate estimation to a meta-analysis framework in which different data sets are combined in a single analysis to detect general temporal and spatial trends in diversification.
Conclusions: Our approach provides a flexible framework for the estimation of diversification parameters and hypothesis testing while simultaneously accounting for uncertainties in the divergence times and incomplete taxon sampling.
Este artigo tem como propósito a contextualização do romance "A Pianista", de Elfriede Jelinek, no âmbito de uma tradição literária austríaca caracterizada pela visão crítica da sociedade e de seus conflitos, da qual fizeram parte grandes expoentes das letras deste país no período entre-guerras. Se no pós-guerra o establishment literário austríaco empenhou-se pelo estabelecimento de um consenso social por meio da difusão de uma ideologia harmonística, que visava reinstaurar elementos da sociedade habsburga na 2ª. República, o ressurgimento de uma literatura de rebeldia e estranhamento na Áustria da década de 1980 pode ser compreendido como uma reação a este projeto de restauração de um ideário anacrônico. Neste sentido, a confrontação, em "A Pianista", entre Erika Kohut, sua mãe e Walter Klemmer pode ser uma representação metafórica de conflitos próprios de uma sociedade dividida entre o apego às glórias de uma tradição cultural que se deseja preservar e o assédio permanente de uma massmedia globalizada e estruturada sobre parâmetros que estão em oposição diametral a esta tradição. Ao mesmo tempo, busca-se contextualizar as visões de mundo e formas de comportamento representadas no romance no âmbito da chamada 'Österreich Ideologie', onde surgem como princípios de convívio social herdados da ideologia habsburga, e que permanecem como substratos parcialmente anacrônicos e parcialmente ilusórios na cultura austríaca dos anos 1980.
Zentraler Gegenstand der Tagung waren die disziplinären Aneignungen der ethnografischen Herangehensweise in der Ethnologie und der Soziologie. Der Tagungsbericht sammelt die auf der Tagung debattierten Differenzen und Ähnlichkeiten und sichtet die tiefer liegenden, systematischen Unterschiede entlang der ethnografischen Trias von Feld, Site und Gegenstand. Mit Blick auf eine geplante Folgetagung identifizieren die Autoren Schlüsselthemen für die weitere Debatte.
Vom 17. bis 19. Februar 2011 luden Jens Eder, Joseph Imorde und Maike Sarah Reinerth für die Filmwissenschaft / Mediendramaturgie der Universität Mainz und die Kunstgeschichte der Universität Siegen Forscher und Forscherinnen unterschiedlicher Disziplinen zu einem Workshop mit dem Thema "Medium Menschenbild" ein. Förderer waren der Forschungsschwerpunkt "Medienkonvergenz" der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz und das Labor Neue Kunst Siegen. Ziel der Tagung war, das grundsätzliche Verhältnis von Medialität und Menschenbild zu analysieren, die Spezifik medial vermittelter Menschenbilder im interdisziplinären Austausch zu diskutieren sowie auf die in ihnen implizit enthaltenen konzeptuellen Vorstellungen hinzuweisen. ...
Schließlich untersuchte die Kunsthistorikerin HELEN BARR (Frankfurt am Main) den "neuen Menschen" in Werbeanzeigen illustrierter Zeitschriften der 1920er-Jahre. Das breite Spektrum der Werbung für Pflegeprodukte und Genussmittel suggeriere Orientierungshilfe in der urbanisierten Welt und propagiere ideale Menschenbilder der Moderne. ...
Es war eine in jeder Hinsicht außergewöhnliche Tagung, die Ende Oktober 2010 in Marbach stattfand. 20 renommierte Historiker/innen kamen zusammen, um an ihren akademischen Lehrer und Mentor Wolfgang J. Mommsen zu erinnern. Jeder sollte, so die Vorgabe der beiden Organisatoren Christoph Cornelißen und Gerhard Hirschfeld, aus seinem Forschungsfeld berichten und den Einfluss Mommsens auf diesen Themengebieten einschätzen und beschreiben. Der entsprechende Tagungsband mit den Beiträge konnte bereits auf der Konferenz vorgestellt werden. Zugegen war auch die Familie Mommsen und ebenso der Zwillingsbruder Hans Mommsen. ...
