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The lightest supersymmetric particle, most likely the lightest neutralino, is one of the most prominent particle candidates for cold dark matter (CDM). We show that the primordial spectrum of density fluctuations in neutralino CDM has a sharp cut-off, induced by two different damping mechanisms. During the kinetic decoupling of neutralinos, non-equilibrium processes constitute viscosity effects, which damp or even absorb density perturbations in CDM. After the last scattering of neutralinos, free streaming induces neutralino flows from overdense to underdense regions of space. Both damping mechanisms together define a minimal mass scale for perturbations in neutralino CDM, before the inhomogeneities enter the non- linear epoch of structure formation. We find that the very first gravitationally bound neutralino clouds ought to have masses above 10-6M , which is six orders of magnitude above the mass of possible axion miniclusters.
We calculate open charm and charmonium production in Au + Au reac- tions at ps = 200 GeV within the hadron-string dynamics (HSD) transport approach employing open charm cross sections from pN and N reactions that are fitted to results from PYTHIA and scaled in magnitude to the available experimental data. Charmonium dissociation with nucleons and formed mesons to open charm (D + ¯D pairs) is included dynamically. The comover dissociation cross sections are described by a simple phase-space model including a single free parameter, i.e. an interaction strength M2 0 , that is fitted to the J/ suppression data for Pb + Pb collisions at SPS energies. As a novel feature we implement the backward channels for char- monium reproduction by D ¯D channels employing detailed balance. From our dynamical calculations we find that the charmonium recreation is com- parable to the dissociation by comoving mesons. This leads to the final result that the total J/ suppression at ps = 200 GeV as a function of centrality is slightly less than the suppression seen at SPS energies by the NA50 Collaboration, where the comover dissociation is substantial and the backward channels play no role. Furthermore, even in case that all di- rectly produced J/ mesons dissociate immediately (or are not formed as a mesonic state), a sizeable amount of charmonia is found asymptotically due to the D + ! J/ + meson channels in central collisions of Au + Au at ps = 200 GeV which, however, is lower than the J/ yield expected from f pp collis ns.
A significant drop of the vector meson masses in nuclear matter is observed in a chiral SU(3) model due to the e ects of the baryon Dirac sea. This is taken into account through the summation of baryonic tadpole diagrams in the relativistic Hartree approximation. The appreciable decrease of the in-medium vector meson masses is due to the vacuum polarisation e ects from the nucleon sector and is not observed in the mean field approximation.
We introduce a model for the real-time evolution of a relativistic fluid of quarks coupled to non-equilibrium dynamics of the long wavelength (classical) modes of the chiral condensate. We solve the equations of motion numerically in 3+1 spacetime dimensions. Starting the evolution at high temperature in the symmetric phase, we study dynamical trajectories that either cross the line of first-order phase transitions or evolve through its critical endpoint. For those cases, we predict the behavior of the azimuthal momentum asymmetry for highenergy heavy-ion collisions at nonzero impact parameter.
The J/psi yield at midrapidity at the top RHIC (relativistic heavy ion collider) energy is calculated within the statistical coalescence model, which assumes charmonium formation at the late stage of the reaction from the charm quarks and antiquarks created earlier in hard parton collisions. The results are compared to the new PHENIX data and to predictions of the standard models, which assume formation of charmonia exclusively at the initial stage of the reaction and their subsequent suppression. Two versions of the suppression scenario are considered. One of them assumes gradual charmonium suppression by comovers, while the other one supposes that the suppression sets in abruptly due to quark-gluon plasma formation. Surprisingly, both versions give very similar results. In contrast, the statistical coalescence model predicts a few times larger J/psi yield in the most central collisions.
The SENECA model, a new hybrid approach to air shower simulations, is presented. It combines the use of efficient cascade equations in the energy range where a shower can be treated as one-dimensional, with a traditional Monte Carlo method which traces individual particles. This allows one to reproduce natural fluctuations of individual showers as well as the lateral spread of low energy particles. The model is quite efficient in computation time. As an application of the new approach, the influence of the low energy hadronic models on shower properties for AUGER energies is studied. We conclude that these models have a significant impact on the tails of lateral distribution functions, and deserve therefore more attention.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Zellulare Neuronale Netzwerke (CNN) zur nichtlinearen Signalanalyse bei der Prädiktion hirnelektrischer Signale bei Epilepsie herangezogen. Die invasiven Aufnahmen hirnelektrischer Aktivität liegen zeitlich diskretisiert vor, sodaß ein zeitdiskretes Netzwerk (DTCNN) eingesetzt werden konnte. Die parallele Struktur von CNN konnte zur simultanen Untersuchung von sechs Elektroden genutzt werden, mit denen die hirnelektrische Aktivität aufgenommen wurde. Insbesondere ist die direkte Wechselwirkung der einzelnen Zellen untereinander durch eine lokale Nachbarschaft gegeben. In den durchgeführten Untersuchungen wurde zunächst festgestellt, daß für ein DTCNN, das ausgehend vom aktuellen Zeitpunkt den Signalwert des nächsten Zeitpunktes prädizieren soll, eine Prädiktionsordnung größer als zwei keine wesentliche Minimierung des Prädiktionsfehlers nach sich zieht. Daher wurde ein DTCNN mit zeitlich verzögerten Zellzuständen eingesetzt, wobei die Definitionsweise von Roska und Chua [21] im Rahmen dieser Arbeit für beliebige Prädiktionsordnungen erweitert wurde. Da bei einer Prädiktionsschrittweite größer als eins eine deutliche Erhöhung des Prädiktionsfehlers festgestellt werden konnte, wurde diese im folgenden gleich eins gewählt. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, daß bei Verwendung polynomialer Kopplungsfunktionen der Grad der Nichtlinearität gleich drei gewählt werden kann, da eine weitere Erhöhung des Grades der Nichtlinearität zu keineren weiteren Minimierung des Prädiktionsfehlers geführt hat. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Programm entwickelt, das aus den Aufnahmen der hirnelektrischen Aktivität einzelne Elektroden extrahieren kann, sodaß die Meßwerte dem DTCNN präsentiert werden konnten. Mit Hilfe des zugrundegelegten DTCNN konnte der zeitliche Verlauf der hirnelektrischen Aktivität von sechs Elektroden simultan prädiziert werden. Eine Analyse des zeitlichen Verlaufes des Prädiktionsfehlers ließ vor einem epileptischen Anfall keine signifikanten Änderungen erkennen. Daher wurde ein Programm entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe der zeitliche Verlauf der Parameter des verwendeten DTCNN analysiert und deutliche Änderungen aufgezeigt werden können. Es konnten Berechnungsmethoden, hier die lokale Mittelwertbildung und die Gradientenberechnung, gefunden und an den jeweils untersuchten Patienten angepaßt werden, sodaß diese Änderungen der Parameter deutlicher hervorgehoben wurden. Bei zwei der vier Patienten konnten signifikante Änderungen des zeitlichen Verlaufes der Parameter des untersuchten DTCNN festgestellt werden, die vor dem Auftreten des epileptischen Anfalls liegen und somit als Vorläufer eines epileptischen Anfalls betrachtet werden können. Die Untersuchung eines dritten Patienten zeigte deutliche Änderungen der analysierten Parameter, die zeitlich mit dem Beginn des epileptischen Anfalls übereinstimmen. Bei einem vierten Patienten konnten signifikante Änderungen des zeitlichen Verlaufes der Parameter vor dem epileptischen Anfall nur dann festgestellt werden, wenn der betrachtete Datensatz hirnelektrischer Aktivität während des Auftretens eines Anfalls aufgenommen wurde. Wurde stattdessen die Aufnahme von zwei epileptischen Anfällen, die kurz hintereinander auftraten, analysiert, so konnten keine signifikanten Änderungen des Verlaufes der Parameter gefunden werden.