Das Buch "Qualitative Evaluation" zeigt Schritt für Schritt die Vorgehensweise und stellt damit in sehr anwendungsorientierter Form das Handwerkszeug für eine qualitative Evaluation zur Verfügung. So werden Lesende in die Lage versetzt, eine solche Evaluation auch bei geringen Vorkenntnissen durchzuführen, wobei damit das Risiko verbunden sein kann, dass bei der Interpretation der Befunde wichtige Voraussetzungen für das Gelingen einer qualitativen Studie wie Verwurzelung der Interpretation im tatsächlich aufgezeichneten Text vernachlässigt werden.
Die genannte Publikation fokussiert auf eine mehrdimensionale Problematik, deren fachliche Betrachtung eine längere Tradition in der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft hat. Trotzdem gelingt es den Autoren, die Problematik aus neuen Perspektiven zu beleuchten und auf neue Ansätze hinzuweisen. Damit schaffen sie eine innovative und richtungsgebende Grundlage für die Kollokationsforschung.
What happened to Jews in areas annexed to Nazi Germany between 1935 and 1941? In what ways was their persecution similar or different from that of Jews in the old Reich? What do we learn about the Nazi regime more generally by examining anti-Jewish policies in the annexed areas? This elegant volume explains how the unique demographic, economic, and social situation in each area annexed to the Third Reich played out in antisemitic policies. For some areas, such as Memel, Eupen-Malmedy, and Alsace, it offers the first overview of the persecution of Jews in a particular area. In other locations, such as Austria and East Upper Silesia, the volume presents a stellar overview of areas of the Final Solution that scholars have already well documented. But as the editors' introduction underscores, the real strength of the volume is that it examines the cases together. This, in turn, reinforces insights into some of the fundamental dynamics of the Final Solution, including the role of local initiative and the transfer of Nazi persecution practices from one area to another.
[Rezension zu:] Wilhelm Amann, Georg Mein u. Rolf Parr (Hg.): Gegenwartsliteratur und Globalisierung
(2011)
Rezension zu Wilhelm Amann, Georg Mein u. Rolf Parr (Hg.): Gegenwartsliteratur und Globalisierung. Konstellationen - Konzepte - Perspektiven. Heidelberg (Synchron) 2010. 360 S.
Der vorliegende Band ist das Ergebnis der Tagung "Globalisierung und deutschsprachige Gegenwartsliteratur. Konstellationen, Konzepte, Perspektiven" im Dezember 2008 an der Universität Luxemburg. Wie bei einem solchen Projekt zu erwarten, bietet der Band einen (durchaus positiv zu wertenden) inhomogenen Einblick in den aktuellen Stand der Forschung zum "Konzeptschlagwort" Globalisierung.
Rezension zu Uta Degener u. Norbert Christi an Wolf (Hg.): Der neue Wettstreit der Künste. Legitimation und Dominanz im Zeichen der Intermedialität. Bielefeld (Transcript) 2010. 269 S.
Im Konnex der Intermedialitätsdebatte werfen die Herausgeber einleitend die Frage nach der künstlerischen Dominanz wie auch der gesellschaftlichen Legitimität distinkter Kommunikationsmedien auf, worauf auch der Fokus dieses Sammelbandes gerichtet ist.
Es ist schon erstaunlich: Da richtet ein Verlag eine sich ausschließlich an Fortgeschrittene wendende Reihe ein, vertreibt die über recht spezielle Themen handelnden Bände zu für Privatleute prohibitiven Preisen zwischen 100 und 160 Euro und kann dennoch innerhalb von nur vier Jahren (bis Sept. 2010) nicht weniger als 23 Publikationen vorlegen. Offensichtlich rechnet sich das bei einem international agierenden und mit den "Companions" wohl primär auf wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken zielenden Haus: eine gute Sache bei selbst für diese Institutionen schlechtem Preis. Ob es – bei einer bisherigen gewissen Schwerpunktsetzung in Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit – um theologische Quodlibeta im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert, um Wyclif und Gerson oder um katholische Aufklärung geht, stets enthalten die Bände acht bis fünfzehn Beiträge einschlägig ausgewiesener Autoren samt Einführung, (teilweiser) Konklusion und Auswahlbibliographie der Herausgeber. Jedes Buch soll die Summe des Forschungsstands darstellen, und recht selbstbewusst spricht man im Untertitel der Reihe von "A series of handbooks and reference works". ...