Das in der Plasmamembran tierischer Zellen vorkommende Enzym "Na+/K+-ATPase" setzt katalytisch ATP in ADP um. Als transmembranes Protein vollführt es während der Katalyse einen elektrogenen Zyklus von Konformationsänderungen, wobei 3 intrazelluläre Na+ gegen 2 extrazelluläre K+ ausgetauscht werden, und besitzt damit die Funktion eines primär aktiven Ionentransporters. Bisherige Aktivitätsmessungen, z.B. von B. Vilsen (Vilsen, 1994), an dem in Lösung befindlichen Enzym ergaben deutliche pH-Abhängigkeiten der Aktivität, die auf eine intrazelluläre Wechselwirkung des Protons mit der ATPase zurückgeführt wurden. Im Rahmen der hier vorliegenden Arbeit war nun die Frage zu klären, inwieweit der extrazelluläre pH-Wert auf die Transportfunktion der in der Membran liegenden Na+/K+-ATPase einen Einfluß ausübt. Es wurden daher elektrophysiologische Messungen mit dem Two-Elektrode-Voltage-Clamp-Verfahren und dem Giant-Patch-Clamp-Verfahren an der Zellmembran von Oozyten des Xenopus laevis durchgeführt und die pH-Abhängigkeit von durch die Na+/K+-ATPase verursachten transmembranen stationären als auch transienten Ionenströmen analysiert. Die stationären (steady-state) Ströme sind ein Maß für die Pumpaktivität, während die transienten auf Partialreaktionen des Enzyms schließen lassen. Die elektrophysiologischen Messungen wurden an der ouabainsensitiven und der ouabainresistenten Na+/K+-ATPase des Torpedo californica durchgeführt. Als Expressionssystem diente die Oozyte des Xenopus laevis. Die Messungen wurden mit Hilfe des Two-Elektrode-Voltage-Clamp-Verfahrens sowie des Giant-Patch-Clamp-Verfahrens durchgeführt. Um eine pH-Abhängigkeit zu untersuchen, wurden steady-state- als auch transiente Ströme bei den pH-Werten pH6, pH7,5 und pH9 gemessen. Als Pumenströme wurden die K+-aktivierbaren oder Ouabain-inhibierbaren Stromkomponenten betrachtet. Zunächst wurde die pH-Abhängigkeit von Pumpenströmen der im normalen Modus arbeitenden, ouabainsensitiven Na+/K+-ATPase untersucht. Die Pumpenströme wurden durch [K+]a=5mM aktiviert und durch [K+]a=0mM inhibiert. Die Messungen in einem natriumfreien extrazellulären Medium ergaben eine ausgeprägte pH-Abhängigkeit der Strom-Spannungskennlinien der Pumpenströme. Dieser Effekt wurde zum großen Teil auf einen, bei J.Rettinger (Rettinger, 1996) beschriebenen, Protonen-Einwärtsstrom zurückgeführt. Durch eine Korrektur konnten die vom Protoneneinwärtsstrom unbeeinflußten Pumpenströme analysiert werden, und es zeigte sich Potentialunabhängigkeit der Strom-Spannungskennlinien bei pH6 und pH9, während bei pH7,5 Potentialabhängigkeit (positive Steigung im negativen Potentialbereich) zu erkennen war. Dies wurde auf eine protonierbare im "access-channel" angenommene Stelle zurückgeführt, welche dann einen Einfluß auf die Affinität der Kationenbindung ausüben könnte. In hochnatriumhaltigem extrazellulären Medium (100mM) war dieser pH abhängige Effekt nicht nachweisbar, die Strom-Spannungskennlinien folgten dem schon bekannten Verlauf (Rakowski et al., 1997) mit einer positiven Steigung im negativen Potentialbereich. Weiterhin wurden transiente Ströme des Na/Na-Austausches sowohl an der ouabainsensitiven (OS) als auch an der ouabainresistenen (OR) Na+/K+-ATPase untersucht. Hierfür wurde in hochnatriumhaltigem (100mM) und kaliumfreiem extrazellulären Medium gemessen. Der Na/Na-Austausch der OS Pumpe wurde extrazellulär mit 100:M Ouabain inhibiert, während der der OR Pumpe mit 10mM Ouabain inhibiert wurde. Messungen mit dem Two-Elektrode-Voltag-Clamp-Verfahren ergaben auf Grund der zu geringen Zeitauflösung keine analysierbare pH-Abhängigkeit. Für die bei diesen Messungen festgestellte Ladungsverschiebung konnte eine effektive Wertigkeit von zq=0,80±0,02 ermittelt werden, was mit den Angaben von J. Rettinger et. al. (Rettinger et al., 1994) vergleichbar ist. Die Messungen mit dem Giant-Patch-Clamp-Verfahren an der OR und OS Pumpe ergaben für transiente Ströme einen relaxierenden Strom-Zeitverlauf, der einer Linearkombination aus drei unterschiedlich schnell relaxierenden Exponentialfunktionen mit verschiedenen Amplituden entspricht. Die Zeitkonstanten ließen keine signifikante pHAbhängigkeit erkennen. Ihre Werte lagen in den Bereichen 10-10 :s, 1-5ms und 10-200ms, wobei die am schnellsten relaxierende Funktion nicht analysiert werden konnten. Die langsam relaxierende Exponentialfunktion ließ sich der Konformationsänderung zuordnen, die mittelschnell relaxierende der extrazellulären Wechselwirkung mit den Na+-Ionen. Die Amplituden hingegen zeigten eine pH-Abhängigkeit. Im depolaren Potentialbereich hatten die Amplituden der mittelschnell relaxierenden Funktion bei pH6 eine größere Potentialabhängigkeit als bei pH9. Die Amplituden der langsam relaxierenden Funktion hatten im hyperpolaren Potentialbereich bei pH6 eine geringere Potentialabhängigkeit als bei höheren pH-Werten. Im ersten Fall könnte eine Protonierung an einer Stelle der ATPase die Potentialabhänigkeit über eine Veränderung des "accesschannels" verstärken, im zweiten Fall könnte diese in die Konformationsänderung eingebunden sein.
Accelerating cavities exchange HOM power through interconnecting beam pipes in case of signal frequencies above the cut-off of their propagating waveguide modes. This may lead either to improved HOM damping or - in the case most severe - to unwanted phase coherence of fields to the beam. Therefore the knowledge of the scattering properties of a cavity as a line element is needed to analyse all kinds of RF cavity-cavity interaction. Since there is a lack of measurement tools capable to provide a multidimensional scattering matrix at a given frequency point, we have been developing a method for this purpose. It uses a set of 2-port S-parameters of the device under test, embedded in a number of geometrically different RF environments. The application of the method is demonstrated with copper models of TESLA cavities.
A new method for the determination of S-matrices of devices in multimoded waveguides and first experimental experiences are presented. The theoretical foundations are given. The scattering matrix of a TESLA copper cavity at a frequency above the cut-off of the second waveguide mode has been measured.
The influence of high and low energy hadronic models on lateral distribution functions of cosmic ray air showers for Auger energies is explored. A large variety of presently used high and low energy hadron interaction models are analysed and the resulting lateral distribution functions are compared. We show that the slope depends on both the high and low energy hadronic model used. The models are confronted with available hadron-nucleus data from accelerator experiments.
We discuss the new data for the production of the psi meson in pA collisions at 450 GeV at CERNSPS (of the NA50-collaboration) [1]. We extract from the CERN data sigma(psi'N) 8 mb under the assumption that the psi is produced as a result of the space-time evolution of a point-like c¯c pair which expands with time to the full size of the charmonium state. In the analysis we assume the existence of a relationship between the distribution of color in a hadron and the cross section of its interaction with a nucleon. However, our result is rather sensitive to the pattern of the expansion of the wave packet and significantly larger values of sigma(psi'N)are not ruled out by the data. We show that recent CERN data confirm the suggestion of ref. [2] that color fluctuations of the strengths in charmonium-nucleon interaction are the major source of suppression of the J/psi yield as observed at CERN in both pA and AA collisions.
We evaluate the in-medium D and -meson masses in hot hadronic matter induced by interactions with the light hadron sector described in a chiral SU(3) model. The e ective Lagrangian approach is generalized to SU(4) to include charmed mesons. We find that the D-mass drops substantially at finite temperatures and densities, which open the channels of the decay of the charmonium states ( 2, c, J/ ) to D pairs in the thermal medium. The e ects of vacuum polarisations from the baryon sector on the medium modification of the D-meson mass relative to those obtained in the mean field approximation are investigated. The results of the present work are compared to calculations based on the QCD sum-rule approach, the quark-meson coupling model, chiral perturbation theory, as well as to studies of quarkonium dissociation using heavy quark potential from lattice QCD.
Abstract: The e ect of vacuum fluctuations on the in-medium hadronic properties is investigated using a chiral SU(3) model in the nonlinear realization. The e ect of the baryon Dirac sea is seen to modify hadronic properties and in contrast to a calculation in mean field approximation it is seen to give rise to a significant drop of the vector meson masses in hot and dense matter. This e ect is taken into account through the summation of baryonic tadpole diagrams in the relativistic Hartree approximation (RHA), where the baryon self energy is modified due to interactions with both the non-strange ( ) and the strange ( ) scalar fields.
The N/Z ratio of free nucleons from collisions of neutron-rich nuclei as a function of their momentum is studied by means of Isospin dependent Quantum Molecular Dynamics. We find that this ratio is not only sensitive to the form of the density dependence of the symmetry potential energy but also its strength determined by the symmetry energy coe cient. The uncertainties about the symmetry energy coe cient influence the accuracy of probing the density dependence of the symmetry energy by means of the N/Z ratio of free nucleons of neutron-rich nuclei.
Dynamics of strange, charm and high momentum hadrons in relativistic nucleus nucleus collisions
(2003)
We investigate hadron production and attenuation of hadrons with strange and charm quarks (or antiquarks) as well as high transverse momentum hadrons in relativistic nucleus-nucleus col- lisions from 2 A·GeV to 21.3 A·TeV within two independent transport approaches (UrQMD and HSD). Both transport models are based on quark, diquark, string and hadronic degrees of freedom, but do not include any explicit phase transition to a quark-gluon plasma. From our dynamical calculations we find that both models do not describe the maximum in the K+/ + ratio at 20 - 30 A·GeV in central Au+Au collisions found experimentally, though the excitation functions of strange mesons are reproduced well in HSD and UrQMD. Furthermore, the transport calculations show that the charmonium recreation by D + J/ + meson reactions is comparable to the dissociation by comoving mesons at RHIC energies contrary to SPS energies. This leads to the final result that the total J/ suppression as a function of centrality at RHIC should be less than the suppression seen at SPS energies where the comover dissociation is substantial and the backward channels play no role. Furthermore, our transport calculations in comparison to exper- imental data on transverse momentum spectra from pp, d+Au and Au+Au reactions show that pre-hadronic e ects are responsible for both the hardening of the hadron spectra for low transverse momenta (Cronin e ect) as well as the suppression of high pT hadrons. The mutual interactions of formed hadrons are found to be negligible in central Au+Au collisions at s = 200 GeV for pT e 6 GeV/c and the sizeable suppression seen experimentally is attributed to a large extent to the interactions of leading pre-hadrons with the dense environment.
Abstract: The measured particle ratios in central heavy-ion collisions at RHIC-BNL are investigated within a chemical and thermal equilibrium chiral SU(3) Ã É approach. The commonly adopted non-interacting gas calculations yield temperatures close to or above the critical temperature for the chiral phase transition, but without taking into account any interactions. In contrast, the chiral SU(3) model predicts temperature and density dependent effective hadron masses and effective chemical potentials in the medium and a transition to a chirally restored phase at high temperatures or chemical potentials. Three different parametrizations of the model, which show different types of phase transition behaviour, are investigated. We show that if a chiral phase transition occured in those collisions, freezing of the relative hadron abundances in the symmetric phase is excluded by the data. Therefore, either very rapid chemical equilibration must occur in the broken phase, or the measured hadron ratios are the outcome of the dynamical symmetry breaking. Furthermore, the extracted chemical freeze-out parameters differ considerably from those obtained in simple non-interacting gas calculations. In particular, the three models yield up to 35 MeV lower temperatures than the free gas approximation. The inmedium masses turn out to differ up to 150 MeV from their vacuum values.