L’histoire sociale du haut Moyen Âge occidental s’est longtemps intéressée, de manière pour ainsi dire exclusive, aux classes supérieures de la société, d’une part, et au système de domination de base, de l’autre. Les niveaux inférieurs de pouvoir, la variété des systèmes de domination et, par conséquent, la multiplicité des modes de relations unissant les hommes du haut Moyen Âge les uns aux autres ne se sont que récemment imposés comme autant d’objets de recherche fondamentaux. C’est donc dans une perspective relativement neuve et originale que s’inscrit la thèse consacrée aux communautés locales bavaroises entre les VIII e et X e siècles, soutenue par Thomas Kohl à l’université Johannes Guttenberg de Mayence en juillet 2008 et parue chez Thorbecke en 2010. ...
Der Sammelband enthält die Vorträge einer altertumswissenschaftlichen Tagung, die unter gleichem Titel am Freiburger Antike-Zentrum (dort auch "Antikenzentrum" genannt) stattfand und an der Historiker, Kirchenhistoriker, Philologen und Philosophen teilgenommen haben. ...
Hartmut Leppin dokumentiert exemplarisch das Eindringen christlichen Geistes in das traditionelle Kaiserbild. ...
Rezension zu Theisohn, Philipp: Plagiat. Eine unoriginelle Literaturgeschichte. Stuttgart (Kröner) 2009. 591 S.
Eine "Mentalitätsgeschichte" verspricht Philipp Theisohn in seiner Einleitung - "sie enthüllt nicht, sondern beobachtet vielmehr, wie sich Enthüllungen und Verhüllungen von Textvergehen im Laufe der Jahrhunderte entwickeln." (XII). Es gilt zu wissen, "in welcher Weise, unter welchen Umständen, zu welcher Zeit und mit welchen Folgen der Mensch auf die Vorstellung des Plagiats verfällt." (XIII) Auf dem Weg durch die Literaturgeschichte hin zu diesem Wissen sollen drei Thesen überprüft werden (3):
1. Zu einem Plagiat gehören immer drei Beteiligte: ein Plagiierter, ein Plagiator und die Öffentlichkeit.
2. Plagiate entstehen dadurch, dass man sich von ihnen erzählt.
3. Plagiate verhandeln grundsätzlich ein "inneres" Verhältnis von Text und Autor.
[Rezension zu:] Sabine Coelsch-Foisner u. Dorothea Flothow: High Culture and/versus Popular Culture
(2011)
Rezension zu Sabine Coelsch-Foisner u. Dorothea Flothow: High Culture and/versus Popular Culture. Heidelberg (Universitätsverlag Winter) 2009 (= Wissenschaft und Kunst; Bd. 12). 208 S.
Das Verhältnis von Hoch- und Populärkultur beschäftigt weder die Literaturwissenschaft noch die Kulturtheorie erst seit jüngster Zeit. Doch jenseits einer Wertungskritik a la Killy, Broch oder Adorno/Horkheimer einerseits und eines die Grenzüberwindung postulierenden Kulturoptimismus' im Sinne Susan Sontags oder Umberto Ecos Rechtfertigung der Massenkultur andererseits, bietet diese Distinktion immer noch genug Anlaß zur Diskussion und Auseinandersetzung, wie der die Beiträge der im Jahr 2007 in Salzburg stattgefundenen 18. 'British Cultural Studies Conference' in Auswahl umfassende Band belegt. Ziel der Konferenz war es, so die Herausgeberinnen, "to explore the relationship between high culture and popular culture in terms of dynamic processes." Im Band wird dieses Vorhaben mehr oder minder eingelöst durch 13 insgesamt recht blasse Fallstudien, denen zwei theoretische Beiträge vorangestellt sind.
Der Band Grundfragen der Literaturwissenschaft. Theorien, Methoden, Tendenzen. Teil I. von Roman Mikuláš und Andrea Mikulášová ist ein Einführungswerk in die Literaturwissenschaft, wie sie sich in den deutschsprachigen Ländern entwickelte. Auf dem deutschen Buchmarkt gibt es schon mehrere ähnliche Publikationen, die eine Einführung in die Literaturwissenschaft zu vermitteln versuchen. Der Band von Roman Mikuláš und Andrea Mikulášová unterscheidet sich jedoch in mehreren Punkten. Die Betonung auf germanistische Literaturwissenschaft stellt eine Eingrenzung dar, die sich als sehr interessant erweist. Die einzelnen Philologien entwickeln freilich ihre eigenen theoretischen Ansätze. Sie rezipieren auch theoretische Zugänge aus anderen Philologien oder Disziplinen unterschiedlich. Diese Tatsache wird in den meisten Einführungen in die Literaturwissenschaft nicht genügend berücksichtigt (inklusive der den einzelnen Philologien gewidmeten). Der vorliegende Band erfasst gerade diese Besonderheiten der germanistischen Literaturwissenschaft auf empfindsame Art und Weise.