Abstract: The medium modification of kaon and antikaon masses, compatible with low energy KN scattering data, are studied in a chiral SU(3) model. The mutual interactions with baryons in hot hadronic matter and the e ects from the baryonic Dirac sea on the K( ¯K ) masses are examined. The in-medium masses from the chiral SU(3) e ective model are compared to those from chiral perturbation theory. Furthermore, the influence of these in-medium e ects on kaon rapidity distributions and transverse energy spectra as well as the K, ¯K flow pattern in heavy-ion collision experiments at 1.5 to 2 A·GeV are investigated within the HSD transport approach. Detailed predictions on the transverse momentum and rapidity dependence of directed flow v1 and the elliptic flow v2 are provided for Ni+Ni at 1.93 A·GeV within the various models, that can be used to determine the in-medium K± properties from the experimental side in the near future.
Charmonium production and suppression in heavy-ion collisions at relativistic energies is investigated within di erent models, i.e. the comover absorption model, the threshold suppression model, the statistical coalescence model and the HSD transport approach. In HSD the charmonium dissociation cross sections with mesons are described by a simple phase-space parametrization including an e ective coupling strength |Mi|2 for the charmonium states i =Xc,J/psi, psi'. This allows to include the backward channels for charmonium reproduction by DD channels which are missed in the comover absorption and threshold suppression model employing detailed balance without introducing any new parameters. It is found that all approaches yield a reasonable description of J/psi suppression in S+U and Pb+Pb collisions at SPS energies. However, they di er significantly in the psi'/J/psi ratio versus centrality at SPS and especially at RHIC energies. These pronounced differences can be exploited in future measurements at RHIC to distinguish the hadronic rescattering scenarios from quark coalescence close to the QGP phase boundary.
By replacing the irises in an electron linac by a slit one gets a structure capable of focussing/defocussing an electron beam (rf-quadrupoles). Therefore one can think of a combination of rf- and conventional magnetic quadrupoles for transversal focussing in linear-colliders. Furthermore they can meet the demands of BNS-damping without initial energy spread. Considering multibunch-operation of a collider, the long-range wake behaviour of this kind of structure has to be investigated. A three-cell structure has been built and investigated for dipole-type transversal long-range wakes. The experimental results are compared to numerical simulations done with MAFIA.
The effect of a single HOM-damper cell within a channel of undamped cells is described theoretically using an equivalent circuit model. From this a simple equation can be derived which relates the Q-value of the single damping-cell, the bandwidth of the passband under consideration, and the additional phase shift which is introduced by the damper cell to provide energy flow into the damper cell. This equation immediately shows the limitations of such single cell damping systems. Comparisons with experimental results are shown.
Damping cells for the higher order modes are necessary for the S-band linear collider to minimize BBU (Beam-Break-Up). The construction of the damper cells has to take into account the different field geometries of the higher order modes. So two different types of dampers have been designed: a wall slotted an an iris slotted cell. In order to optimize the two types of damping cells with respect to damping strength, impedance matching between coupling system and waveguide dampers and between damping cell and undamped cells and the tuning system, damping cells of both types have been built and examinated.
Antibaryons bound in nuclei
(2004)
We study the possibility of producing a new kind of nuclear systems which in addition to ordinary nucleons contain a few antibaryons (B = p, , etc.). The properties of such systems are described within the relativistic mean field model by employing G parity transformed interactions for antibaryons. Calculations are first done for infinite systems and then for finite nuclei from 4He to 208Pb. It is demonstrated that the presence of a real antibaryon leads to a strong rearrangement of a target nucleus resulting in a significant increase of its binding energy and local compression. Noticeable e ects remain even after the antibaryon coupling constants are reduced by factor 3 4 compared to G parity motivated values. We have performed detailed calculations of the antibaryon annihilation rates in the nuclear environment by applying a kinetic approach. It is shown that due to significant reduction of the reaction Q values, the in medium annihilation rates should be strongly suppressed leading to relatively long lived antibaryon nucleus systems. Multi nucleon annihilation channels are analyzed too. We have also estimated formation probabilities of bound B + A systems in pA reactions and have found that their observation will be feasible at the future GSI antiproton facility. Several observable signatures are proposed. The possibility of producing multi quark antiquark clusters is discussed. PACS numbers: 25.43.+t, 21.10.-k, 21.30.Fe, 21.80.+a
A new method for measuring quality factors in cavities is presented. This method is capable of measuring Q-factors in heavily damped as well as in undamped cavities. In addition, the possibility of separating overlapping modes and measuring their Q-factors is provided. Measurements on HOM (higher order mode) damped cavities for the DESY/THD linear collider project are presented
We study the phase diagram of a generalized chiral SU(3)-flavor model in mean-field approxi- mation. In particular, the influence of the baryon resonances, and their couplings to the scalar and vector fields, on the characteristics of the chiral phase transition as a function of temperature and baryon-chemical potential is investigated. Present and future finite-density lattice calculations might constrain the couplings of the fields to the baryons. The results are compared to recent lattice QCD calculations and it is shown that it is non-trivial to obtain, simultaneously, stable cold nuclear matter.
A critical discussion of the present status of the CERN experiments on charm dynamics and hadron collective flow is given. We emphasize the importance of the flow excitation function from 1 to 50 A·GeV: here the hydrodynamic model has predicted the collapse of the v1-flow and of the v2-flow at 10 A·GeV; at 40 A·GeV it has been recently observed by the NA49 collaboration. Since hadronic rescattering models predict much larger flow than observed at this energy we interpret this observation as potential evidence for a first order phase transition at high baryon density B. A detailed discussion of the collective flow as a barometer for the equation of state (EoS) of hot dense matter at RHIC follows. Here, hadronic rescattering models can explain < 30% of the observed elliptic flow, v2, for pT > 2 GeV/c. This is interpreted as evidence for the production of superdense matter at RHIC with initial pressure far above hadronic pressure, p > 1 GeV/fm3. We suggest that the fluctuations in the flow, v1 and v2, should be measured in future since ideal hydrodynamics predicts that they are larger than 50 % due to initial state fluctuations. Furthermore, the QGP coe cient of viscosity may be determined experimentally from the fluctuations observed. The connection of v2 to jet suppression is examined. It is proven experimentally that the collective flow is not faked by minijet fragmentation. Additionally, detailed transport studies show that the awayside jet suppression can only partially (< 50%) be due to hadronic rescattering. We, finally, propose upgrades and second generation experiments at RHIC which inspect the first order phase transition in the fragmentation region, i.e. at µB 400 MeV (y 4 5), where the collapse of the proton flow should be seen in analogy to the 40 A·GeV data. The study of Jet-Wake-riding potentials and Bow shocks caused by jets in the QGP formed at RHIC can give further information on the equation of state (EoS) and transport coe cients of the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP).
We study the collective flow of open charm mesons and charmonia in Au + Au collisions at s = 200 GeV within the hadron-string-dynamics (HSD) transport approach. The detailed studies show that the coupling of D, mesons to the light hadrons leads to comparable directed and elliptic flow as for the light mesons. This also holds approximately for J/ mesons since more than 50% of the final charmonia for central and midcentral collisions stem from D + induced reactions in the transport calculations. The transverse momentum spectra of D, mesons and J/ s are only very moderately changed by the (pre-)hadronic interactions in HSD, which can be traced back to the collective flow generated by elastic interactions with the light hadrons. PACS-Nr. 25.75.-q, 13.60.Le, 14.40.Lb, 14.65.Dw
A scenario of heavy resonances, called massive Hagedorn states, is proposed which exhibits a fast (t H 1 fm/c) chemical equilibration of (strange) baryons and anti-baryons at the QCD critical temperature Tc. For relativistic heavy ion collisions this scenario predicts that hadronization is followed by a brief expansion phase during which the equilibration rate is higher than the expansion rate, so that baryons and antibaryons reach chemical equilibrium before chemical freeze-out occurs. PACS-Nr.: 12.38.Mh
To reach high luminosities in future linear colliders short range wakes havea to be controlled in the range of X-band frequencies or higher. Rectangular irises can be used to introduce strong focusing quadrupole-like rf-fields. Even circular irises in iris-loaded accelarator structures have the capability of focusing if the particle velocity differs from phase velocity. Theoretical investigations concerning the focusing strength to be expected are presented. Their applicability for linear colliders is discussed.
Mode propagation in an iris type accelerator section loaded with single heavily HOM-damped cells
(1994)
The wakefield effects in accelerator sections for future linear colliders will be reduced either by damping by detuning or by a combination of both. For the DESY/THD linac [1] it is forseen to employ heavily HOM-damped cells to provide a strong coupling to the TE/TM11-dipole passband as well as to the TM/TE11-dipole passband. For our experiments we have used wall-slotted damping cells. This leads to several problems concerning the propagation of fundamental and HOM-modes. Experimental investigations have been done. Results are presented.
A new method of measuring quality factors in cavities is presented. This method is well suited to measure quality factors in undamped cavities as well as in heavily damped cavities, and in addition this method provides a possibility of separating modes and measuring quality factors especially in cases of overlapping modes. Measurements have been carried out on HOM-damped cavities for the DESY/THD linear collider project. Results are presented.
Due to the additional need of very short bunches for the FEL operation with the TESLA-machine strong wakefield effects are expected. One third of the total wakefield energy per bunch is radiated into the frequency region above the energy gap of Cooper pairs in superconducting niobium. The energy of the cooper pairs in superconducting niobium at 2 K corresponds to a frequency of 700 GHz. An analytical and experimental estimation for the overall energy loss of the FEL bunch above energy gap is presented. The analytical method is based on a study from R. B. Palmer [1]. The results of the wakefield estimations are used to calculate possible quality factor reduction of the TESLA cavities during FEL operation. Results are presented.
The operation of a Free Electron Laser (FEL) in the ultraviolet or in the X-ray regime requires the acceleration of electron bunches with an rms length of 25 to 50 mikrometer. The wakefields generated by these sub picosecond bunches extend into the frequency range well beyond the threshold for Cooper pair breakup (about 750 GHz) in superconducting niobium at 2 K. It is shown, that the superconducting cavities can indeed be operated with 25 mikrometer bunches without suffering a breakdown of superconductivity (quench), however at the price of a reduced quality factor and an increased heat transfer to the superfluid helium bath. This was first shown by wakefield calculations based on the diffraction model [1]. In the meantime a more conventional method of computing wake fields in the time domain by numerical methods was developed and used for the wakefield calculations [2]. Both methods lead to comparable results: the operation of TESLA with 25 mikrometer bunches is possible but leads to an additional heat load due to the higher order modes (HOMs). Therefore HOM dampers for these high frequencies are under construction [3]. These dampers are located in the beam pipes between the 9-cell cavities. So it is of interest, if there are trapped modes in the cavity due to closed photon orbits. In this paper we investigate the existence of trapped modes and the distribution of heat load over the surface of the TESLA cavity by numerical photon tracking.
Robotic gesture recognition
(1998)
Robots of the future should communicate with humans in a natural way. We are especially interested in vision-based gesture interfaces. In the context of robotics several constraints exist, which make the task of gesture recognition particularly challenging. We discuss these constraints and report on progress being made in our lab in the development of techniques for building robust gesture interfaces which can handle these constraints. In an example application, the techniques are shown to be easily combined to build a gesture interface for a real robot grasping objects on a table in front of it.
The study of hidden charm production is an important part of the heavy ion program. The standard approach to this problem [1] assumes that c¯c bound states are created only at the initial stage of the reaction and then partially destroyed at later stages due to interactions with the medium [2, 3, 4].
The binding problem is regarded as one of today's key questions about brain function. Several solutions have been proposed, yet the issue is still controversial. The goal of this article is twofold. Firstly, we propose a new experimental paradigm requiring feature binding, the "delayed binding response task". Secondly, we propose a binding mechanism employing fast reversible synaptic plasticity to express the binding between concepts. We discuss the experimental predictions of our model for the delayed binding response task.
Nuclear collisions at intermediate, relativistic, and ultra-relativistic energies offer unique opportunities to study in detail manifold fragmentation and clustering phenomena in dense nuclear matter. At intermediate energies, the well known processes of nuclear multifragmentation -- the disintegration of bulk nuclear matter in clusters of a wide range of sizes and masses -- allow the study of the critical point of the equation of state of nuclear matter. At very high energies, ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions offer a glimpse at the substructure of hadronic matter by crossing the phase boundary to the quark-gluon plasma. The hadronization of the quark-gluon plasma created in the fireball of a ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collision can be considered, again, as a clustering process. We will present two models which allow the simulation of nuclear multifragmentation and the hadronization via the formation of clusters in an interacting gas of quarks, and will discuss the importance of clustering to our understanding of hadronization in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Entropy production in the compression stage of heavy ion collisions is discussed within three distinct macroscopic models (i.e. generalized RHTA, geometrical overlap model and three-fluid hydrodynamics). We find that within these models \sim 80% or more of the experimentally observed final-state entropy is created in the early stage. It is thus likely followed by a nearly isentropic expansion. We employ an equation of state with a first-order phase transition. For low net baryon density, the entropy density exhibits a jump at the phase boundary. However, the excitation function of the specific entropy per net baryon, S/A, does not reflect this jump. This is due to the fact that for final states (of the compression) in the mixed phase, the baryon density \rho_B increases with \sqrt{s}, but not the temperature T. Calculations within the three-fluid model show that a large fraction of the entropy is produced by nuclear shockwaves in the projectile and target. With increasing beam energy, this fraction of S/A decreases. At \sqrt{s}=20 AGeV it is on the order of the entropy of the newly produced particles around midrapidity. Hadron ratios are calculated for the entropy values produced initially at beam energies from 2 to 200 AGeV.
Impact parameter dependencies in Pb(160 AGeV)+Pb reactions : hydrodynamical vs. cascade calculations
(1999)
We investigate the impact parameter dependence of the specific entropy S/A in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Especially the anti-Lambda/anti-proton ratio is found to be a useful tool to distinguish between chemical equilibrium assumptions assumed in hydrodynamics (here: the 3-fluid model) and the chemical non-equilibrium scenario like in microscopic models as the UrQMD model.
Entropy production in the initial compression stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions from AGS to SPS energies is calculated within a three-fluid hydrodynamical model. The entropy per participating net baryon is found to increase smoothly and does not exhibit a jump or a plateau as in the 1-dimensional one-fluid shock model. Therefore, the excess of pions per participating net baryon in nucleus-nucleus collisions as compared to proton-proton reactions also increases smoothly with beam energy.
The isospin and strangeness dimensions of the Equation of State are explored. RIA and the SIS200 accelerator at GSI will allow to explore these regions in compressed baryonic matter. 132 Sn + 132 Sn and 100 Sn + 100 Sn collisions as well as the excitation functions of K/pi, Lambda/pi and the centrality dependence of charmonium suppression from the UrQMD and HSD transport models are presented and compared to data. Unambiguous proof for the creation of a 'novel phase of matter' from strangeness and charm yields is not in sight.
We study Mach shocks generated by fast partonic jets propagating through a deconfined strongly-interacting matter. Our main goal is to take into account different types of collective motion during the formation and evolution of this matter. We predict a significant deformation of Mach shocks in central Au+Au collisions at RHIC and LHC energies as compared to the case of jet propagation in a static medium. The observed broadening of the near-side two-particle correlations in pseudorapidity space is explained by the Bjorken-like longitudinal expansion. Three-particle correlation measurements are proposed for a more detailed study of the Mach shock waves.
Nonequilibrium models (three-fluid hydrodynamics, UrQMD, and quark molecular dynamics) are used to discuss the uniqueness of often proposed experimental signatures for quark matter formation in relativistic heavy ion collisions from the SPS via RHIC to LHC. It is demonstrated that these models - although they do treat the most interesting early phase of the collisions quite differently (thermalizing QGP vs. coherent color fields with virtual particles) -- all yield a reasonable agreement with a large variety of the available heavy ion data. Hadron/hyperon yields, including J/Psi meson production/suppression, strange matter formation, dileptons, and directed flow (bounce-off and squeeze-out) are investigated. Observations of interesting phenomena in dense matter are reported. However, we emphasize the need for systematic future measurements to search for simultaneous irregularities in the excitation functions of several observables in order to come close to pinning the properties of hot, dense QCD matter from data. The role of future experiments with the STAR and ALICE detectors is pointed out.
We study the effects of isovector-scalar meson delta on the equation of state (EOS) of neutron star matter in strong magnetic fields. The EOS of neutron-star matter and nucleon effective masses are calculated in the framework of Lagrangian field theory, which is solved within the mean-field approximation. From the numerical results one can find that the delta-field leads to a remarkable splitting of proton and neutron effective masses. The strength of delta-field decreases with the increasing of the magnetic field and is little at ultrastrong field. The proton effective mass is highly influenced by magnetic fields, while the effect of magnetic fields on the neutron effective mass is negligible. The EOS turns out to be stiffer at B < 10^15G but becomes softer at stronger magnetic field after including the delta-field. The AMM terms can affect the system merely at ultrastrong magnetic field(B > 10^19G). In the range of 10^15 G - 10^18 G the properties of neutron-star matter are found to be similar with those without magnetic fields.
A strong interest is currently going on in the physics of high intensity and high energy beams: intense proton or deuteron beams are required in various fields of science and industry, including sources of neutrons for research experiments and material processing, nuclear physics experiments, tritium production and nuclear waste transmutation. High current heavy ion beams are envisaged for power production facilities (inertial fusion). Several projects presently under study are based on rf linacs as driver, sometimes followed by accumulation and/or compressor rings [Acc98]. The critical issue for all of them is to be operated in a low loss regime, because of activation problems in the structure. For this reason careful investigations have to be performed in order to understand and control the beam behaviour, aiming at conserving the beam quality, reducing the emittance growth and filamentation and avoiding the formation of halo. The beam current to be accelerated is actually limited by the amount of beam losses, which depends upon the beam halo: in order to reduce induced radioactivity and to allow for hands-on maintenance, normally losses <1 W/m are considered as acceptable [Sto96]. One of the major facilities under study is the European Spallation Source (ESS), a project based on a H- linac accelerating a 107 mA peak current beam (360 ns pulse in the DTL) and on two compressor rings, producing 5 MW average beam power [ESS]. Also the USA are developing a proposal for a Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), providing a short pulse H- beam with average power of 1÷2 MW; a 30 mA linac is required [SNS]. The Accelerator for Production of Tritium (APT), studied at Los Alamos, requires a 100 mA proton beam current (cw) to produce a power of 130÷170 MW [APT]. A similar but smaller accelerator (40 mA, 40 MW beam power) would serve as driver for the Accelerator Driven Transmutation of Waste (ADTW) system [ATW]. The accelerator system for the International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) will test the behaviour of materials to be used for magnetic fusion (e.g. ITER); it consists of two 125 mA deuteron beams in parallel, to generate a fusion-like neutron spectrum with 10 MW cw [IFM]. In the field of heavy ions, for about 20 years scientists have been working on inertial confinement fusion, as an alternative to magnetic confinement one, to find a practical and cleaner method for producing energy. Nuclear fusion occurs when the nuclei of lighter elements (in a state of matter called "plasma") merge to form heavier elements; the extremely high temperatures and densities needed to get the nuclei to collide in the proper way and release big amounts of energy are obtained in a small "pellet" of fusion fuel, which receives energy from laser or ion beams, implodes and its inertia compresses it hard enough to hold together the plasma until it reaches ignition. Both laser and accelerator facilities have been investigated as drivers, since a demonstration of ignition at low gains is more easily accessible by lasers, whereas the intrinsic properties of accelerators -efficiency and repetition rate- will be essential for a medium-gain power plant. One study for a fusion power system driven by heavy ion beams (HIBALL) was completed in Europe already in 1982 [Bad81]. When the USA declassified essential information on pellet design, "indirect drive" targets have been considered openly, where the pellet is hit by X-rays generated from laser or ion beams rather than directly from the beams. Main progress has been achieved during the latest years in the understanding of pellet dynamics after ignition, i.e. in plasma physics [Sym1][Sym2][Sym3][Bas97][Lut97], imposing also new requirements on the layout of the driver accelerator facilities. In 1994-95 Frankfurt University and several other European laboratories (leaded by GSI) started a new collaboration called HIDIF (Heavy Ion Driven Ignition Facility) in order to simplify the accelerator plant design owing to the new technique of indirectly driven targets and to some technological improvements. First studies were oriented towards the conceptual goal of a facility providing just enough beam energy for the ignition of fusion reactions at very low gain (a "proof of principle") [Hof98]. In a recent phase of the study, it was realized that the proposed concept would make this scheme a more appropriate choice for energy production rather than for ignition; the acronym HIDIF was therefore intended as Heavy Ion Driven Inertial Fusion, and the parameters are going to be modified accordingly [Hof96][Hof97][Hof98]. The scenario presently discussed by this group proposes the formation and acceleration of an intense beam (400 mA) of singly charged heavy ions of three different atomic species, with mass differences of about 10% (the reference one is 209Bi+) in a main rf linac; they are then injected into some storage rings at an energy of 50 MeV/u, bunched in induction linacs and finally transported to a target with different velocities in such a way that the three species merge on the pellet ("telescoping") at 500 TW peak power. In this thesis the main linac of the HIDIF proposal is extensively investigated as an example of a high intensity heavy ion linac. Results are presented from numerical simulations of multi-particle beam dynamics carried out for the first time in this context. After a short presentation of the HIDIF reference scenario (Ignition Facility), including a discussion of the motivations for a high current heavy ion linac, some elements of the theory of beam transport and acceleration are recalled [Con91][Hof82][Kap85] [Lap87][Law88][Mit78][Rei94][Str83]. Then the used simulation programs are described, and a particle dynamics layout of a conventional 200 MHz Alvarez DTL is discussed with respect to low emittance growth at high transmission, including large space-charge effects, taking into account the influence of different kinds of statistical errors and of input mismatch on the beam dynamics. The modifications needed for "telescoping" are investigated with simulations for the nominal mass difference (10%) and for a smaller one (5%); finally the transfer line between DTL and rings is discussed and studied both analytically and by numerical calculations. The large mass number (A= 209) helps to reduce the space-charge effects with respect to protons, therefore the behaviour of the beam is not space-charge dominated. Nevertheless the tune depression values (similar to those of the ESS linac e.g.) indicate that these effects cannot be neglected. For a linac with low duty cycle, as in the case of an ignition facility, the results from particle dynamics calculations can be considered as a reliable guideline for the DTL layout, since they indicate that such a high intensity linac can fulfill the requirements on smooth beam behaviour and low losses.