Rezension zu Robert Matthias Erdbeer: Die Signatur des Kosmos. Epistemische Poetik und die Genealogie der Esoterischen Moderne. Berlin, New York (de Gruyter) 2010 (= Studien zur deutschen Literatur, Bd. 190). 766 S.
Friedrich Schlegels Würdigung der schriftstellerischen Leistungen Georg Forsters bietet Anlaß zur einleitenden Exposition des Themas dieser groß angelegten Studie, einer Tübinger Dissertation, die qualitativ wie quantitativ den Vergleich mit Habilitationsschriften bestens aushält: In den Blick rücken Schreibweisen, die inhaltlich zwar auf die Vermittlung von Wissen über die Welt, insbesondere über die Natur, abzielen, damit aber ästhetische Merkmale und Arrangements verbinden, die sie der literarischen Sphäre naherücken lassen.
Rezension zu Peter Schnyder: Alea. Zählen und Erzählen im Zeichen des Glücksspiels 1650-1850. Göttingen (Wallstein Verlag) 2009. 436 S.
Wenn man sich mit der bedeutenden Rolle beschäftigt, die der Zufall in der Literatur und Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts von Dada über John Cage bis hin zu von Zufallsgeneratoren hergestellten Werken spielt, übersieht man leicht die gut zweihundertjährige Vorgeschichte, in der der Zufall und das untrennbar mit ihm verbundene Glücksspiel bereits durch die Literatur geisterte. Die ab der Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts zu beobachtende wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit Zufall und Wahrscheinlichkeit blieb nicht ohne Auswirkungen auf die Literatur - und vice versa: neue Narrative führten zur Veränderung der Sicht auf die Möglichkeiten der Vorhersehbarkeit der Zukunft. Das Glücksspiel wurde zum gängigen Motiv in literarischen Texten, und auch die formale Ebene (Handlungsführung, Erzählweise u. ä.) blieb von den Überlegungen zu den Geheimnissen des Weltlaufs nicht unberührt. In seiner Züricher Habilitationsschrift widmet sich Peter Schnyder eben der Frage, wie die Glücksspielmetapher "zu einer der zentralen (Des-)Orientierungsmetaphern der Moderne" und zum Inbegriff des Irrationalen und Abenteuerlichen wurde, sowie der durch die verstärkte Kontingenzerfahrung ausgelösten Krise des Erzählens.
Im zu besprechenden Buch stellt P. Kögler (im Folgenden K.) unterschiedliche Gattungen der Feinkeramik von Knidos vor, die den Zeitraum vom mittleren Hellenismus bis in die mittlere Kaiserzeit abdecken. Die Keramik wurde sowohl in lokalen Töpfereien in Knidos gefertigt als auch importiert, wobei der Importanteil etwa 5% des bearbeiteten Materials ausmacht. Das von K. behandelte Fundmaterial stammt aus den amerikanischen Altgrabungen von 1967 bis 1977 in Knidos und wurde an verschiedenen Stellen aufbewahrt; ein Teil lagert im Grabungsdepot in Knidos, ein anderer Teil im Museumsdepot in Bodrum, allerdings ist das Material nicht mehr vollständig vorhanden. Die Grabungsdokumentation war dementsprechend nicht mit jener einer sorgfältig durchgeführten Grabung zu vergleichen: Weder die bedeutenden Funde aus dem Ofenschutt einer Töpferwerkstatt in der südlichen Nekropole in Knidos noch andere geschlossene Fundkomplexe, die für die Keramikforschung von Bedeutung gewesen wären, wurden damals zufriedenstellend dokumentiert.
Trotz dieser ungünstigen Umstände widmete das archäologische Institut der Universität zu Frankfurt auf Einladung des damaligen Grabungsleiters in den Jahren 1992-1996 der Bearbeitung der Keramikfunde aus den Altgrabungen ein Forschungsprojekt, in dem das Fundmaterial geordnet, dokumentiert und in sinnvollen Teilbereichen zur Publikation vorbereitet wurde. ...