The D-meson spectral density at finite temperature is obtained within a self-consistent coupled-channel approach. For the bare meson-baryon interaction, a separable potential is taken, whose parameters are fixed by the position and width of the Lambda_c (2593) resonance. The quasiparticle peak stays close to the free D-meson mass, indicating a small change in the effective mass for finite density and temperature. However, the considerable width of the spectral density implies physics beyond the quasiparticle approach. Our results indicate that the medium modifications for the D-mesons in nucleus-nucleus collisions at FAIR (GSI) will be dominantly on the width and not, as previously expected, on the mass.
We study properties of compact stars with the deconfinement phase transition in their interiors. The equation of state of cold baryon-rich matter is constructed by combining a relativistic mean-field model for the hadronic phase and the MIT Bag model for the deconfined phase. In a narrow parameter range two sequences of compact stars (twin stars), which differ by the size of the quark core, have been found. We demonstrate the possibility of a rapid transition between the twin stars with the energy release of about 10 ^52 ergs. This transition should be accompanied by the prompt neutrino burst and the delayed gamma-ray burst.
Potential energy surfaces are calculated by using the most advanced asymmetric two-center shell model allowing to obtain shell and pairing corrections which are added to the Yukawa-plus-exponential model deformation energy. Shell effects are of crucial importance for experimental observation of spontaneous disintegration by heavy ion emission. Results for 222Ra, 232U, 236Pu and 242Cm illustrate the main ideas and show for the first time for a cluster emitter a potential barrier obtained by using the macroscopic-microscopic method.
The wave function of a spheroidal harmonic oscillator without spin-orbit interaction is expressed in terms of associated Laguerre and Hermite polynomials. The pairing gap and Fermi energy are found by solving the BCS system of two equations. Analytical relationships for the matrix elements of inertia are obtained function of the main quantum numbers and potential derivative. They may be used to test complex computer codes one should develop in a realistic approach of the fission dynamics. The results given for the 240 Pu nucleus are compared with a hydrodynamical model. The importance of taking into account the correction term due to the variation of the occupation number is stressed.
Complex fission phenomena
(2004)
Complex fission phenomena are studied in a unified way. Very general reflection asymmetrical equilibrium (saddle point) nuclear shapes are obtained by solving an integro-differential equation without being necessary to specify a certain parametrization. The mass asymmetry in binary cold fission of Th and U isotopes is explained as the result of adding a phenomenological shell correction to the liquid drop model deformation energy. Applications to binary, ternary, and quaternary fission are outlined.
We developed a three-center phenomenological model,able to explain qualitatively the recently obtained experimental results concerning the quasimolecular stage of a light-particle accompanied fission process. It was derived from the liquid drop model under the assumption that the aligned configuration, with the emitted particle between the light and heavy fragment, is reached by increasing continuously the separation distance, while the radii of the heavy fragment and of the light particle are kept constant. In such a way,a new minimum of a short-lived molecular state appears in the deformation energy at a separation distance very close to the touching point. This minimum allows the existence of a short-lived quasi-molecular state, decaying into the three final fragments.The influence of the shell effects is discussed. The half-lives of some quasimolecular states which could be formed in the $^{10}$Be and $^{12}$C accompanied fission of $^{252}$Cf are roughly estimated to be the order of 1 ns, and 1 ms, respectively.
A three-center phenomenological model able to explain, at least from a qualitative point of view, the difference in the observed yield of a particle-accompanied fission and that of binary fission was developed. It is derived from the liquid drop model under the assumption that the aligned configuration, with the emitted particle between the light and heavy fragment is obtained by increasing continuously the separation distance, while the radii of the light fragment and of the light particle are kept constant. During the first stage of the deformation one has a two-center evolution until the neck radius becomes equal to the radius of the emitted particle. Then the three center starts developing by decreasing with the same amount the two tip distances. In such a way a second minimum, typical for a cluster molecule, appears in the deformation energy. Examples are presented for $^{240}$Pu parent nucleus emitting $\alpha$-particles and $^{14}$C in a ternary process.
A very general saddle point nuclear shape may be found as a solution of an integro-differential equation without giving apriori any shape parametrization. By introducing phenomenological shell corrections one obtains minima of deformation energy for binary fission of parent nuclei at a finite (non-zero) mass asymmetry. Results are presented for reflection asymmetric saddle point shapes of thorium and uranium even-mass isotopes with A=226-238 and A=230-238 respectively.
Entwicklung und Aufbau eines Elektronenstrahl-Extraktionssystems für die Frankfurter EZR-Ionenquelle
(1998)
Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand im Rahmen des Frankfurter 14.4GHz-EZR-(ve)RFQProjektes zur Erzeugung und Beschleunigung von hochgeladenen Ionen für atomphysikalische Experimente und zur Materialforschung. Die Kernelemente dieser Anlage sind eine 14.4 GHz Elektron-Zyklotron-Resonanz-Ionenquelle, ein 90-137° Analysiermagnet und ein Radio-Frequenz-Quadrupol-Beschleuniger mit variabler Energie. In der EZR-Ionenquelle werden hochgeladene Ionen durch Stöße mit schnellen Elektronen erzeugt. Die Elektronen werden durch Überlagerung eines magnetischen Doppelspiegelfeldes mit einem magnetischen Hexapolfeld in der Quelle eingeschlossen und durch Mikrowellenleistung nach dem Zyklotron-Resonanz-Prinzip auf hohe Energien beschleunigt. Bei der Entwicklung von Ionenquellen für hochgeladene Ionen verfolgt man das Ziel hohe Strahlströme bei höchsten Ladungszuständen und guten Strahlqualitäten (kleine Emittanzen) zu erreichen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein neues Konzept für die Extraktion von Ionenstrahlen aus einem EZR-Plasma mit Hilfe eines intensiven Elektronenstrahls untersucht. Die hochgeladenen Ionen werden durch einen Potentialtopf im Plasma gehalten und können nur durch Abschalten der Mikrowellenleistung extrahiert werden (Afterglow-Effekt). Durch die Injektion eines intensiven Elektronenstrahls von der Extraktionsseite aus in das Plasma, soll lokal ein negativer Raumladungskanal erzeugt werden, durch den die hochgeladenen Ionen dem Potentialtopf entkommen können. Die Elektronen laufen dabei in entgegengesetzter Richtung zu den Ionen. Die Ionen erfahren eine anziehende Kraft durch den negativen Raumladungskanal der Elektronen in Richtung Achse und werden dadurch zusätzlich fokussiert. Der negative Raumladungskanal dient auch zur Führung der Ionen, welche durch eine Bohrung in der Kathode extrahiert werden. Durch den Einschuß des Elektronenstahls von der Extraktionsseite aus in das Plasma können weitere Verbesserungen der Quellenparameter erwartet werden. So z. B. die Erzeugung von Sekundärelektronen zum Ausgleich von Elektronenverlusten aus dem Plasma und zur Erhöhung der Plasmadichte, die Vorionisation von neutralen Gasteilchen zur Erhöhung des Ionisationsgrades des Plasmas und damit verbunden, die Verringerung von Ladungsaustauschprozessen zwischen neutralen Teilchen und hochgeladenen Ionen, schließlich die Erzeugung von Festkörperionen durch Verdampfen, insbesondere von Metallen mit hohem Siedepunkt (z. B. Wolfram) und die Verbesserung der Emittanz, da die Ionen durch den Elektronenstrahl näher der Achse geführt werden und dadurch die Ionen mit einem kleineren Strahlradius extrahiert werden. Für die Erzeugung des Elektronenstrahls wurde eine mit Barium imprägnierte Wolfram- Kathode benutzt. Diese besitzt eine Emissionsstromdichte von 1 A/cm2 bei einer Temperatur von 1100°C und einer Oberfläche von 3 cm2. Zur Fokussierung des Elektronenstrahls werden die magnetischen Felder der beiden EZR-Spulen genutzt. Die magnetischen Feldlinien werden durch passive Abschirmung so geformt, daß diese senkrecht durch die Oberfläche der Kathode stoßen. Die erzeugten Elektronen werden entlang dieser magnetischen Feldlinien geführt. Da die Elektronen in Richtung Plasma beschleunigt werden, laufen diese in ein ansteigendes Magnetfeld, welches für die Fokussierung und Kompression des Elektronenstrahls sorgt. Um die Leistung des Elektronenstrahls zu vernichten, wurde ein wassergekühlter Kollektor auf der Gaseinlaßseite in der Quelle installiert. Dieser übernimmt außerdem die disk-Funktion, zum Ausgleich von Elektronenverlusten aus dem Plasma und zur Erhöhung der Plasmadichte. Er besteht aus ferromagnetischen Material (Reineisen) und sorgt somit für eine Verbesserung des Jochschlusses der Magnetfeldspulen und für eine Verbesserung des Spiegelverhältnisses auf der Gaseinlaßseite von 2.9 auf 3.8. Beim ersten Testeinbau des neuen Extraktionssystems, bei dem der wassergekühlte Kollektor und damit die disk fehlte, wurde die Arbeitsfähigkeit der Elektronenkanone in der Umgebung der arbeiteten EZR-Ionenquelle demonstriert. Die Kathode wurde mit ihrer Orginalbohrung von 1 mm Durchmesser eingesetzt, wodurch die Ionenströme um bis zu einem Faktor 1000 im Vergleich zu den herkömmlich gemessenen Ionenströmen reduziert wurden. Durch das Fehlen der disk zeigen die aufgenommenen Ladungsspektren einen Intensitätsabfall zu hohen Ladungszuständen hin. Dennoch konnte gezeigt werden, daß mit Elektronenstrahl wesentlich höhere Ionenströme erreicht werden, als im Betrieb ohne Elektronenstrahl. Mit dem Einbau eines wassergekühlten Kollektors und der Vergrößerung der Kathodenbohrung auf 3 mm Durchmesser konnten die Ionenströme im Maximum bei Ar8+ auf 25 mA gesteigert werden, so daß nur noch ein Faktor 4 bis zu den besten Ergebnissen der Quelle fehlt. Da jedoch durch die 3 mm Kathodenbohrung die Emittanz des Ionenstrahls besser ist als mit dem herkömmlichen Extraktionssystem, wäre ein Vergleich der Brillanzen nötig, um genaue Aussagen über die Qualität des Elektronenstrahl- Extraktionssystems zu machen, jedoch fehlte hierzu eine Emittanz-Meßanlage. Die Ladungsverteilung zeigt auch wieder den gewöhnlich Verlauf mit dem Maximum bei Ar8+. Vergleicht man nun die Ladungsspektren mit unterschiedlichen Mikrowellenleistungen, so zeigt sich bei mittleren Mikrowellenleistungen (700 W) eine überproportionale Erhöhung des Ladungszustandes Ar12+, jedoch eine Reduzierung des Ladungszustandes Ar11+. Untersuchungen bei hohen Mikrowellenleistungen (1700 W), das bedeutet einer höheren Plasmadichte gegenüber den Messungen mit mittleren Mikrowellenleistungen, zeigen ebenfalls, daß der Änderungsfaktor des Ladungszustand Ar12+ größer ist, als der des Ladungszustand Ar11+. Die Ladungsspektren zeigen auch, daß der Elektronenstrahl bei niedrigeren Plasmadichten größere Auswirkung auf die hohen Ladungszustände hat, als bei hohen Plasmadichten. Dies zeigt, daß die Elektronenstrahldichten im Vergleich zur Plasmadichte viel zu gering sind, so daß z. B. der gewünschte Effekt der lokalen Potentialabsenkung nicht einsetzt und die Änderungen in der Ladungsverteilung im wesentlichen auf die Fokussierungseigenschaften des Elektronenstrahls zurückzuführen sind. Hierzu müssen weitere Untersuchungen mit höheren Elektronenstrahldichten vorgenommen werden. In diesem Zusammenhang sind auch Untersuchungen zur Größe des nutzbaren Ionenreservoirs im Plasma (z. B. durch Afterglow-Effekt) an der Frankfurter EZR-Ionenquelle notwendig.
A novel mechanism of H0 and strangelet production in hadronic interactions within the Gribov-Regge approach is presented. In contrast to traditional distillation approaches, here the production of multiple (strange) quark bags does not require large baryon densities or a QGP. The production cross section increases with center of mass energy. Rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of the H 0 are predicted for pp collisions at E_lab = 160 AGeV (SPS) and \sqrt s = 200 AGeV (RHIC). The predicted total H 0 multiplicities are of order of the Omega-baryon yield and can be accessed by the NA49 and the STAR experiments.
We apply a microcanonical statistical model to investigate hadron production in pp collisions. The parameters of the model are the energy E and the volume V of the system, which we determine via fitting the average multiplicity of charged pions, protons and antiprotons in pp collisions at different collision energies. We then make predictions of mean multiplicities and mean transverse momenta of all identified hadrons. Our predictions on nonstrange hadrons are in good agreement with the data, the mean transverse momenta of strange hadron as well. However, the mean multiplicities of strange hadrons are overpredicted. This agrees with canonical and grandcanonical studies, where a strange suppression factor is needed. We also investigate the influence of event-by-event fluctuations of the E parameter.
A micro-canonical treatment is used to study particle production in pp collisions. First this micro-canonical treatment is compared to some canonical ones. Then proton, antiproton and pion 4 pi multiplicities from proton-proton collisions at various center of mass energies are used to fix the micro-canonical parameters (E) and (V). The dependences of the micro-canonical parameters on the collision energy are parameterised for the further study of pp reactions with this micro-canonical treatment.
The production of multiple strange baryons in pp interactions is studied. Here one can directly probe the microscopic decay of color flux tubes, allowing to differentiate between different string models and a statistical description of the hadronization. To analyse the different stages of a heavy ion collision the time evolution of the elastic and inelastic collision rates in central Pb+Pb interactions are studied. The microscopic simulation supports the idea of separated phases (non-equilibrium -> chemical freeze-out -> kinetic freeze-out) in the evolution of the system. The spectra and abundances of Lambda(1520), K 0(892) and other resonances are used to study the break-up dynamics of the source between chemical and thermal freeze-out.
We show that an unambiguous way of determining the universal limiting fragmentation region is to consider the derivative (d 2 n / d eta 2) of the pseudo-rapidity distribution per participant pair. In addition, we find that the transition region between the fragmentation and the central plateau regions exhibits a second kind of universal behavior that is only apparent in d 2 n / d eta 2. The sqrt s dependence of the height of the central plateau (d n / d eta) eta=0 and the total charged particle multiplicity n total critically depend on the behavior of this universal transition curve. Analyzing available RHIC data, we show that (dn/d eta) eta=0 can be bounded by ln 2 s and n total can be bounded by ln 3 s. We also show that the deuteron-gold data from RHIC has the exactly same features as the gold-gold data indicating that these universal behaviors are a feature of the initial state parton-nucleus interactions and not a consequence of final state interactions. Predictions for LHC energy are also given.
Yields, rapidity and transverse momentum spectra of Delta++(1232), Lambda(1520), Sigma+-(1385) and the meson resonances K0(892), Phi, rho0 and f0(980) are predicted. Hadronic rescattering leads to a suppression of reconstructable resonances, especially at low p_perp. A mass shift of the rho of 10 MeV is obtained from the microscopic simulation, due to late stage rho formation in the cooling pion gas.
Recent calculations applying statistical mechanics indicate that in a setting with compactified large extra dimensions a black hole might evolve into a (quasi-)stable state with mass close to the new fundamental scale M f. Black holes and therefore their relics might be produced at the LHC in the case of extra-dimensional topologies. In this energy regime, Hawking's evaporation scenario is modified due to energy conservation and quantum effects. We reanalyse the evaporation of small black holes including the quantisation of the emitted radiation due to the finite surface of the black hole. It is found that observable stable black hole relics with masses sim 1-3 M f would form which could be identified by a delayed single jet with a corresponding hard momentum kick to the relic and by ionisation, e.g. in a TPC.
String theory suggests the existence of a minimum length scale. An exciting quantum mechanical implication of this feature is a modification of the uncertainty principle. In contrast to the conventional approach, this generalised uncertainty principle does not allow to resolve space time distances below the Planck length. In models with extra dimensions, which are also motivated by string theory, the Planck scale can be lowered to values accessible by ultra high energetic cosmic rays (UHECRs) and by future colliders, i.e. M f approximately equal to 1 TeV. It is demonstrated that in this novel scenario, short distance physics below 1/M f is completely cloaked by the uncertainty principle. Therefore, Planckian effects could be the final physics discovery at future colliders and in UHECRs. As an application, we predict the modifications to the e+ e- to f+ f- cross-sections.
Within the scenario of large extra dimensions, the Planck scale is lowered to values soon accessible. Among the predicted effects, the production of TeV mass black holes at the LHC is one of the most exciting possibilities. Though the final phases of the black hole’s evaporation are still unknown, the formation of a black hole remnant is a theoretically well motivated expectation. We analyze the observables emerging from a black hole evaporation with a remnant instead of a final decay. We show that the formation of a black hole remnant yields a signature which differs substantially from a final decay. We find the total transverse momentum of the black hole event to be significantly dominated by the presence of a remnant mass providing a strong experimental signature for black hole remnant formation.
We discuss modifications of the gyromagnetic moment of electrons and muons due to a minimal length scale combined with a modified fundamental scaleMf . First-order deviations from the theoretical standard model value for g-2 due to these String Theory-motivated e ects are derived. Constraints for the new fundamental scale Mf are given.