An der Wirtschaftsuniversität Bratislava hat das Sprachstudium eine lange Tradition. Gleich nach der Gründung der Universität 1940 begann man am Institut für Fremdsprachen mit dem Studium von 6 Fremdsprachen, die einen Pflichtteil des Studiums bildeten. Das Interesse für die Fremdsprachen war an der Universität immer groß, die Kurse wurden spezialisiert, qualifizierte Lehrer eingestellt und neue, aktuelle Lehrbücher erstellt.
In den letzten Jahren entstanden mehrere spezielle Lehrbücher, Lehrmaterialien und Wörterbücher, die auf Wirtschaftsdeutsch und Ökonomie ausgerichtet waren. Oft waren die Autorinnen E. Ondrčková und D. Lišková, die seit vielen Jahren am Fremdsprachenzentrum der Wirtschaftsuniversität Bratislava tätig waren. Heute sind sie Hochschuldozentinnen an der Fakultät für angewandte Sprachen. Ihre langjährigen Erfahrungen im Unterrichten des Wirtschaftsdeutschen implementierten sie auch in das vorliegende Hochschullehrbuch. Das Lehrbuch ist für die Studenten aller Fakultäten der Wirtschaftsuniversität bestimmt, die die deutsche Wirtschaftssprache erlernen. Geeignet ist das Lehrbuch auch für Manager in der Betriebspraxis, die ihre Grundkenntnisse aus der deutschen Wirtschaftssprache erweitern und festigen möchten. Die Arbeitnehmer in den Firmen haben meistens keine Zeit für den Besuch von Fachkursen. So können sie sich in ihrer Freizeit im Selbststudium mit dem Deutschen beschäftigen. Für diesen Zweck ist das Buch sehr gut geeignet. Die Lösungen der Übungen findet der Benutzer im Schlüssel und die Fachlexik im Glossar, das sich im Anhang des Buches befindet. Es beinhaltet den Wortschatz, der sowohl in den Texten als auch in den Übungen zu finden ist.
Rezension zu Michael Niehaus: Das Buch der wandernden Dinge. Vom Ring des Polykrates bis zum entwendeten Brief. München (Hanser) 2009. 406 S.
"Die Geschichte eines wandernden Dinges kann dazu bestimmt werden, das Ding mit Bedeutung zu beladen, zu befrachten. Doch was geschieht mit dieser akkumulierten Bedeutung, wenn die Geschichte am Ende ist?"(159), fragt Michael Niehaus mitten in seiner groß angelegten Studie zu wandernden Dingen in Literatur und Film.
Rezension zu Martin Schüwer: Wie Comics erzählen. Grundriss einer intermedialen Erzähltheorie der grafischen Literatur. Trier (WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier) 2008 (= WVT-Handbücher und Studien zur Medienkulturwissenschaft; Bd. 1). 574 S.
Mit seiner 2006 an der Universität Gießen eingereichten Dissertation, die hier in der Druckfassung vorliegt, hat sich der Verf. nicht weniger zum Ziel gesetzt als die Formulierung einer "modifizierten Erzähltheorie, mithin einer Theorie nicht mehr des sprachlichen, sondern des visuellen Erzählens" anhand des Mediums Comic.
Die allzu berühmte römische Wölfin gehört einer Gruppe von Bronzeplastiken an, deren Überleben dem Umstand geschuldet ist, dass sie im Mittelalter am römischen Lateranpalast, der Papstresidenz, ausgestellt waren, bevor sie 1471 bzw. 1538 auf das Kapitol und somit in den Besitz der römischen Kommune gelangten. Seit ihrer Restaurierung bei Ende der neunziger Jahre wurden erste Zweifel laut, ob es sich bei dieser lange Zeit der etruskischen Kunst zugeordneten Tierfigur tatsächlich um einen antiken Bronzeguß handeln könne. Die italienische Archäologin Anna Maria Carruba hat diese Skepsis in ihrer Monographie La Lupa Capitolina: un bronzo medievale im Jahre 2006 zu der vor allem auf technische Befunde gestützten These verdichtet, die Lupa sei zwischen dem 9. und 15. Jahrhundert entstanden. Gerade aufgrund stilistischer Erwägungen stieß diese Vermutung bei den italienischen Archäologen auf nachdrückliche Vorbehalte. Mit dem hier anzuzeigenden, unter reißerischen Titel und gleich auf zwei Sprachen daherkommenden Band mischt sich nun auch die überwiegend in Deutschland verankerte Forschung in diese Diskussion ein. ...