Probing the density dependence of the symmetry potential in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions
(2005)
Based on the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model, the effects of the density-dependent symmetry potential for baryons and of the Coulomb potential for produced mesons are investigated for neutron-rich heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies. The calculated results of the Delta-/Delta++ and pi -/pi + production ratios show a clear beam-energy dependence on the density-dependent symmetry potential, which is stronger for the pi -/pi + ratio close to the pion production threshold. The Coulomb potential of the mesons changes the transverse momentum distribution of the pi -/pi + ratio significantly, though it alters only slightly the pi- and pi+ total yields. The pi- yields, especially at midrapidity or at low transverse momenta and the p-/pi+ ratios at low transverse momenta, are shown to be sensitive probes of the density-dependent symmetry potential in dense nuclear matter. The effect of the density-dependent symmetry potential on the production of both, K0 and K+ mesons, is also investigated.
String theory suggests modifications of our spacetime such as extra dimensions and the existence of a mininal length scale. In models with addidional dimensions, the Planck scale can be lowered to values accessible by future colliders. Effective theories which extend beyond the standart-model by including extra dimensions and a minimal length allow computation of observables and can be used to make testable predictions. Expected effects that arise within these models are the production of gravitons and black holes. Furthermore, the Planck-length is a lower bound to the possible resolution of spacetime which might be reached soon.
In this study, we analyze the recently proposed charge transfer fluctuations within a finite pseudo-rapidity space. As the charge transfer fluctuation is a measure of the local charge correlation length, it is capable of detecting inhomogeneity in the hot and dense matter created by heavy ion collisions. We predict that going from peripheral to central collisions, the charge transfer fluctuations at midrapidity should decrease substantially while the charge transfer fluctuations at the edges of the observation window should decrease by a small amount. These are consequences of having a strongly inhomogeneous matter where the QGP component is concentrated around midrapidity. We also show how to constrain the values of the charge correlations lengths in both the hadronic phase and the QGP phase using the charge transfer fluctuations.
The regeneration of hadronic resonances is discussed for heavy ion collisions at SPS and SIS-300 energies. The time evolutions of Delta, rho and phi resonances are investigated. Special emphasize is put on resonance regeneration after chemical freeze-out. The emission time spectra of experimentally detectable resonances are explored.
The influence of the isospin-independent, isospin- and momentum-dependent equation of state (EoS), as well as the Coulomb interaction on the pion production in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions (HICs) is studied for both isospin-symmetric and neutron-rich systems. The Coulomb interaction plays an important role in the reaction dynamics, and strongly influences the rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of charged pions. It even leads to the pi- pi+ ratio deviating slightly from unity for isospin-symmetric systems. The Coulomb interaction between mesons and baryons is also crucial for reproducing the proper pion flow since it changes the behavior of the directed and the elliptic flow components of pions visibly. The EoS can be better investigated in neutron-rich system if multiple probes are measured simultaneously. For example, the rapidity and the transverse momentum distributions of the charged pions, the pi- pi+ ratio, the various pion flow components, as well as the difference of pi+-pi- flows. A new sensitive observable is proposed to probe the symmetry potential energy at high densities, namely the transverse momentum distribution of the elliptic flow difference [Delta v_2^pi+ - pi-(p_t rm c.m.].
We compare multiplicities as well as rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of protons, pions and kaons calculated within presently available transport approaches for heavy ion collisions around 1 AGeV. For this purpose, three reactions have been selected: Au+Au at 1 and 1.48 AGeV and Ni+Ni at 1.93 AGeV.
It is investigated whether canonical suppression associated with the exact conservation of an U(1)-charge can be reproduced correctly by current transport models. Therefore a pion-gas having a volume-limited cross section for kaon production and annihilation is simulated within two different transport prescriptions for realizing the inelastic collisions. It is found that both models can indeed dynamically account for the canonical suppression in the yields of rare strange particles.
Longitudinal hadron spectra from proton-proton (pp) and nucleus-nucleus (AA) collisions from E_lab= 2 AGeV to sqrt s=200 AGeV are investigated. The widths of the rapidity spectra for various particle species increases monotonously with energy. The present calculation indicates no sign of a step like behaviour as excepted from the Kaon transverse mass systematics. For Pions, the transport simulation is consistent with a Landau type scaling of the rapidity widths, both in central AA reactions and in pp collisions. However, other hadron species do not follow the Landau scaling. The present model predicts a decreasing rapidity width with particle mass for newly produced particles, not supporting a Landau type flow interpretation.
Transverse hadron spectra from proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions from 2 AGeV to 21.3 ATeV are investigated within two independent transport approaches (HSD and UrQMD). For central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions at energies above E lab ~ 5 AGeV, the measured K +- transverse mass spectra have a larger inverse slope parameter than expected from the default calculations. The additional pressure - as suggested by lattice QCD calculations at finite quark chemical potential mu q and temperature T - might be generated by strong interactions in the early pre-hadronic/partonic phase of central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions. This is supported by a non-monotonic energy dependence of v2/pT in the present transport model.
Within the ADD-model, we elaborate an idea by Vacavant and Hinchliffe and show quantitatively how to determine the fundamental scale of TeV-gravity and the number of compactified extra dimensions from data at LHC. We demonstrate that the ADD-model leads to strong correlations between the missing E_T in gravitons at different center of mass energies. This correlation puts strong constraints on this model for extra dimensions, if probed at sqr s=5.5 TeV and sqrt s=14 TeV at LHC.
The cumulant method is applied to study elliptic flow (v_2) in Au+Au collisions at sqrt s=200 AGeV, with the UrQMD model. In this approach, the true event plane is known and both the non-flow effects and event-by-event spatial (epsilon) and v_2 fluctuations exist. Qualitatively, the hierarchy of v_2 's from two, four and six-particle cumulants is consistent with the STAR data, however, the magnitude of v_2 in the UrQMD model is only 60% of the data. We find that the four and six-particle cumulants are good measures of the real elliptic flow over a wide range of centralities except for the most central and very peripheral events. There the cumulant method is affected by the v_2 fluctuations. In mid-central collisions, the four and six-particle cumulants are shown to give a good estimation of the true differential v_2, especially at large transverse momentum, where the two-particle cumulant method is heavily affected by the non-flow effects.
We predict transverse and longitudinal momentum spectra and yields of rho 0 and omega mesons reconstructed from hadron correlations in C+C reactions at 2~AGeV. The rapidity and pT distributions for reconstructable rho 0 mesons differs strongly from the primary distribution, while the omega's distributions are only weakly modified. We discuss the temporal and spatial distributions of the particles emitted in the hadron channel. Finally, we report on the mass shift of the rho 0 due to its coupling to the N*(1520), which is observable in both the di-lepton and pi pi channel. Our calculations can be tested with the Hades experiment at GSI, Darmstadt.
Trapping black hole remnants
(2005)
Large extra dimensions lower the Planck scale to values soon accessible. The production of TeV mass black holes at the LHC is one of the most exciting predictions. However, the final phases of the black hole's evaporation are still unknown and there are strong indications that a black hole remnant can be left. Since a certain fraction of such objects would be electrically charged, we argue that they can be trapped. In this paper, we examine the occurrence of such charged black hole remnants. These trapped remnants are of high interest, as they could be used to closely investigate the evaporation characteristics. Due to the absence of background from the collision region and the controlled initial state, the signal would be very clear. This would allow to extract information about the late stages of the evaporation process with high precision.
The recently proposed baryon-strangeness correlation (C_BS) is studied with a string-hadronic transport model (UrQMD) for various energies from E_lab=4 AGeV to \sqrt s=200 AGeV. It is shown that rescattering among secondaries can not mimic the predicted correlation pattern expected for a Quark-Gluon-Plasma. However, we find a strong increase of the C_BS correlation function with decreasing collision energy both for pp and Au+Au/Pb+Pb reactions. For Au+Au reactions at the top RHIC energy (\sqrt s=200 AGeV), the C_BS correlation is constant for all centralities and compatible with the pp result. With increasing width of the rapidity window, C_BS follows roughly the shape of the baryon rapidity distribution. We suggest to study the energy and centrality dependence of C_BS which allow to gain information on the onset of the deconfinement transition in temperature and volume.
We analyze longitudinal pion spectra from E_lab= 2AGeV to sqrt s_NN=200GeV within Landau's hydrodynamical model. From the measured data on the widths of the pion rapidity spectra, we extract the sound velocity c_s in the early stage of the reactions. It is found that the sound velocity has a local minimum (indicating a softest point in the equation of state, EoS) at E_beam=30AGeV. This softening of the EoS is compatible with the assumption of the formation of a mixed phase at the onset of deconfinement.
Die folgenden Seiten enthalten die Folien des Vortrags "Higher-Order-Mode Koppler als Beam Position Monitor" gehalten im IAP-Winterseminar in Riezlern am 26.2.1998 von Claudius Peschke. Die Seiten sind imGIF-Format Version 89a mit 72 dpi gespeichert. Folie Nummer 16 zeigt einige Momentaufnahmen aus einer MAFIA Zeitbereichsberechnung eines Bunch-Durchflugs durch die SBLC Kopplerzelle. Die Ergebnisse sind zusätzlich auch als kompletter Film mit allen Zeitschritten verfügbar. Der Film ist als animated GIF-Format in zwei verschiedenen Auflösungen gespeichert.
Mikrowellen-Linearbeschleuniger arbeiten im allgemeinen mit einer geringen Stoßfrequenz. Um dennoch eine gute Luminosität zu erreichen, ist es erforderlich, eine große Teilchenzahl pro Bunch und einen sehr kleinen Strahlquerschnitt am Kollisionspunkt zu erreichen. Vor dem Hauptbeschleuniger sorgen entsprechende Quellen und die Dämpfungsringe für eine geringe Emittanz. Im Idealfall werden die Teilchenpakete vom Hauptbeschleuniger ausschließlich longitudinal beschleunigt. Bedingt durch höhere Moden kann es hier jedoch zum BBU (siehe Abschnitt 1.2) mit einer Verschlechterung der Strahlqualität oder gar Strahlverlust kommen. Dieser Effekt wird umso stärker, je größer die Teilchenzahl pro Bunch ist. Um den Einsatzpunkt für den BBU quantitativ zu bestimmen, ist es erforderlich, die Shuntimpedanzen der Störmoden zu kennen [1, 2]. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Shuntimpedanzen aller Moden der ersten drei Pass-Bänder zu bestimmen. Hierzu wurde ein weitgehend automatisierter Störkörper-Meßstand mit zugehöriger Schrittmotorsteuerung und Steuerprogramm aufgebaut, der es ermöglicht, eine große Zahl von Meßpunkten aufzunehmen und so die statistischen Fehler klein zu halten. Die Messungen der Monopol-Moden wurde nicht-resonant in Transmission durchgeführt. Die Messungen der Dipol-Moden erfolgten mit der nicht-resonanten zwei-Störkörper-Methode in Transmission. Diese Methode macht Störkörpermessungen auch an Moden möglich, die ein überwiegend transversales elektrisches Feld haben. Aus den Meßdaten wurden die Gütefaktoren und Shuntimpedanzen ohne Phasenfaktor sowie nach Rekonstruktion der Phasensprünge die Shuntimpedanzen mit Phasenfaktor und die Transittime-Faktoren berechnet. Hierzu wurde ein Satz von Auswertungs-Programmen geschrieben. Parallel zu den Messungen wurden alle gesuchten Größen auch numerisch mit dem Programm MAFIA berechnet. Bei den Monopol-Moden zeigte sich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Messung und numerischer Rechnung bei den Gütefaktoren und den longitudinalen Shuntimpedanzen ohne Phasenfaktor. Die Bestimmung der longitudinalen Shuntimpedanzen mit Phasenfaktor durch Rekonstruktion der Phasensprünge funktioniert bei großen Transittime- Faktoren gut. Bei sehr kleinen Transittime-Faktoren ist mit diesem Verfahren nur noch die Aussage möglich, daß die longitudinalen Shuntimpedanzen mit Phasenfaktor bzw. der Transittime-Faktor klein sind. Die genauen Werte hängen stark von kleinen Fehlern sowohl bei der Messung als auch in der Geometrie der Cavity ab. Moden mit sehr kleinem Transittime-Faktor beeinflussen den Strahl jedoch nicht wesentlich, so daß diese qualitative Angabe ausreichend ist. Von den Moden des TM01-Pass-Bandes hat nur die Beschleuniger-Mode einen großen Transittime-Faktor. Alle anderen Moden haben einen erheblich kleineren Transittime-Faktor. Bei den Dipol-Moden des zweiten und dritten Pass-Bandes zeigte sich eine Aufspaltung in zwei azimutale Polarisationsrichtungen, was auf einen kleinen Geometriefehler der Cavity schließen läßt. Die Polarisationsrichtung dreht sich vom einen zum anderen Ende der Cavity um etwa 10°. Da es sich um eine kleine Abweichung handelt, wurden die weiteren Messungen nur für eine der beiden Polarisationsrichtungen durchgeführt. Im TE/TM-Dipol-Pass-Band gibt es mehrere Moden, die wegen ihrer recht hohen transversalen Shuntimpedanz mit Phasenfaktor als Störmoden in Frage kommen. Die numerisch berechneten Werte stimmen bei diesen Moden relativ gut mit den gemessenen Werten überein. Wie schon bei den Monopol-Moden weichen die Werte für die Moden mit geringem Transittime-Faktor voneinander ab. Am TE-artigen Ende des Pass-Bandes werden die gemessenen Werte aufgrund der begrenzten Selektivität ungenau. Es ist allerdings zu bedenken, daß die gleichen kleinen Geometriefehler, die eine Polarisation bewirkt haben, auch für die Abweichungen bei den kleinen Transittime-Faktoren verantwortlich sein können. Im TM/TE-Dipol-Pass-Band ist die transversale Shuntimpedanz ohne Phasenfaktor bei allen Moden größer als im TE/TM-Pass-Band. Auch hier haben mehrere der Moden eine hohe transversale Shuntimpedanz mit Phasenfaktor. Die numerischen Berechnungen stimmen für dieses Pass-Band besser mit den Messungen überein als im TE/TM-Pass- Band. Mit den gemessenen Werten ist es möglich, den Einsatzpunkt für den BBU unter Berücksichtigung aller Moden der ersten drei Pass-Bänder zu bestimmem. Für den späteren Einsatz im Beschleuniger ist geplant, die Cavities mit zwei HOM-Dämpfern an den Enden auszustatten. Mit den gemessenen Werten kann berechnet werden, wie groß die Wirkung der Dämpfer sein muß, um bei dem vorgesehenen Strahl einen BBU-freien Betrieb zu ermöglichen. Bei der Vermessung der weiteren Pass-Bänder gibt es noch mehrere Probleme zu lösen. Zum einen überlappen bei den höheren Moden die Bänder einander. Dies erschwert die Identifikation der Moden bei der Messung. Zum anderen gelangt man schnell zu Frequenzen, die oberhalb der jeweiligen Cut-Off-Frequenz für den entsprechender Wellentyp im Strahlrohr liegen. Moden oberhalb Cut-Off können über mehrere Cavities miteinander koppeln und dabei neue Moden über viele Cavities ausbilden. Um die Gefährlichkeit dieser Moden für die Strahlqualität zu untersuchen, ist es erforderlich, die Übertragungscharakteristik (S-Parameter) der gesamten Cavity mit Strahlrohren zu bestimmen. An solchen Messungen wird bereits gearbeitet. Ein anderer Punkt, der näher zu untersuchen wäre, ist der Einfluß kleiner mechanischer Veränderungen auf die transversalen Shuntimpedanzen der Störmoden. Die TESLACavity ist mechanisch relativ instabil. Solche Veränderungen können daher schon durch die elekromagnetischen Kräfte der gepulsten Beschleuniger-Mode auftreten.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Protonen an im Raum ausgerichteten D2-Molekülen gestreut. Ziel war es nach möglichen Interferenzstrukturen in der Streuwinkelverteilung der Projektile zu suchen. Solche Interferenzstrukturen sind durch die Theorie vorhergesagt. Sie sind in Analogie zur Beugung am Doppelspalt ein Ergebnis der kohärenten Streuung des Projektils an den beiden Kernen des D2-Moleküls. Für den Reaktionskanal des Elektroneneinfangs mit gleichzeitiger Dissoziation des Moleküls mit einer Energie zwischen 4 und 7eV zeigen die experimentellen Daten tatsächlich ein Minimum an etwa der vorhergesagten Stelle. Dieses Minimum variiert mit der Orientierung der Molekülachse allerdings nicht ganz, wie aufgrund der Analogie zum Doppelspalt zu erwarten ist. Für den gleichzeitig im Experiment beobachteten Kanal der Transferionisation, der zu einer Fragmentenergie von etwa 9eV führt, wurden im Experiment keine Modulation der Streuverteilung beobachtet. Der beobachtete Reaktionskanal der Dissoziation wirft weitere Fragen auf, die über das einfache Doppelspalt-Bild hinausgehen. So kann das dissoziierende D2-Ion sowohl in einem geraden als auch in einem ungeraden Zustand seiner elektronischen Wellenfunktion zurückbleiben. Diese Symmetrie der elektronischen Wellenfunktion beeinflusst ebenfalls die Phase der gestreuten Welle. Eine zuverlässige Vorhersage des zu erwartenden Kontrastes des Interferenzmusters hängt von der relativen Stärke der Anregung in den geraden und ungeraden Zustand ab. Dieser Effekt ist bisher nicht in den theoretischen Modellen berücksichtigt. Diese Frage kann aber auch durch weitere Experimente geklärt werden. Im Rahmen einer anderen Diplomarbeit [Wim04] wurde ein sehr ähnliches Experiment vermessen: Ein einfach geladenes Wasserstoffmolekülion wird beschleunigt, stößt mit einem nahezu ruhenden Atom und fängt dabei ein Elektron ein. Durch den Elektroneneinfang geht das Molekül u. a. in einen 1ssu-Zustand über, der zur Dissoziation führt. Genau wie in diesem Experiment auch, kann dadurch die Molekülachse festgehalten werden. Betrachtet man in der Auswertung die Bewegung beider Teilchen in inverser Kinematik, d.h. lässt man das neutrale Atom auf das Molekül zufliegen, so zeigen sich in der Impulsverteilung des Rückstoßions (Atomions) Minima und Maxima, deren Position sich mit der Drehung des Moleküls ändert. Dies bestätigt eigentlich die Existenz von Interferenzen. Nur wird hier, wie bereits gesagt, die inverse Kinematik betrachtet, zudem vermisst man eigentlich den umgekehrten Übergang vom 1ssg-Zustand des Molekülions in den 1ssu-Zustand des Moleküls. Um theoretische Berechnungen jedoch direkt zu bestätigen, ist es durchaus erstrebenswert, die Kinematik wie hier in dem hier vorgestellten Experiment zu vermessen. Aus diesem Grund werden in nächster Zeit noch weitere Messungen vorgenommen, in denen mit gleichem Aufbau, jedoch mit einer niedrigeren Projektilenergie (10 keV - 25 keV), die gleiche Reaktion untersucht wird. Mit der niedrigeren Energie des Projektils soll eine sehr viel bessere Streuwinkelauflösung erreicht werden, so dass sie die Beobachtung möglicher Interferenzen definitiv nicht mehr begrenzt. Dadurch können zum einen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit auf ihre Richtigkeit überprüft werden. Wenn tatsächlich Interferenzstrukturen zu beobachten sind, zeigen zum anderen eventuelle Veränderungen, ob eine Analogie zum Doppelspalt gerechtfertigt ist.
Determination of field strength and quality factor of heavily HOM damped accelerator cavities
(1992)
Two methods of of measuring field strength in accelerator cavities, heavily damped with respect to higher order modes (HOM), are presented. From the results of the field measurements the coupling (damping) factor and thus the quality factor of the damped resonator can be derived. Measurements of a pillbox resonator with heavily damped TM110-mode (Q < 20) demonstrate the usefulness of the techniques presented, even in this extreme range.