The reviewed tome gathers 25 studies written by Germanists, historians and German, Austrian, Romanian, Czechoslovak and Hungarian writers. These studies are focused onto the German literature in the South-Western Europe and aim to reveal the background in which various prosperous literary center appeared in several regions of the above mentioned geographic area, but also the characteristic features, the main ways of development and the contribution of some outstanding
personalities.
Rezension zu Konrad Meisig (Hg.): Ruhm und Unsterblichkeit. Heldenepik im Kulturvergleich. Wiesbaden (Harrassowitz) 2010. VII u. 194 S.
Es ist erstaunlich, wie schmal die neuere Forschungsliteratur zu jenem literarischen Genre ist, das bis ins 18. Jh. die Dignitätsrangliste der Gattungen anführte: das Epos. Wenngleich dieser Terminus mit den Spielarten Lehrgedicht, geistliches oder allegorisches Epos, mock-heroic u. a. deutlich mehr Optionen umfasst, assoziiert die Literaturgeschichte doch zumeist das sogenannte Heldenepos. So war es eine sinnvolle und zugleich lückenfüllende Initiative, im Sommersemester 2007 eine Ringvorlesung an der Universität Mainz der Heldenepik im Kulturvergleich zu widmen. Die zwölf Beiträge des Sammelbandes sind denn auch grundsätzlich nach dem Maß einer Vorlesung dimensioniert. Sie sind chronologisch angeordnet und behandeln einerseits "gesetzte", kanonische Texte der Heldenepik wie die Werke Homers und Vergils, andererseits aber wenig bekannte Paradigmen aus außereuropäischen Literaturen bzw. exzentrischere Beispiele, an denen sich die Spannbreite des Heroisch-Epischen beweist.
Rezension zu Klimek, Sonja: Paradoxes Erzählen. Die Metalepse in der phantastischen Literatur. Paderborn (mentis) 2010 (= Explicatio. Analytische Studien zur Literatur und Literaturwissenschaft). S 442.
Sonja Klimek versucht in ihrer Arbeit, die im Jahr 2009 als Dissertation an der 'Université de Neuchâtel' angenommen wurde, eine - wie sie ihre Einleitung betitelt - "Annäherung an ein (nicht nur) literarisches Phänomen": die Metalepse.
Un nouvel ouvrage sur la période de l’unification allemande! Certains se demanderont si l’on peut encore écrire quelque chose d’intéressant sur un sujet aussi rebattu. Eh bien oui: de nombreux spécialistes ont été convoqués sur la question lors d’un colloque d’historiens qui s’est tenu à Dresde en 2008 et l’on trouve ici leurs 37 contributions. C’est une excellente synthèse. ...
Das Leben und Wirken des Burgunderherzogs Karls des Kühnen ist zwar gut erforscht. Dennoch bot es sich an, im Rahmen der unter anderem in Bern gezeigten Ausstellung im Frühjahr 2008 eine begleitende wissenschaftliche Tagung zu organisieren. Der hier zu besprechende Band vereinigt nun die Tagungsbeiträge ausgewiesener Spezialistinnen und Spezialisten auf gelungene Art und Weise und in ansprechender Form. ...
Professeur émérite d’histoire médiévale à l’Université libre de Berlin, spécialiste d’Hugues de Saint-Victor et d’Henri le Lion, mais aussi de la société et de la culture médiévales, de l’Europe du haut Moyen Âge et de la France des Capétiens, l’auteur propose ici un petit livre qui fournit un excellent aperçu du devenir de la chevalerie entre les XI e et XV e siècles: origine, évolution et finalement déclin de l’ordo militaris dans l’espace européen. Il s’agit d’une belle approche d’une réalité et de ses représentations rituelles et symboliques, à travers notamment Hastings, les croisades, les joutes et les tournois. ...
Das Buch von Joachim Ehlers enthält der Zielsetzung der Reihe "Wissen" entsprechend eine relativ kurze und kompakte monographische Darstellung des Hundertjährigen Krieges, bei der die Aufgabe der Wissensvermittlung im Vordergrund steht. Damit hat es für deutsche Leser dieselbe Funktion, die in Frankreich die in einem sehr ähnlichen Format erscheinenden Bände der Reihe "Que sais-je?" erfüllen. Dort wurde eine vergleichbare Darstellung des Hundertjährigen Krieges von Philippe Contamine (La guerre de Cent ans, 9. aktualisierte Auflage, Paris 2010) veröffentlicht. ...